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Langley CK, Morse CI, Buffey AJ. The Prevalence of Low Vitamin D in Elite Para-Athletes: A Systematic Review. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2024; 10:96. [PMID: 39230661 PMCID: PMC11374943 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-024-00756-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin D insufficiency (25OHD, 50-75 nmolˑl- 1) is a common issue within healthy adults and elite athletes and is associated with decreased musculoskeletal health and performance. However, few studies have identified the prevalence and risk factors associated with vitamin D insufficiency within elite Para-Athletes. METHODS An electronic search was completed on the 5th January 2023 and updated on the 21st June 2024, searching Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library and EASY (originally OpenGrey). To meet the eligibility criteria, retrieved studies were required to include at least one baseline measure of a vitamin D biomarker from elite Para-Athletes performing at national or international levels and therefore all quantitative study designs could be included. Risk of bias was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist (8-item) for analytical cross-sectional studies. Data from the eligible studies was extracted and charted, with a supporting narrative synthesis. RESULTS The search strategy retrieved 3083 articles, of which ten studies met the inclusion criteria. In total there were n = 355 Para-Athletes, 69.6% of which comprised of males in the included studies. Across the ten included studies, n = 546 samples were taken from n = 355 Para-Athletes across different seasons and based upon the 25(OH)D insufficiency and deficiency thresholds set by each individual study 43.2% of the samples were considered insufficient and 28.1% deficient. During the winter months vitamin D insufficiency was at its most prevalent at 74.1%, compared to 57.1% in summer of the 25(OH)D samples measured in Para-Athletes. Wheelchair athletes who competed in indoor sports were also more susceptible to low vitamin D. CONCLUSION This review has highlighted that vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency is highly prevalent in elite level Para-Athletes, all year, across both summer and winter months. Therefore, this review highlights the need for education, treatment, and preventative measures in elite Para-Athletes throughout the year. REGISTRATION The following systematic review was prospectively registered through PROSPERO International prospective register of systematic reviews (PROSPERO registration ID number: CRD42022362149).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Kate Langley
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
- Manchester Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
- University Academy 92 Ltd, Manchester, UK
| | - Christopher Ian Morse
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
- Manchester Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Aidan John Buffey
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Education and Health Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
- Physical Activity for Health Research Cluster, Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
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Abulafia O, Ashkenazi E, Epstein Y, Eliakim A, Nemet D. Characteristics of Vitamin D Concentration in Elite Israeli Olympic Athletes. Nutrients 2024; 16:2627. [PMID: 39203764 PMCID: PMC11357123 DOI: 10.3390/nu16162627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2024] [Revised: 08/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency has been a growing concern in recent years. Vitamin D is important in many of the body's physiological systems, such as the musculoskeletal, cardiovascular and immune functions. A deficiency of vitamin D in athletes may negatively impact both muscle functions and recovery and, thus, affect performance and increase the risk of injury. Many studies assessed the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in athletes; however, as of today, there are no official recommendations/protocols for screening vitamin D levels in athletes, and only a few studies were performed in male and female elite athletes (i.e., Olympic level), in different sport disciplines. METHOD We investigated the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among athletes entering the Israeli Olympic team. A total of 761 samples of Vitamin D(OH)25 from 334 athletes were analyzed. For this analysis, we used the first test the athlete had performed when joining the Olympic team. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (<50 nmol/L, as defined by the Endocrine Society Committee) was investigated according to gender, types of sports and outdoor vs. indoor sports through the different seasons of the Israeli Olympic team athletes. RESULT Twenty-five athletes (7.5%) were diagnosed with vitamin D deficiency. One hundred and thirty-one athletes (39.2%) had insufficient levels of vitamin D (50-75 nmol/L). The highest incidence of vitamin D deficiency was found amongst gymnastics and combat sport athletes. A significant difference was also found in vitamin D concentration between seasons. Vitamin D average concentration in the winter was 74.1 nmol/L compared to 86.4 nmol/L in the Summer (p < 0.0005). CONCLUSIONS Due to the importance of vitamin D to athletic performance and the high prevalence of deficiency and insufficiency, we suggest careful and frequent monitoring of groups at risk, including elite athletes, especially in susceptible sports and during the winter. Future studies are necessary to investigate the effectiveness of Vitamin D supplementation in athletes with low baseline vitamin D levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ori Abulafia
- The Elite Sport Department of Israel, Wingate Institute, Netanya 4290200, Israel
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Elya Ashkenazi
- Department of Pediatrics, Meir Medical Center, Kfar-Saba 4428164, Israel
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Yoram Epstein
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Sport Therapy, Ono Academic College, Kiryat Ono 3133801, Israel
| | - Alon Eliakim
- Department of Pediatrics, Meir Medical Center, Kfar-Saba 4428164, Israel
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Dan Nemet
- Department of Pediatrics, Meir Medical Center, Kfar-Saba 4428164, Israel
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- The Medical Department, Olympic Committee of Israel, Tel Aviv 69706, Israel
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Dobrowolski H, Kopczyńska K, Kazimierczak R, Rembiałkowska E, Włodarek D. Organic Food in Athletes Diet-Narrative Review of Alternative Products in Sports Nutrition. Nutrients 2024; 16:2347. [PMID: 39064790 PMCID: PMC11279679 DOI: 10.3390/nu16142347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Athletes are characterized by special nutritional needs. Meeting their dietary needs associated with intensive exercise is a prerequisite for effective training and success in sports competitions. Hence, it is important to supply key performance nutrients, such as macronutrients, antioxidants, calcium, vitamin D, or iron, in adequate quantities. The increased need for these nutrients makes it necessary to look for food products on the market that more fully cover these needs. Such products may include organic foods. According to research, they have unique properties and are richer in selected nutrients, such as antioxidants. Hence, the aim of this review was to analyze the available literature as to whether organic foods have the potential to more fully cover the increased nutritional requirements of athletes for selected nutrients compared to conventionally produced foods. A narrative review of current literature was carried out. As the analysis showed, organic foods are characterized by a higher content of antioxidant bioactive compounds, a higher content of n-3 fatty acids, a better n:3/n:6 ratio, and a more optimal amino acid composition, which may result in an appropriate dietary ration design for athletes. In conclusion, organic food appears to be an interesting alternative to meet the special nutritional needs of professional and amateur athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Dobrowolski
- School of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Economics and Human Sciences in Warsaw, Okopowa 59 Str., 01-043 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Klaudia Kopczyńska
- Department of Functional and Organic Food, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159c Str., 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (K.K.); (R.K.); (E.R.)
| | - Renata Kazimierczak
- Department of Functional and Organic Food, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159c Str., 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (K.K.); (R.K.); (E.R.)
| | - Ewa Rembiałkowska
- Department of Functional and Organic Food, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159c Str., 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (K.K.); (R.K.); (E.R.)
| | - Dariusz Włodarek
- Department of Dietetics, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159c Str., 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
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Timpmann S, Rips L, Olveti I, Mooses M, Mölder H, Varblane A, Lille HR, Gapeyeva H, Ööpik V. Seasonal Variation in Vitamin D Status Does Not Interfere with Improvements in Aerobic and Muscular Endurance in Conscripts during Basic Military Training. Nutrients 2024; 16:1306. [PMID: 38732553 PMCID: PMC11085734 DOI: 10.3390/nu16091306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Considering a lack of respective data, the primary objective of this study was to assess whether seasonal variation in vitamin D status (D-status) affects the extent of improvement in physical performance (PP) in conscripts during basic military training (BMT). D-status, PP and several blood parameters were measured repeatedly in conscripts whose 10-week BMT started in July (cohort S-C; n = 96) or in October (cohort A-C; n = 107). D-status during BMT was higher in S-C compared to A-C (overall serum 25(OH)D 61.4 ± 16.1 and 48.5 ± 20.7 nmol/L, respectively; p < 0.0001). Significant (p < 0.05) improvements in both aerobic and muscular endurance occurred in both cohorts during BMT. Pooled data of the two cohorts revealed a highly reliable (p = 0.000) but weak (R2 = 0.038-0.162) positive association between D-status and PP measures both at the beginning and end of BMT. However, further analysis showed that such a relationship occurred only in conscripts with insufficient or deficient D-status, but not in their vitamin D-sufficient companions. Significant (p < 0.05) increases in serum testosterone-to-cortisol ratio and decreases in ferritin levels occurred during BMT. In conclusion, a positive association exists between D-status and PP measures, but seasonal variation in D-status does not influence the extent of improvement in PP in conscripts during BMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saima Timpmann
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, 18 Ülikooli St., 50090 Tartu, Estonia; (S.T.); (M.M.)
| | - Leho Rips
- Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, 1a L. Puusepa St., 50406 Tartu, Estonia;
- Department of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, 18 Ülikooli St., 50090 Tartu, Estonia
- Centre of Military Disaster Medicine, Estonian National Defense College, 12 Riia St., 51010 Tartu, Estonia;
| | - Indrek Olveti
- 2nd Infantry Brigade, Estonian Defense Forces, Sirgu Village, Luunja Parish, 62216 Tartu, Estonia;
| | - Martin Mooses
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, 18 Ülikooli St., 50090 Tartu, Estonia; (S.T.); (M.M.)
| | - Hanno Mölder
- Medical Centre of the 2nd Infantry Brigade CSS Battalion, Estonian Defense Forces, 3a Kose Road, 65603 Võru, Estonia;
| | - Ahti Varblane
- Joint Headquarters of the Estonian Defense Forces, 58 Juhkentali St., 15007 Tallinn, Estonia;
| | - Hele-Reet Lille
- Centre of Military Disaster Medicine, Estonian National Defense College, 12 Riia St., 51010 Tartu, Estonia;
| | - Helena Gapeyeva
- Clinic of Medical Rehabilitation, II Rehabilitation Department, East Tallinn Central Hospital, 104 Pärnu St., 11312 Tallinn, Estonia;
| | - Vahur Ööpik
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, 18 Ülikooli St., 50090 Tartu, Estonia; (S.T.); (M.M.)
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Dobrowolski H, Szumigaj B, Włodarek D, Kazimierczak R, Obidzińska J, Rembiałkowska E. Dietary intake of polish organic and conventional fruit growers and their life partners - a pilot study. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1345402. [PMID: 38686036 PMCID: PMC11056513 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1345402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Diet is one of the elements that contribute to health and quality of life. There are significant discrepancies between the diets of people living in different regions, with different beliefs, or with different approaches to sustainability and ecology. There is a lack of research on dietary intake among organic and conventional fruit growers. The aim of our study was to examine the diets of orchardists and their immediate life partners in terms of meeting energy requirements, nutrient intake and fulfillment of dietary recommendations in this group. Fifty-three participants (28 in the organic group and 25 in the conventional group) took part in the study. Dietary data were obtained using the 3-day dietary record. Body mass and height were measured and BMI was calculated. Physical activity was estimated using a questionnaire method. The study group was aged 44 ± 8 years, with a body weight of 84 ± 16 kg and a height of 172 ± 9 cm. The mean BMI was 28 ± 4 kg/m2. Mean energy intake with diet was 2170 ± 606 kcal/day with needs of 3002 (1991-5144) kcal/day. A significant proportion of the study group did not fulfill their calcium and vitamin D requirements. In addition, a significant proportion of the conventional fruit growers did not cover their needs for potassium, magnesium and vitamins: E, C, and folate. Both groups had too high an intake of cholesterol and saturated fatty acids, and too low an intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids. In conclusion, the orchardists' diets mostly provided adequate amounts of nutrients, with inadequate intakes of calcium, vitamin D, cholesterol, and fatty acids. The diets of organic fruit growers were significantly richer in selected nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Dobrowolski
- Department of Functional and Organic Food, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bartosz Szumigaj
- Department of Functional and Organic Food, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dariusz Włodarek
- Department of Dietetics, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Renata Kazimierczak
- Department of Functional and Organic Food, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Justyna Obidzińska
- Department of Functional and Organic Food, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Rembiałkowska
- Department of Functional and Organic Food, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Warsaw, Poland
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Yang JH, Yang HJ, Choi C, Bum CH. Relationship between Athletes' Big Five Model of Personality and Athletic Performance: Meta-Analysis. Behav Sci (Basel) 2024; 14:71. [PMID: 38275354 PMCID: PMC10813302 DOI: 10.3390/bs14010071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Academic interest in athletic performance is ongoing. To examine the correlation between athletic performance and athletes' personality types, data extraction in line with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines was completed in October 2021, and a meta-analysis was performed using 180 data from 18 selected papers using the "meta" package version 4.8-4 of R Studio 3.3.3. As a result, these selected studies proved to have reliable quality in proceeding with this study via quality assessment. The overall effect of personality on athletic performance (AP) was ESr = 0.124, p < 0.01. Furthermore, only conscientiousness (ESr = 0.178, p < 0.001) and extroversion (ESr = 0.145, p < 0.01), among the five personality types, showed statistically significant results, and these two personality types had a positive correlation with performance. In the publication bias test, this study found that (a) agreeableness had a publication bias; but, with an additional test using trim-and-fill, (b) the effect was not significant enough to be considered. In addition, the analysis of the moderating effects was conducted in four aspects, and all moderating effect analyses showed statistically significant differences between the groups, demonstrating the heterogeneity of this study. Therefore, this study found a significant relationship between personality and athletic performance and showed the importance of conscientiousness and extroversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hye Yang
- Department of Physical Education, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seocheon-dong 1, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si 17104, Republic of Korea; (J.-H.Y.); (H.J.Y.)
| | - Hye Jin Yang
- Department of Physical Education, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seocheon-dong 1, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si 17104, Republic of Korea; (J.-H.Y.); (H.J.Y.)
| | - Chulhwan Choi
- Department of Physical Education, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnamdaero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Ho Bum
- Department of Golf Industry, College of Physical Education, Kyung Hee University, Seocheon-dong 1, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si 17104, Republic of Korea
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Wyatt PB, Reiter CR, Satalich JR, O’Neill CN, Edge C, Cyrus JW, O’Connell RS, Vap AR. Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation in Elite Athletes: A Systematic Review. Orthop J Sports Med 2024; 12:23259671231220371. [PMID: 38188620 PMCID: PMC10768611 DOI: 10.1177/23259671231220371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Deficiency in vitamin D has been shown to increase the risk of injury. Purpose To synthesize current placebo-controlled randomized trials investigating the effect of vitamin D supplementation in elite athletes on (1) aerobic capacity; (2) anaerobic measures, such as strength, speed, and anaerobic power; (3) serum biomarkers of inflammation; and (4) bone health. Study Design Systematic review; Level of evidence, 1. Methods A literature search was conducted on November 30, 2022, according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Included were randomized, placebo-controlled studies of longer than 2 weeks on subjects with active participation in organized sport. Excluded were nonrandomized controlled trial study designs, vitamin D administration routes other than oral, studies that did not use vitamin D supplementation as the sole intervention, and studies with nonathletic or military populations. Results Out of 2331 initial studies, 14 studies (482 athletes) were included. Of the 3 studies that assessed aerobic capacity, 2 demonstrated significantly greater improvements in maximal oxygen uptake and physical working capacity-170 (P < .05) in supplemented versus nonsupplemented athletes. Measurements of anaerobic power and strength were consistently increased in supplemented groups compared with nonsupplemented groups in 5 out of the 7 studies that assessed this. Of the 6 studies that assessed sprint speed, 4 found no significant difference between supplemented and nonsupplemented groups. Aside from 1 study that found significantly lower interleukin-6 levels in supplemented athletes, measures of other inflammatory cytokines were not affected consistently by supplementation. The 4 studies that assessed markers of bone health were conflicting regarding benefits of supplementation. One study found demonstrated improvements in bone mineral density in response to supplementation (P = .02) compared with control whereas another found no significant difference between supplemented and nonsupplemented groups. However, in 3 other studies, serum biomarkers of bone turnover such as bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, parathyroid hormone, and N-terminal telopeptide appeared to be higher in subjects with lower serum vitamin D levels (P < .05). Conclusion Results of this systematic review indicated that the greatest benefit of vitamin D supplementation in elite athletes may be improving aerobic endurance, anaerobic power, and strength. More research is needed to determine the effect of vitamin D supplementation on bone health and injury risk in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip B. Wyatt
- Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Charles R. Reiter
- Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - James R. Satalich
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University Health System, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Conor N. O’Neill
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University Health System, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Carl Edge
- Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - John W. Cyrus
- Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Robert S. O’Connell
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University Health System, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Alexander R. Vap
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University Health System, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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Tuma C, Schick A, Pommerening N, Braun H, Thevis M. Effects of an Individualized vs. Standardized Vitamin D Supplementation on the 25(OH)D Level in Athletes. Nutrients 2023; 15:4747. [PMID: 38004144 PMCID: PMC10675819 DOI: 10.3390/nu15224747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D is crucial to the health and performance of athletes. Although the exact vitamin D requirements for athletes have not been established, maintaining a 25(OH)D level of at least 40 ng/mL is considered beneficial. This randomized controlled intervention study aimed to determine whether an individual loading dose formula for vitamin D supplementation is more effective than standardized supplementation and suitable enough for athletes to meet a target value of 40 ng/mL. In a 10-week supplementation study conducted during the winter months in Germany, 90 athletes with insufficient vitamin D levels (25(OH)D < 30 ng/mL) were randomly assigned to receive either a universal dose of 2000 IU/day of vitamin D or a loading dose of 4000 IU/day, followed by a maintenance dose of 1000 IU/day. The total 25(OH)D concentration was measured from dried blood spots at three time points: at baseline, at the computed date of 40 ng/mL, and after the 10-week period. Additionally, a vitamin-D-specific questionnaire was issued. On the day when 25(OH)D blood concentrations of 40 ng/mL were calculated to prevail, the individualized group had a significantly higher 25(OH)D level than the standardized group (41.1 ± 10.9 ng/mL vs. 32.5 ± 6.4 ng/mL, p < 0.001). This study demonstrated that the examined formula is suitable enough for athletes to achieve a 25(OH)D concentration of 40 ng/mL. This indicates that a personalized approach is more effective than a one-size-fits-all approach in restoring adequate vitamin D levels in athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Tuma
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center of Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany (M.T.)
- German Research Centre of Elite Sports (Momentum), German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany
| | - Arne Schick
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center of Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany (M.T.)
| | - Nele Pommerening
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center of Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany (M.T.)
| | - Hans Braun
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center of Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany (M.T.)
- German Research Centre of Elite Sports (Momentum), German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center of Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany (M.T.)
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents, 50933 Cologne, Germany
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Solberg A, Reikvam H. Iron Status and Physical Performance in Athletes. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2007. [PMID: 37895389 PMCID: PMC10608302 DOI: 10.3390/life13102007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron is an important mineral in the body, essential for muscle function and oxygen transport. Adequate levels of iron in the blood are necessary for athletes, as iron-deficiency anemia can reduce physical performance. Several studies have investigated iron status and supplementation in iron-deficient athletes, and determined how physical strain can change iron balance and markers related to iron status. The question of how to influence and optimize iron status, as well as other markers that can affect iron metabolism, has been less thoroughly investigated. Therefore, the aim of this review is to take a closer look at the importance of iron values, iron markers, and factors that can change iron metabolism for physical performance and the extent to which physical performance can be influenced in a positive or negative way. A systematic search of the PubMed database was performed, with the use of « iron» or «iron deficiency» or «hemoglobin» AND «athletes» AND «athletic performance» as a strategy of the search. After the search, 11 articles were included in the review after the application of inclusion and exclusion criteria. Major findings include that iron supplementation had the best effect in athletes with the lowest iron status, and effects on physical performance were mostly achieved in those who were originally in a deficit. Iron supplementation could be beneficial for optimal erythropoietic response during altitude training, even in athletes with normal iron stores at baseline, but should be performed with caution. Alteration of the hepcidin response can affect the use of existing iron stores for erythropoiesis. Energy intake, and the amount of carbohydrates available, may have an impact on the post-exercise hepcidin response. Optimal vitamin D and B12 levels can possibly contribute to improved iron status and, hence, the avoidance of anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Solberg
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, 5007 Bergen, Norway;
| | - Håkon Reikvam
- Institute of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, 5007 Bergen, Norway
- Clinic for Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5009 Bergen, Norway
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Mieszkowski J, Brzezińska P, Stankiewicz B, Kochanowicz A, Zolodkiewicz K, Niespodziński B, Reczkowicz J, Kowalik T, Waldziński T, Antosiewicz J. Vitamin D Supplementation Influences Ultramarathon-Induced Changes in Serum Amino Acid Levels, Tryptophan/Branched-Chain Amino Acid Ratio, and Arginine/Asymmetric Dimethylarginine Ratio. Nutrients 2023; 15:3536. [PMID: 37630726 PMCID: PMC10459061 DOI: 10.3390/nu15163536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise affects serum levels of amino acids and their metabolites, with important metabolic consequences. Since vitamin D impacts skeletal muscle protein degradation, we hypothesised that it would also impact exercise-induced changes in serum amino acid levels and the serum levels of arginine metabolites, influencing the body's ability to synthesise NO. Accordingly, we analysed the effect of a single high-dose vitamin D supplementation on the serum levels of various amino acids in ultramarathon runners. Thirty-five male amateur runners were assigned to the supplemented group, administered 150,000 IU vitamin D in vegetable oil 24 h before the run (n = 16), or the control (placebo) group (n = 19). Blood was sampled 24 h before, immediately after, and 24 h after the run. Changes in the serum levels of some amino acids were distinct in the two groups. The asymmetric dimethyl arginine levels were significantly decreased immediately after the run and increased 24 h later and were not affected by the supplementation. The symmetric dimethyl arginine levels were increased after the run in both groups but were lower in the supplemented group than in the placebo group 24 h after the run. The dimethylamine levels increased significantly in the supplemented group as compared to the placebo group. In conclusion, vitamin D impacts exercise-induced changes in serum amino acids and methylated arginine metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Mieszkowski
- Department of Gymnastics and Dance, Gdańsk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdańsk, Poland; (P.B.); (A.K.); (K.Z.)
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, 162 52 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Paulina Brzezińska
- Department of Gymnastics and Dance, Gdańsk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdańsk, Poland; (P.B.); (A.K.); (K.Z.)
| | - Błażej Stankiewicz
- Department of Theory and Methodology of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Health Sciences and Physical Education, Kazimierz Wielki University, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (B.S.); (T.K.)
| | - Andrzej Kochanowicz
- Department of Gymnastics and Dance, Gdańsk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdańsk, Poland; (P.B.); (A.K.); (K.Z.)
| | - Katarzyna Zolodkiewicz
- Department of Gymnastics and Dance, Gdańsk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdańsk, Poland; (P.B.); (A.K.); (K.Z.)
| | - Bartłomiej Niespodziński
- Department of Biomedical Basis of Physical Education, Faculty of Health Sciences and Physical Education, Kazimierz Wielki University, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Joanna Reczkowicz
- Department of Bioenergetics and Physiology of Exercise, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Kowalik
- Department of Theory and Methodology of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Health Sciences and Physical Education, Kazimierz Wielki University, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (B.S.); (T.K.)
| | - Tomasz Waldziński
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Lomza, 14 Akademicka Street, 18-400 Lomza, Poland;
| | - Jędrzej Antosiewicz
- Department of Bioenergetics and Physiology of Exercise, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland;
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11
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Ligetvári R, Szokodi I, Far G, Csöndör É, Móra Á, Komka Z, Tóth M, Oláh A, Ács P. Apelin as a Potential Regulator of Peak Athletic Performance. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098195. [PMID: 37175901 PMCID: PMC10179506 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Apelin, as a cardiokine/myokine, is emerging as an important regulator of cardiac and skeletal muscle homeostasis. Loss of apelin signaling results in premature cardiac aging and sarcopenia. However, the contribution of apelin to peak athletic performance remains largely elusive. In this paper, we assessed the impact of maximal cardiorespiratory exercise testing on the plasma apelin levels of 58 male professional soccer players. Circulating apelin-13 and apelin-36, on average, increased transiently after a single bout of treadmill exercise; however, apelin responses (Δapelin = peak - baseline values) showed a striking interindividual variability. Baseline apelin-13 levels were inversely correlated with those of Δapelin-13 and Δapelin-36. Δapelin-13 showed a positive correlation with the maximal metabolic equivalent, relative maximal O2 consumption, and peak circulatory power, whereas such an association in the case of Δapelin-36 could not be detected. In conclusion, we observed a pronounced individual-to-individual variation in exercise-induced changes in the plasma levels of apelin-13 and apelin-36. Since changes in plasma apelin-13 levels correlated with the indicators of physical performance, whole-body oxygen consumption and pumping capability of the heart, apelin, as a novel exerkine, may be a determinant of peak athletic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Ligetvári
- Doctoral School of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, 7621 Pécs, Hungary
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, 7621 Pécs, Hungary
| | - István Szokodi
- Heart Institute, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Far
- Doctoral School of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, 7621 Pécs, Hungary
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, 7621 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Éva Csöndör
- Doctoral School of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, 7621 Pécs, Hungary
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ákos Móra
- Doctoral School of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, 7621 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Komka
- Department of Health Sciences and Sport Medicine, Hungarian Sports University, 1123 Budapest, Hungary
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, 1122 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miklós Tóth
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, 7621 Pécs, Hungary
- Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Health Sciences and Sport Medicine, Hungarian Sports University, 1123 Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Oláh
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, 7621 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Pongrác Ács
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, 7621 Pécs, Hungary
- Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
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12
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Grant WB, Al Anouti F, Boucher BJ, Fakhoury HMA, Moukayed M, Pilz S, Al-Daghri NM. Evidence That Increasing Serum 25(OH)D Concentrations to 30 ng/mL in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates Could Greatly Improve Health Outcomes. Biomedicines 2023; 11:994. [PMID: 37189612 PMCID: PMC10136066 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11040994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence supports the potential protective effects of vitamin D against chronic diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, autoimmune diseases, cancers, cardiovascular disease (ischaemic heart disease and stroke), type 2 diabetes, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, stroke, and infectious diseases such as acute respiratory tract diseases, COVID-19, influenza, and pneumonia, as well as adverse pregnancy outcomes. The respective evidence is based on ecological and observational studies, randomized controlled trials, mechanistic studies, and Mendelian randomization studies. However, randomized controlled trials on vitamin D supplementation have largely failed to show benefits, probably due to poor design and analysis. In this work, we aim to use the best available evidence on the potential beneficial effects of vitamin D to estimate the expected reduction in incidence and mortality rates of vitamin D-related diseases in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates if minimum serum 25(OH)D concentrations were to be raised to 30 ng/mL. Estimated reductions by 25% for myocardial infarction incidence, 35% for stroke incidence, 20 to 35% for cardiovascular disease mortality, and 35% for cancer mortality rates depicted a promising potential for raising serum 25(OH)D. Methods to increase serum 25(OH)D concentrations at the population level could include food fortification with vitamin D3, vitamin D supplementation, improved dietary vitamin D intake, and sensible sun exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- William B. Grant
- Sunlight, Nutrition, and Health Research Center, P.O. Box 641603, San Francisco, CA 94164-1603, USA
| | - Fatme Al Anouti
- Department of Health Sciences, College of Natural and Health Sciences, Zayed University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 144534, United Arab Emirates
| | - Barbara J. Boucher
- The Blizard Institute, Barts & The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E12AT, UK
| | - Hana M. A. Fakhoury
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
| | - Meis Moukayed
- School of Arts and Sciences, American University in Dubai, Dubai P.O. Box 28282, United Arab Emirates
| | - Stefan Pilz
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Nasser M. Al-Daghri
- Chair for Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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13
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Seasonal variations in vitamin D do not change the musculoskeletal health of physically active ambulatory men with cerebral palsy: a longitudinal cross-sectional comparison study. Nutr Res 2023; 111:24-33. [PMID: 36812881 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2022.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Increased levels of vitamin D in the summer months from natural seasonal variations in sun exposure have been linked to improvements in musculoskeletal health and function in UK populations; however, studies have shown that differences in lifestyles because of disability can inhibit the natural vitamin D increase in these populations. We hypothesized that men with cerebral palsy (CP) will experience smaller increases in 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) from winter to summer and men with CP will not experience any improvements in musculoskeletal health and function during the summer. A longitudinal observational study in 16 ambulant men with CP aged 21.0 ± 1.3 years and 16 healthy, physical activity matched, typically developed controls aged 25.4 ± 2.6 years, completed assessments of serum 25(OH)D and parathyroid hormone during winter and summer. Neuromuscular outcomes included vastus lateralis size, knee extensor strength, 10-m sprint, vertical jumps, and grip strength. Bone ultrasounds were performed to obtain radius and tibia T and Z scores. Men with CP and typically developed controls showed a 70.5% and 85.7% increase in serum 25(OH)D from winter to summer months, respectively. Neither group showed seasonal effect on neuromuscular outcomes muscle strength, size, vertical jump, or tibia and radius T and Z scores. A seasonal interaction effect was seen in the tibia T and Z scores (P < .05). In conclusion, there were similar seasonal increases in 25(OH)D observed in men with CP and typically developed controls, but serum 25(OH)D levels were still considered insufficient to improve bone or neuromuscular outcomes.
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14
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Evaluation of the Association of VDR rs2228570 Polymorphism with Elite Track and Field Athletes' Competitive Performance. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11050681. [PMID: 36900688 PMCID: PMC10001357 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11050681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to examine the vitamin D receptor (VDR), rs2228570 polymorphism, and its effect on elite athletes' performance. A total of 60 elite athletes (31 sprint/power and 29 endurance) and 20 control/ physically inactive, aged 18-35, voluntarily participated in the study. The International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) score scale was used to determine the performance levels of the athletes' personal best (PB). Whole exome sequencing (WES) was performed by the genomic DNA isolated from the peripheral blood of the participants. Sports type, sex, and competitive performance were chosen as the parameters to compare within and between the groups by linear regression models. The results showed no statistically significant difference between the CC, TC, and TT genotypes within and between the groups (p > 0.05). Additionally, our results underlined that there were no statistically significant differences for the association of rs2228570 polymorphism with PBs within the groups of the (p > 0.05) athletes. The genetic profile in the selected gene was similar in elite endurance, sprint athletes, and in controls, suggesting that rs2228570 polymorphism does not determine competitive performance in the analyzed athlete cohort.
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15
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Crescioli C. Vitamin D, exercise, and immune health in athletes: A narrative review. Front Immunol 2022; 13:954994. [PMID: 36211340 PMCID: PMC9539769 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.954994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D exerts important extra-skeletal effects, exhibiting an exquisite immune regulatory ability, affecting both innate and adaptive immune responses through the modulation of immunocyte function and signaling. Remarkably, the immune function of working skeletal muscle, which is fully recognized to behave as a secretory organ with immune capacity, is under the tight control of vitamin D as well. Vitamin D status, meaning hormone sufficiency or insufficiency, can push toward strengthening/stabilization or decline of immune surveillance, with important consequences for health. This aspect is particularly relevant when considering the athletic population: while exercising is, nowadays, the recommended approach to maintain health and counteract inflammatory processes, “too much” exercise, often experienced by athletes, can increase inflammation, decrease immune surveillance, and expose them to a higher risk of diseases. When overexercise intersects with hypovitaminosis D, the overall effects on the immune system might converge into immune depression and higher vulnerability to diseases. This paper aims to provide an overview of how vitamin D shapes human immune responses, acting on the immune system and skeletal muscle cells; some aspects of exercise-related immune modifications are addressed, focusing on athletes. The crossroad where vitamin D and exercise meet can profile whole-body immune response and health.
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16
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Brzeziański M, Migdalska-Sęk M, Czechowska A, Radzimiński Ł, Jastrzębski Z, Brzeziańska-Lasota E, Sewerynek E. Correlation between the Positive Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation and Physical Performance in Young Male Soccer Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:5138. [PMID: 35564532 PMCID: PMC9101676 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19095138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine whether supplementation with vitamin D during eight weeks of high-intensity training influences muscle power and aerobic performance in young soccer players. A total of 25 athletes were divided into two groups: the supplemented group (GS; n = 12; vitamin D 20,000 IU, twice a week) and the non-supplemented group (GN; n = 13). A set of measurements, including sprint tests, explosive power test, maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), and serum 25(OH)D concentration, were obtained before (T1) and after (T2) the intervention. A significant group x time interaction was found in the 25(OH)D serum levels (p = 0.002; ES = 0.36, large). A significant improvement in VO2max was found in the TG (p = 0.0004) and the GS (p = 0.031). Moreover, a positive correlation between 25(OH)D and VO2max (R = 0.4192, p = 0.0024) was calculated. The explosive power tests revealed insignificant time interactions in the average 10-jump height and average 10-jump power (p = 0.07, ES = 0.13; p = 0.10, ES = 0.11, respectively). A statistically insignificant trend was observed only in the group-by-time interaction for the sprint of 10 m (p = 0.05; ES = 0.15, large). The present study provides evidence that vitamin D supplementation has a positive but trivial impact on the explosive power and locomotor skills of young soccer players, but could significantly affect their aerobic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Brzeziański
- Department of Endocrine Disorders and Bone Metabolism, Medical University of Lodz, 90-752 Lodz, Poland; (M.B.); (E.S.)
- Academic Laboratory of Three-Dimensional Anthropometry, Medical University of Lodz, 92-213 Lodz, Poland
| | - Monika Migdalska-Sęk
- Department of Biomedicine and Genetics, Medical University of Lodz, 92-213 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Aleksandra Czechowska
- Academic Laboratory of Movement and Human Physical Performance, Medical University of Lodz, 92-213 Lodz, Poland
| | - Łukasz Radzimiński
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland; (Ł.R.); (Z.J.)
| | - Zbigniew Jastrzębski
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland; (Ł.R.); (Z.J.)
| | - Ewa Brzeziańska-Lasota
- Department of Biomedicine and Genetics, Medical University of Lodz, 92-213 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Ewa Sewerynek
- Department of Endocrine Disorders and Bone Metabolism, Medical University of Lodz, 90-752 Lodz, Poland; (M.B.); (E.S.)
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17
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Schroeder N. Evidence-Based Nutritional Strategies to Enhance Athletic Performance. Strength Cond J 2022. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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18
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Hew-Butler T, Aprik C, Byrd B, Sabourin J, VanSumeren M, Smith-Hale V, Blow A. Vitamin D supplementation and body composition changes in collegiate basketball players: a 12-week randomized control trial. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2022; 19:34-48. [PMID: 35599918 PMCID: PMC9116404 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2022.2046444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vitamin D promotes bone and muscle growth in non-athletes, suggesting supplementation may be ergogenic in athletes. Our primary aim was to determine if modest Vitamin D supplementation augments favorable body composition changes (increased bone and lean mass and decreased fat mass) and performance in collegiate basketball players following 12 weeks of standardized training. Methods Members of a men’s and women’s NCAA D1 Basketball team were recruited. Volunteers were randomized to receive either a weekly 4000 IU Vitamin D3 supplement (D3) or placebo (P) over 12 weeks of standardized pre-season strength training. Pre- and post-measurements included 1) serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D); 2) body composition variables (total body lean, fat, and bone mass) using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans and 3) vertical jump test to assess peak power output. Dietary intake was assessed using Food Frequency questionnaires. Main outcome measures included changes (∆: post-intervention minus pre-intervention) in 25(OH)D, body composition, and performance. Results Eighteen of the 23 players completed the trial (8 females/10 males). Eight received the placebo (20 ± 1 years; 3 females) while ten received Vitamin D3 (20 ± 2 years; 5 females). Weekly Vitamin D3 supplementation induced non-significant increases (∆) in 25(OH)D (2.6 ± 7.2 vs. −3.5 ± 5.3 ng/mL; p = 0.06), total body bone mineral content (BMC) (73.1 ± 62.5 vs. 84.1 ± 46.5 g; p = 0.68), and total body lean mass (2803.9 ± 1655.4 vs. 4474.5 ± 11,389.8 g; p = 0.03), plus a non-significant change in body fat (−0.5 ± 0.8 vs. −1.1 ± 1.2%; p = 0.19) (Vitamin D3 vs. placebo supplementation groups, respectively). Pre 25(OH)D correlated with both Δ total fat mass (g) (r = 0.65; p = 0.003) and Δ total body fat% (r = 0.56; p = 0.02). No differences were noted in peak power output ∆ between the D3 vs. P group (−127.4 ± 335.4 vs. 50.9 ± 9 W; NS). Participants in the D3 group ingested significantly fewer total calories (−526.2 ± 583.9 vs. −10.0 ± 400 kcals; p = 0.02) than participants in the P group. Conclusions Modest (~517 IU/day) Vitamin D3 supplementation did not enhance favorable changes in total body composition or performance, over 3 months of training, in collegiate basketball players. Weight training provides a robust training stimulus for bone and lean mass accrual, which likely predominates over isolated supplement use with adequate caloric intakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Hew-Butler
- Exercise Science and Athletics Departments, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, USA
- Division of Kinesiology, Health and Sport Studies, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Carrie Aprik
- Exercise Science and Athletics Departments, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, USA
| | - Brigid Byrd
- Division of Kinesiology, Health and Sport Studies, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Jordan Sabourin
- Division of Kinesiology, Health and Sport Studies, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Matthew VanSumeren
- Division of Kinesiology, Health and Sport Studies, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Valerie Smith-Hale
- Division of Kinesiology, Health and Sport Studies, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Andrew Blow
- Precision, Fuel & Hydration, Minneapolis, Mn, USA
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19
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Aleksova A, Janjusevic M, Gagno G, Pierri A, Padoan L, Fluca AL, Carriere C, Beltrami AP, Sinagra G. The Role of Exercise-Induced Molecular Processes and Vitamin D in Improving Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Cardiac Rehabilitation in Patients With Heart Failure. Front Physiol 2022; 12:794641. [PMID: 35087418 PMCID: PMC8787056 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.794641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) still affects millions of people worldwide despite great advances in therapeutic approaches in the cardiovascular field. Remarkably, unlike pathological hypertrophy, exercise leads to beneficial cardiac hypertrophy characterized by normal or enhanced contractile function. Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation improves cardiorespiratory fitness and, as a consequence, ameliorates the quality of life of patients with HF. Particularly, multiple studies demonstrated the improvement in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) among patients with HF due to the various processes in the myocardium triggered by exercise. Exercise stimulates IGF-1/PI3K/Akt pathway activation involved in muscle growth in both the myocardium and skeletal muscle by regulating protein synthesis and catabolism. Also, physical activity stimulates the activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway which regulates cellular proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. In addition, emerging data pointed out the anti-inflammatory effects of exercises as well. Therefore, it is of utmost importance for clinicians to accurately evaluate the patient’s condition by performing a cardiopulmonary exercise test and/or a 6-min walking test. Portable devices with the possibility to measure exercise capacity proved to be very useful in this setting as well. The aim of this review is to gather together the molecular processes triggered by the exercise and available therapies in HF settings that could ameliorate heart performance, with a special focus on strategies such as exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Aleksova
- Cardiothoracovascular Department, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina (ASUGI), University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.,Department of Medical Surgical and Health Science, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Milijana Janjusevic
- Cardiothoracovascular Department, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina (ASUGI), University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.,Department of Medical Surgical and Health Science, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giulia Gagno
- Cardiothoracovascular Department, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina (ASUGI), University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.,Department of Medical Surgical and Health Science, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pierri
- Cardiothoracovascular Department, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina (ASUGI), University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.,Department of Medical Surgical and Health Science, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Laura Padoan
- Cardiology and Cardiovascular Physiopathology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria S. Maria della Misericordia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Lucia Fluca
- Cardiothoracovascular Department, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina (ASUGI), University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.,Department of Medical Surgical and Health Science, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Cosimo Carriere
- Cardiothoracovascular Department, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina (ASUGI), University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.,Department of Medical Surgical and Health Science, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Antonio Paolo Beltrami
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), University of Udine, Udine, Italy.,Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Sinagra
- Cardiothoracovascular Department, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina (ASUGI), University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.,Department of Medical Surgical and Health Science, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
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20
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The Biological Role of Vitamins in Athletes’ Muscle, Heart and Microbiota. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031249. [PMID: 35162272 PMCID: PMC8834970 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Physical activity, combined with adequate nutrition, is considered a protective factor against cardiovascular disease, musculoskeletal disorders, and intestinal dysbiosis. Achieving optimal performance requires a significantly high energy expenditure, which must be correctly supplied to avoid the occurrence of diseases such as muscle injuries, oxidative stress, and heart pathologies, and a decrease in physical performance during competition. Moreover, in sports activities, the replenishment of water, vitamins, and minerals consumed during training is essential for safeguarding athletes’ health. In this scenario, vitamins play a pivotal role in numerous metabolic reactions and some muscle biochemical adaptation processes induced by sports activity. Vitamins are introduced to the diet because the human body is unable to produce these micronutrients. The aim of this review is to highlight the fundamental role of vitamin supplementation in physical activity. Above all, we focus on the roles of vitamins A, B6, D, E, and K in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disorders, muscle injuries, and regulation of the microbiome.
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21
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Brooks SJ, West MR, Domitrovich JW, Sol JA, Holubetz H, Partridge C, Ruby BC, Brown AF, Roe AJ. Nutrient Intake of Wildland Firefighters During Arduous Wildfire Suppression: Macronutrient and Micronutrient Consumption. J Occup Environ Med 2021; 63:e949-e956. [PMID: 34654035 PMCID: PMC8631152 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000002413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Wildland firefighters (WLFFs) perform in adverse environments making rapid adjustments to dietary needs. The National Mobile Food Services (NMFS) contract details WLFF dietary provisions on wildfire incidents. OBJECTIVE Determine the nutrient content of food and drink provided to and consumed by WLFFs under the NMFS contract. METHODS Individual (n = 122) dietary provisions and consumption was recorded during 1 workday. Nutritional analysis of items provided was compared with consumption and the recommended dietary allowance (RDA). RESULTS WLFFs consumed significantly (P < 0.05) fewer macronutrients than provided for calories, protein, and fat. Provided and consumed micronutrients were below the RDA for vitamins D and E, magnesium, and manganese. CONCLUSION Most dietary recommendations were met by NMFS provisions. Next steps include WLFF nutrition education to improve consumption and contract revisions to meet micronutrient recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J Brooks
- Department of Movement Sciences, College of Education, Health & Human Sciences (Dr Brooks, Dr Brown); National Technology and Development Program (Ms West, Dr Domitrovich, Ms Sol, Ms Holubetz); Department of Family and Consumer Sciences (Dr Brooks, Ms Partridge, Ms Holubetz, Dr Brown, Dr Roe); Department of Animal, Veterinary and Food Sciences (Ms Partridge), College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho; University of Montana Missoula (Dr Ruby), Missoula, Montana
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22
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Most A, Dörr O, Nef H, Hamm C, Bauer T, Bauer P. Influence of 25-Hydroxy-Vitamin D Insufficiency on Maximal Aerobic Power in Elite Indoor Athletes: A Cross-Sectional Study. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2021; 7:74. [PMID: 34648100 PMCID: PMC8517059 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-021-00363-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Background The impact of vitamin D on musculoskeletal health is well-established, although its influence on physical performance is unclear. Therefore, we conducted this study to evaluate the impact of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D (25-OH vitamin D) concentrations with maximal aerobic power of professional indoor athletes.
Results A total of 112 male professional athletes were included in this cross-sectional study, consisting of 88 handball and 24 ice hockey players. The maximal aerobic power was assessed with a standardized cycling ergometer test. Athletes were assigned to two groups according to their 25-OH vitamin D status: insufficient (< 30 ng/mL) and sufficient (≥ 30 ng/mL). Thirty-four players (30.4%) displayed insufficient (21.9 ± 5.9 ng/mL) and 78 (69.6%) sufficient 25-OH vitamin D concentrations (41.6 ± 8.6 ng/mL). Athletes with sufficient levels achieved a higher maximal aerobic power (3.9 ± 0.9 vs. 3.5 ± 0.8 W/kg, p = 0.03) compared to those with insufficient levels. Conclusions There is a high prevalence of 25-OH vitamin D insufficiency in professional indoor athletes, even in summer. Insufficient 25-OH vitamin D concentrations were associated with lower maximal aerobic power in male professional indoor athletes. Further, the 25-OH vitamin D concentration was identified as the only independent predictor of maximal aerobic power in these athletes, highlighting the impact of 25-OH vitamin D on physical performance. Therefore, 25-OH vitamin D concentrations of ≥ 30 ng/mL should be maintained to ensure optimal physical performance in these athletes. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40798-021-00363-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Most
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Justus- Liebig- University Giessen, Klinikstrasse 33, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Oliver Dörr
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Justus- Liebig- University Giessen, Klinikstrasse 33, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Holger Nef
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Justus- Liebig- University Giessen, Klinikstrasse 33, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christian Hamm
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Justus- Liebig- University Giessen, Klinikstrasse 33, 35392, Giessen, Germany.,Kerckhoff Heart and Thorax Center, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Timm Bauer
- Department of Cardiology, Internal Intensive Care, General Internal Medicine, Sana Klinikum, Offenbach, Germany
| | - Pascal Bauer
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Justus- Liebig- University Giessen, Klinikstrasse 33, 35392, Giessen, Germany
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Csulak E, Petrov Á, Kováts T, Tokodi M, Lakatos B, Kovács A, Staub L, Suhai FI, Szabó EL, Dohy Z, Vágó H, Becker D, Müller V, Sydó N, Merkely B. The Impact of COVID-19 on the Preparation for the Tokyo Olympics: A Comprehensive Performance Assessment of Top Swimmers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:9770. [PMID: 34574691 PMCID: PMC8472124 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18189770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Olympic preparation of athletes has been highly influenced by COVID and post-COVID syndrome. As the complex screening of athletes is essential for safe and successful sports, we aimed to repeat the 2019-year sports cardiology screening of the Olympic Swim Team before the Olympics and to compare the results of COVID and non-COVID athletes. METHODS Patient history, electrocardiogram, laboratory tests, body composition analysis, echocardiography, cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) were performed. We used time-ranking points to compare swimming performance. RESULTS From April 2019, we examined 46 elite swimmers (24 ± 4 years). Fourteen swimmers had COVID infection; all cases were mild. During CPET there was no difference in the performance of COVID (male: VO2 max 55 ± 4 vs. 56.5 ± 5 mL/kg/min, p = 0.53; female: VO2 max 54.6 ± 4 vs. 56 ± 5.5 mL/kg/min, p = 0.86) vs. non-COVID athletes (male VO2 max 56.7 ± 5 vs. 55.5 ± 4.5 mL/kg/min, p = 0.50; female 49.6 ± 3 vs. 50.7 ± 2.6 mL/kg/min, p = 0.47) between 2019 and 2021. When comparing the time results of the National Championships, 54.8% of the athletes showed an improvement (p = 0.75). CONCLUSIONS COVID infection with short-term detraining did not affect the performance of well-trained swimmers. According to our results, the COVID pandemic did not impair the effectiveness of the preparation for the Tokyo Olympics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emese Csulak
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, 1122 Budapest, Hungary; (E.C.); (T.K.); (M.T.); (B.L.); (A.K.); (F.I.S.); (E.L.S.); (Z.D.); (H.V.); (D.B.); (B.M.)
| | - Árpád Petrov
- Hungarian Coaches Association, 1146 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Tímea Kováts
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, 1122 Budapest, Hungary; (E.C.); (T.K.); (M.T.); (B.L.); (A.K.); (F.I.S.); (E.L.S.); (Z.D.); (H.V.); (D.B.); (B.M.)
| | - Márton Tokodi
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, 1122 Budapest, Hungary; (E.C.); (T.K.); (M.T.); (B.L.); (A.K.); (F.I.S.); (E.L.S.); (Z.D.); (H.V.); (D.B.); (B.M.)
| | - Bálint Lakatos
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, 1122 Budapest, Hungary; (E.C.); (T.K.); (M.T.); (B.L.); (A.K.); (F.I.S.); (E.L.S.); (Z.D.); (H.V.); (D.B.); (B.M.)
| | - Attila Kovács
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, 1122 Budapest, Hungary; (E.C.); (T.K.); (M.T.); (B.L.); (A.K.); (F.I.S.); (E.L.S.); (Z.D.); (H.V.); (D.B.); (B.M.)
- Department of Sports Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1122 Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Ferenc Imre Suhai
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, 1122 Budapest, Hungary; (E.C.); (T.K.); (M.T.); (B.L.); (A.K.); (F.I.S.); (E.L.S.); (Z.D.); (H.V.); (D.B.); (B.M.)
| | - Erzsébet Liliána Szabó
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, 1122 Budapest, Hungary; (E.C.); (T.K.); (M.T.); (B.L.); (A.K.); (F.I.S.); (E.L.S.); (Z.D.); (H.V.); (D.B.); (B.M.)
| | - Zsófia Dohy
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, 1122 Budapest, Hungary; (E.C.); (T.K.); (M.T.); (B.L.); (A.K.); (F.I.S.); (E.L.S.); (Z.D.); (H.V.); (D.B.); (B.M.)
| | - Hajnalka Vágó
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, 1122 Budapest, Hungary; (E.C.); (T.K.); (M.T.); (B.L.); (A.K.); (F.I.S.); (E.L.S.); (Z.D.); (H.V.); (D.B.); (B.M.)
- Department of Sports Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1122 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dávid Becker
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, 1122 Budapest, Hungary; (E.C.); (T.K.); (M.T.); (B.L.); (A.K.); (F.I.S.); (E.L.S.); (Z.D.); (H.V.); (D.B.); (B.M.)
| | - Veronika Müller
- Pulmonology Clinic, Semmelweis University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Nóra Sydó
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, 1122 Budapest, Hungary; (E.C.); (T.K.); (M.T.); (B.L.); (A.K.); (F.I.S.); (E.L.S.); (Z.D.); (H.V.); (D.B.); (B.M.)
- Department of Sports Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1122 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Béla Merkely
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, 1122 Budapest, Hungary; (E.C.); (T.K.); (M.T.); (B.L.); (A.K.); (F.I.S.); (E.L.S.); (Z.D.); (H.V.); (D.B.); (B.M.)
- Department of Sports Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1122 Budapest, Hungary
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Kozłowska M, Żurek P, Rodziewicz E, Góral K, Żmijewski P, Lipińska P, Laskowski R, Walentukiewicz AK, Antosiewicz J, Ziemann E. Immunological Response and Match Performance of Professional Tennis Players of Different Age Groups During a Competitive Season. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:2255-2262. [PMID: 30893279 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Kozłowska, M, Żurek, P, Rodziewicz, E, Góral, K, Żmijewski, P, Lipińska, P, Laskowski, R, Walentukiewicz, AK, Antosiewicz, J, and Ziemann, E. Immunological response and match performance of professional tennis players of different age groups during a competitive season. J Strength Cond Res 35(8): 2255-2262, 2021-We aimed to investigate the effect of physical workloads on immunological response, match performance, and iron metabolism in professional tennis players of different age groups throughout the tournament season and to determine the interdependence of vitamin D status and inflammation. Thirty-eight young, male tennis players with a top national ranking (1-25) participated in this study and were assigned to the following age groups: cadets (CG), juniors (JG), and seniors (SG). Blood samples were collected at the beginning, midpoint, and end of the tournament season to assess the proinflammatory cytokine (tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNF-α]), anti-inflammatory myokines (interleukin [IL]-6 and IL-10), heat shock proteins (HSP70, HSP27), iron metabolism markers, and vitamin D concentrations. The total number of matches (won and lost) at the national and international events was recorded. The IL-6 and IL-10 concentrations significantly increased across all groups in the middle and end of the tournament season (effect large and very likely). The TNF-α concentration was elevated at the end of the season in CG and SG. The increase in TNF-α concentration corresponded with an increase in hepcidin concentration in these groups. The significant increase in HSP27 concentration was only noticed in SG with normal vitamin D concentrations. In JG and SG, a mild seasonal increase in vitamin D concentration was noted, but still it was insufficient. The immunological response was not affected by the number of tennis matches; however, the anti-inflammatory effect was regulated by higher concentrations of vitamin D. Unexpectedly, most tennis players had vitamin D deficiency. Iron status remained unchanged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Kozłowska
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Rehabilitation and Kinesiology, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Piotr Żurek
- Faculty of Physical Culture, University School of Physical Education, Gorzów Wielkopolski, Poland
| | - Ewa Rodziewicz
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Rehabilitation and Kinesiology, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Kamil Góral
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Rehabilitation and Kinesiology, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Piotr Żmijewski
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Sport, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Patrycja Lipińska
- Department of Individual Sports, Institute of Physical Culture, Kazimierz Wielki University of Bydgoszcz, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Radoslaw Laskowski
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Anna K Walentukiewicz
- Department of Health Promotion and Posturology, Faculty of Rehabilitation and Kinesiology, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland; and
| | - Jedrzej Antosiewicz
- Department of Bioenergetics and Physiology of Exercise, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Ewa Ziemann
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Rehabilitation and Kinesiology, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland
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Musculoskeletal Health in Active Ambulatory Men with Cerebral Palsy and the Impact of Vitamin D. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13072481. [PMID: 34371988 PMCID: PMC8308596 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: (1) To determine the contribution of diet, time spent outdoors, and habitual physical activity (PA) on vitamin D status in men with cerebral palsy (CP) compared to physical activity matched controls (TDC) without neurological impairment; (2) to determine the role of vitamin D on musculoskeletal health, morphology, and function in men with CP compared to TDC. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional comparison study where 24 active, ambulant men with CP aged 21.0 ± 1.4 years (Gross Motor Function Classification Score (I–II) and 24 healthy TDC aged 25.3 ± 3.1 years completed in vivo assessment of musculoskeletal health, including: vastus lateralis anatomical cross-sectional area (VL ACSA), isometric knee extension maximal voluntary contraction (KE iMVC), 10 m sprint, vertical jumps (VJ), and radius and tibia bone ultrasound (US) Tus and Zus scores. Assessments of vitamin D status through venous samples of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and parathyroid hormone, dietary vitamin D intake from food diary, and total sun exposure via questionnaire were also taken. Results: Men with CP had 40.5% weaker KE iMVC, 23.7% smaller VL ACSA, 22.2% lower VJ, 14.6% lower KE iMVC/VL ACSA ratio, 22.4% lower KE iMVC/body mass (BM) ratio, and 25.1% lower KE iMVC/lean body mass (LBM) ratio (all p < 0.05). Radius Tus and Zus scores were 1.75 and 1.57 standard deviations lower than TDC, respectively (p < 0.05), whereas neither tibia Tus nor Zus scores showed any difference compared to TDC (p > 0.05). The 25(OH)D was not different between groups, and 90.9% of men with CP and 91.7% of TDC had low 25(OH)D levels when compared to current UK recommendations. The 25(OH)D was positively associated with KE iMVC/LBM ratio in men with CP (r = 0.500, p = 0.020) but not in TDC (r = 0.281, p = 0.104). Conclusion: Musculoskeletal outcomes in men with CP were lower than TDC, and despite there being no difference in levels of 25(OH)D between the groups, 25 (OH)D was associated with strength (KE iMVC/LBM) in the CP group but not TDC. The findings suggest that vitamin D deficiency can accentuate some of the condition-specific impairments to musculoskeletal outcomes.
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Caballero-García A, Córdova-Martínez A, Vicente-Salar N, Roche E, Pérez-Valdecantos D. Vitamin D, Its Role in Recovery after Muscular Damage Following Exercise. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13072336. [PMID: 34371846 PMCID: PMC8308579 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aside from its role in bone metabolism, vitamin D is a key immunomodulatory micronutrient. The active form of vitamin D (1,25(OH)D) seems to modulate the innate immune system through different mechanisms. The vitamin is involved in the differentiation of monocytes into macrophages, increasing the phagocytic and chemotactic functions of these cells. At the same time, vitamin D enables efferocytosis and prevents immunopathology. In addition, vitamin D is involved in other processes related to immune function, such as inflammation. Regarding muscle tissue, vitamin D plays an active role in muscle inflammatory response, protein synthesis, and regulation of skeletal muscle function. Two mechanisms have been proposed: A direct role of 1,25(OH)D binding to vitamin D receptors (VDRs) in muscle cells and the modulation of calcium transport in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. This second mechanism needs additional investigation. In conclusion, vitamin D seems to be effective in cases of deficiency and/or if there is a great muscular commitment, such as in high intensity exercises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Caballero-García
- Department of Anatomy and Radiology, Health Sciences Faculty, GIR: “Physical Exercise and Aging”, Campus Universitario “Los Pajaritos”, University of Valladolid, 42004 Soria, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-649-827-663
| | - Alfredo Córdova-Martínez
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Physiology, Health Sciences Faculty, GIR: “Physical Exercise and Aging”, Campus Universitario “Los Pajaritos”, University of Valladolid, 42004 Soria, Spain; (A.C.-M.); (D.P.-V.)
| | - Néstor Vicente-Salar
- Department of Applied Biology-Nutrition, Institute of Bioengineering, University Miguel Hernández, 03202 Elche, Spain; (N.V.-S.); (E.R.)
- Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), 03010 Alicante, Spain
| | - Enrique Roche
- Department of Applied Biology-Nutrition, Institute of Bioengineering, University Miguel Hernández, 03202 Elche, Spain; (N.V.-S.); (E.R.)
- Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), 03010 Alicante, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Pérez-Valdecantos
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Physiology, Health Sciences Faculty, GIR: “Physical Exercise and Aging”, Campus Universitario “Los Pajaritos”, University of Valladolid, 42004 Soria, Spain; (A.C.-M.); (D.P.-V.)
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27
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Ricart B, Monteagudo P, Blasco-Lafarga C. Hypovitaminosis D in Young Basketball Players: Association with Jumping and Hopping Performance Considering Gender. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18105446. [PMID: 34069673 PMCID: PMC8160822 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18105446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to verify whether a group of young well-trained basketball players presented deficiencies in vitamin D concentration, and to analyze whether there was an association between vitamin D concentration and jumping and hopping performance. Gender differences were considered. Twenty-seven players from an international high-level basketball club (14 female, 16.00 ± 0.55 years; 13 male, 15.54 ± 0.52 years) participated in this cross-sectional study. Rate of force development was evaluated by means of the Abalakov test (bilateral: AbB; right leg: AbR; left leg: AbL); and the triple hop test (right leg: THR; left leg: THL). Blood samples were collected for the determination of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and nutritional status. Vitamin D insufficiency was found in both women (29.14 ± 6.08 ng/mL) and men (28.92 ± 6.40 ng/mL), with no gender differences regarding nutritional scores. Jumping and hopping performance was confirmed to be significantly larger in males (AbL, THR, and THL p < 0.005), whose CV% were always smaller. A positive correlation was found between AbB and vitamin D (r = 0.703) in males, whereas this correlation was negative (−0.611) for females, who also presented a negative correlation (r = −0.666) between THR and vitamin D. A prevalence of hypovitaminosis D was confirmed in young elite athletes training indoors. Nutritional (i.e., calciferol) controls should be conducted throughout the season. Furthermore, whilst performance seems to be affected by low levels of this vitamin in men, these deficiencies appear to have a different association with jumping and hopping in women, pointing to different performance mechanisms. Further studies accounting for differences in training and other factors might delve into these gender differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borja Ricart
- Sport Performance and Physical Fitness Research Group (UIRFIDE), Physical Education and Sports Department, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
- Alqueria LAB, Valencia Basket, 46013 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: (B.R.); (P.M.)
| | - Pablo Monteagudo
- Sport Performance and Physical Fitness Research Group (UIRFIDE), Physical Education and Sports Department, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
- Education and Specific Didactics Department, Jaume I University, 12071 Castellón, Spain
- Correspondence: (B.R.); (P.M.)
| | - Cristina Blasco-Lafarga
- Sport Performance and Physical Fitness Research Group (UIRFIDE), Physical Education and Sports Department, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
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Valtueña J, Aparicio-Ugarriza R, Medina D, Lizarraga A, Rodas G, González-Gross M, Drobnic F. Vitamin D Status in Spanish Elite Team Sport Players. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13041311. [PMID: 33921150 PMCID: PMC8071574 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Low vitamin D is usual; however, data are limited for elite team players. The aim was to investigate the vitamin D levels in Football Club Barcelona (FCB) first division players of six sport modalities. Ninety-five elite male players (27.3 ± 4.6 y) belonging to FCB provided data for vitamin D throughout a season. In this study, 25(OH)D was measured in serum by chemiluminescent immunoassay. Outdoor/indoor training and supplementation were also considered. Total mean 25(OH)D concentrations were 91.9 ± 23.1 nmol/L in all players, with higher mean levels among supplemented players (94.7 ± 24.3 nmol/L). Around 25% of the team players were below optimal levels (<75 nmol/L), but none were below 50 nmol/L. Caucasian, supplemented football and handball players had the highest mean vitamin D concentrations over the whole year, whereas basketball players (indoor training) had the lowest ones. The highest rate of vitamin D insufficiency was found in spring (40%). A positive significant effect was observed for the interaction between indoor/outdoor training and supplementation with 25(OH)D concentrations (p < 0.05). Those team players training outdoors with supplementation had higher total vitamin D concentrations than those with indoors training and/or supplementation. A positive interaction of outdoor training with supplementation exists to determine 25(OH)D concentrations in team players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jara Valtueña
- ImFine Research Group, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.V.); (R.A.-U.)
| | - Raquel Aparicio-Ugarriza
- ImFine Research Group, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.V.); (R.A.-U.)
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Medina
- Medical Services FC Barcelona, 08970 Barcelona, Spain; (D.M.); (A.L.); (G.R.); (F.D.)
| | - Antonia Lizarraga
- Medical Services FC Barcelona, 08970 Barcelona, Spain; (D.M.); (A.L.); (G.R.); (F.D.)
| | - Gil Rodas
- Medical Services FC Barcelona, 08970 Barcelona, Spain; (D.M.); (A.L.); (G.R.); (F.D.)
| | - Marcela González-Gross
- ImFine Research Group, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.V.); (R.A.-U.)
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-910677980
| | - Franchek Drobnic
- Medical Services FC Barcelona, 08970 Barcelona, Spain; (D.M.); (A.L.); (G.R.); (F.D.)
- GIRSANE-CAR (Centre d’Alt Rendiment Sant Cugat del Vallès), 08173 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain
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Wojtys EM. Boosting Performance. Sports Health 2021; 13:109-110. [PMID: 33622110 DOI: 10.1177/1941738121991495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Abstract
Vitamin D Deficiency in Sports Abstract. A deficiency in vitamin D is very common in the general population as well as in athletes. The aim of this overview is to assess the level of knowledge about the importance of vitamin D for athletes. A deficiency in vitamin D is present in up to 90 % of athletes. Risk groups are young athletes, female athletes, athletes with a limitation such as paraplegia, vegetarians, athletes with a resorption disorder such as celiac disease, athletes training and competing indoors (e.g. ice hockey, basketball, boxing, rhythmic gymnastics), and older athletes. Dark skin pigmentation, the use of sunscreen, the time of day of the training (early morning, late evening) and the geographical location influence the risk for a deficiency in vitamin D. Exposure to the sun and a balanced diet are often not enough to prevent a vitamin D deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beat Knechtle
- Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, St. Gallen
- Institut für Hausarztmedizin, Universität Zürich, Zürich
| | | | - Pantelis T Nikolaidis
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Nikaia, Griechenland
- School of Health and Caring Sciences, University of West Attica, Athen, Griechenland
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Gupta R, Singhal A, Kapoor A, Bohat V, Masih GD, Mehta R. Vitamin D deficiency in athletes and its impact on outcome of Anterior Cruciate Ligament surgery. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORTHOPAEDIC SURGERY AND TRAUMATOLOGY 2021; 31:1193-1197. [PMID: 33417046 DOI: 10.1007/s00590-020-02870-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin D deficiency is a worldwide pandemic problem. With vitamin D having some role in exercise-induced inflammation, skeletal muscle mass and endurance, we studied its effect on functional outcome of athletes' post-Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) reconstruction. METHODS A total of 153 patients who underwent primary ACL reconstruction were enrolled in the study. All patients were screened for vitamin D levels preoperatively. Patients were divided into 3 groups on basis of vitamin D levels; Group 1 patients had < 20 ng/ml, group 2 patients 20-30 ng/ml and group 3 > 30 ng/ml. All patients were followed up for a minimum of 2 years. RESULTS A total of 153 patients were enrolled in study. The average age of the patients was 24.12 ± 2.12 years in group 1, 25.24 ± 3.20 years in group 2 and 24.74 ± 2.86 in group 3. The mean follow-up of patients was 2.8 ± 1.2 years. At 2 years, the mean Lysholm score was 96.12, 96.49 and 97.0, respectively (p = 0.75); mean WOMAC score was 3.33, 3.38 and 3.20, respectively (p = 0.91); mean difference between the pre-injury and post-surgery Tegner level of sports activity at 2 years follow-up was 0.78, 0.78 and 0.85, respectively (P = 0.51) and graft failure rate was 5.88%, 1.96% and 1.96%, respectively (p = 0.43). CONCLUSION Vitamin D has no effect on functional outcome and graft rupture rates in patients' post-primary ACL reconstruction. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Prospective Cohort Study (Level III).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Gupta
- Sports Injury Center, Government Medical College Hospital, Chandigarh, India
| | - Akash Singhal
- Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India.
| | - Anil Kapoor
- Department of Orthopaedics, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India
| | - Vaibhav Bohat
- Department of Orthopaedics, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India
| | - Gladson David Masih
- Department of Orthopaedics, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India
| | - Rohil Mehta
- Department of Orthopaedics, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India
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Millward D, Root AD, Dubois J, Cohen RP, Valdivia L, Helming B, Kokoskie J, Waterbrook AL, Paul S. Association of Serum Vitamin D Levels and Stress Fractures in Collegiate Athletes. Orthop J Sports Med 2020; 8:2325967120966967. [PMID: 33816638 PMCID: PMC8008136 DOI: 10.1177/2325967120966967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Low vitamin D levels along with high-intensity athletic training may put an athlete at increased risk for a stress fracture. Purpose To assess whether supplementation with vitamin D is associated with a reduced risk of stress fractures in college athletes. We also assessed differences in vitamin D levels among athletes participating in outdoor versus indoor sports. Study Design Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods The study participants included 802 National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I intercollegiate athletes (497 men and 305 women) on a sports team for at least 1 semester from 2012 to 2018. All athletes who had a baseline vitamin D level in their medical record were included. Athletes with vitamin D levels <40 ng/mL were given vitamin D supplements. We assessed differences in the rate of stress fracture among those who maintained or improved vitamin D levels to ≥40 ng/mL and those who did not, as well as differences in average baseline vitamin D levels by sport type (indoor vs outdoor). Results The rate of stress fracture was 12% higher (95% CI, 6-19; P < .001) for those who remained low in vitamin D compared with those who were low at baseline but improved their vitamin D status to ≥40 ng/mL. The rate of stress fracture was also 12% higher (95% CI, 5-18; P < .001) for those who had low vitamin D levels compared with those who maintained normal levels. The mean baseline vitamin D values were significantly higher for men participating in outdoor sports versus indoor sports. For men, the mean vitamin D level was 5.7 ng/mL higher (95% CI, 0.9-10.5; P = .01) in outdoor athletes. For women, the mean vitamin D level was 3.7 ng/mL higher (95% CI, -0.58 to 8.03; P < .04) for outdoor versus indoor sports. Conclusion Study results indicated that correcting low serum vitamin D levels reduces the risk of stress fracture. This study also presented evidence that athletes who participate in indoor sports may be at greater risk for vitamin D deficiency than those who compete in outdoor sports.
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Grant WB, Lahore H, Rockwell MS. The Benefits of Vitamin D Supplementation for Athletes: Better Performance and Reduced Risk of COVID-19. Nutrients 2020; 12:E3741. [PMID: 33291720 PMCID: PMC7761895 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is having major economic and personal consequences for collegiate and professional sports. Sporting events have been canceled or postponed, and even when baseball and basketball seasons resumed in the United States recently, no fans were in attendance. As play resumed, several players developed COVID-19, disrupting some of the schedules. A hypothesis now under scientific consideration is that taking vitamin supplements to raise serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations could quickly reduce the risk and/or severity of COVID-19. Several mechanisms have been identified through which vitamin D could reduce the risks of infection and severity, death, and long-haul effects of COVID-19: (1) inducing production of cathelicidin and defensins to reduce the survival and replication of the SARS-CoV-2 virus; (2) reducing inflammation and the production of proinflammatory cytokines and risk of the "cytokine storm" that damages the epithelial layer of the lungs, heart, vascular system, and other organs; and (3) increasing production of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, thus limiting the amount of angiotensin II available to the virus to cause damage. Clinical trials have confirmed that vitamin D supplementation reduces risk of acute respiratory tract infections, and approximately 30 observational studies have shown that incidence, severity, and death from COVID-19 are inversely correlated with serum 25(OH)D concentrations. Vitamin D supplementation is already familiar to many athletes and sports teams because it improves athletic performance and increases playing longevity. Thus, athletes should consider vitamin D supplementation to serve as an additional means by which to reduce risk of COVID-19 and its consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- William B. Grant
- Sunlight, Nutrition, and Health Research Center, P.O. Box 641603, San Francisco, CA 94164-1603, USA
| | - Henry Lahore
- VitaminDWiki, 2289 Highland Loop, Port Townsend, WA 98368, USA;
| | - Michelle S. Rockwell
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA;
- Center for Transformative Research on Health Behaviors, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
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Di Luigi L, Antinozzi C, Piantanida E, Sgrò P. Vitamin D, sport and health: a still unresolved clinical issue. J Endocrinol Invest 2020; 43:1689-1702. [PMID: 32632904 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-020-01347-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D metabolites have a pleiotropic role in human physiology, both in static and dynamic conditions, and a lot of vitamin D-related biological effects could influence physical and sport performances in athletes. Probably due to different factors (e.g., drugs, doping, nutrition, ultraviolet B radiation exposure), in athletes a very high prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy (i.e., deficiency or insufficiency) has been observed. Vitamin D inadequacy in athletes could be associated with specific health risks and to alterations of functional capacities, potentially influencing the fine adjustment of physical performances during training and sport competitions. When risk factors for vitamin D inadequacy exist, a preventive vitamin D supplementation is indicated, and if a vitamin D inadequacy is diagnosed, its supplementation is recommended. Unfortunately, on these issues many concerns remain unresolved. Indeed, it is not clear if athletes should be classified as a special population at increased risk for vitamin D inadequacy; moreover, in comparison to the non-athletic population, it is still not clear if athletes should have different reference ranges and different optimal target levels for serum vitamin D, if they have additional health risks, and if they need different type of supplementations (doses) for prevention and/or replacement therapy. Moreover, in athletes also the abuse of vitamin D supplements for ergogenic purposes raise different ethical and safety concerns. In this review, the main physio-pathological, functional and clinical issues that relate vitamin D to the world of athletes are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Di Luigi
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Università Degli Studi Di Roma "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro de Bosis, 6, 00135, Rome, Italy.
| | - C Antinozzi
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Università Degli Studi Di Roma "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro de Bosis, 6, 00135, Rome, Italy
| | - E Piantanida
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Via Ravasi 2, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - P Sgrò
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Università Degli Studi Di Roma "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro de Bosis, 6, 00135, Rome, Italy
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Ribbans WJ, Aujla R, Dalton S, Nunley JA. Vitamin D and the athlete-patient: state of the art. J ISAKOS 2020; 6:46-60. [PMID: 33833045 DOI: 10.1136/jisakos-2020-000435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency is common in athletes. The conventional measurement of vitamin D levels provides a general indicator of body stores. However, there are nuances in its interpretation as values of 25(OH)D do not correlate absolutely with the amount of 'bioavailable' vitamin to the cells. Vitamin D should be regarded as a hormone and influences between 5% and 10% of our total genome. Determining the precise effect of the vitamin, isolated from the actions of other cofactors, is not straightforward and restricts our complete understanding of all of its actions. Deficiency has harmful effects on not only bone and muscle but also wider areas, including immunity and respiratory and neurological activities. More caution should be applied regarding the ability of supranormal vitamin D levels to elevate athletic performance. Hopefully, future research will shed more light on optimal levels of vitamin D and supplementation regimes, and improved understanding of its intracellular control of our genetic mechanisms and how extrinsic influences modify its activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Ribbans
- Faculty of Health, Education and Society, University of Northampton, Northampton, Northamptonshire, UK
| | - Randeep Aujla
- Perth Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Centre, West Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Seamus Dalton
- North Sydney Sports Medicine, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - James A Nunley
- Duke Orthopedics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Lawley R, Syrop IP, Fredericson M. Vitamin D for Improved Bone Health and Prevention of Stress Fractures: A Review of the Literature. Curr Sports Med Rep 2020; 19:202-208. [PMID: 32516190 DOI: 10.1249/jsr.0000000000000718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D is a vital nutrient and hormone needed for many essential functions in overall health. There is growing literature examining the role of vitamin D not only in the general population but also in athletes. The most predominantly studied area of vitamin D pertains to bone health. Recently, there has been increased investigation into the relationship of vitamin D and stress fractures, including genetic polymorphisms, levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and bioavailable vitamin D. This review will address the most recent developments of vitamin D research and its important role in bone health in athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isaac P Syrop
- Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY
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Vitamin D Supplementation Does Not Impact Resting Metabolic Rate, Body Composition and Strength in Vitamin D Sufficient Physically Active Adults. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12103111. [PMID: 33053823 PMCID: PMC7601703 DOI: 10.3390/nu12103111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Supplementation with the most efficient form of Vitamin D (VitD3) results in improvements in energy metabolism, muscle mass and strength in VitD deficient individuals. Whether similar outcomes occur in VitD sufficient individuals' remains to be elucidated. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of VitD3 supplementation on resting metabolic rate (RMR), body composition and strength in VitD sufficient physically active young adults. Participants completed pre-supplementation testing before being matched for sunlight exposure and randomly allocated in a counterbalanced manner to the VitD3 or placebo group. Following 12 weeks of 50 IU/kg body-mass VitD3 supplementation, participants repeated the pre-supplementation testing. Thirty-one adults completed the study (19 females and 12 males; mean ± standard deviation (SD); age = 26.6 ± 4.9 years; BMI = 24.2 ± 4.1 kg·m2). The VitD group increased serum total 25(OH)D by 30 nmol/L while the placebo group decreased total serum concentration by 21 nmol/L, reaching 123 (51) and 53 (42.2) nmol/L, respectively. There were no significant changes in muscle strength or power, resting metabolic rate and body composition over the 12-week period. Physically active young adults that are VitD sufficient have demonstrated that no additional physiological effects of achieving supraphysiological serum total 25(OH)D concentrations after VitD3 supplementation.
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Dougherty KA, Schall JI, Bertolaso C, Smith-Whitley K, Stallings VA. Vitamin D Supplementation Improves Health-Related Quality of Life and Physical Performance in Children with Sickle Cell Disease and in Healthy Children. J Pediatr Health Care 2020; 34:424-434. [PMID: 32507538 PMCID: PMC7483775 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedhc.2020.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION No study determined if vitamin D supplementation improves health-related quality of life (HRQL) using pediatric Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System or physical functioning in type SS sickle cell disease (HbSS). METHOD Subjects with HbSS (n = 21) and healthy subjects (n = 23) were randomized to daily oral doses (4,000 vs. 7,000 IU) of cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) and evaluated at 6 and 12 weeks for changes in serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), HRQL, and physical functioning. RESULTS In subjects with HbSS, significant reductions in pain, fatigue, and depressive symptoms and improved upper-extremity function were observed. In healthy subjects, significant reductions in fatigue and improved upper-extremity function were observed. Significant improvements in peak power and dorsiflexion isometric maximal voluntary contraction torques were observed in both groups. In subjects with HbSS, improved plantar flexion isometric maximal voluntary contraction torques were observed. Both groups saw significant improvement in their total Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency score. DISCUSSION Daily high-dose vitamin D supplementation for African American children with and without HbSS improved HRQL and physical performance.
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The Effect of Vitamin D 3 Supplementation on Physical Capacity among Active College-Aged Males. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12071936. [PMID: 32629757 PMCID: PMC7400321 DOI: 10.3390/nu12071936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D3 supplementation can affect strength and power; however, the effect on both aerobic and anaerobic performance remains unclear. Here, we investigate the effects of eight weeks of a high dose of vitamin D3 supplementation and its impact on circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH-D3) concentrations and selected indicators of physical capacity. Subjects (n = 28, age 21.1 ± 1.6) were divided into two groups: supplemented (SUP), which was given 6000 IU of vitamin D3 daily for eight weeks; and placebo group (PLA). Serum 25-OH-D3 concentrations were determined in pre- and post-intervention. Aerobic (V.O2max test) and anaerobic (Wingate Anaerobic Test) capacity were determined before and after the supplementation. The mean baseline concentration of 25-OH-D3 was recognized as deficient (20 ng/mL) and significantly increased over time in the supplemented group (p < 0.01, η2 = 0.86), whilst it remained unchanged in the placebo group. Moreover, the supplementation caused a significant improvement in maximal aerobic (p < 0.05, η2 = 0.27) and anaerobic power (p < 0.01, η2 = 0.51) whereas no changes were observed in PLA group. The V.O2max differences were also significant in the supplemented group (p < 0.05). In summary, the changes in aerobic and anaerobic capacity observed in this study were associated with a serum concentration of 25-OH-D3. Our data imply that vitamin D3 supplementation with a dose of 6000 IU daily for eight weeks is sufficient to improve physical capacity and vitamin D3 status.
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Bauer P, Kraushaar L, Dörr O, Bauer T, Nef H, Hamm CW, Most A. Association of 25-hydroxy vitamin D level with the blood pressure response to a maximum exercise test among professional indoor athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:1931-1941. [PMID: 32588193 PMCID: PMC7340632 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04421-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Low vitamin D levels have been associated with elevated blood pressure (BP) in the general population. However, whether there is an association of vitamin D insufficiency with BP changes during maximum exercise in athletes is currently unclear.
Methods A total of 120 male professional indoor athletes (age 26 ± 5 years) were examined. BP was measured at rest and during a graded cycling test. We assessed the BP response (BPR) during maximum exercise and the respective load. BP and BPR (peak-baseline BP) were analysed with respect to 25-OH vitamin D levels, with levels < 30 ng/mL defining vitamin D insufficiency.
Results 35 athletes were classified as being vitamin D insufficient. BP was not different between sufficient and insufficient vitamin D groups (122 ± 10/75 ± 7 vs. 120 ± 12/77 ± 9 mmHg). At maximum exercise, however, systolic BP (198 ± 17 vs. 189 ± 19, p = 0.026) and the pulse pressure (118 ± 18 vs. 109 ± 21 mmHg, p = 0.021) were higher in the sufficient group; the BPR was not different between groups (76 ± 20/5 ± 6 vs. 69 ± 22/3 ± 6 mmHg, p = 0.103). Athletes with sufficient levels had a higher maximum power output (3.99 ± 0.82 vs. 3.58 ± 0.78 W/kg, p = 0.015) and achieved higher workloads (367 ± 78 vs. 333 ± 80 W, p = 0.003). The workload-adjusted BPR (maximum systolic BP/MPO) was not different between athletes with sufficient and insufficient vitamin D levels (51 ± 10 vs. 56 ± 14 mmHg × kg/W, p = 0.079).
Conclusion Athletes with sufficient vitamin D achieved a higher maximum systolic BP and a higher maximum power output. The workload-adjusted BPR was not different between groups, which suggests that this finding reflects a better performance of athletes with sufficient vitamin D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Bauer
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Justus- Liebig- University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
| | | | - Oliver Dörr
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Justus- Liebig- University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Timm Bauer
- Department of Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Sana Clinic Offenbach, Offenbach, Germany
| | - Holger Nef
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Justus- Liebig- University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christian W Hamm
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Justus- Liebig- University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.,Department of Cardiology, Kerckhoff Clinic GmbH, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Astrid Most
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Justus- Liebig- University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Abstract
Athletes should pay more attention to their bone health, whether this relates to their longer-term bone health (e.g. risk of osteopenia and osteoporosis) or their shorter-term risk of bony injuries. Perhaps the easiest way to do this would be to modify their training loads, although this advice rarely seems popular with coaches and athletes for obvious reasons. As such, other possibilities to support the athletes’ bone health need to be explored. Given that bone is a nutritionally modified tissue and diet has a significant influence on bone health across the lifespan, diet and nutritional composition seem like obvious candidates for manipulation. The nutritional requirements to support the skeleton during growth and development and during ageing are unlikely to be notably different between athletes and the general population, although there are some considerations of specific relevance, including energy availability, low carbohydrate availability, protein intake, vitamin D intake and dermal calcium and sodium losses. Energy availability is important for optimising bone health in the athlete, although normative energy balance targets are highly unrealistic for many athletes. The level of energy availability beyond which there is no negative effect for the bone needs to be established. On the balance of the available evidence it would seem unlikely that higher animal protein intakes, in the amounts recommended to athletes, are harmful to bone health, particularly with adequate calcium intake. Dermal calcium losses might be an important consideration for endurance athletes, particularly during long training sessions or events. In these situations, some consideration should be given to pre-exercise calcium feeding. The avoidance of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency is important for the athlete to protect their bone health. There remains a lack of information relating to the longer-term effects of different dietary and nutritional practices on bone health in athletes, something that needs to be addressed before specific guidance can be provided.
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Michalczyk MM, Gołaś A, Maszczyk A, Kaczka P, Zając A. Influence of Sunlight and Oral D 3 Supplementation on Serum 25(OH)D Concentration and Exercise Performance in Elite Soccer Players. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12051311. [PMID: 32375348 PMCID: PMC7284423 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of natural sun exposure and six weeks of a high dose of vitamin D supplementation on vitamin D, testosterone and cortisol serum concentrations as well as speed, power and VO2max in professional soccer players. Materials: The study was conducted from January to September. At the beginning of the study, 33 professional soccer players were enrolled; however, only 28 subjects (height 181.5 cm; body mass 77.81 ± 8.8 kg; body fat 12.38% ± 2.4% and muscle mass 40.27 ± 5.3 kg) completed the study. The research consisted of three stages. The first one, lasting 10 days, was conducted in January during a training camp in the south part of Cyprus at a latitude of 34 33°, where participants experienced natural sun exposure; it was called a winter sun exposure (WSE) period. The second stage, which was a supplementation period (SP), lasted 6 weeks, during which all subjects were randomly assigned either to an experimental group—EG (n = 15)—or a placebo group—PG (n = 13)—and were administered 6000 IU/d cholecalciferol or a placebo, respectively. The third stage took place in September, after summertime (summer sun exposure—SSE). The data of the 25(OH)D, free and total testosterone (fT, tT), cortisol as well as 5 and 30 m sprint tests (STs), power of the left leg (PLL) and VO2max were evaluated before and after the WSE period, the SP and SSE. Results: In January, the baseline value of vitamin D in 12 subjects was ≤20 ng/mL, and 14 of them had levels between 20–30 ng/mL and 2 individuals >30 ng/mL. After the WSE period, significant changes in 25(OH)D, fT, tT and cortisol concentration, as well as in the 5 m ST, were observed. After the SP, in the EG, significant changes were found in 25(OH)D, fT, tT and the 5 m ST. Furthermore, a positive correlation between the concentration of 25(OH) fT and tT was observed. After SSE, 2 out of 28 players had <20 ng/mL 25(OH)D, 12 of them had 25(OH)D between 20 and 30 ng/mL and 14 of them had 25(OH)D between 30 and 50 ng/mL. Significant differences in 25(OH)D, fT, tT concentration and the 5 m ST performance were observed following SSE compared with the WSE period. Conclusion: Due to the serum level of 25(OH)D demonstrated by most participants at the beginning of the study and after summertime, all-year-round supplementation with high doses of vitamin D seems to be a reasonable solution to enhance high 25(OH)D concentration in blood and physical performance. In the middle of the winter, almost half of the soccer players were serum deficient of 25(OH)D. After ten days of sun exposure and 6 weeks of vitamin D supplementation, the concentration of 25(OH)D significantly increased, as did testosterone and results in the 5 m sprint test also improved. Therefore, athletes should be constantly monitored for serum levels of 25(OH)D throughout the year and should be supplemented if deficiencies or insufficient amounts of this vitamin occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Magdalena Michalczyk
- Institute of Sport Sciences The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Poland Mikolowska 72a, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (A.G.); (A.M.); (A.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-3-2207-5343
| | - Artur Gołaś
- Institute of Sport Sciences The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Poland Mikolowska 72a, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (A.G.); (A.M.); (A.Z.)
| | - Adam Maszczyk
- Institute of Sport Sciences The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Poland Mikolowska 72a, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (A.G.); (A.M.); (A.Z.)
| | - Piotr Kaczka
- Research and Development Center, Olimp Laboratories Sp. z o.o, 39-200 Dębica, Poland;
| | - Adam Zając
- Institute of Sport Sciences The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Poland Mikolowska 72a, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (A.G.); (A.M.); (A.Z.)
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Beermann BL, Lee DG, Almstedt HC, McCormack WP. Nutritional Intake and Energy Availability of Collegiate Distance Runners. J Am Coll Nutr 2020; 39:747-755. [PMID: 32191158 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2020.1735570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Research investigating the dietary habits of distance runners has presented varying results. Proper dietary intake appears to enhance distance running performance and low dietary intake may impact health. The purpose of this investigation was to perform a comprehensive evaluation of nutrient intake of collegiate distance runners with comparison to recommendations for athletes.Methods: Twenty-one men (Age: 19.6 ± 1.2 years; height: 177.1 ± 5.7 cm; body mass: 65.7 ± 4.6 kg; body fat: 15.5 ± 2.2%) and 20 women (Age: 20.2 ± 1.7 years; height: 162.9 ± 6.6 cm; body mass: 53.7 ± 6.5 kg; body fat: 23.3 ± 3.6%) volunteered to participate in the investigation. Energy intake was derived from the Block Food Frequency Questionnaire. Energy availability was calculated by subtracting exercising energy expenditure from daily energy intake, divided by bone free lean mass and fat-free mass. Macronutrient and micronutrient consumption were compared with the appropriate dietary reference intake values, U.S. Dietary Guidelines, or standards recommended for endurance athletes.Results: Dietary intake for the men was 2,741.0 ± 815.2kilocalories and for the women was 1,927.7 ± 638.2kilocalories. A majority of the runners (73%) consumed less than recommended levels of carbohydrates. All men and 75% of women met or exceeded the recommended daily protein intake. Fifty percent of women and 24% of men did not meet the recommended daily allowance for calcium. Ninety-five percent of the runners did not meet the RDA for vitamin D. All the men and 75% of the women met the RDA for iron intake, with 24 of the runners taking an iron supplement. Eight men and 10 women did not meet the recommended intake for potassium.Conclusion: The dietary intake in this group of distance runners is below that necessary for the level of energy expended in their training. Carbohydrate intake is below the recommended amount for endurance athletes, and the calcium and vitamin D intake may not be favorable for bone health in this group of distance runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke L Beermann
- Department of Health and Human Sciences, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Deborah G Lee
- Department of Health and Human Sciences, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Hawley C Almstedt
- Department of Health and Human Sciences, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - William P McCormack
- Department of Health and Human Sciences, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, California, USA
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de la Puente Yagüe M, Collado Yurrita L, Ciudad Cabañas MJ, Cuadrado Cenzual MA. Role of Vitamin D in Athletes and Their Performance: Current Concepts and New Trends. Nutrients 2020; 12:E579. [PMID: 32102188 PMCID: PMC7071499 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
We are currently experiencing a vitamin D (VITD) deficiency pandemic across the world. Athletes have the same predisposition to low levels of vitamin D, the majority of its concentrations being below 20 ng/mL in a wide range of sports, especially in the winter months. Vitamin D is important in bone health, but recent research also points out its essential role in extraskeletal functions, including skeletal muscle growth, immune and cardiopulmonary functions and inflammatory modulation, which influence athletic performance. Vitamin D can also interact with extraskeletal tissues to modulate injury recovery and also influence the risk of infection. The data presented in this paper has triggered investigations in relation to the importance of maintaining adequate levels of vitamin D and to the possible positive influence supplementation has on immune and musculoskeletal functions in athletes, benefiting their performance and preventing future injuries. The objective of this review is to describe the latest research conducted on the epidemiology of vitamin D deficiency and its effects on sports performance and musculoskeletal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirian de la Puente Yagüe
- Department of Public and Maternal Child Health University, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Luis Collado Yurrita
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.J.C.C.); (M.A.C.C.)
| | - Maria J. Ciudad Cabañas
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.J.C.C.); (M.A.C.C.)
| | - Marioa A. Cuadrado Cenzual
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.J.C.C.); (M.A.C.C.)
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Dobrowolski H, Karczemna A, Włodarek D. Nutrition for Female Soccer Players-Recommendations. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2020; 56:E28. [PMID: 32284520 PMCID: PMC7022222 DOI: 10.3390/medicina56010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Soccer is one of the most popular sports in the world. As its number of players is increasing, the number of female players is also on the rise. However, there are limited data about how the diets of female soccer players should be designed. Thus, the aim of our work is to deliver concise nutritional recommendations for women practicing this sport. Based on a literature review, we emphasize that individual adjustment of the energy value of the diet is the key factor for the physical performance of female soccer players. Appropriate macronutrient intake makes it possible to achieve the proper energy value of the diet (5-10 g/kg body mass/day carbohydrates; 1.2-1.7 g/kg body mass/day proteins; <30% fats from energy). The micronutrients should be consumed in amounts corresponding to individual values recommended in national standards. Soccer players should pay special attention to the proper consumption of such micronutrients, as well as vitamins such as iron, calcium, and vitamin D. The right amount of fluid intake, consistent with the player's needs, is crucial in maximizing exercise performance. The diet of a female practicing soccer is usually characterized with low energy values, which increases the risk of various health consequences related to low energy availability. Monitoring the diets of female soccer players is, therefore, necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Dobrowolski
- Department of Dietetics, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), 159c Nowoursynowska Str., 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (A.K.)
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Blume K, Wolfarth B. Identification of Potential Performance-Related Predictors in Young Competitive Athletes. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1394. [PMID: 31803061 PMCID: PMC6872676 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Systematic training is an essential demand for the individual success of an athlete. However, similar training modalities cause individual responses, and finally, decide on athletes’ success or failure. To predict performance development, potential influencing parameters should be known. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify performance-related parameters in young competitive athletes. Methods Individual performance developments of 146 young athletes (m: n = 96, f: n = 50, age V1: 14.7 ± 1.7 years) of four different sports (soccer: n = 45, cycling: n = 48, swimming: n = 18, cross-country skiing: n = 35) were evaluated by analysis of 356 visits in total (exercise intervention periods, 289 ± 112 d). At V1 and V2 several performance parameters were determined. Based on the relative performance progress (Δ), potential influencing predictors were analyzed: training load, health sense, stress level, clinical complaints, hemoglobin, vitamin D, hs-CRP and EBV serostatus. Data were collected within a controlled, prospective study on young athletes, which was conducted between 2010 and 2014. Results Athletes improved their performance by 4.7 ± 10.7%. In total, 66.3% of all athletes represented a positive performance progress. This group demonstrated, despite similar training loads (p = 0.207), enhanced health senses (p = 0.001) and lower stress levels (p = 0.002). In contrast, compared to athletes with an impaired performance progress, no differences in hemoglobin values (m: p = 0.926, f: p = 0.578), vitamin D levels (0.787) and EBV serostatus (p = 0.842) were found. Performance progress was dependent on extents of health senses (p = 0.040) and stress levels (p = 0.045). Furthermore, the combination of declined health senses and rised stress levels was associated with an impaired performance development (p = 0.018) and higher prevalences of clinical complaints (p < 0.001) above all, in contrast to hs-CRP (p = 0.168). Discussion Athletes with an improved performance progress reported less pronounced subjective sensations and complaints. In contrast, objective known performance-related indicators, offered no differences. Therefore, subjective self-reported data, reflecting health and stress status, should be additionally considered to regulate training, modify intensities, and finally, predict and ensure an optimal performance advance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Blume
- Department of Sports Medicine, Humboldt University of Berlin/Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,Zentrum für Innere Medizin, Klinikum Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Bernd Wolfarth
- Department of Sports Medicine, Humboldt University of Berlin/Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,Institute for Applied Training Science (IAT), Leipzig, Germany
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Wiciński M, Adamkiewicz D, Adamkiewicz M, Śniegocki M, Podhorecka M, Szychta P, Malinowski B. Impact of Vitamin D on Physical Efficiency and Exercise Performance-A Review. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11112826. [PMID: 31752277 PMCID: PMC6893541 DOI: 10.3390/nu11112826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency amongst athletes and the general population seems to be a prominent problem. The most recognized role of vitamin D is its regulation of calcium homeostasis; there is a strong relationship between vitamin D and bone health. Moreover, its concentrations are associated with muscle function and immune response in both the general and athletic populations. Vitamin D level is strongly connected with the presence of VDRs (vitamin D receptors) in most human extraskeletal cells. Expression of multiple myogenic transcription factors enhancing muscle cell proliferation and differentiation is caused by an exposure of skeletal muscles to vitamin D. The aim of this review is to summarize current understanding of the significance of vitamin D on exercise performance and physical efficiency, as well to analyze the impact of vitamin D on multiple potential mechanisms. More high-quality research studies, considering free 25(OH)D as a better marker of vitamin D status, the baseline level of 25(OH)D and multiple pathways of vitamin D acting and usage in athletes are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Wiciński
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, M. Curie 9, 85-090 Bydgoszcz, Poland
- Correspondence: (M.W.); (D.A.); (B.M.)
| | - Dawid Adamkiewicz
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, M. Curie 9, 85-090 Bydgoszcz, Poland
- Correspondence: (M.W.); (D.A.); (B.M.)
| | - Monika Adamkiewicz
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, M. Curie 9, 85-090 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Maciej Śniegocki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurotraumatology and Paediatric Neurosurgery, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Marta Podhorecka
- Department of Geriatrics, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Paweł Szychta
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Bartosz Malinowski
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, M. Curie 9, 85-090 Bydgoszcz, Poland
- Correspondence: (M.W.); (D.A.); (B.M.)
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Fields JB, Payne DC, Gallo S, Busteed DR, Jones MT. Vitamin D Status Differs by Sex, Sport-Season, and Skin Pigmentation among Elite Collegiate Basketball Players. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:sports7110239. [PMID: 31752086 PMCID: PMC6915602 DOI: 10.3390/sports7110239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D plays a key role in bone health, musculoskeletal function, and sport performance. Collegiate athletes competing in indoor sports may be at greater risk of vitamin D deficiency due to limited outdoor time. Therefore, the purpose was to assess 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations among collegiate men and women basketball (MBB, WBB) athletes. National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I men (MBB, n = 11) and women (WBB, n = 9) were tested during the off-season (T1; July) and pre-season (T2; October). Measurements included serum 25(OH)D; skin pigmentation, bone mineral density, and daily sun exposure (self-reported). Paired t-tests determined changes in 25(OH)D by sport-season and sex. Pearson correlations examined relationships between outcome variables. MBB athletes (mean ± SD; 19.6 ± 1.3 years) showed a reduction in 25(OH)D (T1: 64.53 nmol·L−1 ± 11.96) (T2: 56.11 nmol·L−1 ± 7.90) (p = 0.001). WBB (20.1 ± 1.1 years) had no change in 25(OH)D (T1: 99.07 nmol·L−1 ± 49.94. T2: 97.56 nmol·L−1 ± 36.47, p = 0.848). A positive association between 25(OH)D and skin pigmentation was observed (r = 0.47, p = 0.038). 25(OH)D was inversely correlated with lean body mass (LBM), body mass (BM), and bone mineral density (BMD), while a positive association was seen between 25(OH)D and skin pigmentation. In summary, 25(OH)D insufficiency was prevalent amongst male collegiate basketball athletes, with 25(OH)D levels being lower in the pre-season (October) than the off-season (July). Furthermore, darker skin pigmentation significantly correlated with 25(OH)D, indicating that individuals with darker skin tones may be at a greater risk of insufficiency/deficiency. More research is needed to examine the relationships between 25(OH)D and bone health in athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer B. Fields
- Frank Pettrone Center for Sports Performance, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
- School of Kinesiology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Daniel C. Payne
- School of Kinesiology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Sina Gallo
- Nutrition and Food Studies, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Deanna R. Busteed
- Frank Pettrone Center for Sports Performance, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Margaret T. Jones
- Frank Pettrone Center for Sports Performance, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
- School of Kinesiology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
- Correspondence:
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Bezuglov E, Tikhonova A, Zueva A, Khaitin V, Waśkiewicz Z, Gerasimuk D, Żebrowska A, Rosemann T, Nikolaidis P, Knechtle B. Prevalence and Treatment of Vitamin D Deficiency in Young Male Russian Soccer Players in Winter. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11102405. [PMID: 31597404 PMCID: PMC6835528 DOI: 10.3390/nu11102405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D (25(OH)D) insufficiency and deficiency are highly prevalent in adult soccer players and can exceed 80% even in regions with high insolation; however, the treatment of this condition is often complicated. The aim of the present study was to examine the prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency in youth Russian soccer players and the efficacy of its treatment. Participants were 131 young male football players (age 15.6 ± 2.4 years). Low vitamin D levels (below 30 ng/mL) were observed in 42.8% of the analyzed participants. These athletes were split in two groups composed of persons with vitamin D deficiency (serum vitamin D below 21 ng/mL) and insufficiency (serum vitamin D in range of 21–29 ng/mL). A dietary supplement of 5000 IU cholecalciferol per day was administered for two months. After the treatment, an average 92% increase in vitamin D concentration was observed (before treatment—19.7 ± 5.4 ng/mL, after treatment—34.7 ± 8.6 ng/mL, p < 0.001) and 74% of the post-treatment values were within the reference range (30–60 ng/mL). Serum concentration of vitamin D increased by 200% ± 98% (p < 0.001) during the first month of treatment with vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency being successfully treated in 83% of the football players. In summary, the prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency was high in young Russian soccer players. Furthermore, it was indicated that the daily usage of cholecalciferol in a dose 5000 IU was an effective and well-tolerated treatment for vitamin D insufficiency. No linear dependency between the duration of treatment and increase in vitamin 25(OH)D concentration was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Bezuglov
- Department of Sport Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia
- FC Lokomotiv, 107553 Moscow, Russia
- Russi An Football Union, 115172 Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksandra Tikhonova
- Department of Sport Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasiya Zueva
- Department of Sport Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Zbigniew Waśkiewicz
- Department of Sport Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Sport Science, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Dagmara Gerasimuk
- Department of Sports Training, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Aleksandra Żebrowska
- Department of Physiological and Medical Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Thomas Rosemann
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | | | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland;
- Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, 9001 St. Gallen, Switzerland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-(0)-71-226-93-00
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