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Kruse A, Imery I, Corell L, Hjalmarsson E, Fernandez-Gonzalo R, Von Walden F, Reitzner SM. Circulating immune cell populations at rest and in response to acute endurance exercise in young adults with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 2024; 66:902-909. [PMID: 38111130 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.15835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this observational study was to determine the immune status and function in young adults with cerebral palsy (CP) in comparison to typically developing individuals. METHOD Blood samples from 12 individuals with CP (five males, seven females; mean age: 25 years 1 month (5 years 9 months); age range: 19-38 years) and 17 typically developing individuals (eight males, nine females; mean age: 31 years 4 months (6 years 2 months); age range: 20-40 years) were collected before, immediately after, and 1 hour after 45 minutes of frame running or running respectively. Independent t-tests were used to compare heart rate, level of exertion, and baseline cell proportions between groups. Mixed model analysis of variance was utilized to investigate immune cell responses to exercise across groups. RESULTS Baseline levels of gamma delta (TCRγδ+) T-cells were significantly higher (absolute percentage: +2.65, p = 0.028) in the individuals with CP. Several cell populations showed similar significant changes after exercise in both CP and typically developing groups. Cytotoxic (CD8+) T-cells were only significantly elevated immediately after exercise in the typically developing participants (p < 0.01). Individuals with CP exhibited significantly lower heart rates (-11.1%, p < 0.01), despite similar ratings of perceived exertion. INTERPRETATION Elevated baseline TCRγδ+ T-cells may indicate low-grade inflammation in adults with CP. Although most of the cell populations showed typical responses to endurance exercise, the absence of response in CD8+ T-cells in individuals with CP may indicate the need for higher intensity during exercise. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS TCRγδ+ T-cell baseline levels are elevated in adults with cerebral palsy (CP). The CD8+ T-cell response to exercise was blunted in adults with CP. Exercise intensity is decisive for CD8+ T-cell responses in individuals with CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Kruse
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Division of Neurology/Pediatric Orthopedics, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Austria
| | - Ian Imery
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Division of Neurology/Pediatric Orthopedics, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Linnéa Corell
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Division of Neurology/Pediatric Orthopedics, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emma Hjalmarsson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Division of Neurology/Pediatric Orthopedics, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Functional Area Occupational Therapy and Physiotherapy, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rodrigo Fernandez-Gonzalo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Unit of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ferdinand Von Walden
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Division of Neurology/Pediatric Orthopedics, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stefan M Reitzner
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Lee KH, Lee EH, Lee KN, Park Y, Song YG, Han KD, Han SH. Physical Activity and the incidence of sepsis: A 10-year observational study among 4 million adults. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2024; 57:354-364. [PMID: 38704274 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2024.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the group at high risk for sepsis is increasing with the aging of the population, physical activity (PA), which has beneficial effects on various diseases, needs to be considered as a personalized prevention strategy for sepsis without direct anti-sepsis drug. PURPOSE To examine the association between the amount of PA (based on intensity, duration, and frequency) and the incidence rates of sepsis and mortality after sepsis. METHODS This was a large-scale, retrospective, longitudinal cohort study using data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service and the biennial general health screening program. The amount of PA self-reported at the time of the health screening was categorized as non-PA, mild (<500 metabolic equivalents [METs]-Min/Week), moderate (500-1000), severe (1000-1500), and extreme (≥1500). The multivariable regression model was adjusted for age, sex, income, body mass index, smoking, alcohol consumption, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and chronic diseases. RESULTS From 4,234,415 individuals who underwent a health screening in 2009, 3,929,165 subjects were selected after exclusion for wash-out period and a 1-year lag period, and then observed for the event of sepsis or all-cause death until December 2020. During a median 10.3 years of follow-up, 83,011 incidents of sepsis were detected. The moderate-PA group showed the lowest incidence (1.56/1000 person-years) and risk for sepsis, with an adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) of 0.73 (95% CI, 0.72-0.75, P < 0.001) compared with the non-PA group. The occurrence of sepsis among people aged ≥65 years and ex-smokers were significantly lower in the moderate-PA group (aHR; 0.77, 95% CI; 0.74-0.79; and 0.68, 0.64-0.71, respectively, Ps < 0.001). The long-term all-cause mortality after sepsis was significantly lower in the PA group than in the non-PA group (overall P = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS Physical activity is associated with a lower risk of sepsis, especially in elderly people who have the highest incidence of sepsis. The protective effects of aerobic PA on sepsis might need to be incorporated with other interventions in sepsis guidelines through the accumulation of future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Hwa Lee
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Hwa Lee
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Na Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yebin Park
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Soongsil University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Goo Song
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Do Han
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Soongsil University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang Hoon Han
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute for Innovation in Digital Healthcare, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Tkacz M, Zgutka K, Tomasiak P, Tarnowski M. Responses of Endothelial Progenitor Cells to Chronic and Acute Physical Activity in Healthy Individuals. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6085. [PMID: 38892272 PMCID: PMC11173310 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are circulating cells of various origins that possess the capacity for renewing and regenerating the endothelial lining of blood vessels. During physical activity, in response to factors such as hypoxia, changes in osmotic pressure, and mechanical forces, endothelial cells undergo intense physiological stress that results in endothelial damage. Circulating EPCs participate in blood vessel repair and vascular healing mainly through paracrine signalling. Furthermore, physical activity may play an important role in mobilising this important cell population. In this narrative review, we summarise the current knowledge on the biology of EPCs, including their characteristics, assessment, and mobilisation in response to both chronic and acute physical activity in healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Tkacz
- Department of Physiology in Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Zolnierska 48, 70-210 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Zgutka
- Department of Physiology in Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Zolnierska 48, 70-210 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Patrycja Tomasiak
- Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, University of Szczecin, 70-453 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Maciej Tarnowski
- Department of Physiology in Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Zolnierska 48, 70-210 Szczecin, Poland
- Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, University of Szczecin, 70-453 Szczecin, Poland
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Burtscher J, Pasha Q, Chanana N, Millet GP, Burtscher M, Strasser B. Immune consequences of exercise in hypoxia: A narrative review. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2024; 13:297-310. [PMID: 37734549 PMCID: PMC11116970 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2023.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Immune outcomes are key mediators of many health benefits of exercise and are determined by exercise type, dose (frequency/duration, intensity), and individual characteristics. Similarly, reduced availability of ambient oxygen (hypoxia) modulates immune functions depending on the hypoxic dose and the individual capacity to respond to hypoxia. How combined exercise and hypoxia (e.g., high-altitude training) sculpts immune responses is not well understood, although such combinations are becoming increasingly popular. Therefore, in this paper, we summarize the impact on immune responses of exercise and of hypoxia, both independently and together, with a focus on specialized cells in the innate and adaptive immune system. We review the regulation of the immune system by tissue oxygen levels and the overlapping and distinct immune responses related to exercise and hypoxia, then we discuss how they may be modulated by nutritional strategies. Mitochondrial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory mechanisms underlie many of the adaptations that can lead to improved cellular metabolism, resilience, and overall immune functions by regulating the survival, differentiation, activation, and migration of immune cells. This review shows that exercise and hypoxia can impair or complement/synergize with each other while regulating immune system functions. Appropriate acclimatization, training, and nutritional strategies can be used to avoid risks and tap into the synergistic potentials of the poorly studied immune consequences of exercising in a hypoxic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Burtscher
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Qadar Pasha
- Institute of Hypoxia Research, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Neha Chanana
- Department of Biochemistry, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Grégoire P Millet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Martin Burtscher
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria.
| | - Barbara Strasser
- Faculty of Medicine, Sigmund Freud Private University, Vienna 1020, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rehabilitation Research, Vienna 1100, Austria
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Fiuza-Luces C, Valenzuela PL, Gálvez BG, Ramírez M, López-Soto A, Simpson RJ, Lucia A. The effect of physical exercise on anticancer immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 2024; 24:282-293. [PMID: 37794239 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-023-00943-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Regular physical activity is associated with lower cancer incidence and mortality, as well as with a lower rate of tumour recurrence. The epidemiological evidence is supported by preclinical studies in animal models showing that regular exercise delays the progression of cancer, including highly aggressive malignancies. Although the mechanisms underlying the antitumorigenic effects of exercise remain to be defined, an improvement in cancer immunosurveillance is likely important, with different immune cell subtypes stimulated by exercise to infiltrate tumours. There is also evidence that immune cells from blood collected after an exercise bout could be used as adoptive cell therapy for cancer. In this Perspective, we address the importance of muscular activity for maintaining a healthy immune system and discuss the effects of a single bout of exercise (that is, 'acute' exercise) and those of 'regular' exercise (that is, repeated bouts) on anticancer immunity, including tumour infiltrates. We also address the postulated mechanisms and the clinical implications of this emerging area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Fiuza-Luces
- Physical Activity and Health Research Group ('PaHerg'), Research Institute of the Hospital 12 de Octubre ('imas12'), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Pedro L Valenzuela
- Physical Activity and Health Research Group ('PaHerg'), Research Institute of the Hospital 12 de Octubre ('imas12'), Madrid, Spain
- Systems Biology Department, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Beatriz G Gálvez
- Physical Activity and Health Research Group ('PaHerg'), Research Institute of the Hospital 12 de Octubre ('imas12'), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Ramírez
- Oncohematology Unit, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
- La Princesa Institute of Heah, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro López-Soto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Asturias, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Asturias, Spain.
| | - Richard J Simpson
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Alejandro Lucia
- CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain.
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea, Madrid, Spain.
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Proschinger S, Schenk A, Metcalfe AJ, Zimmer P. HIIT Induces Stronger Shifts within the Peripheral T Cell Compartment Independent of Sex. Int J Sports Med 2024; 45:211-221. [PMID: 38134917 DOI: 10.1055/a-2197-0882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Acute exercise induces changes within the T-cell compartment, especially in cytotoxic CD8+ memory subsets, depending on exercise intensity and duration. It is unclear whether exercise-induced changes in major T-cell subsets differ in response to acute high-intensity interval training (HIIT) or moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) and whether sex-specific effects exist. Twenty-four recreationally active runners (females: n=12, 27.8±4.1years, 54.4±4.6 ml*kg-1*min-1; males: n=12, 31.6±3.8years, 58.9±7.7 ml*kg-1*min-1) participated in this randomized controlled crossover study, and conducted an energy- and duration-matched HIIT and MICT session. Blood was sampled before (T1), immediately (T2) and 1 h after exercise (T3). Flow cytometry was used to identify T-cell populations. HIIT decreased the proportion of CD8+ T-cells more pronounced at T3 compared to MICT (p=0.007), induced a significantly stronger increase in the CD8+ effector memory (TEM) cell proportion at T2 (p=0.032), and decreased CD4+ central memory proportion more pronounced at T2 (p=0.029). A decrease below baseline CD8+ TEM proportion at T3 was observed only after HIIT (p<0.001). No interaction effects between sexes were revealed. Taken together, HIIT represents a more potent stimulus to induce shifts mainly within the cytotoxic CD8+ T-cell compartment, thereby giving implications to investigate the role of HIIT on the cell´s effector phenotype and function in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Proschinger
- Division of Performance and Health (Sports Medicine), TU Dortmund University, Institute for Sport and Sport Science, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Alexander Schenk
- Division of Performance and Health (Sports Medicine), TU Dortmund University, Institute for Sport and Sport Science, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Alan J Metcalfe
- Department for Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Philipp Zimmer
- Division of Performance and Health (Sports Medicine), TU Dortmund University, Institute for Sport and Sport Science, Dortmund, Germany
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Proschinger S, Schenk A, Weßels I, Donath L, Rappelt L, Metcalfe AJ, Zimmer P. Intensity- and time-matched acute interval and continuous endurance exercise similarly induce an anti-inflammatory environment in recreationally active runners: focus on PD-1 expression in T regs and the IL-6/IL-10 axis. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:2575-2584. [PMID: 37336816 PMCID: PMC10615943 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05251-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Acute exercise elicits a transient anti-inflammatory state during the early recovery period. Since recent studies reported on regimen-specific effects on immune-related humoral factors and cellular subsets, this study compared the effects of intensity- and time-matched acute interval and continuous exercise on peripheral anti-inflammatory cellular and humoral immune parameters with a particular focus on the PD-1 expression in CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs). METHODS Twenty-four recreationally active runners (age: 29.7 ± 4.3 years, BMI: 22.2 ± 2.4, VO2peak: 56.6 ± 6.4 ml × kg-1 × min-1) participated in this crossover RCT. Each subject conducted a moderate continuous (MCE) and a high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) session in a counterbalanced design. Blood was drawn before, immediately after, and 1 h after exercise. Treg subsets and levels of PD-1 and Foxp3 were assessed by flow cytometry. Serum levels of IL-10 and IL-6 were quantified by ELISA. RESULTS PD-1 levels on Tregs increased within the recovery period after HIIE (p < .001) and MCE (p < 0.001). Total counts of Tregs (HIIE: p = 0.044; MCE: p = .021), naïve Tregs (HIIE: p < 0.001; MCE: p < 0.001), and PD-1+ effector Tregs (eTregs) (HIIE: p = .002) decreased 1 h after exercise. IL-10 increased 1 h after HIIE (p < 0.001) and MCE (p = 0.018), while IL-6 increased immediately after both HIIE (p = 0.031) and MCE (p = 0.021). Correlations between changes in IL-6 and IL-10 (p = 0.017, r = 0.379) and baseline VO2peak and Treg frequency (p = 0.002, r = 0.660) were identified. CONCLUSION This is the first study that investigates PD-1 expression in circulating Tregs after acute exercise, revealing an increase in PD-1 levels on eTregs during the early recovery period after intensity- and time-matched HIIE and MCE. Future studies are needed to investigate the PD-1 signalosome in eTregs, together with the expression of key effector molecules (i.e., IL-10, TGF-β, IL-35, CTLA-4) to elucidate PD-1-dependent changes in cellular function. Based on changes in serum cytokines, this study further reveals a regimen-independent establishment of an anti-inflammatory milieu and underpins the role of the IL-6/IL-10 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Proschinger
- Division of Performance and Health (Sports Medicine), TU Dortmund University, Institute for Sport and Sport Science, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Alexander Schenk
- Division of Performance and Health (Sports Medicine), TU Dortmund University, Institute for Sport and Sport Science, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Inga Weßels
- Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Immunology, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Lars Donath
- Department of Intervention Research in Exercise Training, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ludwig Rappelt
- Department of Intervention Research in Exercise Training, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alan J Metcalfe
- Department for Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Philipp Zimmer
- Division of Performance and Health (Sports Medicine), TU Dortmund University, Institute for Sport and Sport Science, 44227, Dortmund, Germany.
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Haller N, Reichel T, Zimmer P, Behringer M, Wahl P, Stöggl T, Krüger K, Simon P. Blood-Based Biomarkers for Managing Workload in Athletes: Perspectives for Research on Emerging Biomarkers. Sports Med 2023; 53:2039-2053. [PMID: 37341908 PMCID: PMC10587296 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01866-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
At present, various blood-based biomarkers have found their applications in the field of sports medicine. This current opinion addresses biomarkers that warrant consideration in future research for monitoring the athlete training load. In this regard, we identified a variety of emerging load-sensitive biomarkers, e.g., cytokines (such as IL-6), chaperones (such as heat shock proteins) or enzymes (such as myeloperoxidase) that could improve future athlete load monitoring as they have shown meaningful increases in acute and chronic exercise settings. In some cases, they have even been linked to training status or performance characteristics. However, many of these markers have not been extensively studied and the cost and effort of measuring these parameters are still high, making them inconvenient for practitioners so far. We therefore outline strategies to improve knowledge of acute and chronic biomarker responses, including ideas for standardized study settings. In addition, we emphasize the need for methodological advances such as the development of minimally invasive point-of-care devices as well as statistical aspects related to the evaluation of these monitoring tools to make biomarkers suitable for regular load monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Haller
- Department of Sports Medicine, Rehabilitation and Disease Prevention, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Thomas Reichel
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Institute of Sports Science, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Philipp Zimmer
- Division of Performance and Health (Sports Medicine), Institute for Sport and Sport Science, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Michael Behringer
- Department of Sports Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Patrick Wahl
- Department of Exercise Physiology, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Stöggl
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- Red Bull Athlete Performance Center, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Karsten Krüger
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Institute of Sports Science, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Perikles Simon
- Department of Sports Medicine, Rehabilitation and Disease Prevention, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
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Brummer C, Pukrop T, Wiskemann J, Bruss C, Ugele I, Renner K. Can Exercise Enhance the Efficacy of Checkpoint Inhibition by Modulating Anti-Tumor Immunity? Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4668. [PMID: 37760634 PMCID: PMC10526963 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15184668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) has revolutionized cancer therapy. However, response to ICI is often limited to selected subsets of patients or not durable. Tumors that are non-responsive to checkpoint inhibition are characterized by low anti-tumoral immune cell infiltration and a highly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Exercise is known to promote immune cell circulation and improve immunosurveillance. Results of recent studies indicate that physical activity can induce mobilization and redistribution of immune cells towards the tumor microenvironment (TME) and therefore enhance anti-tumor immunity. This suggests a favorable impact of exercise on the efficacy of ICI. Our review delivers insight into possible molecular mechanisms of the crosstalk between muscle, tumor, and immune cells. It summarizes current data on exercise-induced effects on anti-tumor immunity and ICI in mice and men. We consider preclinical and clinical study design challenges and discuss the role of cancer type, exercise frequency, intensity, time, and type (FITT) and immune sensitivity as critical factors for exercise-induced impact on cancer immunosurveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Brummer
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany;
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Ostbayern (CCCO), 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Pukrop
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany;
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Ostbayern (CCCO), 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Joachim Wiskemann
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Christina Bruss
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany;
| | - Ines Ugele
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (I.U.); (K.R.)
| | - Kathrin Renner
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Ostbayern (CCCO), 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (I.U.); (K.R.)
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Lee TT, Li TL, Ko BJ, Chien LH. Effect of Acute High-Intensity Interval Training on Immune Function and Oxidative Stress in Canoe/Kayak Athletes. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1144. [PMID: 37627028 PMCID: PMC10452436 DOI: 10.3390/biology12081144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of acute high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on immune function and oxidative stress in male canoe/kayak athletes who were well trained. A total of 22 participants were voluntarily recruited with an age range of 15.9 ± 2.3 years, height of 172.2 ± 5.5 cm, body mass of 63.30 ± 6.95 kg, and body fat of 13.77 ± 3.76%. The modified Wingate kayaking test on a kayak ergometer was performed by all participants. Blood samples were collected at three different time points: before the test (Pre-T), immediately after (Post-T), and 3 h post-test (Post-3 h). Saliva samples were collected at two different time points: before the test (Pre-T) and 3 h after the test (Post-3 h). Results indicated that acute canoe/kayak ergometry HIIT had significant effects on the percentages and counts of leukocytes, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and lymphocyte subsets. Additionally, it resulted in increased total LPS-stimulated neutrophil elastase release and alterations in plasma concentrations of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and TBARS. These findings suggest that conventional kayak HIIT regimens can have short-term effects on immune function and induce oxidative stress in athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Lee
- Department of Aquatic Sports, University of Taipei, Taipei City 111036, Taiwan
| | - Tzai-Li Li
- Department of Sport Promotion, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan 33301, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Jen Ko
- Department of Physical Education, National Taichung University of Education, Taichung City 403514, Taiwan
| | - Li-Hui Chien
- Graduate Institute of Athletics and Coaching Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan 33301, Taiwan
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Boßlau TK, Wasserfurth P, Reichel T, Weyh C, Palmowski J, Nebl J, Joisten N, Belen S, Schenk A, Hahn A, Zimmer P, Krüger K. 12-week combined strength and endurance exercise attenuates CD8 + T-cell differentiation and affects the kynurenine pathway in the elderly: a randomized controlled trial. Immun Ageing 2023; 20:19. [PMID: 37161540 PMCID: PMC10169370 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-023-00347-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Age-related accumulation of highly differentiated CD8+ effector memory re-expressing CD45RA (EMRA) T-cells and disruption of the kynurenine (KYN) pathway are associated with chronic inflammation and the development of insulin resistance. In this study the aim was to investigate the effects of 12-week combined strength and endurance exercise on CD8+ T-cell differentiation and KYN pathway metabolites. Ninety-six elderly subjects (f/m, aged 50-70) were randomized to a control (CON) or exercise (EX) group. The EX group completed combined strength and endurance training twice weekly for one hour each time at an intensity of 60% of the one-repetition maximum for strength exercises and a perceived exertion of 15/20 for endurance exercises. The EX group was also randomly subdivided into two groups with or without a concomitant balanced diet intervention in order to examine additional effects besides exercise alone. Before and after the intervention phase, the proportions of CD8+ T-cell subsets and levels of KYN pathway metabolites in peripheral blood were determined. RESULTS The CD8+ EMRA T-cell subsets increased in the CON group but remained almost unchanged in the EX group (p = .02). Plasma levels of kynurenic acid (KA) increased in the EX group and decreased in the CON group (p = .03). Concomitant nutritional intervention resulted in lower levels of quinolinic acid (QA) compared with exercise alone (p = .03). Overall, there was a slight increase in the QA/KA ratio in the CON group, whereas it decreased in the EX group (p > .05). CONCLUSIONS Combined strength and endurance training seems to be a suitable approach to attenuate CD8+ T-cell differentiation in the elderly and to redirect the KYN pathway towards KA. The clinical relevance of these effects needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Konstantin Boßlau
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Institute of Sports Science, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Kugelberg 62, 35394, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Paulina Wasserfurth
- Department of Exercise, Nutrition and Health, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University Munich, Connollystraße 32, 80809, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Reichel
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Institute of Sports Science, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Kugelberg 62, 35394, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christopher Weyh
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Institute of Sports Science, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Kugelberg 62, 35394, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jana Palmowski
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Institute of Sports Science, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Kugelberg 62, 35394, Giessen, Germany
| | - Josefine Nebl
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Leibniz University Hanover, Am Kleinen Felde 30, 30159, Hannover, Germany
| | - Niklas Joisten
- Division of Performance and Health, Institute for Sport and Sport Science, Technical University Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 3, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sergen Belen
- Division of Performance and Health, Institute for Sport and Sport Science, Technical University Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 3, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Alexander Schenk
- Division of Performance and Health, Institute for Sport and Sport Science, Technical University Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 3, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Andreas Hahn
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Leibniz University Hanover, Am Kleinen Felde 30, 30159, Hannover, Germany
| | - Philipp Zimmer
- Division of Performance and Health, Institute for Sport and Sport Science, Technical University Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 3, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Karsten Krüger
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Institute of Sports Science, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Kugelberg 62, 35394, Giessen, Germany
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12
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Yu Y, Zhang X, Chen Y, Li Y, Bian S, Yang Y, Song H, Zhang C, Dong Z, Li G, Xu L, Jia Z, Liu Y, He X, Yang M, Guo J, Zhou Z, Zhang Y. Single-cell sequencing of immune cells after marathon and symptom-limited cardiopulmonary exercise. iScience 2023; 26:106532. [PMID: 37123249 PMCID: PMC10130917 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Vigorous-intensity leisure-time physical activity, such as marathon, has become increasingly popular, but its effect on immune functions and health is poorly understood. Here, we performed scRNA-seq analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) after a bout of symptom-limited cardiopulmonary exercise (CPX) test or marathon. Time-series single-cell analysis revealed the detailed series of landscapes of immune cells in response to short and long vigorous-intensity activities. Reduction of effective T cells was observed with the cell migration and motility pathways enriched in circulation following marathon. Baseline values of PBMCs abundance were reached around 1 h after CPX and 24 h following marathon, but longer time was required for expression recovery of cytotoxicity genes. The ratio of effector/naive T cells was found to change uniformly among the participants and could serve as a better indicator for exercise intensity than the CD4+/CD8+ T cell ratio. Moreover, we identified time-dependent monocyte state transitions after marathon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Yu
- Sports & Medicine Integration Research Center (SMIRC), Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiaolu Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Yanjing Chen
- Sports & Medicine Integration Research Center (SMIRC), Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yanze Li
- CapitalBio Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Suying Bian
- Beijing Zijing Biological Co., LTD, Beijing, China
| | - Yizhuo Yang
- Sports & Medicine Integration Research Center (SMIRC), Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hanan Song
- Sports & Medicine Integration Research Center (SMIRC), Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Sports & Medicine Integration Research Center (SMIRC), Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing 100191, China
- Taizhou Vocational College of Science & Technology, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318020, China
| | - Zhenhe Dong
- Sports & Medicine Integration Research Center (SMIRC), Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Guanghui Li
- Sports & Medicine Integration Research Center (SMIRC), Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Luyou Xu
- Institute for Sport Performance and Health Promotion, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhuang Jia
- Institute for Sport Performance and Health Promotion, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Institute for Sport Performance and Health Promotion, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiaoyi He
- Institute for Sport Performance and Health Promotion, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Institute for Sport Performance and Health Promotion, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jianjun Guo
- Sports & Medicine Integration Research Center (SMIRC), Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhixiong Zhou
- Institute for Sport Performance and Health Promotion, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Sports & Medicine Integration Research Center (SMIRC), Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing 100191, China
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13
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Hassanein F, Masoud IM, Awwad ZM, Abdel-Salam H, Salem M, Shehata AI. Microbial bowel infections-induced biochemical and biological abnormalities and their effects on young Egyptian swimmers. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4597. [PMID: 36944683 PMCID: PMC10030829 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31708-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Swimmers' personal hygiene affects the spread of microbes in pools. The present study aimed to determine the incidence of microbial infections among young Egyptian swimmers and its impact on swimmers' scores. From January 2020 to June 2021, 528 public club swimmers were examined cross-sectionally. Swimmers were divided into two groups according to their star tests and their scores in the competition (group 1 with a high score and group 2 with a low score). Stool samples, biochemical and biological parameters were assessed. Microbial infections were 54% for intestinal parasitosis and 2.8% for Helicobacter pylori. The rate of intestinal parasitosis was higher among Gp2 as compared to Gp1. The results also revealed higher prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia lamblia, Entameba histolytica, and Cyclospora among Gp2 than Gp1. Swimming frequency, and duration influenced the infectious status that induced anemia, abnormal blood pressure, and heart rate. Infected swimmers with cryptosporidiosis had higher alanine transaminase levels, white blood cells, and differential cells but lower aspartate transaminase levels. Giardiasis showed higher reduction in the biochemical markers including ferritin, lactoferrin, iron, and transferrin among Gp 2, compared to Gp 1 and thus affected the swimmers' scores. Thus, raising swimmers' hygiene awareness and targeting health education is obliged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faika Hassanein
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Dentistry, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Inas M Masoud
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Zeinab M Awwad
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Hussin Abdel-Salam
- Department of Water Sports Training, Faculty of Fitness Education, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Salem
- Department of Water Sports Training, Faculty of Fitness Education, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Amany I Shehata
- Department of Tropical Health, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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14
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Meyer-Lindemann U, Moggio A, Dutsch A, Kessler T, Sager HB. The Impact of Exercise on Immunity, Metabolism, and Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:3394. [PMID: 36834808 PMCID: PMC9967592 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise represents an effective preventive and therapeutic strategy beneficially modifying the course of multiple diseases. The protective mechanisms of exercise are manifold; primarily, they are elicited by alterations in metabolic and inflammatory pathways. Exercise intensity and duration strongly influence the provoked response. This narrative review aims to provide comprehensive up-to-date insights into the beneficial effects of physical exercise by illustrating the impact of moderate and vigorous exercise on innate and adaptive immunity. Specifically, we describe qualitative and quantitative changes in different leukocyte subsets while distinguishing between acute and chronic exercise effects. Further, we elaborate on how exercise modifies the progression of atherosclerosis, the leading cause of death worldwide, representing a prime example of a disease triggered by metabolic and inflammatory pathways. Here, we describe how exercise counteracts causal contributors and thereby improves outcomes. In addition, we identify gaps that still need to be addressed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Meyer-Lindemann
- Department of Cardiology, German Heart Center Munich, Technical University Munich, 80636 Munich, Germany
- DZHK e.V. (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Aldo Moggio
- Department of Cardiology, German Heart Center Munich, Technical University Munich, 80636 Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Dutsch
- Department of Cardiology, German Heart Center Munich, Technical University Munich, 80636 Munich, Germany
- DZHK e.V. (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Thorsten Kessler
- Department of Cardiology, German Heart Center Munich, Technical University Munich, 80636 Munich, Germany
- DZHK e.V. (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Hendrik B. Sager
- Department of Cardiology, German Heart Center Munich, Technical University Munich, 80636 Munich, Germany
- DZHK e.V. (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, 80336 Munich, Germany
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15
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Hunt RM, Elzayat MT, Markofski MM, Laughlin M, LaVoy EC. Characterization of transitional memory CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell mobilization during and after an acute bout of exercise. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1120454. [PMID: 37139298 PMCID: PMC10149718 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1120454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
T-cell subsets, including naïve (NA), central memory (CM), transitional memory (TM), effector memory (EM), and RA + effector memory (EMRA), differ in phenotype and function. T-cells are mobilized by exercise, with differences in the magnitude of mobilization between subsets. However, the response of TM T-cells to exercise has not yet been described. Further, T-cells expressing the late differentiation marker CD57 are known to be highly responsive to exercise, but the relative response of CD57 + and CD57- within T-cell subsets is unknown. We therefore aimed to characterize the exercise-induced mobilization of TM T-cells, as well as to compare the exercise response of CD57 + and CD57- cells within T-cell subsets. Methods Seventeen participants (7 female; aged 18-40 years) cycled 30 min at 80% of their estimated maximum heart rate. Venous blood obtained pre, post, and 1H post-exercise was analyzed by flow cytometry. CD45RA, CCR7, and CD28 expression within CD4 + and CD8+ T-cells identified NA, CM, TM, EM, and EMRA subsets. CD57 expression within EM, EMRA, and CD28+ T-cells was also quantified. The relative mobilization of each subset was compared by calculating fold change in cell concentration during (ingress, post/pre) and after exercise (egress,1H post/post). Cytomegalovirus (CMV) serostatus was determined by ELISA and was considered in models. Results TM CD8+ T-cell concentration was greater post-exercise than pre-exercise (138.59 ± 56.42 cells/µl vs. 98.51 ± 39.68 cells/µl, p < 0.05), and the proportion of CD8 + with a TM phenotype was elevated 1H post-exercise (1H: 32.44 ± 10.38% vs. Pre: 30.15 ± 8.77%, p < 0.05). The relative mobilization during and after exercise of TM T-cells did not differ from NA and CM but was less than EM and EMRA subsets. Similar results were observed within CD4+ T-cells. CD57 + subsets of CD28+ T-cells and of EM and EMRA CD8+ T-cells exhibited a greater relative mobilization than CD57- subsets (all p < 0.05). Conclusion These results indicate TM CD4 + and CD8+ T-cells are transiently mobilized into the blood with exercise, but not to as great of an extent as later differentiated EM and EMRA T-cells. Results also indicate CD57 identifies highly exercise responsive cells within CD8+ T-cell subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah M. Hunt
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Mahmoud T. Elzayat
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Melissa M. Markofski
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Mitzi Laughlin
- Houston Methodist Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Houston Methodist, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Emily C. LaVoy
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- Correspondence: Emily C. LaVoy
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16
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Ruiz-Iglesias P, Massot-Cladera M, Pérez-Cano FJ, Castell M. Influence of Diets Enriched with Flavonoids (Cocoa and Hesperidin) on the Systemic Immunity of Intensively Trained and Exhausted Rats. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12121893. [PMID: 36551321 PMCID: PMC9775336 DOI: 10.3390/biom12121893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to establish the influence of flavonoid-enriched diets on the immune alterations induced by an intensive training and a final exhaustion test in rats. A flavanol-enriched diet (with 10% cocoa, C10 diet) and a flavanol and flavanone-enriched diet (C10 plus 0.5% hesperidin, CH diet) were used. Lewis rats were fed either a standard diet, C10 diet or CH diet while they were submitted to an intensive running training on a treadmill. After 6 weeks, samples were obtained 24 h after performing a regular training (T groups) and after carrying out a final exhaustion test (TE groups). The C10 diet attenuated the increase in plasma cortisol induced by exhaustion, while both the C10 and the CH diets prevented the alterations in the spleen Th cell proportion. The experimental diets also induced an increase in serum immunoglobulin concentration and an enhancement of spleen natural killer cytotoxicity, which may be beneficial in situations with a weakened immunity. Most of the effects observed in the CH groups seem to be due to the cocoa content. Overall, a dietary intervention with flavonoids enhances immune function, partially attenuating the alterations in systemic immunity induced by intensive training or exhausting exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Ruiz-Iglesias
- Secció de Fisiologia, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Malén Massot-Cladera
- Secció de Fisiologia, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Pérez-Cano
- Secció de Fisiologia, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
- Correspondence: (F.J.P.-C.); (M.C.)
| | - Margarida Castell
- Secció de Fisiologia, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (F.J.P.-C.); (M.C.)
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17
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Torregrosa C, Chorin F, Beltran EEM, Neuzillet C, Cardot-Ruffino V. Physical Activity as the Best Supportive Care in Cancer: The Clinician's and the Researcher's Perspectives. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:5402. [PMID: 36358820 PMCID: PMC9655932 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14215402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Multidisciplinary supportive care, integrating the dimensions of exercise alongside oncological treatments, is now regarded as a new paradigm to improve patient survival and quality of life. Its impact is important on the factors that control tumor development, such as the immune system, inflammation, tissue perfusion, hypoxia, insulin resistance, metabolism, glucocorticoid levels, and cachexia. An increasing amount of research has been published in the last years on the effects of physical activity within the framework of oncology, marking the appearance of a new medical field, commonly known as "exercise oncology". This emerging research field is trying to determine the biological mechanisms by which, aerobic exercise affects the incidence of cancer, the progression and/or the appearance of metastases. We propose an overview of the current state of the art physical exercise interventions in the management of cancer patients, including a pragmatic perspective with tips for routine practice. We then develop the emerging mechanistic views about physical exercise and their potential clinical applications. Moving toward a more personalized, integrated, patient-centered, and multidisciplinary management, by trying to understand the different interactions between the cancer and the host, as well as the impact of the disease and the treatments on the different organs, this seems to be the most promising method to improve the care of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Torregrosa
- Oncologie Digestive, Département d’Oncologie Médicale Institut Curie, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin—Université Paris Saclay, 35, rue Dailly, 92210 Saint-Cloud, France
- Département de Chirurgie Digestive et Oncologique, Hôpital Universitaire Ambroise Paré, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 9 avenue Charles de Gaulle, 92100 Boulogne Billancourt, France
| | - Frédéric Chorin
- Laboratoire Motricité Humaine, Expertise, Sport, Santé (LAMHESS), HEALTHY Graduate School, Université Côte d’Azur, 06205 Nice, France
- Clinique Gériatrique du Cerveau et du Mouvement, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d’Azur, 06205 Nice, France
| | - Eva Ester Molina Beltran
- Oncologie Digestive, Département d’Oncologie Médicale Institut Curie, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin—Université Paris Saclay, 35, rue Dailly, 92210 Saint-Cloud, France
| | - Cindy Neuzillet
- Oncologie Digestive, Département d’Oncologie Médicale Institut Curie, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin—Université Paris Saclay, 35, rue Dailly, 92210 Saint-Cloud, France
- GERCOR, 151 rue du Faubourg Saint-Antoine, 75011 Paris, France
| | - Victoire Cardot-Ruffino
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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18
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Vasconcelos ABS, Aragão-Santos JC, de Resende-Neto AG, Rodrigues LS, Corrêa CB, Schimieguel DM, Camargo EA, de Paula Ramos S, Da Silva-Grigoletto ME. Effects of functional and combined training on subsets of memory T cells and functional fitness of postmenopausal women: A randomized controlled trial. Exp Gerontol 2022; 167:111898. [PMID: 35863693 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2022.111898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of functional (FT) and combined (CT) training on memory T cells and functional fitness of postmenopausal women. 108 participants were randomly allocated to the control (CG), FT and CT groups. Functional fitness was assessed through physical tests similar to daily activities, such as dressing on and taking off a t-shirt (DTTS), 10-meter walking and countermovement jump. The CCR7 and CD45RA surface markers were used to characterize the memory T cells. Regarding the frequency of memory T cells, both training protocols reduced the percentage of CD4+ Terminally Differentiated Effector Memory T Cells Re-Expressing CD45RA (TEMRA) (FT: -38.73 %, p = 0.0455; CT: -30.43 %, p = 0.0036) and CD8+ TEMRA cells (FT: -22.24 %, p < 0.0013; CT: -13.13 %, p = 0.0051). Also, both FT and CT increased the percentage of central memory (TCM) CD4+ (FT: +55.22 %, p = 0.0104; CT: +68.03 %, p = 0.0167) and CD8+ (FT: +142.00 %, p < 0.0001; CT: +83.76 %, p = 0.0001) T cells. Furthermore, FT and CT increased the percentages of CD8+ effector memory T cells (TEM) (FT: +63.58 %, p < 0.0001; CT: +14.12 %, p = 0.0041). Regarding functional fitness, both training protocols reduced the time required to perform the DTTS (FT: -19.71 %, p < 0.0001; CT: -14.69 %, p < 0.0001) and 10-m walk tests (FT: -13.05 %, p < 0.0001; CT: -12.83 %, p < 0.0001), in addition to improving jumping ability (FT: +29.97 %, p < 0.0001; CT: +20.00 %, p < 0.0001), both compared to the pre-test or to the CG. Therefore, both FT and CT seem to be equally effective alternatives for promoting the reduction of CD4+ and CD8+ TEMRA cells, increasing the frequency of TCM and TEM cells, and improving functional fitness of postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Bruno Silva Vasconcelos
- Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences (PROCFIS), Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil; Functional Training Group (FTG), Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil.
| | - José Carlos Aragão-Santos
- Functional Training Group (FTG), Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil; Graduate Program in Health Sciences (PPGCS), Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Antônio Gomes de Resende-Neto
- Functional Training Group (FTG), Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil; Graduate Program in Health Sciences (PPGCS), Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | | | - Cristiane Bani Corrêa
- Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences (PROCFIS), Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil; Graduate Program in Health Sciences (PPGCS), Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | | | - Enilton Aparecido Camargo
- Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences (PROCFIS), Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil; Graduate Program in Health Sciences (PPGCS), Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | | | - Marzo Edir Da Silva-Grigoletto
- Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences (PROCFIS), Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil; Functional Training Group (FTG), Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
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19
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Graff RM, Jennings K, LaVoy ECP, Warren VE, Macdonald BW, Park Y, Markofski MM. T-cells in response to acute cardiorespiratory or resistance exercise in physically active or physically inactive older adults: A randomized crossover study. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2022; 133:119-129. [PMID: 35616304 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00301.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cells often undergo age-related changes, but regular exercise training may offset these age-related changes. However, the majority of literature is derived from cardiorespiratory exercise studies. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of acute cardiorespiratory exercise and acute resistance exercise on the T-cell response among physically active older adults (PA) compared to physically inactive older adults (PI). METHODS Twenty-four healthy older adults (PA n=12; PI n=12; mean ± SD; age (yrs) PA 62 ± 5, PI 64 ± 5; BMI (kg/m2) PA 23.9 ± 3.0, PI 25.6 ± 3.5) completed one bout each of matched intensity cardiorespiratory exercise and resistance exercise in a randomized order. Blood samples drawn pre-exercise, post-exercise, and 1h post-exercise (recovery) were analyzed by flow cytometry for T-cells and T-cell subsets. RESULTS Resistance exercise mobilized more T-cell subsets in PI (10 of the measured types, including total T-cells; CD45RA+ CD62L+, CD45RA- CD62L+, CD45RA- CD62L-, and CD45RA+ CD62L- T-cells), whereas cardiorespiratory exercise mobilized more subsets in PA (CD45RA+ CD62L- and CD57+ CD45RA+ CD62L- CD4+ T-cells). Both cardiorespiratory exercise and resistance exercise elicited a significant (p<0.05) mobilization of highly-differentiated (CD45RA+ CD62L-; CD57+ CD45RA+ CD62L-) CD8+ T-cells into the circulation post-exercise in both PA and PI groups. Furthermore, cardiorespiratory exercise resulted in a decrease in the number of circulating Th17 cells post-exercise, while resistance exercise increased Th17 cell mobilization compared to the cardiorespiratory exercise response. CONCLUSION There are differences between cardiorespiratory exercise and resistance exercise on the immune responses of T-cells, particularly in PI individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Graff
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Kristofer Jennings
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Emily C P LaVoy
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Victoria E Warren
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Brad W Macdonald
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Yoonjung Park
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Melissa M Markofski
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
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20
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Ruiz-Iglesias P, Massot-Cladera M, Rodríguez-Lagunas MJ, Franch À, Camps-Bossacoma M, Castell M, Pérez-Cano FJ. A Cocoa Diet Can Partially Attenuate the Alterations in Microbiota and Mucosal Immunity Induced by a Single Session of Intensive Exercise in Rats. Front Nutr 2022; 9:861533. [PMID: 35479747 PMCID: PMC9036086 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.861533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Following intensive sports events, a higher rate of upper respiratory tract infections and the appearance of gastrointestinal symptomatology have been reported. We aimed to evaluate the effect of a cocoa-enriched diet on the cecal microbiota and mucosal immune system of rats submitted to high-intensity acute exercise, as well as to elucidate the involvement of cocoa fiber in such effects. Methods Wistar rats were fed either a standard diet, a diet containing 10% cocoa providing 5% fiber and a diet containing only 5% cocoa fiber. After 25 days, half of the rats of each diet performed an exhaustion running test. Sixteen hours later, samples were obtained to assess, among others, the cecal microbiota and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) composition, mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) and Peyer’s patches (PPs) lymphocyte composition, and immunoglobulin (Ig) content in salivary glands. Results The intake of cocoa, partially due to its fiber content, improved the SCFA production, prevented some changes in PPs and in MLNs lymphocyte composition and also decreased the production of proinflammatory cytokines. Cocoa diet, contrary to cocoa fiber, did not prevent the lower salivary IgM induced by exercise. Conclusion A cocoa dietary intake can partially attenuate the alterations in microbiota and mucosal immunity induced by a single session of intensive exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Ruiz-Iglesias
- Secció de Fisiologia, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), UB, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Malén Massot-Cladera
- Secció de Fisiologia, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), UB, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Maria J. Rodríguez-Lagunas
- Secció de Fisiologia, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), UB, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Àngels Franch
- Secció de Fisiologia, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), UB, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Mariona Camps-Bossacoma
- Secció de Fisiologia, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), UB, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Margarida Castell
- Secció de Fisiologia, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), UB, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Margarida Castell,
| | - Francisco J. Pérez-Cano
- Secció de Fisiologia, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), UB, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
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21
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Cavalcante S, Teixeira M, Duarte A, Ferreira M, Simões MI, Conceição M, Costa M, Ribeiro IP, Gonçalves AC, Oliveira J, Ribeiro F. Endothelial Progenitor Cell Response to Acute Multicomponent Exercise Sessions with Different Durations. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11040572. [PMID: 35453771 PMCID: PMC9025950 DOI: 10.3390/biology11040572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that exercise training has beneficial effects on vascular health. Although a dose-dependent relation has been suggested, little is known about the effects of different exercise durations on endothelial markers. This study aimed to assess the effect of single exercise sessions with different durations in the circulating levels of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and endothelial cells (CECs) among adults with cardiovascular risk factors. Ten participants performed two multicomponent exercise sessions, one week apart, lasting 30 and 45 min (main exercise phase). Before and after each exercise session, blood samples were collected to quantify EPCs and CECs by flow cytometry. The change in EPCs was significantly different between sessions by 3.0% (95% CI: 1.3 to 4.7), being increased by 1.8 ± 1.7% (p = 0.009) in the 30 min session vs. −1.2 ± 2.0% (p > 0.05) in the 45 min session. No significant change was observed in CECs [−2.0%, 95%CI: (−4.1 to 0.2)] between the sessions. In conclusion, a multicomponent exercise session of 30 min promotes an acute increase in the circulating levels of EPCs without increasing endothelial damage (measured by the levels of CECs) among adults with cardiovascular risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suiane Cavalcante
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal; (S.C.); (J.O.)
| | - Manuel Teixeira
- Institute of Biomedicine—iBiMED, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
| | - Ana Duarte
- Unidade Cuidados na Comunidade Cubo Mágico da Saúde, ACES Baixo Vouga, 3800-120 Aveiro, Portugal; (A.D.); (M.F.); (M.I.S.); (M.C.)
| | - Miriam Ferreira
- Unidade Cuidados na Comunidade Cubo Mágico da Saúde, ACES Baixo Vouga, 3800-120 Aveiro, Portugal; (A.D.); (M.F.); (M.I.S.); (M.C.)
| | - Maria I. Simões
- Unidade Cuidados na Comunidade Cubo Mágico da Saúde, ACES Baixo Vouga, 3800-120 Aveiro, Portugal; (A.D.); (M.F.); (M.I.S.); (M.C.)
| | - Maria Conceição
- Unidade Cuidados na Comunidade Cubo Mágico da Saúde, ACES Baixo Vouga, 3800-120 Aveiro, Portugal; (A.D.); (M.F.); (M.I.S.); (M.C.)
| | - Mariana Costa
- Câmara Municipal de Oliveira do Bairro—Projeto Não Fique Parado, 3800-120 Aveiro, Portugal;
| | - Ilda P. Ribeiro
- Cytogenetics and Genomics Laboratory, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine (FMUC), University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal;
- Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Center of Investigation on Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine (FMUC), University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Cristina Gonçalves
- Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR)—Group of Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine (FMUC), Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal;
- Laboratory of Oncobiology and Hematology, University Clinic of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine (FMUC), University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - José Oliveira
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal; (S.C.); (J.O.)
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Ribeiro
- Institute of Biomedicine—iBiMED, School of Health Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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22
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The impact of different forms of exercise on endothelial progenitor cells in healthy populations. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:1589-1625. [PMID: 35305142 PMCID: PMC9197818 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-04921-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) contribute to vascular healing and neovascularisation, while exercise is an effective means to mobilise EPCs into the circulation. OBJECTIVES to systematically examine the acute and chronic effects of different forms of exercise on circulating EPCs in healthy populations. METHODS Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines were followed. RESULTS thirty-one articles met the inclusion criteria including 747 participants aged 19 to 76 years. All included trials used flow cytometry for identification of circulating EPCs. Eight and five different EPC phenotypes were identified in the acute and chronic trials, respectively. In the acute trials, moderate intensity continuous (MICON), maximal, prolonged endurance, resistance and high intensity interval training (HIIT) exercise protocols were utilised. Prolonged endurance and resistance exercise had the most profound effect on circulating EPCs followed by maximal exercise. In the chronic trials, MICON exercise, HIIT, HIIT compared to MICON and MICON compared to exergame (exercise modality based on an interactive video game) were identified. MICON exercise had a positive effect on circulating EPCs in older sedentary individuals which was accompanied by improvements in endothelial function and arterial stiffness. Long-stage HIIT (4 min bouts) appears to be an effective means and superior than MICON exercise in mobilising circulating EPCs. In conclusion, both in acute and chronic trials the degree of exercise-induced EPC mobilisation depends upon the exercise regime applied. In future, more research is warranted to examine the dose-response relationship of different exercise forms on circulating EPCs using standardised methodology and EPC phenotype.
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23
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Einstein O, Katz A, Ben-Hur T. Physical exercise therapy for autoimmune neuroinflammation: Application of knowledge from animal models to patient care. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2022; 21:103033. [PMID: 34995760 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2022.103033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Physical exercise (PE) impacts various autoimmune diseases. Accordingly, clinical trials demonstrated the safety of PE in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and indicated beneficial outcomes. There is also an increasing body of research on the beneficial effects of exercise on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the animal model of MS, and various mechanisms underlying these effects were suggested. However, despite the documented favorable impact of PE on our health, we still lack a thorough understanding of its effects on autoimmune neuroinflammation and specific guidelines of PE therapy for MS patients are lacking. To that end, current findings on the impact of PE on autoimmune neuroinflammation, both in human MS and animal models are reviewed. The concept of personalized PE therapy for autoimmune neuroinflammation is discussed, and future research for providing biological rationale for clinical trials to pave the road for precise PE therapy in MS patients is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofira Einstein
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel.
| | - Abram Katz
- Åstrand Laboratory, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, GIH, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tamir Ben-Hur
- Department of Neurology, The Agnes Ginges Center for Human Neurogenetics, Hadassah - Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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24
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Donovan T, Bain AL, Tu W, Pyne DB, Rao S. Influence of Exercise on Exhausted and Senescent T Cells: A Systematic Review. Front Physiol 2021; 12:668327. [PMID: 34489717 PMCID: PMC8417807 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.668327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The impaired effector function of exhausted and senescent T cells is implicated in cancer progression and inadequate vaccine responses. Exercise has been shown to improve cancer therapy and vaccine efficacy, most likely by improving immune function. However, given inconsistent terminology and definitions, the interactions between exercise and exhausted and senescent T cells remain unclear. We therefore performed a systematic review to investigate the effect of exercise on senescent and exhausted CD8+ T cell populations clearly defined by protein surface markers. Thirty articles were included, with the majority (n = 24) reporting senescent T cell populations defined according to a variety of surface markers. Repeated exercise was shown to be beneficial through limiting the accumulation of senescent and exhausted CD8+ T cells. This outcome is likely related to exercise-induced preferential mobilization of senescent T cells promoting apoptosis in the peripheral blood compartment. Future studies need to determine the clinical relevance of this effect in cancer prevention and vaccine efficacy. Data regarding exercise and exhausted T cells are limited due to a lack of available high-quality studies. Future studies require the control of confounding variables such as sex and cytomegalovirus (CMV) status, and consistent definitions of exhausted and senescent T cell populations to improve comparisons between studies and interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomasina Donovan
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,Australian Centre for Health Services Innovation and Centre for Healthcare Transformation, School of Public Health and Social Work, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Amanda L Bain
- Gene Regulation and Translational Medicine Laboratory, Immunology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Wenjuan Tu
- Gene Regulation and Translational Medicine Laboratory, Immunology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - David B Pyne
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Sudha Rao
- Gene Regulation and Translational Medicine Laboratory, Immunology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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25
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Souza D, Vale AF, Silva A, Araújo MAS, de Paula Júnior CA, de Lira CAB, Ramirez-Campillo R, Martins W, Gentil P. Acute and Chronic Effects of Interval Training on the Immune System: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10090868. [PMID: 34571745 PMCID: PMC8465842 DOI: 10.3390/biology10090868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Interval training (IT) is a popular training strategy recognized by its positive effects on metabolic and cardiovascular system. However, there seems no consensus regarding the effects of IT on immune system parameters. Therefore, we aimed to summarize the evidence regarding the effects of IT on the immune system. As our many findings, an IT acutely promote a transitory change on immune cell count followed by reduced function. The magnitude of these changes seems to vary in accordance with IT type. On the other hand, the regular practice of IT might contribute to improve immune function without apparent change on immune cell count. Abstract Purpose: To summarize the evidence regarding the acute and chronic effects of interval training (IT) in the immune system through a systematic review with meta-analysis. Design: Systematic review with meta-analysis. Data source: English, Portuguese and Spanish languages search of the electronic databases Pubmed/Medline, Scopus, and SciELO. Eligibility criteria: Studies such as clinical trials, randomized cross-over trials and randomized clinical trials, investigating the acute and chronic effects of IT on the immune outcomes in humans. Results: Of the 175 studies retrieved, 35 were included in the qualitative analysis and 18 in a meta-analysis. Within-group analysis detected significant acute decrease after IT on immunoglobulin A (IgA) secretory rate (n = 115; MD = −15.46 µg·min−1; 95%CI, −28.3 to 2.66; p = 0.02), total leucocyte count increase (n = 137; MD = 2.58 × 103 µL−1; 95%CI, 1.79 to 3.38; p < 0.001), increase in lymphocyte count immediately after exercise (n = 125; MD = 1.3 × 103 µL−1; 95%CI, 0.86 to 1.75; p < 0.001), and decrease during recovery (30 to 180 min post-exercise) (n = 125; MD = −0.36 × 103 µL−1;−0.57 to −0.15; p < 0.001). No effect was detected on absolute IgA (n = 127; MD = 47.5 µg·mL−1; 95%CI, −10.6 to 105.6; p = 0.11). Overall, IT might acutely reduce leucocyte function. Regarding chronic effects IT improved immune function without change leucocyte count. Conclusion: IT might provide a transient disturbance on the immune system, followed by reduced immune function. However, regular IT performance induces favorable adaptations on immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Souza
- Faculdade de Educação Física e Dança, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil; (D.S.); (A.F.V.); (A.S.); (M.A.S.A.); (C.A.B.d.L.)
| | - Arthur F. Vale
- Faculdade de Educação Física e Dança, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil; (D.S.); (A.F.V.); (A.S.); (M.A.S.A.); (C.A.B.d.L.)
| | - Anderson Silva
- Faculdade de Educação Física e Dança, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil; (D.S.); (A.F.V.); (A.S.); (M.A.S.A.); (C.A.B.d.L.)
| | - Murilo A. S. Araújo
- Faculdade de Educação Física e Dança, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil; (D.S.); (A.F.V.); (A.S.); (M.A.S.A.); (C.A.B.d.L.)
| | | | - Claudio A. B. de Lira
- Faculdade de Educação Física e Dança, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil; (D.S.); (A.F.V.); (A.S.); (M.A.S.A.); (C.A.B.d.L.)
| | | | - Wagner Martins
- Faculdade de Fisioterapia, Universidade de Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil;
| | - Paulo Gentil
- Faculdade de Educação Física e Dança, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil; (D.S.); (A.F.V.); (A.S.); (M.A.S.A.); (C.A.B.d.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-62-3521-1021
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26
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Esteves M, Monteiro MP, Duarte JA. The Effects of Physical Exercise on Tumor Vasculature: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Int J Sports Med 2021; 42:1237-1249. [PMID: 34341974 DOI: 10.1055/a-1533-1876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A wealth of evidence supports an association between physical exercise, decreased tumor growth rate, and reduced risk of cancer mortality. In this context, the tumor vascular microenvironment may play a key role in modulating tumor biologic behavior. The present systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to summarize the evidence regarding the effects of physical exercise on tumor vasculature in pre-clinical studies. We performed a computerized research on the PubMed, Scopus, and EBSCO databases to identify pre-clinical studies that evaluated the effect of physical exercise on tumor vascular outcomes. Mean differences were calculated through a random effects model. The present systematic review included 13 studies involving 373 animals. From these, 11 studies evaluated chronic intratumoral vascular adaptations and 2 studies assessed the acute intratumoral vascular adaptations to physical exercise. The chronic intratumoral vascular adaptations resulted in higher tumor microvessel density in 4 studies, increased tumor perfusion in 2 studies, and reduced intratumoral hypoxia in 3 studies. Quantitatively, regular physical exercise induced an increased tumor vascularization of 2.13 [1.07, 3.20] (p<0.0001). The acute intratumoral vascular adaptations included increased vascular conductance and reduced vascular resistance, which improved tumor perfusion and attenuated intratumoral hypoxia. In pre-clinical studies, physical exercise seems to improve tumor vascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mário Esteves
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Experimental Morphology, CIAFEL, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Teaching Hospital of the Fernando Pessoa University, Gondomar, Portugal
| | - Mariana P Monteiro
- Department of Anatomy, Universidade do Porto Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jose Alberto Duarte
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Experimental Morphology, CIAFEL, Porto, Portugal.,TOXRUN - Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, CRL, Gandra, Portugal
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27
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Abstract
High-intensity training is becoming increasingly popular outside of elite sport
for health prevention and rehabilitation. This expanded application of
high-intensity training in different populations requires a deeper understanding
of its molecular signature in the human body. Therefore, in this integrative
review, cellular and systemic molecular responses to high-intensity training are
described for skeletal muscle, cardiovascular system, and the immune system as
major effectors and targets of health and performance. Different kinds of
stimuli and resulting homeostatic perturbations (i. e., metabolic,
mechanical, neuronal, and hormonal) are reflected, taking into account their
role in the local and systemic deflection of molecular sensors and mediators,
and their role in tissue and organ adaptations. In skeletal muscle, a high
metabolic perturbation induced by high-intensity training is the major stimulus
for skeletal muscle adaptation. In the cardio-vascular system, high-intensity
training induces haemodynamic stress and deflection of the
Ca
2+
handling as major stimuli for
functional and structural adaptation of the heart and vessels. For the immune
system haemodynamic stress, hormones, exosomes, and O
2
availability
are proposed stimuli that mediate their effects by alteration of different
signalling processes leading to local and systemic (anti)inflammatory responses.
Overall, high-intensity training shows specific molecular signatures that
demonstrate its high potential to improve health and physical performance.
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28
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Mathot E, Liberman K, Cao Dinh H, Njemini R, Bautmans I. Systematic review on the effects of physical exercise on cellular immunosenescence-related markers - An update. Exp Gerontol 2021; 149:111318. [PMID: 33794319 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2021.111318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Immunosenescence is a remodeling of the immune system occurring with aging that leads to an increased susceptibility to auto-immunity, infections and reduced vaccination response. A growing consensus supports the view that physical exercise may counteract immunosenescence and improve the immune response. Unfortunately, evidence regarding the effects of exercise on markers of cellular immunosenescence lacked uniformity at the time of an extensive literature review in 2016. Moreover, exercise-induced effects in older adults were underrepresented compared to young adults or completely lacking, such as for senescent T-cells and apoptosis of T-lymphocytes. The aim of this systematic literature study was to collect and appraise newly available data regarding exercise-induced changes on immunosenescence-related markers of immune cells and compare this against data that was already available in 2016. Systematic reviewing of newly available data in the field of exercise immunology provides additional evidence for the effect of exercise on immunosenescence-related cellular markers. Importantly, this review provides evidence for the effect of long-term exercise on senescent T-lymphocytes in older adults. Additionally, newly retrieved evidence shows an acute exercise-induced mobilization of naïve and memory cells in older adults. In general, data regarding long-term exercise-induced effects in older adults remain scarce. Noteworthy was the high number of articles describing exercise-induced effects on regulatory T-cells. However exercise-induced effects on this cell type are still inconclusive as some articles reported an exercise-induced up- or downregulation, while others reported no effects at all. Numerous studies on Natural Killer cell counts did not provide uniformity among data that was already available. Recent data regarding dendritic cells mostly described an increase after exercise. Overall, our literature update highlights the major influence of the type and intensity of exercise on immunosenescence-related markers, especially in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emelyn Mathot
- Frailty in Ageing Research group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium; Gerontology Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Keliane Liberman
- Frailty in Ageing Research group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium; Gerontology Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hung Cao Dinh
- Frailty in Ageing Research group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium; Gerontology Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium; Internal Medicine Department, Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Rose Njemini
- Frailty in Ageing Research group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium; Gerontology Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ivan Bautmans
- Frailty in Ageing Research group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium; Gerontology Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium; Geriatrics Department, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium.
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The Effects of Physical Activity on the Aging of Circulating Immune Cells in Humans: A Systematic Review. IMMUNO 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/immuno1030009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-induced cellular senescence leads to a decline in efficacy of immune response and an increase in morbidity and mortality. Physical activity may be an intervention to slow down or reverse this process for elderly individuals or even delay it via enhanced activity over their lifespan. The aim of this systematic review was to analyze and discuss the current evidence of the effects of physical activity on senescence in leukocyte subpopulations. Two electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science) were scanned in July 2020. Studies performing endurance or resistance exercise programs and investigating leukocytes of healthy, particularly elderly subjects were included. Nine human studies were identified, including a total of 440 participants, of which two studies examined different types of exercise training retrospectively, three conducted resistance exercise, three endurance exercise, and one endurance vs. resistance training. Results revealed that exercise training increased the naïve subsets of peripheral T-helper cells and cytotoxic T-cells, whereas the senescent and effector memory T-cells re-expresses CD45RA (TEMRA) subsets decreased. Moreover, the percentage of T-helper- compared to cytotoxic T-cells increased. The results suggest that physical activity reduces or slows down cellular immunosenescence. Endurance exercise seems to affect cellular senescence in a more positive way than resistance training. However, training contents and sex also influence senescent cells. Explicit mechanisms need to be clarified.
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Kröpfl JM, Beltrami FG, Rehm M, Gruber HJ, Stelzer I, Spengler CM. Acute exercise-induced glycocalyx shedding does not differ between exercise modalities, but is associated with total antioxidative capacity. J Sci Med Sport 2021; 24:689-695. [PMID: 33632661 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2021.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Regular physical exercise is known to protect endothelial integrity. It has been proposed that acute exercise-induced changes of the (anti-)oxidative system influence early (glycocalyx shedding) and sustained endothelial activation (shedding of endothelial cells, ECs) as well as endothelial-cell repair by circulating hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HPCs). However, results are not conclusive and data in trained participants performing different exercise modalities is lacking. DESIGN Eighteen healthy, well-trained participants (9 runners, 9 cyclists; age: 29.7 ± 4.2 yrs) performed a strenuous acute exercise session consisting of 4 bouts of 4-min high-intensity with decreasing power profile and 3-min low-intensity in-between. METHODS Average power/speed of intense phases was 85% of the peak achieved in a previous incremental test. Before and shortly after exercise, total oxidative and antioxidative capacities (TAC), shedding of syndecan-1, heparan sulfate, hyaluronan, ECs, and circulating HPCs were investigated. RESULTS TAC decreased from 1.81 ± 0.42 nmol/L to 1.47 ± 0.23 nmol/L post-exercise (p = 0.010) only in runners. Exercise-induced early and sustained endothelial activation were enhanced post-exercise- syndecan-1: 103.2 ± 63.3 ng/mL to 111.3 ± 71.3 ng/mL, heparan sulfate: from 2637.9 ± 800.1 ng/mL to 3197.1 ± 1416.3 ng/mL, both p < 0.05; hyaluronan: 84.3 ± 21.8 ng/mL to 121.4 ± 29.4 ng/mL, ECs: from 6.6 ± 4.5 cells/μL to 9.5 ± 6.2 cells/μL, both p < 0.01; results were not different between exercise modalities and negatively related to TAC concentrations post-exercise. HPC proportions and self-renewal ability were negatively, while EC concentrations were positively associated with circulating hyaluronan concentrations. CONCLUSIONS These results highlight the importance of the antioxidative system to prevent the endothelium from acute exercise-induced vascular injury - independent of exercise modality - in well-trained participants. Endothelial-cell repair is associated with hyluronan signaling, possibly a similar mechanism as in wound repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M Kröpfl
- Exercise Physiology Lab, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fernando G Beltrami
- Exercise Physiology Lab, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Rehm
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany
| | - Hans-Jürgen Gruber
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Ingeborg Stelzer
- Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, LKH Hochsteiermark, Austria
| | - Christina M Spengler
- Exercise Physiology Lab, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, ETH Zurich, Switzerland; Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Switzerland.
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Schmid M, Kröpfl JM, Spengler CM. Changes in Circulating Stem and Progenitor Cell Numbers Following Acute Exercise in Healthy Human Subjects: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021; 17:1091-1120. [PMID: 33389632 PMCID: PMC8316227 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-020-10105-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite of the increasing number of investigations on the effects of acute exercise on circulating stem and progenitor cell (SC) numbers, and in particular on respective subgroups, i.e. endothelial (ESC), hematopoietic (HSC), and mesenchymal (MSC) stem and progenitor cells, a consensus regarding mechanisms and extent of these effects is still missing. The aim of this meta-analysis was to systematically evaluate the overall-effects of acute exercise on the different SC-subgroups and investigate possible subject- and intervention-dependent factors affecting the extent of SC-mobilization in healthy humans. Trials assessing SC numbers before and at least one timepoint after acute exercise, were identified in a systematic computerized search. Compared to baseline, numbers were significantly increased for early and non-specified SCs (enSCs) until up to 0.5 h after exercise (0–5 min: +0.64 [Standardized difference in means], p < 0.001; 6–20 min: +0.42, p < 0.001; 0.5 h: +0.29, p = 0.049), for ESCs until 12–48 h after exercise (0–5 min: +0.66, p < 0.001; 6–20 min: +0.43 p < 0.001; 0.5 h: +0.43, p = 0.002; 1 h: +0.58, p = 0.001; 2 h: +0.50, p = 0.002; 3–8 h: +0.70, p < 0.001; 12–48 h: +0.38, p = 0.003) and for HSCs at 0–5 min (+ 0.47, p < 0.001) and at 3 h after exercise (+ 0.68, p < 0.001). Sex, intensity and duration of the intervention had generally no influence. The extent and kinetics of the exercise-induced mobilization of SCs differ between SC-subpopulations. However, also definitions of SC-subpopulations are non-uniform. Therefore, finding a consensus with a clear definition of cell surface markers defining ESCs, HSCs and MSCs is a first prerequisite for understanding this important topic. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schmid
- Exercise Physiology Lab, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, ETH Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - J M Kröpfl
- Exercise Physiology Lab, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, ETH Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - C M Spengler
- Exercise Physiology Lab, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, ETH Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland. .,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Immunoregulation induced by autologous serum collected after acute exercise in obese men: a randomized cross-over trial. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21735. [PMID: 33303928 PMCID: PMC7729871 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78750-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the effects of autologous serum collected after two types of exercise on the in vitro inflammatory profile and T cell phenotype of resting peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in obese men. Serum samples and PBMCs were obtained from eight obese men who performed two exercise bouts—high intensity interval exercise (HIIE) and exhaustive exercise session to voluntary fatigue—in a randomized cross-over trial. Pre-exercise PBMCs were incubated with 50% autologous serum (collected before and after each exercise bout) for 4 h. In vitro experiments revealed that post-HIIE serum reduced the histone H4 acetylation status and NF-κB content of PBMCs and suppressed the production of both TNF-α and IL-6 by PBMCs, while increasing IL-10 production. Post-exhaustive exercise serum induced histone H4 hyperacetylation and mitochondrial depolarization in lymphocytes and increased TNF-α production. In vitro post-HIIE serum incubation resulted in an increase in the frequencies of CD4 + CTLA-4 + and CD4 + CD25+ T cells expressing CD39 and CD73. Post-exhaustive exercise serum decreased the frequency of CD4 + CD25 + CD73+ T cells but increased CD4 + CD25-CD39 + T cell frequency. Both post-exercise serums increased the proportions of CD4 + PD-1 + and CD8 + PD-1+ T cells. Blood serum factors released during exercise altered the immune response and T cell phenotype. The type of exercise impacted the immunomodulatory activity of the post-exercise serum on PBMCs.
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Souza D, Coswig V, de Lira CAB, Gentil P. H″IT″ting the Barriers for Exercising during Social Isolation. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:E245. [PMID: 32847134 PMCID: PMC7565488 DOI: 10.3390/biology9090245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Aerobic exercise is traditionally recommended to improve general health and prevent many non-communicable diseases. However, the measures adopted to control the novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak culminated with closing of exercise facilities and fitness centers and, as a primary consequence, impaired aerobic exercise practice. This contributed to an increase in risk factors associated with physical inactivity such as insulin resistance, high blood pressure, low-grade inflammation, weight gain, and mental health problems. The scenario is worrisome, and it is important to propose alternatives for exercise practice during the COVID-19 pandemic. Interval training (IT) emerges as an exercise mode that might be feasible, low-cost, and potentially safe to be performed in many different places. IT consists of interspersing relative brief bouts of high-intensity exercise with recovery periods and promotes similar or greater health benefits when compared to moderate-intensity continuous exercise. Among the different types of IT, sprint interval training and "Tabata protocols" might be particularly useful during social isolation. These protocols can be controlled and performed without the need of complex equipment and can be adapted to different places, including domestic environments. In this article, we present variations of IT as possible alternatives to cope physical inactivity during COVID-19 pandemics with a focus on its practical applications. The protocols suggested can be performed without the need of specialized equipment or facilities, in a time-efficient manner, and aiming to prevent detraining or even improve physical fitness and general health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Souza
- College of Physical Education and Dance, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil; (D.S.); (C.A.B.d.L.)
| | - Victor Coswig
- College of Physical Education, Federal University of Pará, Castanhal 68746-360, Brazil;
| | - Claudio Andre Barbosa de Lira
- College of Physical Education and Dance, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil; (D.S.); (C.A.B.d.L.)
| | - Paulo Gentil
- College of Physical Education and Dance, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil; (D.S.); (C.A.B.d.L.)
- Hypertension League, Federal University of Goiás, Goiania 74605-020, Brazil
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Reliability and suitability of physiological exercise response and recovery markers. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11924. [PMID: 32681124 PMCID: PMC7368084 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69280-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There is currently insufficient evidence about the reliable quantification of exercise load and athlete's recovery management for monitoring training processes. Therefore, this test-retest study investigated the reliability of various subjective, muscle force, and blood-based parameters in order to evaluate their suitability for monitoring exercise and recovery cycles. 62 subjects completed two identical 60-min continuous endurance exercise bouts intermitted by a four-week recovery period. Before, immediately after, three, and 24 h after each exercise bout, analysis of parameters were performed. Significant changes over time were found for rating of perceived exertion (RPE), multidimensional mood state questionnaire (MDMQ), maximum voluntary contraction parameters (MVCs), and blood-based biomarkers (p < 0.05). Excellent reliability was calculated for MVCs, mean corpuscular volume and 5-bound distance (ICC > 0.90). A good reliability was found for thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) (ICC = 0.79) and haematological markers (ICC = 0.75-0.86). For RPE, MDMQ, interleukin (IL-) 1RA, IL-6, IL-8, IL-15, cortisol, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK) only moderate reliability was found (ICC < 0.75). Significant associations for IL1-RA and CK to MVC were found. The excellent to moderate reliability of TBARS, LDH, IL-1RA, six measured haematological markers, MVCs and MDMQ implicate their suitability as physiological exercise response and recovery markers for monitoring athletes' load management.
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35
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Mooren FC, Krueger K, Ringseis R, Eder K, Liebisch G, Conrad K, Alack K, Hajizadeh Maleki B. Combined effects of moderate exercise and short-term fasting on markers of immune function in healthy human subjects. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2020; 318:R1103-R1115. [PMID: 32401626 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00341.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of a short-term (36 h) fasting period combined with an acute bout of exercise on markers of immune function and inflammation in healthy human subjects. Fourteen moderately trained male subjects (aged 19-39 yr) participated in a 36-h fasting trial (FA-T), followed by an acute bout of moderate exercise (60% V̇o2max). After 1 wk, the same subjects, as their own control, participated in a nonfasting trial (NFA-T) in which they performed an exercise trial of the same duration and intensity. Blood samples were taken before, immediately after, and 1 h after each exercise bout and analyzed for several immunological and metabolic markers. At baseline, fasting subjects showed lower levels of T cell apoptosis, lymphocyte-proliferative responses, IL-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), insulin, and leptin (P < 0.05) as well as higher levels of neutrophil oxidative burst and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) than those in the NFA-T (P < 0.05). After the exercise protocol, fasted subjects revealed higher T cell apoptosis, neutrophil oxidative burst, TBARS, TNFα, and MCP-1 levels as well as lower levels of lymphocyte-proliferative response, IL-6, insulin, and leptin than those in the NFA-T (P < 0.05). Short-term fasting aggravates perturbations in markers of immune function, and inflammation was induced by an acute moderate-intensity exercise protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank C Mooren
- Witten/Herdecke University, Faculty of Health/School of Medicine, Witten, Germany
| | - Karsten Krueger
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Robert Ringseis
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Klaus Eder
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Gerhard Liebisch
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Conrad
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Katharina Alack
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Behzad Hajizadeh Maleki
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
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Kröpfl JM, Beltrami FG, Gruber HJ, Stelzer I, Spengler CM. Exercise-Induced Circulating Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells in Well-Trained Subjects. Front Physiol 2020; 11:308. [PMID: 32457637 PMCID: PMC7220991 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been proposed that exercise-induced systemic oxidative stress increases circulating hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HPC) number in active participants, while HPC clonogenicity is reduced post-exercise. However, HPCs could be protected against exercise-induced reactive oxygen species in a trained state. Therefore, we characterized the acute exercise-induced HPC profile of well-trained participants including cell number, clonogenicity, and clearance. Twenty-one healthy, well-trained participants-12 runners, 9 cyclists; age 30.0 (4.3) years-performed a strenuous acute exercise session consisting of 4 bouts of 4-min high-intensity with 3-min low-intensity in-between, which is known to elicit oxidative stress. Average power/speed of intense phases was 85% of the peak achieved in a previous incremental test. Before and 10 min after exercise, CD34+/45dim cell number and clonogenicity, total oxidative (TOC), and antioxidative (TAC) capacities, as well as CD31 expression on detected HPCs were investigated. TOC significantly decreased from 0.093 (0.059) nmol/l to 0.083 (0.052) nmol/l post-exercise (p = 0.044). Although HPC proportions significantly declined below baseline (from 0.103 (0.037)% to 0.079 (0.028)% of mononuclear cells, p < 0.001), HPC concentrations increased post-exercise [2.10 (0.75) cells/μl to 2.46 (0.98) cells/μl, p = 0.002] without interaction between exercise modalities, while HPC clonogenicity was unaffected. Relating HPC concentrations and clonogenicity to exercise session specific (anti-) oxidative parameters, no association was found. CD31 median fluorescent intensity expression on detected HPCs was diminished post-exercise [from 1,675.9 (661.0) to 1,527.1 (558.9), p = 0.023] and positively correlated with TOC (r rm = 0.60, p = 0.005). These results suggest that acute exercise-reduced oxidative stress influences HPC clearance but not mobilization in well-trained participants. Furthermore, a well-trained state protected HPCs' clonogenicity from post-exercise decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M Kröpfl
- Exercise Physiology Lab, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fernando G Beltrami
- Exercise Physiology Lab, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Jürgen Gruber
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ingeborg Stelzer
- Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, LKH Hochsteiermark, Leoben, Austria
| | - Christina M Spengler
- Exercise Physiology Lab, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Bartlett DB, Duggal NA. Moderate physical activity associated with a higher naïve/memory T-cell ratio in healthy old individuals: potential role of IL15. Age Ageing 2020; 49:368-373. [PMID: 32221610 DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afaa035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION ageing is accompanied by impairments in immune responses due to remodelling of the immune system (immunesenescence). Additionally, a decline in habitual physical activity has been reported in older adults. We have recently published that specific features of immunesenescence, such as thymic involution and naïve/memory T-cell ratio, are prevented by maintenance of a high level of physical activity. This study compares immune ageing between sedentary and physically active older adults. METHODS a cross-sectional study recruited 211 healthy older adults (60-79 years) and assessed their physical activity levels using an actigraph. We compared T- and B-cell immune parameters between relatively sedentary (n = 25) taking 2,000-4,500 steps/day and more physically active older adults (n = 25) taking 10,500-15,000 steps/day. RESULTS we found a higher frequency of naïve CD4 (P = 0.01) and CD8 (P = 0.02) and a lower frequency of memory CD4 cells (P = 0.01) and CD8 (P = 0.04) T cells in the physically active group compared with the sedentary group. Elevated serum IL7 (P = 0.03) and IL15 (P = 0.003), cytokines that play an essential role in T-cell survival, were seen in the physically active group. Interestingly, a positive association was observed between IL15 levels and peripheral CD4 naïve T-cell frequency (P = 0.023). DISCUSSION we conclude that a moderate level of physical activity may be required to give a very broad suppression of immune ageing, though 10,500-15,000 steps/day has a beneficial effect on the naïve T-cell pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Bartlett
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Niharika A Duggal
- MRC-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, Birmingham University, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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Dorneles GP, dos Passos AA, Romão PR, Peres A. New Insights about Regulatory T Cells Distribution and Function with Exercise: The Role of Immunometabolism. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:979-990. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200305125210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A lack of physical activity is linked to the development of many chronic diseases through a chronic
low-grade inflammation state. It is now well accepted that the immune system plays a central role in the development
of several chronic diseases, including insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, heart failure and
certain types of cancer. Exercise elicits a strong anti-inflammatory response independently of weight loss and can
be a useful non-pharmacologic strategy to counteract the low-grade inflammation. The CD4+CD25+CD127-
FoxP3+ Regulatory T (Treg) cells are a unique subset of helper T-cells, which regulate immune response and
establish self-tolerance through the secretion of immunoregulatory cytokines, such as IL-10 and TGF-β, and the
suppression of the function and activity of many immune effector cells (including monocytes/macrophages, dendritic
cells, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and Natural Killers). The metabolic phenotype of Tregs are regulated by the
transcription factor Foxp3, providing flexibility in fuel choice, but a preference for higher fatty acid oxidation. In
this review, we focus on the mechanisms by which exercise - both acute and chronic - exerts its antiinflammatory
effects through Treg cells mobilization. Furthermore, we discuss the implications of immunometabolic
changes during exercise for the modulation of Treg phenotype and its immunosuppressive function. This
narrative review focuses on the current knowledge regarding the role of Treg cells in the context of acute and
chronic exercise using data from observational and experimental studies. Emerging evidence suggests that the
immunomodulatory effects of exercise are mediated by the ability of exercise to adjust and improve Tregs number
and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilson P. Dorneles
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Lab., Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre - RS, Brazil
| | - Aline A.Z. dos Passos
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Lab., Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre - RS, Brazil
| | - Pedro R.T. Romão
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Lab., Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre - RS, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Peres
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Lab., Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre - RS, Brazil
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Weyh C, Krüger K, Strasser B. Physical Activity and Diet Shape the Immune System during Aging. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12030622. [PMID: 32121049 PMCID: PMC7146449 DOI: 10.3390/nu12030622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
With increasing age, the immune system undergoes a remodeling process, termed immunosenescence, which is accompanied by considerable shifts in leukocyte subpopulations and a decline in various immune cell functions. Clinically, immunosenescence is characterized by increased susceptibility to infections, a more frequent reactivation of latent viruses, decreased vaccine efficacy, and an increased prevalence of autoimmunity and cancer. Physiologically, the immune system has some adaptive strategies to cope with aging, while in some settings, maladaptive responses aggravate the speed of aging and morbidity. While a lack of physical activity, decreased muscle mass, and poor nutritional status facilitate immunosenescence and inflammaging, lifestyle factors such as exercise and dietary habits affect immune aging positively. This review will discuss the relevance and mechanisms of immunoprotection through physical activity and specific exercise interventions. In the second part, we will focus on the effect of dietary interventions through the supplementation of the essential amino acid tryptophan, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and probiotics (with a special focus on the kynurenine pathway).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Weyh
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Institute of Sports Science, University of Giessen, 35394 Giessen, Germany;
| | - Karsten Krüger
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Institute of Sports Science, University of Giessen, 35394 Giessen, Germany;
- Correspondence:
| | - Barbara Strasser
- Medical Faculty, Sigmund Freud Private University, A-1020 Vienna, Austria;
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Jensen KY, Jacobsen M, Schrøder HD, Aagaard P, Nielsen JL, Jørgensen AN, Boyle E, Bech RD, Rosmark S, Diederichsen LP, Frandsen U. The immune system in sporadic inclusion body myositis patients is not compromised by blood-flow restricted exercise training. Arthritis Res Ther 2019; 21:293. [PMID: 31852482 PMCID: PMC6921522 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-019-2036-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sporadic inclusion body myositis (sIBM) is clinically characterised by progressive proximal and distal muscle weakness and impaired physical function while skeletal muscle tissue displays abnormal cellular infiltration of T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells. Only limited knowledge exists about the effects of low-load blood flow restriction exercise in sIBM patients, and its effect on the immunological responses at the myocellular level remains unknown. The present study is the first to investigate the longitudinal effects of low-load blood flow restriction exercise on innate and adaptive immune markers in skeletal muscle from sIBM patients. METHODS Twenty-two biopsy-validated sIBM patients were randomised into either 12 weeks of low-load blood flow restriction exercise (BFRE) or no exercise (CON). Five patients from the control group completed 12 weeks of BFRE immediately following participation in the 12-week control period leading to an intervention group of 16 patients. Muscle biopsies were obtained from either the m. tibialis anterior or the m. vastus lateralis for evaluation of CD3-, CD8-, CD68-, CD206-, CD244- and FOXP3-positive cells by three-colour immunofluorescence microscopy and Visiopharm-based image analysis quantification. A linear mixed model was used for the statistical analysis. RESULTS Myocellular infiltration of CD3-/CD8+ expressing natural killer cells increased following BFRE (P < 0.05) with no changes in CON. No changes were observed for CD3+/CD8- or CD3+/CD8+ T cells in BFRE or CON. CD3+/CD244+ T cells decreased in CON, while no changes were observed in BFRE. Pronounced infiltration of M1 pro-inflammatory (CD68+/CD206-) and M2 anti-inflammatory (CD68+/CD206+) macrophages were observed at baseline; however, no longitudinal changes in macrophage content were observed for both groups. CONCLUSIONS Low-load blood flow restriction exercise elicited an upregulation in CD3-/CD8+ expressing natural killer cell content, which suggests that 12 weeks of BFRE training evokes an amplified immune response in sIBM muscle. However, the observation of no changes in macrophage or T cell infiltration in the BFRE-trained patients indicates that patients with sIBM may engage in this type of exercise with no risk of intensified inflammatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper Yde Jensen
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Muscle Research Cluster (SMRC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mikkel Jacobsen
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Muscle Research Cluster (SMRC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Rheumatology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Henrik Daa Schrøder
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Per Aagaard
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Muscle Research Cluster (SMRC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jakob Lindberg Nielsen
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Muscle Research Cluster (SMRC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Anders Nørkær Jørgensen
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Muscle Research Cluster (SMRC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Eleanor Boyle
- Department of Sport Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Research Unit of Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Rune Dueholm Bech
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sofie Rosmark
- Department of Rheumatology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Louise Pyndt Diederichsen
- Department of Rheumatology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark. .,Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Ulrik Frandsen
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Muscle Research Cluster (SMRC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Estruel-Amades S, Ruiz-Iglesias P, Périz M, Franch À, Pérez-Cano FJ, Camps-Bossacoma M, Castell M. Changes in Lymphocyte Composition and Functionality After Intensive Training and Exhausting Exercise in Rats. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1491. [PMID: 31920698 PMCID: PMC6928120 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exhausting exercise can have a deleterious effect on the immune system. Nevertheless, the impact of exercise intensity on lymphocyte composition and functionality remains uncertain. The aim of this study was to establish the influence of intensive training on lymphoid tissues (blood, thymus, and spleen) in Wistar rats. Two intensive training programs were performed: a short program, running twice a day for 2 weeks and ending with a final exhaustion test (S-TE group), and a longer program, including two exhaustion tests plus three runs per week for 5 weeks. After this last training program, samples were obtained 24 h after a regular training session (T group), immediately after an additional exhaustion test (TE group) and 24 h later (TE24 group). The composition of lymphocytes in the blood, thymus, and spleen, the function of spleen cells and serum immunoglobulins were determined. In the blood, only the TE group modified lymphocyte proportions. Mature thymocytes' proportions decreased in tissues obtained just after exhaustion. There was a lower percentage of spleen NK and NKT cells after the longer training program. In these rats, the T group showed a reduced lymphoproliferative activity, but it was enhanced immediately after the final exhaustion. Cytokine secretion was modified after the longer training (T group), which decreased IFN-γ and IL-10 secretion but increased that of IL-6. Higher serum IgG concentrations after the longer training program were detected. In conclusion, the intensive training for 5 weeks changed the lymphocyte distribution among primary and secondary lymphoid tissues and modified their function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila Estruel-Amades
- Secció de Fisiologia, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patricia Ruiz-Iglesias
- Secció de Fisiologia, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Périz
- Secció de Fisiologia, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Àngels Franch
- Secció de Fisiologia, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Pérez-Cano
- Secció de Fisiologia, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mariona Camps-Bossacoma
- Secció de Fisiologia, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Margarida Castell
- Secció de Fisiologia, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Palmowski J, Reichel T, Boßlau TK, Krüger K. The effect of acute running and cycling exercise on T cell apoptosis in humans: A systematic review. Scand J Immunol 2019; 91:e12834. [PMID: 31680301 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This review analyses the influence of acute running and cycling exercise on T lymphocyte apoptosis. We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and non-randomized case-control studies (NRCTs) measuring apoptosis by flow cytometry. Cochrane Library, Scopus, PubMed and Ovid were searched for running and cycling intervention studies. Risk of bias was assessed by Cochrane Collaboration's tools. We included five NRCTs and one RCT with a total of 93 participants. The RCT found a higher percentage of apoptotic T helper cells identified by upregulation of Annexin V, caspase-3 and caspase-9 under hypoxic conditions, and only one NRCT reported a higher percentage of highly differentiated apoptotic T cells immediately after exercise. Three hours after exercise, the same NRCT showed an increase in several T cell subsets such as T helper, cytotoxic T, low differentiated and regulatory T cells. The interventions were very heterogeneous by exercise protocol and external conditions. High risk of bias in NRCTs restricts accuracy of the included studies. Imprecision due to the small sample size limits further evidence. In the future, scientists should include apoptotic measures into their research design, plan RCTs, measure apoptosis at different time points post-exercise and increase sample size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Palmowski
- Department of Exercise and Health, Institute of Sports Science, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Reichel
- Department of Exercise and Health, Institute of Sports Science, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tim Konstantin Boßlau
- Department of Exercise and Health, Institute of Sports Science, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Karsten Krüger
- Department of Exercise and Health, Institute of Sports Science, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Institute of Sports Science, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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43
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Circulating adult stem and progenitor cell numbers-can results be trusted? Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:305. [PMID: 31623690 PMCID: PMC6798345 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1403-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Within the last years, the interest in physical exercise as non-invasive stimulus influencing circulating hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (CPC) concentrations has constantly grown. Cell estimates are often derived by determining the subgroup of CPC as percent lymphocytes (LYM) or mononuclear cells (MNC) via flow cytometry and back calculation over whole blood (WB) cell counts. However, results might depend on the used cell isolation technique and/or gating strategy. We aimed to investigate MNC loss and apoptosis during the flow cytometry sample preparation process preceded by either density gradient centrifugation (DGC) or red blood cell lysis (RBCL) and the potential difference between results derived from back calculation at different stages of cell isolation and from WB. METHODS Human blood was subjected to DGC and RBCL. Samples were stained for flow cytometry analysis of CPC (CD34+/CD45dim) and apoptosis analysis (Annexin V) of MNC and CPC subsets. MNC and LYM gating strategies were compared. RESULTS Both DGC as well as RBCL yielded comparable CPC concentrations independent of the gating strategy when back calculated over WB values. However, cell loss and apoptosis differed between techniques, where after DGC LYM, and monocyte (MONO) concentrations significantly decreased (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively), while after RBCL LYM concentrations significantly decreased (p < 0.05) and MONO concentrations increased (p < 0.001). LYM apoptosis was comparable between techniques, but MONO apoptosis was higher after DGC than RBCL (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Investigated MNC counts (LYM/MONO ratio) after cell isolation and staining did not always mimic WB conditions. Thus, final CPC results should be corrected accordingly, especially when reporting live CPC concentrations after DGC; otherwise, the CPC regenerative potential in circulation could be biased. This is of high importance in the context of non-invasively induced CPC mobilization such as by acute physical exercise, since these cell changes are small and conclusions drawn from published results might affect further applications of physical exercise as non-invasive therapy.
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44
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Von Ah Morano AE, Dorneles GP, Peres A, Lira FS. The role of glucose homeostasis on immune function in response to exercise: The impact of low or higher energetic conditions. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:3169-3188. [PMID: 31565806 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Immune cells are bioenergetically expensive during activation, which requires tightly regulated control of metabolic pathways. Both low and high glycemic conditions can modulate immune function. States of undernourishment depress the immune system, and in the same way, excessive intake of nutrients, such as an obesity state, compromise its functioning. Multicellular organisms depend on two mechanisms to survive: the regulation and ability to store energy to prevent starvation and the ability to fight against infection. Synergic interactions between metabolism and immunity affect many systems underpinning human health. In a chronic way, the breakdown of glycemic homeostasis in the body can influence cells of the immune system and consequently contribute to the onset of diseases such as type II diabetes, obesity, Alzheimer's, and fat and lean mass loss. On the contrary, exercise, recognized as a primary strategy to control hyperglycemic disorders, also induces a coordinated immune-neuro-endocrine response that acutely modulates cardiovascular, respiratory, and muscle functions and the immune response to exercise is widely dependent on the intensity and volume that may affect an immunodepressive state. These altered immune responses induced by exercise are modulated through the "stress hormones" adrenaline and cortisol, which are a threat to leukocyte metabolism. In this context, carbohydrates appear to have a positive acute response as a strategy to prevent depression of the immune system by maintaining plasma glucose concentrations to meet the energy demand from all systems involved during strenuous exercises. Therefore, herein, we discuss the mechanisms through which exercise may promotes changes on glycemic homeostasis in the metabolism and how it affects immune cell functions under higher or lower glucose conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana E Von Ah Morano
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | - Gilson P Dorneles
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Peres
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Fábio S Lira
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, Brazil
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45
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Batatinha HAP, Diniz TA, de Souza Teixeira AA, Krüger K, Rosa-Neto JC. Regulation of autophagy as a therapy for immunosenescence-driven cancer and neurodegenerative diseases: The role of exercise. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:14883-14895. [PMID: 30756377 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Aging is one of the risk factors for the development of low-grade inflammation morbidities, such as several types of cancer and neurodegenerative diseases, due to changes in the metabolism, hormonal secretion, and immunosenescence. The senescence of the immune system leads to improper control of infections and tissue damage increasing age-related diseases. One of the mechanisms that maintain cellular homeostasis is autophagy, a cell-survival mechanism, and it has been proposed as one of the most powerful antiaging therapies. Regular exercise can reestablish autophagy, probably through AMP-activated protein kinase activation, and help in reducing the age-related senescence diseases. Therefore, in this study, we discuss the effects of exercise training in immunosenescence and autophagy, preventing the two main age-related disease, cancer and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tiego Aparecido Diniz
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Karsten Krüger
- Department Exercise and Health, Institute of Sports Science, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jose Cesar Rosa-Neto
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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46
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Fainstein N, Tyk R, Touloumi O, Lagoudaki R, Goldberg Y, Agranyoni O, Navon-Venezia S, Katz A, Grigoriadis N, Ben-Hur T, Einstein O. Exercise intensity-dependent immunomodulatory effects on encephalomyelitis. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2019; 6:1647-1658. [PMID: 31368247 PMCID: PMC6764499 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.50859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exercise training (ET) has beneficial effects on multiple sclerosis and its animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). However, the intensity‐dependent effects of ET on the systemic immune system in EAE remain undefined. Objective (1) To compare the systemic immune modulatory effects of moderate versus high‐intensity ET protocols in protecting against development of EAE; (2) To investigate whether ET affects autoimmunity selectively, or causes general immunosuppression. Methods Healthy mice performed moderate or high‐intensity treadmill running programs. Proteolipid protein (PLP)‐induced transfer EAE was utilized to examine ET effects specifically on the systemic immune system. Lymph node (LN)‐T cells from trained versus sedentary donor mice were transferred to naïve recipients and EAE severity was assessed, by clinical assessment and histopathological analysis. LN‐T cells derived from donor trained versus sedentary PLP‐immunized mice were analyzed in vitro for proliferation assays by flow cytometry analysis and cytokine and chemokine receptor gene expression using real‐time PCR. T cell‐dependent immune responses of trained versus sedentary mice to the nonautoantigen ovalbumin and susceptibility to Escherichia coli‐induced acute peritonitis were examined. Results High‐intensity training in healthy donor mice induced significantly greater inhibition than moderate‐intensity training on proliferation and generation of encephalitogenic T cells in response to PLP‐immunization, and on EAE severity upon their transfer into recipient mice. High‐intensity training also inhibited LN‐T cell proliferation in response to ovalbumin immunization. E. coli bacterial counts and dissemination were not affected by training. Interpretation High‐intensity training induces superior effects in preventing autoimmunity in EAE, but does not alter immune responses to E. coli infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Fainstein
- Department of Neurology, The Agnes Ginges Center for Human Neurogenetics, Hadassah - Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Reuven Tyk
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Olga Touloumi
- B' Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Roza Lagoudaki
- B' Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Yehuda Goldberg
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Oryan Agranyoni
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Shiri Navon-Venezia
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Abram Katz
- Åstrand Laboratory of Work Physiology, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, GIH, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nikolaos Grigoriadis
- B' Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Tamir Ben-Hur
- Department of Neurology, The Agnes Ginges Center for Human Neurogenetics, Hadassah - Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ofira Einstein
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
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47
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Can physical activity ameliorate immunosenescence and thereby reduce age-related multi-morbidity? Nat Rev Immunol 2019; 19:563-572. [DOI: 10.1038/s41577-019-0177-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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48
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Assessment of Selected Exercise-induced CD3 + Cell Subsets and Cell Death Parameters Among Soccer Players. J Med Biochem 2019; 38:437-444. [PMID: 31496907 PMCID: PMC6708294 DOI: 10.2478/jomb-2019-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Molecular mechanisms of biological adaptation to training in professional soccer players are unclear. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of progressive physical effort on peripheral T-cells and their molecular response. Methods Thirteen soccer players form Pogo Szczecin S.A., a top league soccer club, (median age 21, range 18– 31, years old) performed progressive efficiency tests on a mechanical treadmill until exhaustion at the start (period 1) and the end (period 2) of a competition round. Venous blood T-lymphocyte subsets, selected hallmarks of cell death and plasma cytokine levels were determined by flow cytometry three times: pre-exercise, post-exercise, and in recovery. Results Although significant changes in T, Tc and Tc-naïve cell percentages were found in both periods, Th-naïve cell percentages were altered only in period 1. Post-exercise IL-10 plasma levels were higher than pre-exercise, while an increase in TNF-α levels was noticed in recovery from both periods. An increase in recovery IL-12p70 levels was observed in the second period. Increases in the percentage of T-cells with disrupted mitochondrial membrane potentials, elevated levels of phosphorylated H2AX histones and increases in early apoptotic T-cells were also observed. Conclusions The immune system in soccer players creates space for naïve CD3+CD8+ cells by inducing mechanisms of cell death. It seems that the cumulative effect of physical activity during a competition round induced an adaptive mechanism, since the cell death process was induced faster during period 2.
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Abstract
Data from observational studies indicate that both physical activity as well as exercise (ie, structured physical activity) is associated with reductions in the risk of recurrence and cancer mortality after a diagnosis of certain forms of cancer. Emerging evidence from preclinical studies indicates that physical activity/exercise paradigms regulate intratumoral vascular maturity and perfusion, hypoxia, and metabolism and augments the antitumor immune response. Such responses may, in turn, enhance response to standard anticancer treatments. For instance, exercise improves efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents, and there is rationale to believe that it will also improve radiotherapy response. This review overviews the current preclinical as well as clinical evidence supporting exercise modulation of therapeutic response and postulated biological mechanisms underpinning such effects. We also examine the implications for tumor response to radiation, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen A Ashcraft
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | | | - Lee W Jones
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.; Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Mark W Dewhirst
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC..
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50
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O'Carroll L, Wardrop B, Murphy RP, Ross MD, Harrison M. Circulating angiogenic cell response to sprint interval and continuous exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:743-752. [PMID: 30673849 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-04065-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although commonly understood as immune cells, certain T lymphocyte and monocyte subsets have angiogenic potential, contributing to blood vessel growth and repair. These cells are highly exercise responsive and may contribute to the cardiovascular benefits seen with exercise. PURPOSE To compare the effects of a single bout of continuous (CONTEX) and sprint interval exercise (SPRINT) on circulating angiogenic cells (CAC) in healthy recreationally active adults. METHODS Twelve participants (aged 29 ± 2 years, BMI 25.5 ± 0.9 kg m- 2, [Formula: see text]peak 44.3 ± 1.8 ml kg- 1 min- 1; mean ± SEM) participated in the study. Participants completed a 45-min bout of CONTEX at 70% peak oxygen uptake and 6 × 20 s sprints on a cycle ergometer, in a counterbalanced design. Blood was sampled pre-, post-, 2 h and 24 h post-exercise for quantification of CAC subsets by whole blood flow cytometric analysis. Angiogenic T lymphocytes (TANG) and angiogenic Tie2-expressing monocytes (TEM) were identified by the expression of CD31 and Tie2, respectively. RESULTS Circulating (cells µL- 1) CD3+CD31+ TANG increased immediately post-exercise in both trials (p < 0.05), with a significantly greater increase (p < 0.05) following SPRINT (+ 57%) compared to CONTEX (+ 14%). Exercise increased (p < 0.05) the expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 on TANG at 24 h. Tie2-expressing classical (CD14++CD16-), intermediate (CD14++CD16+) and non-classical (CD14+CD16++) monocytes and circulating CD34+CD45dim progenitor cells were higher post-exercise in SPRINT, but unchanged in CONTEX. All post-exercise increases in SPRINT were back to pre-exercise levels at 2 h and 24 h. CONCLUSION Acute exercise transiently increases circulating TANG, TEM and progenitor cells with greater increases evident following very high intensity sprint exercise than following prolonged continuous paced endurance exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis O'Carroll
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland
| | - Bruce Wardrop
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland
| | - Ronan P Murphy
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mark D Ross
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Michael Harrison
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland.
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