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Iwabuchi K, Satoh M, Yoshino K, Ishimori N. Recent advances regarding the potential roles of invariant natural killer T cells in cardiovascular diseases with immunological and inflammatory backgrounds. Int Immunol 2024; 36:377-392. [PMID: 38557824 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxae019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells, which bear αβ-type T-cell antigen-receptors (TCRs), recognize glycolipid antigens in a cluster of differentiation 1d (CD1d)-restricted manner. Regarding these cells, the unique modes of thymic selection and maturation elucidate innateness, irrespective of them also being members of the adaptive immune system as a T-cell. iNKT cells develop and differentiate into NKT1 [interferon γ (IFN-γ)-producing], NKT2 [interleukin 4 (IL-4)/IL-13-producing], or NKT17 (IL-17-producing) subsets in the thymus. After egress, NKT10 (IL-10-producing), follicular helper NKT (NKTfh; IL-21-producing), and regulatory NKT (NKTreg) subsets emerge following stimulation in the periphery. Moreover, iNKT cells have been shown to possess several physiological or pathological roles. iNKT cells exhibit dual alleviating or aggravating roles in experimentally induced immune and/or inflammatory diseases in mice. These findings indicate that the modulation of iNKT cells can be employed for therapeutic use or prevention of human diseases. In this review, we discuss the potential roles of iNKT cells in the development of immune/inflammatory diseases of the cardiovascular system, with emphasis on atherosclerosis, aortic aneurysms, and cardiac remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Masashi Satoh
- Department of Immunology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara 252-0374, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Yoshino
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara 252-0374, Japan
| | - Naoki Ishimori
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0638, Japan
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Boonchalermvichian C, Yan H, Gupta B, Rubin A, Baker J, Negrin RS. invariant Natural Killer T cell therapy as a novel therapeutic approach in hematological malignancies. FRONTIERS IN TRANSPLANTATION 2024; 3:1353803. [PMID: 38993780 PMCID: PMC11235242 DOI: 10.3389/frtra.2024.1353803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Invariant Natural Killer T cell therapy is an emerging platform of immunotherapy for cancer treatment. This unique cell population is a promising candidate for cell therapy for cancer treatment because of its inherent cytotoxicity against CD1d positive cancers as well as its ability to induce host CD8 T cell cross priming. Substantial evidence supports that iNKT cells can modulate myelomonocytic populations in the tumor microenvironment to ameliorate immune dysregulation to antagonize tumor progression. iNKT cells can also protect from graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) through several mechanisms, including the expansion of regulatory T cells (Treg). Ultimately, iNKT cell-based therapy can retain antitumor activity while providing protection against GVHD simultaneously. Therefore, these biological properties render iNKT cells as a promising "off-the-shelf" therapy for diverse hematological malignancies and possible solid tumors. Further the introduction of a chimeric antigen recetor (CAR) can further target iNKT cells and enhance function. We foresee that improved vector design and other strategies such as combinatorial treatments with small molecules or immune checkpoint inhibitors could improve CAR iNKT in vivo persistence, functionality and leverage anti-tumor activity along with the abatement of iNKT cell dysfunction or exhaustion.
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Karnaukhov VK, Le Gac AL, Bilonda Mutala L, Darbois A, Perrin L, Legoux F, Walczak AM, Mora T, Lantz O. Innate-like T cell subset commitment in the murine thymus is independent of TCR characteristics and occurs during proliferation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2311348121. [PMID: 38530897 PMCID: PMC10998581 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2311348121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
How T-cell receptor (TCR) characteristics determine subset commitment during T-cell development is still unclear. Here, we addressed this question for innate-like T cells, mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, and invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells. MAIT and iNKT cells have similar developmental paths, leading in mice to two effector subsets, cytotoxic (MAIT1/iNKT1) and IL17-secreting (MAIT17/iNKT17). For iNKT1 vs iNKT17 fate choice, an instructive role for TCR affinity was proposed but recent data argue against this model. Herein, we examined TCR role in MAIT and iNKT subset commitment through scRNAseq and TCR repertoire analysis. In our dataset of thymic MAIT cells, we found pairs of T-cell clones with identical amino acid TCR sequences originating from distinct precursors, one of which committed to MAIT1 and the other to MAIT17 fates. Quantitative in silico simulations indicated that the number of such cases is best explained by lineage choice being independent of TCR characteristics. Comparison of TCR features of MAIT1 and MAIT17 clonotypes demonstrated that the subsets cannot be distinguished based on TCR sequence. To pinpoint the developmental stage associated with MAIT sublineage choice, we demonstrated that proliferation takes place both before and after MAIT fate commitment. Altogether, we propose a model of MAIT cell development in which noncommitted, intermediate-stage MAIT cells undergo a first round of proliferation, followed by TCR characteristics-independent commitment to MAIT1 or MAIT17 lineage, followed by an additional round of proliferation. Reanalyzing a published iNKT TCR dataset, we showed that this model is also relevant for iNKT cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim K. Karnaukhov
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences & Lettres University, Inserm U932, Immunity and Cancer, Paris75005, France
- Laboratoire de Physique de l’École Normale Supérieure, Paris Sciences & Lettres University, CNRS, Sorbonne Université and Université Paris Cité, Paris75005, France
| | - Anne-Laure Le Gac
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences & Lettres University, Inserm U932, Immunity and Cancer, Paris75005, France
| | - Linda Bilonda Mutala
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences & Lettres University, Inserm U932, Immunity and Cancer, Paris75005, France
| | - Aurélie Darbois
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences & Lettres University, Inserm U932, Immunity and Cancer, Paris75005, France
| | - Laetitia Perrin
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences & Lettres University, Inserm U932, Immunity and Cancer, Paris75005, France
| | - Francois Legoux
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences & Lettres University, Inserm U932, Immunity and Cancer, Paris75005, France
- INSERM Equipe de Recherche Labellisée 1305, CNRSUMR6290, Université de Rennes, Institut de Génétique & Développement de Rennes35000, France
| | - Aleksandra M. Walczak
- Laboratoire de Physique de l’École Normale Supérieure, Paris Sciences & Lettres University, CNRS, Sorbonne Université and Université Paris Cité, Paris75005, France
| | - Thierry Mora
- Laboratoire de Physique de l’École Normale Supérieure, Paris Sciences & Lettres University, CNRS, Sorbonne Université and Université Paris Cité, Paris75005, France
| | - Olivier Lantz
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences & Lettres University, Inserm U932, Immunity and Cancer, Paris75005, France
- Laboratoire d’Immunologie Clinique, Département de médecine diagnostique et théranostique, Institut Curie, Paris75005, France
- Centre d’Investigation Clinique en Biothérapie Gustave-Roussy Institut Curie (CIC-BT1428), Paris75005, France
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4
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Herr LA, Fiala GJ, Sagar, Schaffer AM, Hummel JF, Zintchenko M, Raute K, Velasco Cárdenas RMH, Heizmann B, Ebert K, Fehrenbach K, Janowska I, Chan S, Tanriver Y, Minguet S, Schamel WW. Kidins220 and Aiolos promote thymic iNKT cell development by reducing TCR signals. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadj2802. [PMID: 38489359 PMCID: PMC10942104 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj2802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Development of T cells is controlled by the signal strength of the TCR. The scaffold protein kinase D-interacting substrate of 220 kilodalton (Kidins220) binds to the TCR; however, its role in T cell development was unknown. Here, we show that T cell-specific Kidins220 knockout (T-KO) mice have strongly reduced invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cell numbers and modest decreases in conventional T cells. Enhanced apoptosis due to increased TCR signaling in T-KO iNKT thymocytes of developmental stages 2 and 3 shows that Kidins220 down-regulates TCR signaling at these stages. scRNA-seq indicated that the transcription factor Aiolos is down-regulated in Kidins220-deficient iNKT cells. Analysis of an Aiolos KO demonstrated that Aiolos is a downstream effector of Kidins220 during iNKT cell development. In the periphery, T-KO iNKT cells show reduced TCR signaling upon stimulation with α-galactosylceramide, suggesting that Kidins220 promotes TCR signaling in peripheral iNKT cells. Thus, Kidins220 reduces or promotes signaling dependent on the iNKT cell developmental stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurenz A. Herr
- Signaling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS; University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gina J. Fiala
- Signaling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS; University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sagar
- Department of Medicine II (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, and Infectious Diseases), Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anna-Maria Schaffer
- Signaling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS; University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jonas F. Hummel
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marina Zintchenko
- Signaling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS; University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Raute
- Signaling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS; University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rubí M.-H. Velasco Cárdenas
- Signaling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS; University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Beate Heizmann
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM U1258, CNRS UMR7104, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Karolina Ebert
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Fehrenbach
- Signaling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS; University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Iga Janowska
- Signaling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS; University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Susan Chan
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM U1258, CNRS UMR7104, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Yakup Tanriver
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Medicine IV: Nephrology and Primary Care, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Susana Minguet
- Signaling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS; University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang W. Schamel
- Signaling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS; University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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5
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Maas-Bauer K, Köhler N, Stell AV, Zwick M, Acharya S, Rensing-Ehl A, König C, Kroll J, Baker J, Koßmann S, Pradier A, Wang S, Docquier M, Lewis DB, Negrin RS, Simonetta F. Single-cell transcriptomics reveal different maturation stages and sublineage commitment of human thymic invariant natural killer T cells. J Leukoc Biol 2024; 115:401-409. [PMID: 37742056 PMCID: PMC10799303 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiad113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T cells are a rare, heterogeneous T-cell subset with cytotoxic and immunomodulatory properties. During thymic development, murine invariant natural killer T cells go through different maturation stages differentiating into distinct sublineages, namely, invariant natural killer T1, 2, and 17 cells. Recent reports indicate that invariant natural killer T2 cells display immature properties and give rise to other subsets, whereas invariant natural killer T1 cells seem to be terminally differentiated. Whether human invariant natural killer T cells follow a similar differentiation model is still unknown. To define the maturation stages and assess the sublineage commitment of human invariant natural killer T cells during thymic development, in this study, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing analysis on human Vα24+Vβ11+ invariant natural killer T cells isolated from thymocytes. We show that these invariant natural killer T cells displayed heterogeneity, and our unsupervised analysis identified 5 clusters representing different maturation stages, from an immature profile with high expression of genes important for invariant natural killer T cell development and proliferation to a mature, fully differentiated profile with high levels of cytotoxic effector molecules. Evaluation of expression of sublineage-defining gene sets revealed mainly cells with an invariant natural killer T2 signature in the most immature cluster, whereas the more differentiated ones displayed an invariant natural killer T1 signature. Combined analysis with a publicly available single-cell RNA sequencing data set of human invariant natural killer T cells from peripheral blood suggested that the 2 main subsets exist both in thymus and in the periphery, while a third more immature one was restricted to the thymus. Our data point to the existence of different maturation stages of human thymic invariant natural killer T cells and provide evidence for sublineage commitment of invariant natural killer T cells in the human thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Maas-Bauer
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, Stanford University, Center for Clinical Sciences Research Building, 269 W. Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Hugstetter Str. 55, Freiburg 79106, Germany
| | - Natalie Köhler
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Hugstetter Str. 55, Freiburg 79106, Germany
- CIBSS—Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 18, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Anna-Verena Stell
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Hugstetter Str. 55, Freiburg 79106, Germany
| | - Melissa Zwick
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Hugstetter Str. 55, Freiburg 79106, Germany
| | - Swati Acharya
- Sean N. Parker Center for Asthma and Allergy Research, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, 240 Pasteur Dr, Stanford, CA 94304, United States
| | - Anne Rensing-Ehl
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Breisacher Str. 115, Freiburg 79106, Germany
| | - Christoph König
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Breisacher Str. 115, Freiburg 79106, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 1, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Johannes Kroll
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart Center Freiburg University, Hugstetter Straße 55, Freiburg 79106, Germany
| | - Jeanette Baker
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, Stanford University, Center for Clinical Sciences Research Building, 269 W. Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Stefanie Koßmann
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Hugstetter Str. 55, Freiburg 79106, Germany
| | - Amandine Pradier
- Division of Hematology, Department of Oncology, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, Geneva 1205, Switzerland
- Translational Research Center for Oncohematology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Sisi Wang
- Translational Research Center for Oncohematology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Mylène Docquier
- iGE3 Genomics Platform, University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
- Department of Genetics & Evolution, University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - David B Lewis
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, 240 Pasteur Dr, Stanford, CA 94304, United States
| | - Robert S Negrin
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, Stanford University, Center for Clinical Sciences Research Building, 269 W. Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Federico Simonetta
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, Stanford University, Center for Clinical Sciences Research Building, 269 W. Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
- Division of Hematology, Department of Oncology, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, Geneva 1205, Switzerland
- Translational Research Center for Oncohematology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
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6
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Jiang JH, Ren RT, Cheng YJ, Li XX, Zhang GR. Immune cells and RBCs derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells: method, progress, prospective challenges. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 11:1327466. [PMID: 38250324 PMCID: PMC10796611 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1327466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Blood has an important role in the healthcare system, particularly in blood transfusions and immunotherapy. However, the occurrence of outbreaks of infectious diseases worldwide and seasonal fluctuations, blood shortages are becoming a major challenge. Moreover, the narrow specificity of immune cells hinders the widespread application of immune cell therapy. To address this issue, researchers are actively developing strategies for differentiating induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) into blood cells in vitro. The establishment of iPSCs from terminally differentiated cells such as fibroblasts and blood cells is a straightforward process. However, there is need for further refinement of the protocols for differentiating iPSCs into immune cells and red blood cells to ensure their clinical applicability. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the strategies and challenges facing the generation of iPSC-derived immune cells and red blood cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-he Jiang
- Shandong Yinfeng Academy of Life Science, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ru-tong Ren
- Shandong Yinfeng Academy of Life Science, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yan-jie Cheng
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Science, School of Life and Health Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou, Anhui, China
| | - Xin-xin Li
- Shandong Yinfeng Academy of Life Science, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Gui-rong Zhang
- Shandong Yinfeng Academy of Life Science, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Han SM, Park ES, Park J, Nahmgoong H, Choi YH, Oh J, Yim KM, Lee WT, Lee YK, Jeon YG, Shin KC, Huh JY, Choi SH, Park J, Kim JK, Kim JB. Unique adipose tissue invariant natural killer T cell subpopulations control adipocyte turnover in mice. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8512. [PMID: 38129377 PMCID: PMC10739728 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44181-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are a crucial cell type for adipose tissue homeostasis in obese animals. However, heterogeneity of adipose iNKT cells and their function in adipocyte turnover are not thoroughly understood. Here, we investigate transcriptional heterogeneity in adipose iNKT cells and their hierarchy using single-cell RNA sequencing in lean and obese mice. We report that distinct subpopulations of adipose iNKT cells modulate adipose tissue homeostasis through adipocyte death and birth. We identify KLRG1+ iNKT cells as a unique iNKT cell subpopulation in adipose tissue. Adoptive transfer experiments showed that KLRG1+ iNKT cells are selectively generated within adipose tissue microenvironment and differentiate into a CX3CR1+ cytotoxic subpopulation in obese mice. In addition, CX3CR1+ iNKT cells specifically kill enlarged and inflamed adipocytes and recruit macrophages through CCL5. Furthermore, adipose iNKT17 cells have the potential to secrete AREG, and AREG is involved in stimulating adipose stem cell proliferation. Collectively, our data suggest that each adipose iNKT cell subpopulation plays key roles in the control of adipocyte turnover via interaction with adipocytes, adipose stem cells, and macrophages in adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Mun Han
- National Leading Researcher Initiatives Center for Adipocyte Structure and Function, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Seo Park
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeu Park
- National Leading Researcher Initiatives Center for Adipocyte Structure and Function, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hahn Nahmgoong
- National Leading Researcher Initiatives Center for Adipocyte Structure and Function, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Ha Choi
- Department of Life Sciences, POSTECH, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyoung Oh
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Information and Biotechnology, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Min Yim
- National Leading Researcher Initiatives Center for Adipocyte Structure and Function, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Taek Lee
- National Leading Researcher Initiatives Center for Adipocyte Structure and Function, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Kyung Lee
- Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine & Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Geun Jeon
- National Leading Researcher Initiatives Center for Adipocyte Structure and Function, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Cheul Shin
- National Leading Researcher Initiatives Center for Adipocyte Structure and Function, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Young Huh
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hee Choi
- Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine & Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyoung Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Information and Biotechnology, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Kyoung Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, POSTECH, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Bum Kim
- National Leading Researcher Initiatives Center for Adipocyte Structure and Function, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Hägglöf T, Parthasarathy R, Liendo N, Dudley EA, Leadbetter EA. RIPK1 deficiency prevents thymic NK1.1 expression and subsequent iNKT cell development. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1103591. [PMID: 37965338 PMCID: PMC10642909 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1103591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptor Interacting Protein Kinase 1 (RIPK1) and caspase-8 (Casp8) jointly orchestrate apoptosis, a key mechanism for eliminating developing T cells which have autoreactive or improperly arranged T cell receptors. Mutations in the scaffolding domain of Ripk1 gene have been identified in humans with autoinflammatory diseases like Cleavage Resistant RIPK1 Induced Autoinflammatory (CRIA) and Inflammatory Bowel Disease. RIPK1 protein also contributes to conventional T cell differentiation and peripheral T cell homeostasis through its scaffolding domain in a cell death independent context. Ripk1 deficient mice do not survive beyond birth, so we have studied the function of this kinase in vivo against a backdrop Ripk3 and Casp8 deficiency which allows the mice to survive to adulthood. These studies reveal a key role for RIPK1 in mediating NK1.1 expression, including on thymic iNKT cells, which is a key requirement for thymic stage 2 to stage 3 transition as well as iNKT cell precursor development. These results are consistent with RIPK1 mediating responses to TcR engagement, which influence NK1.1 expression and iNKT cell thymic development. We also used in vivo and in vitro stimulation assays to confirm a role for both Casp8 and RIPK1 in mediating iNKT cytokine effector responses. Finally, we also noted expanded and hyperactivated iNKT follicular helper (iNKTFH) cells in both DKO (Casp8-, Ripk3- deficient) and TKO mice (Ripk1-, Casp8-, Ripk3- deficient). Thus, while RIPK1 and Casp8 jointly facilitate iNKT effector function, RIPK1 uniquely influenced thymic iNKT cell development most likely by regulating molecular responses to T cell receptor engagement. iNKT developmental and functional aberrances were not evident in mice expressing a kinase-dead version of RIPK1 (RIPK1kd), indicating that the scaffolding function of this protein exerts the critical regulation of iNKT cells. Our findings suggest that small molecule inhibitors of RIPK1 could be used to regulate iNKT cell development and effector function to alleviate autoinflammatory conditions in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hägglöf
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Raksha Parthasarathy
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Nathaniel Liendo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
- St Mary’s University, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Elizabeth A. Dudley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Elizabeth A. Leadbetter
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
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9
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Won HY, Liman N, Li C, Park JH. Proinflammatory IFNγ Is Produced by but Not Required for the Generation of Eomes + Thymic Innate CD8 T Cells. Cells 2023; 12:2433. [PMID: 37887277 PMCID: PMC10605631 DOI: 10.3390/cells12202433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate CD8 T cells are proinflammatory effector T cells that achieve functional maturation in the thymus prior to their export into and maturation in peripheral tissues. Innate CD8 T cells produce the Th1 cytokine IFNγ but depend on the Th2 cytokine IL-4 for their generation. Thus, innate CD8 T cells can permute the intrathymic cytokine milieu by consuming a Th2 cytokine but driving a Th1 cytokine response. The cellular source of IL-4 is the NKT2 subset of invariant NKT (iNKT) cells. Consequently, NKT2 deficiency results in the lack of innate CD8 T cells. Whether NKT2 is the only iNKT subset and whether IL-4 is the only cytokine required for innate CD8 T cell generation, however, remains unclear. Here, we employed a mouse model of NKT1 deficiency, which is achieved by overexpression of the cytokine receptor IL-2Rβ, and assessed the role of other iNKT subsets and cytokines in innate CD8 T cell differentiation. Because IL-2Rβ-transgenic mice failed to generate both NKT1 and innate CD8 T cells, we postulated an in vivo requirement for IFNγ-producing NKT1 cells for innate CD8 T cell development. In-depth analyses of IL-2Rβ-transgenic mice and IFNγ-deficient mice, however, demonstrated that neither NKT1 nor IFNγ was required to induce Eomes or to drive innate CD8 T cell generation. Instead, in vivo administration of recombinant IL-4 sufficed to restore the development of innate CD8 T cells in NKT1-deficient mice, affirming that intrathymic IL-4, and not IFNγ, is the limiting factor and key regulator of innate CD8 T cell generation in the thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jung-Hyun Park
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (H.Y.W.); (N.L.); (C.L.)
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10
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Jeong D, Woo YD, Chung DH. Invariant natural killer T cells in lung diseases. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:1885-1894. [PMID: 37696892 PMCID: PMC10545712 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01024-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are a subset of T cells that are characterized by a restricted T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire and a unique ability to recognize glycolipid antigens. These cells are found in all tissues, and evidence to date suggests that they play many immunological roles in both homeostasis and inflammatory conditions. The latter include lung inflammatory diseases such as asthma and infections: the roles of lung-resident iNKT cells in these diseases have been extensively researched. Here, we provide insights into the biology of iNKT cells in health and disease, with a particular focus on the role of pulmonary iNKT cells in airway inflammation and other lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjin Jeong
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation in Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeon Duk Woo
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation in Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Doo Hyun Chung
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation in Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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11
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Zhao W, Wang Y, Zhang X, Hao J, Zhang K, Huang X, Chang Y, Wu H, Jin R, Ge Q. Impaired thymic iNKT cell differentiation at early precursor stage in murine haploidentical bone marrow transplantation with GvHD. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1203614. [PMID: 37600815 PMCID: PMC10438461 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1203614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Early recovery of donor-derived invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are associated with reduced risk of graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) and overall survival. Patients with severe GvHD, however, had much slower iNKT cell reconstitution relative to conventional T cells. Methods To characterize the delay of iNKT cell reconstitution and explore its possible causes, we used a haploidentical bone marrow transplantation (haplo-BMT) mouse model with GvHD. We found the delayed recovery of thymic and peripheral iNKT cell numbers with markedly decreased thymic NKT1 subset in GvHD mice. The defective generation of thymic iNKT precursors with egress capability contributed to the reduced peripheral iNKT cells in GvHD mice. We further identified intermediate NK1.1- NKT1 precursor subpopulations under steady-state conditions and found that the differentiation of these subpopulations was impaired in the thymi of GvHD mice. Detailed characterization of iNKT precursors and thymic microenvironment showed a close association of elevated TCR/co-stimulatory signaling provided by double positive thymocytes and macrophages with defective down-regulation of proliferation, metabolism, and NKT2 signature in iNKT precursor cells. Correspondingly, NKT2 but not NKT1 differentiation was favored in GvHD mice. Discussion These data underline the important roles of TCR and co-stimulatory signaling in the differentiation of thymic iNKT subsets under transplantation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijia Zhao
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Yujia Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Xinwei Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Jie Hao
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Kunshan Zhang
- Central Lab, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojun Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Peking University People’s Hospital & Institute of Hematology, Beijing, China
| | - Yingjun Chang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Peking University People’s Hospital & Institute of Hematology, Beijing, China
| | - Hounan Wu
- Peking University Medical and Health Analytical Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Jin
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Qing Ge
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology (Peking University), Beijing, China
- Department of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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12
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Iwanami N, Richter AS, Sikora K, Boehm T. Tnpo3 controls splicing of the pre-mRNA encoding the canonical TCR α chain of iNKT cells. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3645. [PMID: 37339974 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39422-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Unconventional T cells, such as innate natural killer T cells (iNKT) cells, are an important part of vertebrate immune defences. iNKT recognise glycolipids through a T cell receptor (TCR) that is composed of a semi-invariant TCR α chain, paired with a restricted set of TCR β chains. Here, we show that splicing of the cognate Trav11-Traj18-Trac pre-mRNA encoding the characteristic Vα14Jα18 variable region of this semi-invariant TCR depends on the presence of Tnpo3. The Tnpo3 gene encodes a nuclear transporter of the β-karyopherin family whose cargo includes various splice regulators. The block of iNKT cell development in the absence of Tnpo3 can be overcome by transgenic provision of a rearranged Trav11-Traj18-Trac cDNA, indicating that Tnpo3 deficiency does not interfere with the development of iNKT cells per se. Our study thus identifies a role for Tnpo3 in regulating the splicing of the pre-mRNA encoding the cognate TCRα chain of iNKT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norimasa Iwanami
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 321-8505, Japan
| | - Andreas S Richter
- Bioinformatics Unit, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
- Genedata AG, Margarethenstrasse 38, 4053, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Katarzyna Sikora
- Bioinformatics Unit, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Boehm
- Bioinformatics Unit, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany.
- Faculty of Medicine, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany.
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13
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Look A, Burns D, Tews I, Roghanian A, Mansour S. Towards a better understanding of human iNKT cell subpopulations for improved clinical outcomes. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1176724. [PMID: 37153585 PMCID: PMC10154573 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1176724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are a unique T lymphocyte population expressing semi-invariant T cell receptors (TCRs) that recognise lipid antigens presented by CD1d. iNKT cells exhibit potent anti-tumour activity through direct killing mechanisms and indirectly through triggering the activation of other anti-tumour immune cells. Because of their ability to induce potent anti-tumour responses, particularly when activated by the strong iNKT agonist αGalCer, they have been the subject of intense research to harness iNKT cell-targeted immunotherapies for cancer treatment. However, despite potent anti-tumour efficacy in pre-clinical models, the translation of iNKT cell immunotherapy into human cancer patients has been less successful. This review provides an overview of iNKT cell biology and why they are of interest within the context of cancer immunology. We focus on the iNKT anti-tumour response, the seminal studies that first reported iNKT cytotoxicity, their anti-tumour mechanisms, and the various described subsets within the iNKT cell repertoire. Finally, we discuss several barriers to the successful utilisation of iNKT cells in human cancer immunotherapy, what is required for a better understanding of human iNKT cells, and the future perspectives facilitating their exploitation for improved clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Look
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Burns
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Ivo Tews
- Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Ali Roghanian
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Salah Mansour
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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14
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Ramos SA, Armitage LH, Morton JJ, Alzofon N, Handler D, Kelly G, Homann D, Jimeno A, Russ HA. Generation of functional thymic organoids from human pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cell Reports 2023; 18:829-840. [PMID: 36963390 PMCID: PMC10147832 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2023.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The thymus is critical for the establishment of a functional and self-tolerant adaptive immune system but involutes with age, resulting in reduced naive T cell output. Generation of a functional human thymus from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) is an attractive regenerative strategy. Direct differentiation of thymic epithelial progenitors (TEPs) from hPSCs has been demonstrated in vitro, but functional thymic epithelial cells (TECs) only form months after transplantation of TEPs in vivo. We show the generation of TECs in vitro in isogenic stem cell-derived thymic organoids (sTOs) consisting of TEPs, hematopoietic progenitor cells, and mesenchymal cells, differentiated from the same hPSC line. sTOs support T cell development, express key markers of negative selection, including the autoimmune regulator (AIRE) protein, and facilitate regulatory T cell development. sTOs provide the basis for functional patient-specific thymic organoid models, allowing for the study of human thymus function, T cell development, and transplant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan A Ramos
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Lucas H Armitage
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - John J Morton
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Nathaniel Alzofon
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Diana Handler
- Human Immune Monitoring Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Geoffrey Kelly
- Human Immune Monitoring Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Dirk Homann
- Diabetes, Metabolism and Obesity Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Antonio Jimeno
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Charles C. Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Holger A Russ
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Charles C. Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Department of Pathology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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15
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Del Vescovo S, Venerito V, Iannone C, Lopalco G. Uncovering the Underworld of Axial Spondyloarthritis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:6463. [PMID: 37047435 PMCID: PMC10095023 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Axial spondyloarthritis (axial-SpA) is a multifactorial disease characterized by inflammation in sacroiliac joints and spine, bone reabsorption, and aberrant bone deposition, which may lead to ankylosis. Disease pathogenesis depends on genetic, immunological, mechanical, and bioenvironmental factors. HLA-B27 represents the most important genetic factor, although the disease may also develop in its absence. This MHC class I molecule has been deeply studied from a molecular point of view. Different theories, including the arthritogenic peptide, the unfolded protein response, and HLA-B27 homodimers formation, have been proposed to explain its role. From an immunological point of view, a complex interplay between the innate and adaptive immune system is involved in disease onset. Unlike other systemic autoimmune diseases, the innate immune system in axial-SpA has a crucial role marked by abnormal activity of innate immune cells, including γδ T cells, type 3 innate lymphoid cells, neutrophils, and mucosal-associated invariant T cells, at tissue-specific sites prone to the disease. On the other hand, a T cell adaptive response would seem involved in axial-SpA pathogenesis as emphasized by several studies focusing on TCR low clonal heterogeneity and clonal expansions as well as an interindividual sharing of CD4/8 T cell receptors. As a result of this immune dysregulation, several proinflammatory molecules are produced following the activation of tangled intracellular pathways involved in pathomechanisms of axial-SpA. This review aims to expand the current understanding of axial-SpA pathogenesis, pointing out novel molecular mechanisms leading to disease development and to further investigate potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Del Vescovo
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePRe-J), Polyclinic Hospital, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Venerito
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePRe-J), Polyclinic Hospital, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Claudia Iannone
- Division of Clinical Rheumatology, ASST Gaetano Pini-CTO Institute, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lopalco
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePRe-J), Polyclinic Hospital, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
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16
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Yarosz EL, Kumar A, Singer JD, Chang CH. Cullin 3-Mediated Regulation of Intracellular Iron Homeostasis Promotes Thymic Invariant NKT Cell Maturation. Immunohorizons 2023; 7:235-242. [PMID: 36951874 PMCID: PMC10122431 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2300002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The E3 ubiquitin ligase cullin 3 (Cul3) is critical for invariant NKT (iNKT) cell development, as iNKT cells lacking Cul3 accumulate in the immature developmental stages. However, the mechanisms by which Cul3 mediates iNKT cell development remain unknown. In this study, we investigated the role of Cul3 in both immature and mature thymic iNKT cells using a mouse model with a T cell-specific deletion of Cul3. We found that mature iNKT cells lacking Cul3 proliferated and died more than wild-type cells did. These cells also displayed increased glucose metabolism and autophagy. Interestingly, we found that tight regulation of iron homeostasis is critical for iNKT cell development. Without Cul3, mature iNKT cells harbored higher levels of cytosolic iron, a phenotype associated with increased cell death. Taken together, our data suggest that Cul3 promotes iNKT cell development partially through intracellular iron homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily L. Yarosz
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | - Cheong-Hee Chang
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
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17
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Waldmann TA, Waldmann R, Lin JX, Leonard WJ. The implications of IL-15 trans-presentation on the immune response. Adv Immunol 2022; 156:103-132. [PMID: 36410873 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-15 is a pleiotropic cytokine type I four alpha-helical bundle cytokine that along with IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, and IL-21 shares the common cytokine receptor γ chain, γc. IL-15 is vital for the development, survival, and expansion of natural killer cells and for the development of CD8+ memory T cells. Whereas other family γc cytokines signal by directly binding to their target cells, IL-15 is distinctive in that it binds to IL-15Rα, a sushi domain containing binding protein that is expressed on a number of cell types, including monocytes and dendritic cells as well as T cells, and then is trans-presented to responding cells that express IL-2Rβ and γc. This distinctive mechanism for IL-15 relates to its role in signaling in the context of cell-cell interactions and signaling synapses. The actions of IL-15 and ways of manipulating its actions to potential therapeutic benefit are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Waldmann
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | | | - Jian-Xin Lin
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Warren J Leonard
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.
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18
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Saavedra-Avila NA, Dellabona P, Casorati G, Veerapen N, Besra GS, Howell AR, Porcelli SA. A humanized mouse model for in vivo evaluation of invariant Natural Killer T cell responses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1011209. [PMID: 36263021 PMCID: PMC9574442 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1011209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells mediate immune responses when stimulated by glycolipid agonists presented by CD1d. In extensive studies of synthetic analogues of α-galactosyl ceramides, we identified numerous examples of significant differences in the recognition of specific glycolipids in wild type mice versus human iNKT cell clones or PBMC samples. To predict human iNKT cell responses more accurately in a mouse model, we derived a mouse line in which compound genetic modifications were used to express a human-like iNKT cell TCR along with human CD1d in place of the endogenous mouse proteins. Detailed transcriptional and phenotypic profiling demonstrated that these partially humanized mice developed an expanded population of T cells recognizing CD1d-presented glycolipid antigens, among which a subset characterized by expression of chemokine receptor CXCR6 had features characteristic of authentic iNKT cells. Responses to iNKT cell activating glycolipids in these mice generated cytokine production in vitro and in vivo that showed a pattern of fine specificity that closely resembled that of cultured human iNKT cell clones. Anti-tumor responses to variants of α-galactosyl ceramide in VαKI mice also correlated with their potency for stimulating human iNKT cells. This genetically modified mouse line provides a practical model for human presentation and recognition of iNKT cell activators in the context of a normally functioning immune system, and may furnish valuable opportunities for preclinical evaluation of iNKT cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paolo Dellabona
- Experimental Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Giulia Casorati
- Experimental Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Natacha Veerapen
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Gurdyal S. Besra
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Amy R. Howell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Steven A. Porcelli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
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19
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Raus S, Lopez-Scarim J, Luthy J, Billerbeck E. Hepatic iNKT cells produce type 2 cytokines and restrain antiviral T cells during acute hepacivirus infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:953151. [PMID: 36159876 PMCID: PMC9501689 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.953151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a curable disease, but the absence of a vaccine remains a major problem in infection prevention. The lack of small animal models and limited access to human liver tissue impede the study of hepatic antiviral immunity and the development of new vaccine strategies. We recently developed an immune-competent mouse model using an HCV-related rodent hepacivirus which shares immunological features with human viral hepatitis. In this study, we used this new model to investigate the role of invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells during hepacivirus infection in vivo. These cells are enriched in the liver, however their role in viral hepatitis is not well defined. Using high-dimensional flow cytometry and NKT cell deficient mice we analyzed a potential role of iNKT cells in mediating viral clearance, liver pathology or immune-regulation during hepacivirus infection. In addition, we identified new immune-dominant MHC class I restricted viral epitopes and analyzed the impact of iNKT cells on virus-specific CD8+ T cells. We found that rodent hepacivirus infection induced the activation of iNKT cell subsets with a mixed NKT1/NKT2 signature and significant production of type 2 cytokines (IL-4 and IL-13) during acute infection. While iNKT cells were dispensable for viral clearance, the lack of these cells caused higher levels of liver injury during infection. In addition, the absence of iNKT cells resulted in increased effector functions of hepatic antiviral T cells. In conclusion, our study reports a regulatory role of hepatic iNKT cells during hepacivirus infection in vivo. Specifically, our data suggest that iNKT cells skewed towards type 2 immunity limit liver injury during acute infection by mechanisms that include the regulation of effector functions of virus-specific T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svjetlana Raus
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hepatology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Jarrett Lopez-Scarim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hepatology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Joshua Luthy
- BD Life Sciences - FlowJo, Ashland, OR, United States
| | - Eva Billerbeck
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hepatology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Eva Billerbeck,
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20
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Burn TN, Miot C, Gordon SM, Culberson EJ, Diamond T, Kreiger PA, Hayer KE, Bhattacharyya A, Jones JM, Bassing CH, Behrens EM. The RAG1 Ubiquitin Ligase Domain Stimulates Recombination of TCRβ and TCRα Genes and Influences Development of αβ T Cell Lineages. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 209:938-949. [PMID: 35948399 PMCID: PMC9492648 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
RAG1/RAG2 (RAG) endonuclease-mediated assembly of diverse lymphocyte Ag receptor genes by V(D)J recombination is critical for the development and immune function of T and B cells. The RAG1 protein contains a ubiquitin ligase domain that stabilizes RAG1 and stimulates RAG endonuclease activity in vitro. We report in this study that mice with a mutation that inactivates the Rag1 ubiquitin ligase in vitro exhibit decreased rearrangements and altered repertoires of TCRβ and TCRα genes in thymocytes and impaired thymocyte developmental transitions that require the assembly and selection of functional TCRβ and/or TCRα genes. These Rag1 mutant mice present diminished positive selection and superantigen-mediated negative selection of conventional αβ T cells, decreased genesis of invariant NK T lineage αβ T cells, and mature CD4+ αβ T cells with elevated autoimmune potential. Our findings reveal that the Rag1 ubiquitin ligase domain functions in vivo to stimulate TCRβ and TCRα gene recombination and influence differentiation of αβ T lineage cells, thereby establishing replete diversity of αβ TCRs and populations of αβ T cells while restraining generation of potentially autoreactive conventional αβ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas N Burn
- Penn Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Division of Rheumatology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Charline Miot
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Scott M Gordon
- Penn Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Division of Neonatology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Erica J Culberson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Tamir Diamond
- Penn Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Portia A Kreiger
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Katharina E Hayer
- Department of Biomedical and Health Bioinformatics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Anamika Bhattacharyya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC; and
| | - Jessica M Jones
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC; and
| | - Craig H Bassing
- Penn Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA;
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Edward M Behrens
- Penn Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA;
- Division of Rheumatology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
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21
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Morgan RC, Kee BL. Genomic and Transcriptional Mechanisms Governing Innate-like T Lymphocyte Development. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 209:208-216. [PMID: 35821098 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Innate-like lymphocytes are a subset of lymphoid cells that function as a first line of defense against microbial infection. These cells are activated by proinflammatory cytokines or broadly expressed receptors and are able to rapidly perform their effector functions owing to a uniquely primed chromatin state that is acquired as a part of their developmental program. These cells function in many organs to protect against disease, but they release cytokines and cytotoxic mediators that can also lead to severe tissue pathologies. Therefore, harnessing the capabilities of these cells for therapeutic interventions will require a deep understanding of how these cells develop and regulate their effector functions. In this review we discuss recent advances in the identification of the transcription factors and the genomic regions that guide the development and function of invariant NKT cells and we highlight related mechanisms in other innate-like lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxroy C Morgan
- Committee on Genetics, Genomics and Systems Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL; and
| | - Barbara L Kee
- Cancer Biology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
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22
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Krovi SH, Loh L, Spengler A, Brunetti T, Gapin L. Current insights in mouse iNKT and MAIT cell development using single cell transcriptomics data. Semin Immunol 2022; 60:101658. [PMID: 36182863 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2022.101658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Innate T (Tinn) cells are a collection of T cells with important regulatory functions that have a crucial role in immunity towards tumors, bacteria, viruses, and in cell-mediated autoimmunity. In mice, the two main αβ Tinn cell subsets include the invariant NKT (iNKT) cells that recognize glycolipid antigens presented by non-polymorphic CD1d molecules and the mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT) cells that recognize vitamin B metabolites presented by the non-polymorphic MR1 molecules. Due to their ability to promptly secrete large quantities of cytokines either after T cell antigen receptor (TCR) activation or upon exposure to tissue- and antigen-presenting cell-derived cytokines, Tinn cells are thought to act as a bridge between the innate and adaptive immune systems and have the ability to shape the overall immune response. Their swift response reflects the early acquisition of helper effector programs during their development in the thymus, independently of pathogen exposure and prior to taking up residence in peripheral tissues. Several studies recently profiled, in an unbiased manner, the transcriptomes of mouse thymic iNKT and MAIT cells at the single cell level. Based on these data, we re-examine in this review how Tinn cells develop in the mouse thymus and undergo effector differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Liyen Loh
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA
| | | | - Tonya Brunetti
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA
| | - Laurent Gapin
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA.
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23
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Park JY, Won HY, DiPalma DT, Hong C, Park JH. Protein abundance of the cytokine receptor γc controls the thymic generation of innate-like T cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 79:17. [PMID: 34971407 PMCID: PMC8754256 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-04067-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Innate-like T (iT) cells comprise a population of immunoregulatory T cells whose effector function is imposed during their development in the thymus to provide protective immunity prior to antigen encounter. The molecular mechanism that drives the generation of iT cells remains unclear. Here, we report that the cytokine receptor γc plays a previously unappreciated role for thymic iT cells by controlling their cellular abundance, lineage commitment, and subset differentiation. As such, γc overexpression on thymocytes dramatically altered iT cell generation in the thymus, as it skewed the subset composition of invariant NKT (iNKT) cells and promoted the generation of IFNγ-producing innate CD8 T cells. Mechanistically, we found that the γc-STAT6 axis drives the differentiation of IL-4-producing iNKT cells, which in turn induced the generation of innate CD8 T cells. Collectively, these results reveal a cytokine-driven circuity of thymic iT cell differentiation that is controlled by the abundance of γc proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo-Young Park
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Building 10, Room 5B17, 10 Center Dr, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Seoul National University Dental Hospital, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Daehakno 101, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Hee Yeun Won
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Building 10, Room 5B17, 10 Center Dr, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Devon T DiPalma
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Building 10, Room 5B17, 10 Center Dr, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Changwan Hong
- Department of Anatomy, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, 626-870, South Korea
| | - Jung-Hyun Park
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Building 10, Room 5B17, 10 Center Dr, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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24
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Winkels H, Ghosheh Y, Kobiyama K, Kiosses WB, Orecchioni M, Ehinger E, Suryawanshi V, Herrera-De La Mata S, Marchovecchio P, Riffelmacher T, Thiault N, Kronenberg M, Wolf D, Seumois G, Vijayanand P, Ley K. Thymus-Derived CD4 +CD8 + Cells Reside in Mediastinal Adipose Tissue and the Aortic Arch. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:2720-2732. [PMID: 34740961 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Double-positive CD4+CD8αβ+ (DP) cells are thought to reside as T cell progenitors exclusively within the thymus. We recently discovered an unexpected CD4+ and CD8αβ+ immune cell population in healthy and atherosclerotic mice by single-cell RNA sequencing. Transcriptomically, these cells resembled thymic DPs. Flow cytometry and three-dimensional whole-mount imaging confirmed DPs in thymus, mediastinal adipose tissue, and aortic adventitia, but nowhere else. Deep transcriptional profiling revealed differences between DP cells isolated from the three locations. All DPs were dependent on RAG2 expression and the presence of the thymus. Mediastinal adipose tissue DPs resided in close vicinity to invariant NKT cells, which they could activate in vitro. Thymus transplantation failed to reconstitute extrathymic DPs, and frequencies of extrathymic DPs were unaltered by pharmacologic inhibition of S1P1, suggesting that their migration may be locally confined. Our results define two new, transcriptionally distinct subsets of extrathymic DPs that may play a role in aortic vascular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Winkels
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA; .,Department of Cardiology, Clinic III for Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dennis Wolf
- University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; and
| | | | | | - Klaus Ley
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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25
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Bortoluzzi S, Dashtsoodol N, Engleitner T, Drees C, Helmrath S, Mir J, Toska A, Flossdorf M, Öllinger R, Solovey M, Colomé-Tatché M, Kalfaoglu B, Ono M, Buch T, Ammon T, Rad R, Schmidt-Supprian M. Brief homogeneous TCR signals instruct common iNKT progenitors whose effector diversification is characterized by subsequent cytokine signaling. Immunity 2021; 54:2497-2513.e9. [PMID: 34562377 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Innate-like T cell populations expressing conserved TCRs play critical roles in immunity through diverse developmentally acquired effector functions. Focusing on the prototypical lineage of invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells, we sought to dissect the mechanisms and timing of fate decisions and functional effector differentiation. Utilizing induced expression of the semi-invariant NKT cell TCR on double positive thymocytes, an initially highly synchronous wave of iNKT cell development was triggered by brief homogeneous TCR signaling. After reaching a uniform progenitor state characterized by IL-4 production potential and proliferation, effector subsets emerged simultaneously, but then diverged toward different fates. While NKT17 specification was quickly completed, NKT1 cells slowly differentiated and expanded. NKT2 cells resembled maturing progenitors, which gradually diminished in numbers. Thus, iNKT subset diversification occurs in dividing progenitor cells without acute TCR input but utilizes multiple active cytokine signaling pathways. These data imply a two-step model of iNKT effector differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Bortoluzzi
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich 81675, Germany; Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Nyambayar Dashtsoodol
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich 81675, Germany; Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich 81675, Germany; Department of Immunology, School of Biomedicine, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 14210, Mongolia
| | - Thomas Engleitner
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich 81675, Germany; Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich 81675, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Christoph Drees
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Sabine Helmrath
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich 81675, Germany; Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Jonas Mir
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Albulena Toska
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Michael Flossdorf
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Rupert Öllinger
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich 81675, Germany; Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich 81675, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Maria Solovey
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Maria Colomé-Tatché
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg 85764, Germany; Biomedical Center (BMC), Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried 82152, Germany
| | - Bahire Kalfaoglu
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Masahiro Ono
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Thorsten Buch
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Zurich, Schlieren 8952, Switzerland
| | - Tim Ammon
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich 81675, Germany; Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Roland Rad
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich 81675, Germany; Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich 81675, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Marc Schmidt-Supprian
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich 81675, Germany; Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich 81675, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany.
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26
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Hirsova P, Bamidele AO, Wang H, Povero D, Revelo XS. Emerging Roles of T Cells in the Pathogenesis of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:760860. [PMID: 34777255 PMCID: PMC8581300 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.760860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the most common chronic liver disease worldwide. A significant proportion of patients with NAFLD develop a progressive inflammatory condition termed nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which may eventually advance to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). NASH is characterized by steatosis, hepatocyte ballooning, and lobular inflammation. Heightened immune cell infiltration is a hallmark of NASH, yet the mechanisms whereby hepatic inflammation occurs in NASH and how it contributes to disease initiation and progression remain incompletely understood. Emerging evidence indicates that intrahepatic T cell immune mechanisms play an integral role in the pathogenesis of NASH and its transition to HCC. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the T cell-mediated mechanisms of inflammation in NASH. We highlight recent preclinical and human studies implicating various subsets of conventional and innate-like T cells in the onset and progression of NASH and HCC. Finally, we discuss the potential therapeutic strategies targeting T cell-mediated responses for the treatment of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Hirsova
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Adebowale O. Bamidele
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Haiguang Wang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Davide Povero
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Xavier S. Revelo
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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27
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Jiang Y, Tao Z, Chen H, Xia S. Endoplasmic Reticulum Quality Control in Immune Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:740653. [PMID: 34660599 PMCID: PMC8511527 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.740653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum quality control (ERQC) system, including endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD), the unfolded protein response (UPR), and autophagy, presides over cellular protein secretion and maintains proteostasis in mammalian cells. As part of the immune system, a variety of proteins are synthesized and assembled correctly for the development, activation, and differentiation of immune cells, such as dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages, myeloid-derived-suppressor cells (MDSCs), B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, and natural killer (NK) cells. In this review, we emphasize the role of the ERQC in these immune cells, and also discuss how the imbalance of ER homeostasis affects the immune response, thereby suggesting new therapeutic targets for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalan Jiang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zehua Tao
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Hua Chen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Kunshan, China
| | - Sheng Xia
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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28
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Natural Killer T (NKT) Cells and Periodontitis: Potential Regulatory Role of NKT10 Cells. Mediators Inflamm 2021; 2021:5573937. [PMID: 34594157 PMCID: PMC8478603 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5573937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells constitute a unique subset of T lymphocytes characterized by specifically interacting with antigenic glycolipids conjugated to the CD1d receptor on antigen-presenting cells. Functionally, NKT cells are capable of performing either effector or suppressor immune responses, depending on their production of proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory cytokines, respectively. Effector NKT cells are subdivided into three subsets, termed NKT1, NKT2, and NKT17, based on the cytokines they produce and their similarity to the cytokine profile produced by Th1, Th2, and Th17 lymphocytes, respectively. Recently, a new subgroup of NKT cells termed NKT10 has been described, which cooperates and interacts with other immune cells to promote immunoregulatory responses. Although the tissue-specific functions of NKT cells have not been fully elucidated, their activity has been associated with the pathogenesis of different inflammatory diseases with immunopathogenic similarities to periodontitis, including osteolytic pathologies such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoporosis. In the present review, we revise and discuss the pathogenic characteristics of NKT cells in these diseases and their role in the pathogenesis of periodontitis; particularly, we analyze the potential regulatory role of the IL-10-producing NKT10 cells.
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29
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Luo S, Kwon J, Crossman A, Park PW, Park JH. CD138 expression is a molecular signature but not a developmental requirement for RORγt+ NKT17 cells. JCI Insight 2021; 6:148038. [PMID: 34549726 PMCID: PMC8492317 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.148038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Invariant NKT (iNKT) cells are potent immunomodulatory cells that acquire effector function during their development in the thymus. IL-17-producing iNKT cells are commonly referred to as NKT17 cells, and they are unique among iNKT cells to express the heparan sulfate proteoglycan CD138 and the transcription factor RORγt. Whether and how CD138 and RORγt contribute to NKT17 cell differentiation, and whether there is an interplay between RORγt and CD138 expression to control iNKT lineage fate, remain mostly unknown. Here, we showed that CD138 expression was only associated with and not required for the differentiation and IL-17 production of NKT17 cells. Consequently, CD138-deficient mice still generated robust numbers of IL-17-producing RORγt+ NKT17 cells. Moreover, forced expression of RORγt significantly promoted the generation of thymic NKT17 cells, but did not induce CD138 expression on non-NKT17 cells. These results indicated that NKT17 cell generation and IL-17 production were driven by RORγt, employing mechanisms that were independent of CD138. Therefore, our study effectively dissociated CD138 expression from the RORγt-driven molecular pathway of NKT17 cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunqun Luo
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Juntae Kwon
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Assiatu Crossman
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Pyong Woo Park
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jung-Hyun Park
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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30
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NKT and NKT-like Cells in Autoimmune Neuroinflammatory Diseases-Multiple Sclerosis, Myasthenia Gravis and Guillain-Barre Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179520. [PMID: 34502425 PMCID: PMC8431671 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
NKT cells comprise three subsets—type I (invariant, iNKT), type II, and NKT-like cells, of which iNKT cells are the most studied subset. They are capable of rapid cytokine production after the initial stimulus, thus they may be important for polarisation of Th cells. Due to this, they may be an important cell subset in autoimmune diseases. In the current review, we are summarising results of NKT-oriented studies in major neurological autoimmune diseases—multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, and Guillain-Barre syndrome and their corresponding animal models.
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31
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Mi QS, Wang J, Liu Q, Wu X, Zhou L. microRNA dynamic expression regulates invariant NKT cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:6003-6015. [PMID: 34236444 PMCID: PMC11073247 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03895-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T cells (iNKT) are a prevalent population of innate-like T cells in mice, but quite rare in humans that are critical for regulation of the innate and adaptive immune responses during antimicrobial immunity, tumor rejection, and inflammatory diseases. Multiple transcription factors and signaling molecules that contribute to iNKT cell selection and functional differentiation have been identified. However, the full molecular network responsible for regulating and maintaining iNKT populations remains unclear. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are an abundant class of evolutionarily conserved, small, non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally. Previous reports uncovered the important roles of miRNAs in iNKT cell development and function using Dicer mutant mice. In this review, we discuss the emerging roles of individual miRNAs in iNKT cells reported by our group and other groups, including miR-150, miR-155, miR-181, let-7, miR-17 ~ 92 cluster, and miR-183-96-182 cluster. It is likely that iNKT cell development, differentiation, homeostasis, and functions are orchestrated through a multilayered network comprising interactions among master transcription factors, signaling molecules, and dynamically expressed miRNAs. We provide a comprehensive view of the molecular mechanisms underlying iNKT cell differentiation and function controlled by dynamically expressed miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Sheng Mi
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, 1 Ford Place, Detroit, MI, USA.
- Immunology Research Program, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, 1 Ford Place, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.
| | - Jie Wang
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, 1 Ford Place, Detroit, MI, USA
- Immunology Research Program, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Queping Liu
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, 1 Ford Place, Detroit, MI, USA
- Immunology Research Program, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Xiaojun Wu
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, 1 Ford Place, Detroit, MI, USA
- Immunology Research Program, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Li Zhou
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, 1 Ford Place, Detroit, MI, USA.
- Immunology Research Program, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, 1 Ford Place, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.
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32
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Burn OK, Pankhurst TE, Painter GF, Connor LM, Hermans IF. Harnessing NKT cells for vaccination. OXFORD OPEN IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 2:iqab013. [PMID: 36845569 PMCID: PMC9914585 DOI: 10.1093/oxfimm/iqab013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells are innate-like T cells capable of enhancing both innate and adaptive immune responses. When NKT cells are stimulated in close temporal association with co-administered antigens, strong antigen-specific immune responses can be induced, prompting the study of NKT cell agonists as novel immune adjuvants. This activity has been attributed to the capacity of activated NKT cells to act as universal helper cells, with the ability to provide molecular signals to dendritic cells and B cells that facilitate T cell and antibody responses, respectively. These signals can override the requirement for conventional CD4+ T cell help, so that vaccines can be designed without need to consider CD4+ T cell repertoire and major histocompatibility complex Class II diversity. Animal studies have highlighted some drawbacks of the approach, namely, concerns around induction of NKT cell hyporesponsiveness, which may limit vaccine boosting, and potential for toxicity. Here we highlight studies that suggest these obstacles can be overcome by targeted delivery in vivo. We also feature new studies that suggest activating NKT cells can help encourage differentiation of T cells into tissue-resident memory cells that play an important role in prophylaxis against infection, and may be required in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia K Burn
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 7060, Wellington 6042, New Zealand
| | - Theresa E Pankhurst
- The School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Gavin F Painter
- The Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 33436, Petone 5046, New Zealand,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lisa M Connor
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 7060, Wellington 6042, New Zealand,The School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Ian F Hermans
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 7060, Wellington 6042, New Zealand,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand,Correspondence address. Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand. Tel: +64 4 4996914; E-mail: (I.F.H.)
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Won HY, Kim HK, Crossman A, Awasthi P, Gress RE, Park JH. The Timing and Abundance of IL-2Rβ (CD122) Expression Control Thymic iNKT Cell Generation and NKT1 Subset Differentiation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:642856. [PMID: 34054809 PMCID: PMC8161506 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.642856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Invariant NKT (iNKT) cells are thymus-generated innate-like T cells, comprised of three distinct subsets with divergent effector functions. The molecular mechanism that drives the lineage trifurcation of immature iNKT cells into the NKT1, NKT2, and NKT17 subsets remains a controversial issue that remains to be resolved. Because cytokine receptor signaling is necessary for iNKT cell generation, cytokines are proposed to contribute to iNKT subset differentiation also. However, the precise roles and requirements of cytokines in these processes are not fully understood. Here, we show that IL-2Rβ, a nonredundant component of the IL-15 receptor complex, plays a critical role in both the development and differentiation of thymic iNKT cells. While the induction of IL-2Rβ expression on postselection thymocytes is necessary to drive the generation of iNKT cells, surprisingly, premature IL-2Rβ expression on immature iNKT cells was detrimental to their development. Moreover, while IL-2Rβ is necessary for NKT1 generation, paradoxically, we found that the increased abundance of IL-2Rβ suppressed NKT1 generation without affecting NKT2 and NKT17 cell differentiation. Thus, the timing and abundance of IL-2Rβ expression control iNKT lineage fate and development, thereby establishing cytokine receptor expression as a critical regulator of thymic iNKT cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Yeun Won
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Hye Kyung Kim
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunotherapy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Assiatu Crossman
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Parirokh Awasthi
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Ronald E Gress
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunotherapy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jung-Hyun Park
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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34
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Classical MHC expression by DP thymocytes impairs the selection of non-classical MHC restricted innate-like T cells. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2308. [PMID: 33863906 PMCID: PMC8052364 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22589-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional T cells are selected by peptide-MHC expressed by cortical epithelial cells in the thymus, and not by cortical thymocytes themselves that do not express MHC I or MHC II. Instead, cortical thymocytes express non-peptide presenting MHC molecules like CD1d and MR1, and promote the selection of PLZF+ iNKT and MAIT cells, respectively. Here, we report an inducible class-I transactivator mouse that enables the expression of peptide presenting MHC I molecules in different cell types. We show that MHC I expression in DP thymocytes leads to expansion of peptide specific PLZF+ innate-like (PIL) T cells. Akin to iNKT cells, PIL T cells differentiate into three functional effector subsets in the thymus, and are dependent on SAP signaling. We demonstrate that PIL and NKT cells compete for a narrow niche, suggesting that the absence of peptide-MHC on DP thymocytes facilitates selection of non-peptide specific lymphocytes.
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35
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Joyce S, Okoye GD, Van Kaer L. Natural Killer T Lymphocytes Integrate Innate Sensory Information and Relay Context to Effector Immune Responses. Crit Rev Immunol 2021; 41:55-88. [PMID: 35381143 PMCID: PMC11078124 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2021040076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
It is now appreciated that a group of lymphoid lineage cells, collectively called innate-like effector lymphocytes, have evolved to integrate information relayed by the innate sensory immune system about the state of the local tissue environment and to pass on this context to downstream effector innate and adaptive immune responses. Thereby, innate functions engrained into such innate-like lymphoid lineage cells during development can control the quality and magnitude of an immune response to a tissue-altering pathogen and facilitate the formation of memory engrams within the immune system. These goals are accomplished by the innate lymphoid cells that lack antigen-specific receptors, γδ T cell receptor (TCR)-expressing T cells, and several αβ TCR-expressing T cell subsets-such as natural killer T cells, mucosal-associated invariant T cells, et cetera. Whilst we briefly consider the commonalities in the origins and functions of these diverse lymphoid subsets to provide context, the primary topic of this review is to discuss how the semi-invariant natural killer T cells got this way in evolution through lineage commitment and onward ontogeny. What emerges from this discourse is the question: Has a "limbic immune system" emerged (screaming quietly in plain sight!) out of what has been dubbed "in-betweeners"?
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Joyce
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | - Gosife Donald Okoye
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | - Luc Van Kaer
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
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36
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Harsha Krovi S, Zhang J, Michaels-Foster MJ, Brunetti T, Loh L, Scott-Browne J, Gapin L. Thymic iNKT single cell analyses unmask the common developmental program of mouse innate T cells. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6238. [PMID: 33288744 PMCID: PMC7721697 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20073-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Most T lymphocytes leave the thymus as naïve cells with limited functionality. However, unique populations of innate-like T cells differentiate into functionally distinct effector subsets during their development in the thymus. Here, we profiled >10,000 differentiating thymic invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells using single-cell RNA sequencing to produce a comprehensive transcriptional landscape that highlights their maturation, function, and fate decisions at homeostasis. Our results reveal transcriptional profiles that are broadly shared between iNKT and mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, illustrating a common core developmental program. We further unmask a mutual requirement for Hivep3, a zinc finger transcription factor and adapter protein. Hivep3 is expressed in early precursors and regulates the post-selection proliferative burst, differentiation and functions of iNKT cells. Altogether, our results highlight the common requirements for the development of innate-like T cells with a focus on how Hivep3 impacts the maturation of these lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Harsha Krovi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.,Evergrande Center for Immunologic diseases at Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.,Stanford Health Care, Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Tonya Brunetti
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Liyen Loh
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - James Scott-Browne
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.,Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Laurent Gapin
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA. .,Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA.
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AlZaim I, Hammoud SH, Al-Koussa H, Ghazi A, Eid AH, El-Yazbi AF. Adipose Tissue Immunomodulation: A Novel Therapeutic Approach in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases. Front Cardiovasc Med 2020; 7:602088. [PMID: 33282920 PMCID: PMC7705180 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.602088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue is a critical regulator of systemic metabolism and bodily homeostasis as it secretes a myriad of adipokines, including inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. As the main storage pool of lipids, subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissues undergo marked hypertrophy and hyperplasia in response to nutritional excess leading to hypoxia, adipokine dysregulation, and subsequent low-grade inflammation that is characterized by increased infiltration and activation of innate and adaptive immune cells. The specific localization, physiology, susceptibility to inflammation and the heterogeneity of the inflammatory cell population of each adipose depot are unique and thus dictate the possible complications of adipose tissue chronic inflammation. Several lines of evidence link visceral and particularly perivascular, pericardial, and perirenal adipose tissue inflammation to the development of metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. In addition to the implication of the immune system in the regulation of adipose tissue function, adipose tissue immune components are pivotal in detrimental or otherwise favorable adipose tissue remodeling and thermogenesis. Adipose tissue resident and infiltrating immune cells undergo metabolic and morphological adaptation based on the systemic energy status and thus a better comprehension of the metabolic regulation of immune cells in adipose tissues is pivotal to address complications of chronic adipose tissue inflammation. In this review, we discuss the role of adipose innate and adaptive immune cells across various physiological and pathophysiological states that pertain to the development or progression of cardiovascular diseases associated with metabolic disorders. Understanding such mechanisms allows for the exploitation of the adipose tissue-immune system crosstalk, exploring how the adipose immune system might be targeted as a strategy to treat cardiovascular derangements associated with metabolic dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim AlZaim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Safaa H Hammoud
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Houssam Al-Koussa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Alaa Ghazi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ali H Eid
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ahmed F El-Yazbi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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38
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Papadogianni G, Ravens I, Dittrich-Breiholz O, Bernhardt G, Georgiev H. Impact of Aging on the Phenotype of Invariant Natural Killer T Cells in Mouse Thymus. Front Immunol 2020; 11:575764. [PMID: 33193368 PMCID: PMC7662090 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.575764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells represent a subclass of T cells possessing a restricted repertoire of T cell receptors enabling them to recognize lipid derived ligands. iNKT cells are continuously generated in thymus and differentiate into three main subpopulations: iNKT1, iNKT2, and iNKT17 cells. We investigated the transcriptomes of these subsets comparing cells isolated from young adult (6–10 weeks old) and aged BALB/c mice (25–30 weeks of age) in order to identify genes subject to an age-related regulation of expression. These time points were selected to take into consideration the consequences of thymic involution that radically alter the existing micro-milieu. Significant differences were detected in the expression of histone genes affecting all iNKT subsets. Also the proliferative capacity of iNKT cells decreased substantially upon aging. Several genes were identified as possible candidates causing significant age-dependent changes in iNKT cell generation and/or function such as genes coding for granzyme A, ZO-1, EZH2, SOX4, IGF1 receptor, FLT4, and CD25. Moreover, we provide evidence that IL2 differentially affects homeostasis of iNKT subsets with iNKT17 cells engaging a unique mechanism to respond to IL2 by initiating a slow rate of proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Inga Ravens
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Günter Bernhardt
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Hristo Georgiev
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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39
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Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are innate-like lymphocytes with unique signaling requirements for their development and differentiation. In this issue of JEM, Raynor et al. (https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20191157) report that the Hippo signaling pathway controls the maturation and effector differentiation of iNKT cells by modulating cellular metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Van Kaer
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Sebastian Joyce
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Health Care System, Nashville, TN
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