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Benítez L, Castro-Barquero S, Crispi F, Youssef L, Crovetto F, Fischer U, Kameri E, Bueno C, Camos M, Menéndez P, Heinäniemi M, Borkhardt A, Gratacós E. Maternal Lifestyle and Prenatal Risk Factors for Childhood Leukemia: A Review of the Existing Evidence. Fetal Diagn Ther 2024; 51:395-410. [PMID: 38710162 DOI: 10.1159/000539141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute leukemia is the most common pediatric cancer, with an incidence peak at 2-5 years of age. Despite the medical advances improving survival rates, children suffer from significant side effects of treatments as well as its high social and economic impact. The frequent prenatal origin of this developmental disease follows the two-hit carcinogenesis model established in the 70s: a first hit in prenatal life with the creation of genetic fusion lesions or aneuploidy in hematopoietic progenitor/stem cells, and usually a second hit in the pediatric age that converts the preleukemic clone into clinical leukemia. Previous research has mostly focused on postnatal environmental factors triggering the second hit. SUMMARY There is scarce evidence on prenatal risk factors associated with the first hit. Mainly retrospective case-control studies suggested several environmental and lifestyle determinants as risk factors. If these associations could be confirmed, interventions focused on modifying prenatal factors might influence the subsequent risk of leukemia during childhood and reveal unexplored research avenues for the future. In this review, we aim to comprehensively summarize the currently available evidence on prenatal risk factors for the development of childhood leukemia. According to the findings of this review, parental age, ethnicity, maternal diet, folate intake, alcohol consumption, X-ray exposure, pesticides, perinatal infections, and fetal growth may have a significant role in the appearance of preleukemic lesions during fetal life. Other factors such as socioeconomic status, consumption of caffeinated beverages, and smoking consumption have been suggested with inconclusive evidence. Additionally, investigating the association between prenatal factors and genetic lesions associated with childhood leukemia at birth is crucial. Prospective studies evaluating the link between lifestyle factors and genetic alterations could provide indirect evidence supporting new research avenues for leukemia prevention. Maternal diet and lifestyle factors are modifiable determinants associated with adverse perinatal outcomes that could be also related to preleukemic lesions. KEY MESSAGES Parental age, ethnicity, maternal diet, folate intake, alcohol consumption, X-ray exposure, pesticides, perinatal infections, and fetal growth may have a significant role in the appearance of preleukemic lesions during fetal life. Dedicating efforts to studying maternal lifestyle during pregnancy and its association with genetic lesions leading to childhood leukemia could lead to novel prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Benítez
- BCNatal Fetal Medicine Research Center (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain,
| | - Sara Castro-Barquero
- BCNatal Fetal Medicine Research Center (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fàtima Crispi
- BCNatal Fetal Medicine Research Center (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lina Youssef
- BCNatal Fetal Medicine Research Center (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute and Department of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesca Crovetto
- BCNatal Fetal Medicine Research Center (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ute Fischer
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Essen/Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ersen Kameri
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Clara Bueno
- Stem Cell Biology, Developmental Leukemia and Immunotherapy Group, Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
- RICORS-TERAV Network, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mireia Camos
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pablo Menéndez
- Stem Cell Biology, Developmental Leukemia and Immunotherapy Group, Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
- RICORS-TERAV Network, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Instituciò Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Merja Heinäniemi
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Arndt Borkhardt
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Essen/Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Eduard Gratacós
- BCNatal Fetal Medicine Research Center (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Vallée M. How Government Health Agencies Obscure the Impact of Environmental Pollution and Perpetuate Reductionist Framings of Disease: The Case of Leukemia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH AND HEALTH SERVICES 2024; 54:28-39. [PMID: 37099622 PMCID: PMC10797827 DOI: 10.1177/27551938231169119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
Since the 1970s, environmental health researchers have documented environmental pollution's impacts on human health, which includes the bioaccumulation of industrial chemicals and how these toxicants contribute to disease. However, the relationship between disease and pollution is often difficult to discern in the disease information provided by dominant institutions. Previous scholarship has identified that print media, television news, online medical publishers, and medical associations consistently obscure the environmental causation frame. However, less has been said about disease information provided by public health agencies. To address this gap, I analyzed the leukemia information provided by Cancer Australia, the United States' National Institutes of Health, and the United Kingdom's National Health Service. My analysis shows that the disease information offered by these health agencies also obscures the environmental causation frame by failing to identify most toxicants that environmental health researchers have linked to leukemia and by emphasizing a biomedical framing of the medical condition. Beyond documenting the problem, this article also discusses the social consequences and sources of the problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Vallée
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Sociology and Criminology, The University of Auckland, 58 Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
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Monterroso PS, Li Z, Domingues AM, Sample JM, Marcotte EL. Racial and ethnic and socioeconomic disparities in childhood cancer incidence trends in the United States, 2000-2019. J Natl Cancer Inst 2023; 115:1576-1585. [PMID: 37531268 PMCID: PMC10699844 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djad148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Population-based surveillance of pediatric cancer incidence trends is critical to determine high-risk populations, drive hypothesis generation, and uncover etiologic heterogeneity. We provide a comprehensive update to the current understanding of pediatric cancer incidence trends by sex, race and ethnicity, and socioeconomic status (SES). METHODS The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results 22 data (2000-2019) was used to summarize age-adjusted incidence rates for children and adolescents aged 0-19 years at diagnosis. The annual percentage change (APC) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were estimated to evaluate incidence trends by sex, race and ethnicity, and SES overall and for cancer subtypes. Tests of statistical significance were 2-sided. RESULTS Substantial variation was observed overall and for several histologic types in race and ethnicity- and SES-specific rates. Overall, we observed a statistically significant increase in incidence rates (APC = 0.8%, 95% CI = 0.6% to 1.1%). All race and ethnic groups saw an increase in incidence rates, with the largest occurring among non-Hispanic American Indian and Alaska Native children and adolescents (APC = 1.7%, 95% CI = 0.5% to 2.8%) and the smallest increase occurring among non-Hispanic White children and adolescents (APC = 0.7%, 95% CI = 0.5% to 1.0%). The lowest SES quintiles saw statistically significant increasing trends, while the highest quintile remained relatively stable (quintile 1 [Q1] APC = 1.6%, 95% CI = 0.6% to 2.6%; quintile 5 [Q5] APC = 0.3%, 95% CI = -0.1% to 0.7%). CONCLUSIONS Childhood cancer incidence is increasing overall and among every race and ethnic group. Variation by race and ethnicity and SES may enable hypothesis generation on drivers of disparities observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo S Monterroso
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Zhaoheng Li
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Allison M Domingues
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jeannette M Sample
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Erin L Marcotte
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Nguyen A, Crespi CM, Vergara X, Kheifets L. Pesticides as a potential independent childhood leukemia risk factor and as a potential confounder for electromagnetic fields exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 238:116899. [PMID: 37598846 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both pesticides and high magnetic fields are suspected to be childhood leukemia risk factors. Pesticides are utilized at commercial plant nurseries, which sometimes occupy the areas underneath high-voltage powerlines. OBJECTIVES To evaluate whether potential pesticide exposures (intended use, chemical class, active ingredient) utilized at plant nurseries act as an independent childhood leukemia risk factor or as a confounder for proximity to, or magnetic fields exposure from, high-voltage powerlines. METHODS We conducted a state-wide records-based case-control study for California with 5788 childhood leukemia cases and 5788 controls that examined specific pesticide use, magnetic field exposures and distances to both powerlines and plant nurseries. Exposure assessment incorporated geographic information systems, aerial satellite images, and other historical information. RESULTS Childhood leukemia risk was potentially elevated for several active pesticide ingredients: permethrin (odds ratio (OR) 1.49, 95% confidence interval (CI) (0.83-2.67), chlorpyrifos (OR 1.29, 95% CI 0.89-1.87), dimethoate (OR 1.79, 95% CI 0.85-3.76), mancozeb (OR 1.41, 95% CI 0.85-2.33), oxyfluorfen (OR 1.41, 95% CI 0.75-2.66), oryzalin (OR 1.60, 95% CI 0.97-2.63), and pendimethalin (OR 1.82, 95% CI 0.81-2.25). Rodenticide (OR 1.42, 95% CI 0.78-2.56) and molluscicide (OR 1.22, 95% CI 0.82-1.81) exposure also presented potentially elevated childhood leukemia risks. Childhood leukemia associations with calculated fields or powerline proximity did not materially change after adjusting for pesticide exposure. Childhood leukemia risks with powerline proximity remained similar when pesticide exposures were excluded. DISCUSSION Pesticide exposure may be an independent childhood leukemia risk factor. Childhood leukemia risks for powerline proximity and magnetic fields exposure were not explained by pesticide exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nguyen
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California Los Angeles Fielding School of Public Health, 650 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1772, USA.
| | - C M Crespi
- Department of Biostatistics, University of California Los Angeles Fielding School of Public Health, 650 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1772, USA.
| | - X Vergara
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California Los Angeles Fielding School of Public Health, 650 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1772, USA.
| | - L Kheifets
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California Los Angeles Fielding School of Public Health, 650 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1772, USA.
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Hymel E, Degarege A, Fritch J, Farazi E, Napit K, Coulter D, Schmidt C, Watanabe-Galloway S. Agricultural exposures and risk of childhood neuroblastoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:113193-113204. [PMID: 37858025 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30315-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
While neuroblastoma accounts for an estimated 8% of childhood cancers, it causes about 15% of childhood cancer deaths in the United States. The role of agricultural exposures in the development of neuroblastoma is unclear. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies examining the relationship between agricultural exposures and neuroblastoma. MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched in February 2022, identifying 742 publications. Seventeen articles met the inclusion criteria; all were published between 1985 and 2020 and included 14 case-control, one cross-sectional, and two cohort studies. Random and fixed effects models were used to calculate summary odds ratios (sORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). An increased odds of developing neuroblastoma with parental exposure to any pesticides (sOR = 1.25, 95% CI: 1.03-1.48; 4 studies), insecticides (sOR = 1.55, 95% CI: 1.19-1.91; 3 studies), and residential exposure to crops/vegetables (sOR = 1.04, 95% CI: 1.01-1.06; 2 studies) was seen. Heterogeneity was low in all analyses, and no publication bias was evident. No significant associations were found with agricultural occupations, herbicides, and agricultural dusts. The studies were limited by exposure measurements and small sample sizes. Further studies are needed to explore mechanisms in the development of neuroblastoma in children with parental agricultural exposures, especially pesticides, and to improve methods of measuring agricultural-related exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Hymel
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
| | - Abraham Degarege
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Jordan Fritch
- Pediatric Hematology & Oncology, Sanford Children's Hospital, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - Evi Farazi
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Krishtee Napit
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Don Coulter
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Cynthia Schmidt
- McGoogan Health Sciences Library, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Shinobu Watanabe-Galloway
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
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Ruth AL, Rehman U, Stewart P, Moore LE, Yucel R, Taylor Wilson R. Maternal and Paternal Household Pesticide Exposure During Pregnancy and Risk of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. J Occup Environ Med 2023; 65:595-604. [PMID: 37015736 PMCID: PMC10464523 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000002859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate whether risk estimates for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia change when restricting model comparison groups to "nonpesticide exposure" (NPE10) households. METHODS Cases ( n = 1810) 15 years or younger were identified through Children's Cancer Group institutions between 1989 and 1993 and age-/sex-matched to controls ( n = 1951). Household pesticide use during pregnancy/month prior was collected via telephone. NPE10 comparison group reporting no parental exposure to 10 pesticide classes was identified. RESULTS Adjusted odds ratios increased from 15% to 49% when limiting the comparison to NPE10. Maternal termite insecticide exposure was associated with greatest risk (adjusted odds ratio, 4.21; 95% confidence interval, 2.00-8.88). There was minimal evidence of interaction by child sex or occupational pesticide exposure, and no monotonic dose-response pattern with frequency of use (times per year). CONCLUSIONS Elevated risks are consistent with published pooled-/meta-analyses and DNA damage. The consistency and magnitude of these associations warrant product labeling, exposure reduction interventions, or both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra L Ruth
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (A.R., U.R., R.Y., R.T.W.); Stewart Exposure Assessments, LLC, Arlington, Virginia (P.S.); and Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland (L.E.M.)
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Hatzidaki E, Pagkalou M, Katsikantami I, Vakonaki E, Kavvalakis M, Tsatsakis AM, Tzatzarakis MN. Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals and Persistent Organic Pollutants in Infant Formulas and Baby Food: Legislation and Risk Assessments. Foods 2023; 12:foods12081697. [PMID: 37107492 PMCID: PMC10137371 DOI: 10.3390/foods12081697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk is the healthiest option for newborns, although, under specific circumstances, infant formula is a precious alternative for feeding the baby. Except for the nutritional content, infant formulas and baby food must be pollutant-free. Thus, their composition is controlled by continuous monitoring and regulated by establishing upper limits and guideline values for safe exposure. Legislation differs worldwide, although there are standard policies and strategies for protecting vulnerable infants. This work presents current regulations and directives for restricting endocrine-disrupting chemicals and persistent organic pollutants in infant formulas. Risk assessment studies, which are limited, are necessary to depict exposure variations and assess the health risks for infants from dietary exposure to pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleftheria Hatzidaki
- Department of Neonatology & NICU, University Hospital of Heraklion, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Medical School, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Marina Pagkalou
- Laboratory of Toxicology Science and Research, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Ioanna Katsikantami
- Laboratory of Toxicology Science and Research, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Elena Vakonaki
- Laboratory of Toxicology Science and Research, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Matthaios Kavvalakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology Science and Research, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Aristidis M Tsatsakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology Science and Research, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Manolis N Tzatzarakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology Science and Research, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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Prissel CM, Grossardt BR, Klinger GS, St. Sauver JL, Rocca WA. Integrating Environmental Data with Medical Data in a Records-Linkage System to Explore Groundwater Nitrogen Levels and Child Health Outcomes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:5116. [PMID: 36982025 PMCID: PMC10049688 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20065116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Background: The Rochester Epidemiology Project (REP) medical records-linkage system offers a unique opportunity to integrate medical and residency data with existing environmental data, to estimate individual-level exposures. Our primary aim was to provide an archetype of this integration. Our secondary aim was to explore the association between groundwater inorganic nitrogen concentration and adverse child and adolescent health outcomes. Methods: We conducted a nested case-control study in children, aged seven to eighteen, from six counties of southeastern Minnesota. Groundwater inorganic nitrogen concentration data were interpolated, to estimate exposure across our study region. Residency data were then overlaid, to estimate individual-level exposure for our entire study population (n = 29,270). Clinical classification software sets of diagnostic codes were used to determine the presence of 21 clinical conditions. Regression models were adjusted for age, sex, race, and rurality. Results: The analyses support further investigation of associations between nitrogen concentration and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and bronchiectasis (OR: 2.38, CI: 1.64-3.46) among boys and girls, thyroid disorders (OR: 1.44, CI: 1.05-1.99) and suicide and intentional self-inflicted injury (OR: 1.37, CI: >1.00-1.87) among girls, and attention deficit conduct and disruptive behavior disorders (OR: 1.34, CI: 1.24-1.46) among boys. Conclusions: Investigators with environmental health research questions should leverage the well-enumerated population and residency data in the REP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M. Prissel
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Brandon R. Grossardt
- Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics, Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Gregory S. Klinger
- Water Resources Center, University of Minnesota Extension, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Jennifer L. St. Sauver
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- The Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Walter A. Rocca
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Women’s Health Research Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Cavalier H, Trasande L, Porta M. Exposures to pesticides and risk of cancer: Evaluation of recent epidemiological evidence in humans and paths forward. Int J Cancer 2023; 152:879-912. [PMID: 36134639 PMCID: PMC9880902 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of the role in cancer etiology of environmental exposures as pesticides is a prerequisite for primary prevention. We review 63 epidemiological studies on exposure to pesticides and cancer risk in humans published from 2017 to 2021, with emphasis on new findings, methodological approaches, and gaps in the existing literature. While much of the recent evidence suggests causal relationships between pesticide exposure and cancer, the strongest evidence exists for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and colorectal cancer (CRC), diseases in which the observed associations were consistent across several studies, including high-quality prospective studies and those using biomarkers for exposure assessment, with some observing dose-response relationships. Though high-quality studies have been published since the IARC monograph on organophosphate insecticides in 2017, there are still gaps in the literature on carcinogenic evidence in humans for a large number of pesticides. To further knowledge, we suggest leveraging new techniques and methods to increase sensitivity and precision of exposure assessment, incorporate multi-omics data, and investigate more thoroughly exposure to chemical mixtures. There is also a strong need for better and larger population-based cohort studies that include younger and nonoccupationally exposed individuals, particularly during developmental periods of susceptibility. Though the existing evidence has limitations, as always in science, there is sufficient evidence to implement policies and regulatory action that limit pesticide exposure in humans and, hence, further prevent a significant burden of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haleigh Cavalier
- Department of PediatricsNew York University (NYU) School of MedicineNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Department of Environmental MedicineNew York University (NYU) School of MedicineNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Department of Population HealthNew York University (NYU) School of MedicineNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Leonardo Trasande
- Department of PediatricsNew York University (NYU) School of MedicineNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Department of Environmental MedicineNew York University (NYU) School of MedicineNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Department of Population HealthNew York University (NYU) School of MedicineNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- NYU School of Global Public HealthNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Miquel Porta
- Department of PediatricsNew York University (NYU) School of MedicineNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- School of MedicineUniversitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM PSMar PRBB)BarcelonaCataloniaSpain
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public HealthUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)MadridSpain
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Ward MH, Madrigal JM, Jones RR, Friesen MC, Falk RT, Koebel D, Metayer C. Glyphosate in house dust and risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia in California. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 172:107777. [PMID: 36746112 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Residential use of pesticides has been associated with increased risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). We evaluated determinants of glyphosate concentrations in house dust and estimated ALL risk in the California Childhood Leukemia Study (CCLS). METHODS The CCLS is a population-based case-control study of childhood leukemia in California. Among those < 8-years (no move since diagnosis/reference date), we collected dust (2001-2007) from the room where the child spent the most time while awake and measured > 40 pesticides. Three-to-eight years later, we collected a second sample from non-movers. We used Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry to measure glyphosate (µg/g dust) for 181 ALL cases and 225 controls and for 45 households with a second dust sample. We used multivariable Tobit regression to evaluate determinants of glyphosate concentrations. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for ALL and quartiles of the concentration (first samples) using unconditional logistic regression. We computed the within- and between-home variance and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). RESULTS Glyphosate was frequently detected (cases: 98 %; controls: 99 %). Higher concentrations were associated with occupational pesticide exposure, nearby agricultural use, treatment for lawn weeds and bees/wasps, and sampling season. Increasing concentrations were not associated with ALL risk (adjusted ORQ4vsQ1 = 0.8, CI: 0.4-1.4). We observed similar null associations for boys and girls, Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites, and among those who resided in their home since birth (76 cases/117 controls) or age two (130 cases/176 controls). The ICC was 0.32 indicating high within-home temporal variability during the years of our study. CONCLUSIONS We observed higher concentrations in homes associated with expected predictors of exposure but no association with childhood ALL risk. Due to continuing use, potential exposure to young children is high. It will be important to evaluate risk in future studies with multiple dust measurements or biomarkers of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary H Ward
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 9609 Medical Center Dr., Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
| | - Jessica M Madrigal
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 9609 Medical Center Dr., Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Rena R Jones
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 9609 Medical Center Dr., Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Melissa C Friesen
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 9609 Medical Center Dr., Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Roni T Falk
- Metabolic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 9609 Medical Center Dr., Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | | | - Catherine Metayer
- University of California, Berkeley, School of Public Health, 1995 University Ave, Suite 265, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA
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11
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Ferguson S, Mesnage R, Antoniou MN. Cytotoxicity Mechanisms of Eight Major Herbicide Active Ingredients in Comparison to Their Commercial Formulations. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10110711. [PMID: 36422919 PMCID: PMC9699558 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10110711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Commercial pesticide formulations contain co-formulants, which are generally considered as having no toxic effects in mammals. This study aims to compare the toxicity of 8 major herbicide active ingredients-namely glyphosate, dicamba, 2,4-D, fluroxypyr, quizalofop-p-ethyl, pendimethalin, propyzamide and metazachlor-with a typical commercial formulation of each active ingredient. Cytotoxicity and oxidative stress capability was assessed in human hepatoma HepG2 cells. Using an MTT assay, formulations of glyphosate (Roundup Probio), fluroxypyr (Hurler), quizalofop-p-ethyl (Targa Super) and dicamba (Hunter) were more toxic than the active ingredient alone. Metazachlor and its formulation Sultan had similar cytotoxicity profiles. Cytotoxicity profiles were comparable in immortalised human fibroblasts. Toxilight necrosis assays showed the formulation of metazachlor (Sultan50C) resulted in significant membrane disruption compared to the active ingredient. Generation of reactive oxygen species was detected for glyphosate, fluroxypyr, pendimethalin, quizalofop-p-ethyl, the formulation of 2,4-D (Anti-Liserons), and dicamba and its formulation Hunter. Further testing of quizalofop-p-ethyl and its formulation Targa Super in the ToxTracker assay system revealed that both products induced oxidative stress and an unfolded protein response. In conclusion, these results show that most herbicide formulations tested in this study are more toxic than their active ingredients in human tissue culture cell model systems. The results add to a growing body of evidence, which implies that commercial herbicide formulations and not just their active ingredients should be evaluated in regulatory risk assessment of pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scarlett Ferguson
- Gene Expression and Therapy Group, King’s College London, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Guy’s Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Robin Mesnage
- Gene Expression and Therapy Group, King’s College London, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Guy’s Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
- Buchinger Wilhelmi Clinic, Wilhelmi-Beck-Straße 27, 88662 Überlingen, Germany
| | - Michael N. Antoniou
- Gene Expression and Therapy Group, King’s College London, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Guy’s Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
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12
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Nguyen A, Crespi CM, Vergara X, Kheifets L. Commercial outdoor plant nurseries as a confounder for electromagnetic fields and childhood leukemia risk. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113446. [PMID: 35550811 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Close residential proximity to powerlines and high magnetic fields exposure may be associated with elevated childhood leukemia risks as reported by prior studies and pooled analyses. Magnetic fields exposure from high-voltage powerlines is associated with proximity to these powerlines and consequently with any factor varying with distance. Areas underneath powerlines in California may be sites for commercial plant nurseries that can use pesticides, a potential childhood leukemia risk factor. OBJECTIVES Assess if potential pesticide exposure from commercial plant nurseries is a confounder or interacts with proximity or magnetic fields exposure from high-voltage powerlines to increase childhood leukemia risk. METHODS A comprehensive childhood leukemia record-based case-control study with 5788 cases and 5788 controls (born and diagnosed in California, 1986-2008) was conducted. Pesticide, powerline, and magnetic field exposure assessment utilized models that incorporated geographical information systems, aerial satellite images, site visits and other historical information. RESULTS The relationship for calculated fields with childhood leukemia (odds ratio (OR) 1.51, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.70-3.23) slightly attenuated when controlling for nursery proximity (OR 1.43, 95% CI 0.65-3.16) or restricting analysis to subjects living far (>300 m) from nurseries (OR 1.43, 95% CI 0.79-2.60). A similar association pattern was observed between distance to high-voltage powerlines and childhood leukemia. The association between nursery proximity and childhood leukemia was unchanged or only slightly attenuated when controlling for calculated fields or powerline distance; ORs remained above 2 when excluding subjects with high calculated fields or close powerline proximity (OR 2.16, 95% CI 0.82-5.67 and OR 2.15, 95% CI 0.82-5.64, respectively). The observed relationships were robust to different time periods, reference categories, and cut points. DISCUSSION Close residential proximity to nurseries is suggested as an independent childhood leukemia risk factor. Our results do not support plant nurseries as an explanation for observed childhood leukemia risks for powerline proximity and magnetic fields exposure, although small numbers of subjects concurrently exposed to high magnetic fields, close powerline proximity and plant nurseries limited our ability to fully assess potential confounding.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nguyen
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California Los Angeles Fielding School of Public Health, 650 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1772, USA.
| | - C M Crespi
- Department of Biostatistics, University of California Los Angeles Fielding School of Public Health, 650 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1772, USA.
| | - X Vergara
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California Los Angeles Fielding School of Public Health, 650 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1772, USA.
| | - L Kheifets
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California Los Angeles Fielding School of Public Health, 650 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1772, USA.
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13
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Clark CJ, Johnson NP, Soriano M, Warren JL, Sorrentino KM, Kadan-Lottick NS, Saiers JE, Ma X, Deziel NC. Unconventional Oil and Gas Development Exposure and Risk of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: A Case-Control Study in Pennsylvania, 2009-2017. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2022; 130:87001. [PMID: 35975995 PMCID: PMC9383266 DOI: 10.1289/ehp11092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unconventional oil and gas development (UOGD) releases chemicals that have been linked to cancer and childhood leukemia. Studies of UOGD exposure and childhood leukemia are extremely limited. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to evaluate potential associations between residential proximity to UOGD and risk of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), the most common form of childhood leukemia, in a large regional sample using UOGD-specific metrics, including a novel metric to represent the water pathway. METHODS We conducted a registry-based case-control study of 405 children ages 2-7 y diagnosed with ALL in Pennsylvania between 2009-2017, and 2,080 controls matched on birth year. We used logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between residential proximity to UOGD (including a new water pathway-specific proximity metric) and ALL in two exposure windows: a primary window (3 months preconception to 1 y prior to diagnosis/reference date) and a perinatal window (preconception to birth). RESULTS Children with at least one UOG well within 2 km of their birth residence during the primary window had 1.98 times the odds of developing ALL in comparison with those with no UOG wells [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.06, 3.69]. Children with at least one vs. no UOG wells within 2 km during the perinatal window had 2.80 times the odds of developing ALL (95% CI: 1.11, 7.05). These relationships were slightly attenuated after adjusting for maternal race and socio-economic status [odds ratio (OR) = 1.74 (95% CI: 0.93, 3.27) and OR = 2.35 (95% CI: 0.93, 5.95)], respectively). The ORs produced by models using the water pathway-specific metric were similar in magnitude to the aggregate metric. DISCUSSION Our study including a novel UOGD metric found UOGD to be a risk factor for childhood ALL. This work adds to mounting evidence of UOGD's impacts on children's health, providing additional support for limiting UOGD near residences. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP11092.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra J. Clark
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Nicholaus P. Johnson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Center for Perinatal, Pediatric and Environmental Epidemiology, Yale University Schools of Public Health and Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Mario Soriano
- Yale School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Joshua L. Warren
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Keli M. Sorrentino
- Center for Perinatal, Pediatric and Environmental Epidemiology, Yale University Schools of Public Health and Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Nina S. Kadan-Lottick
- Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - James E. Saiers
- Yale School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Xiaomei Ma
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Nicole C. Deziel
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Center for Perinatal, Pediatric and Environmental Epidemiology, Yale University Schools of Public Health and Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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14
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Iqbal S, Ali S, Ali I. Maternal pesticide exposure and its relation to childhood cancer: an umbrella review of meta-analyses. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2022; 32:1609-1627. [PMID: 33745400 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2021.1900550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This umbrella review summarizes the available meta-analyses elucidating the effects of maternal pesticide exposure on adverse health outcomes in children particularly the risk of childhood cancer. A literature search was conducted on PubMed and Scopus with 10-years temporal restriction and with search terms of ('pesticides') and ('maternal' or 'pregnancy' or 'gestational' or 'perinatal' or 'children' or 'infants' or 'birth weight' or 'gestational age' or 'cancer' or 'tumor' or 'malignancy' or 'carcinoma') and ('meta-analysis' or 'systematic review'). Using relative risk estimates, e.g., odds ratio (OR), relative risk (RR), ß coefficients, and 95% confidence interval (CI) as a prerequisite for inclusion/exclusion criteria a total of 19 eligible meta-analyses were included. The results showed that maternal domestic/occupational pesticide exposure increases the risk for childhood leukaemia. The overall OR regarding the risk of pesticide exposure and leukaemia was 1.23 to 1.57 with heterogeneity I2 values that varied between 12.9% and 73%. Some studies found that exposure to dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p´-DDE) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB-153) pesticides appears to decrease infant birth weight to some extent [p,p´-DDE (ß = -0.007 to -0.008)] and [PCB-153 (ß = -0.15 to -0.17)]Needing more studies on this relationship, our study found that pesticide exposure is a risk factor for leukaemia in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehar Iqbal
- Department of Environmental Health, Centre for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Islamabad
| | - Shahbaz Ali
- Department of Anthropology, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Inayat Ali
- Department of Social and Cultural Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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15
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Rashed WM, Marcotte EL, Spector LG. Germline De Novo Mutations as a Cause of Childhood Cancer. JCO Precis Oncol 2022; 6:e2100505. [PMID: 35820085 DOI: 10.1200/po.21.00505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Germline de novo mutations (DNMs) represent one of the important topics that need extensive attention from epidemiologists, geneticists, and other relevant stakeholders. Advances in next-generation sequencing technologies allowed examination of parent-offspring trios to ascertain the frequency of germline DNMs. Many epidemiological risk factors for childhood cancer are indicative of DNMs as a mechanism. The aim of this review was to give an overview of germline DNMs, their causes in general, and to discuss their relation to childhood cancer risk. In addition, we highlighted existing gaps in knowledge in many topics of germline DNMs in childhood cancer that need exploration and collaborative efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafaa M Rashed
- Research Department, Children's Cancer Hospital-Egypt 57357 (CCHE-57357), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Erin L Marcotte
- Division of Epidemiology/Clinical, Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Logan G Spector
- Division of Epidemiology/Clinical, Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
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16
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Nicolella HD, de Assis S. Epigenetic Inheritance: Intergenerational Effects of Pesticides and Other Endocrine Disruptors on Cancer Development. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:4671. [PMID: 35563062 PMCID: PMC9102839 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Parental environmental experiences affect disease susceptibility in the progeny through epigenetic inheritance. Pesticides are substances or mixtures of chemicals-some of which are persistent environmental pollutants-that are used to control pests. This review explores the evidence linking parental exposure to pesticides and endocrine disruptors to intergenerational and transgenerational susceptibility of cancer in population studies and animal models. We also discuss the impact of pesticides and other endocrine disruptors on the germline epigenome as well as the emerging evidence for how epigenetic information is transmitted between generations. Finally, we discuss the importance of this mode of inheritance in the context of cancer prevention and the challenges ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heloiza Diniz Nicolella
- Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA;
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Sonia de Assis
- Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA;
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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17
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Shakeel O, Lupo PJ, Strong S, Arora M, Scheurer ME. A brief review of the current knowledge on environmental toxicants and risk of pediatric cancers. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2022; 39:193-202. [PMID: 34665984 DOI: 10.1080/08880018.2021.1979147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of pediatric cancers has steadily increased since 1975, which could suggest that other exogenous factors are accounting for an increasing proportion of cases. There has been growing concern over environmental exposures (i.e., toxicants) the on development of pediatric cancers. However, identifying environmental exposures on childhood cancer risk has been challenging because these outcomes are infrequent compared to cancer in adults, and it is difficult to estimate exposure during specific critical periods of development (e.g., pre-conception, in utero, early childhood) that are likely more important for childhood cancer development. Here, we summarize the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Group 1 agents (toxicants known to be carcinogenic to humans), their routes of exposure, current methods for risk mitigation, and what is known of their associations with pediatric cancer risk. Our review suggests that environmental toxicants are important and potentially modifiable risk factors that need to be more fully explored in children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Shakeel
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Philip J Lupo
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Manish Arora
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael E Scheurer
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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18
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Onyije FM, Olsson A, Baaken D, Erdmann F, Stanulla M, Wollschläger D, Schüz J. Environmental Risk Factors for Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: An Umbrella Review. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:382. [PMID: 35053543 PMCID: PMC8773598 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14020382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Leukemia is the most common type of cancer among children and adolescents worldwide. The aim of this umbrella review was (1) to provide a synthesis of the environmental risk factors for the onset of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) by exposure window, (2) evaluate their strength of evidence and magnitude of risk, and as an example (3) estimate the prevalence in the German population, which determines the relevance at the population level. Relevant systematic reviews and pooled analyses were identified and retrieved through PubMed, Web of Science databases and lists of references. Only two risk factors (low doses of ionizing radiation in early childhood and general pesticide exposure during maternal preconception/pregnancy) were convincingly associated with childhood ALL. Other risk factors including extremely low frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-MF), living in proximity to nuclear facilities, petroleum, benzene, solvent, and domestic paint exposure during early childhood, all showed some level of evidence of association. Maternal consumption of coffee (high consumption/>2 cups/day) and cola (high consumption) during pregnancy, paternal smoking during the pregnancy of the index child, maternal intake of fertility treatment, high birth weight (≥4000 g) and caesarean delivery were also found to have some level of evidence of association. Maternal folic acid and vitamins intake, breastfeeding (≥6 months) and day-care attendance, were inversely associated with childhood ALL with some evidence. The results of this umbrella review should be interpreted with caution; as the evidence stems almost exclusively from case-control studies, where selection and recall bias are potential concerns, and whether the empirically observed association reflect causal relationships remains an open question. Hence, improved exposure assessment methods including accurate and reliable measurement, probing questions and better interview techniques are required to establish causative risk factors of childhood leukemia, which is needed for the ultimate goal of primary prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix M. Onyije
- Environment and Lifestyle Epidemiology Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC/WHO), 150 Cours Albert Thomas, CEDEX 08, 69372 Lyon, France; (A.O.); (F.E.); (J.S.)
| | - Ann Olsson
- Environment and Lifestyle Epidemiology Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC/WHO), 150 Cours Albert Thomas, CEDEX 08, 69372 Lyon, France; (A.O.); (F.E.); (J.S.)
| | - Dan Baaken
- Division of Childhood Cancer Epidemiology, Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI), University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraβe 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (D.B.); (D.W.)
| | - Friederike Erdmann
- Environment and Lifestyle Epidemiology Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC/WHO), 150 Cours Albert Thomas, CEDEX 08, 69372 Lyon, France; (A.O.); (F.E.); (J.S.)
- Division of Childhood Cancer Epidemiology, Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI), University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraβe 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (D.B.); (D.W.)
| | - Martin Stanulla
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Daniel Wollschläger
- Division of Childhood Cancer Epidemiology, Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI), University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraβe 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (D.B.); (D.W.)
| | - Joachim Schüz
- Environment and Lifestyle Epidemiology Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC/WHO), 150 Cours Albert Thomas, CEDEX 08, 69372 Lyon, France; (A.O.); (F.E.); (J.S.)
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19
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Huffling K, McLaughlin J. Pediatric Chemical Exposure: Opportunities for Prevention. J Pediatr Health Care 2022; 36:27-33. [PMID: 34922675 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedhc.2021.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 50 years, the use of artificial chemicals in products has increased exponentially. Most of these chemicals were not tested for safety before widespread use, and the impacts of exposures are just now being realized. Children are especially vulnerable to the health impacts of chemical exposures, and these exposures are now known to be an important component of rising rates of diseases such as asthma, some cancers, and neurodevelopmental disorders in children. This article reviews the impacts of chemical exposures on children's health, common chemicals children may be exposed to and their health impacts, and how advanced practice registered nurses can assess for exposures, provide anticipatory guidance, and engage in advocacy in support of a healthier environment.
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20
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Karalexi MA, Tagkas CF, Markozannes G, Tseretopoulou X, Hernández AF, Schüz J, Halldorsson TI, Psaltopoulou T, Petridou ET, Tzoulaki I, Ntzani EE. Exposure to pesticides and childhood leukemia risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 285:117376. [PMID: 34380208 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite the abundance of epidemiological evidence concerning the association between pesticide exposure and adverse health outcomes including acute childhood leukemia (AL), evidence remains inconclusive, and is inherently limited by heterogeneous exposure assessment and multiple statistical testing. We performed a literature search of peer-reviewed studies, published until January 2021, without language restrictions. Summary odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were derived from stratified random-effects meta-analyses by type of exposure and outcome, exposed populations and window of exposure to address the large heterogeneity of existing literature. Heterogeneity and small-study effects were also assessed. We identified 55 eligible studies (n = 48 case-control and n = 7 cohorts) from over 30 countries assessing >200 different exposures of pesticides (n = 160,924 participants). The summary OR for maternal environmental exposure to pesticides (broad term) during pregnancy and AL was 1.88 (95%CI: 1.15-3.08), reaching 2.51 for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL; 95%CI: 1.39-4.55). Analysis by pesticide subtype yielded an increased risk for maternal herbicide (OR: 1.41, 95%CI: 1.00-1.99) and insecticide (OR: 1.60, 95%CI: 1.11-2.29) exposure during pregnancy and AL without heterogeneity (p = 0.12-0.34). Meta-analyses of infant leukemia were only feasible for maternal exposure to pesticides during pregnancy. Higher magnitude risks were observed for maternal pesticide exposure and infant ALL (OR: 2.18, 95%CI: 1.44-3.29), and the highest for infant acute myeloid leukemia (OR: 3.42, 95%CI: 1.98-5.91). Overall, the associations were stronger for maternal exposure during pregnancy compared to childhood exposure. For occupational or mixed exposures, parental, and specifically paternal, pesticide exposure was significantly associated with increased risk of AL (ORparental: 1.75, 95%CI: 1.08-2.85; ORpaternal: 1.20, 95%CI: 1.07-1.35). The epidemiological evidence, supported by mechanistic studies, suggests that pesticide exposure, mainly during pregnancy, increases the risk of childhood leukemia, particularly among infants. Sufficiently powered studies using repeated biomarker analyses are needed to confirm whether there is public health merit in reducing prenatal pesticide exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Karalexi
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, 45110, Greece
| | - Christos F Tagkas
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, 45110, Greece
| | - Georgios Markozannes
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, 45110, Greece
| | - Xanthippi Tseretopoulou
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, 45110, Greece; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Antonio F Hernández
- Department of Legal Medicine and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Avenida de La Investigación 11, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Joachim Schüz
- Section of Environment and Radiation, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Thorhallur I Halldorsson
- Unit for Nutrition Research, Landspitali, The National University Hospital of Iceland and Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Eiriksgata 29, 101, Reykjavik, Iceland; Department of Epidemiology Research, Centre for Fetal Programming, Statens Serum Institut, 5, Artillerivej, 2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Theodora Psaltopoulou
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology, and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Th Petridou
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology, and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioanna Tzoulaki
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, 45110, Greece; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Evangelia E Ntzani
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, 45110, Greece; Center for Evidence Synthesis in Health, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA; Institute of Biosciences, University Research Center of Loannina, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.
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21
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Nguyen A, Crespi CM, Vergara X, Chun N, Kheifets L. Residential proximity to plant nurseries and risk of childhood leukemia. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 200:111388. [PMID: 34058183 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pesticides are a potential risk factor for childhood leukemia. Studies evaluating the role of prenatal and/or early life exposure to pesticides in the development of childhood leukemia have produced a range of results. In addition to indoor use of pesticides, higher risks have been reported for children born near agricultural crops. No studies have looked at pesticide exposure based on proximity of birth residence to commercial plant nurseries, even though nurseries are located much closer to residences than agricultural crops and can potentially result in chronic year-round pesticide exposure. OBJECTIVES To evaluate whether risk of childhood leukemia is associated with pesticide use as determined by distance of residence at birth to commercial, outdoor plant nurseries. METHODS We conducted a large statewide, record-based case-control study of childhood leukemia in California, which included 5788 childhood leukemia cases and an equal number of controls. Pesticide exposure was based on a spatial proximity model, which combined geographic information system data with aerial satellite imagery. RESULTS Overall, the results supported an increased childhood leukemia risk only for birth residences very close to nurseries. For birth residences less than 75 m from plant nurseries, we found an increased risk of childhood leukemia (odds ratio (OR) 2.40, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.99-5.82) that was stronger for acute lymphocytic leukemia (OR 3.09, 95% CI 1.14-8.34). DISCUSSION The association was robust to choices of reference group, cut points and data quality. Our findings suggest that close proximity to plant nurseries may be a risk factor for childhood leukemia and that this relationship should be further evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Nguyen
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California Los Angeles Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1772, USA
| | - Catherine M Crespi
- Department of Biostatistics, University of California Los Angeles Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1772, USA
| | - Ximena Vergara
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California Los Angeles Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1772, USA
| | - Nicholas Chun
- University of California Berkeley College of Letters & Science, Berkeley, CA, 94720-2930, USA
| | - Leeka Kheifets
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California Los Angeles Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1772, USA.
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Stanulla M, Erdmann F, Kratz CP. Risikofaktoren für Krebserkrankungen im Kindes- und Jugendalter. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00112-020-01083-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
ZusammenfassungDie Ursachen von Krebs im Kindes- und Jugendalter sind weitestgehend unbekannt. Beispiele für konsistent beobachtete Risikofaktoren, die in umfangreichen epidemiologischen Untersuchungen identifiziert wurden, sind Strahlenexposition, Chemotherapie, niedriges und hohes Geburtsgewicht, höheres Alter der Mutter, Geschlecht und das Vorhandensein angeborener Anomalien. Diese Faktoren erklären jedoch nur einen geringen Anteil aller inzidenten Fälle. Die derzeit vielversprechendsten Ansätze zur Verbesserung des Verständnisses über die Ursachen von Krebserkrankungen im Kindes- und Jugendalter stammen von genetischen Analysen. Abgesehen von den durch genomweite Assoziationsstudien identifizierten Allelen mit geringem Krebsrisiko wurde festgestellt, dass seltene Keimbahnvarianten, die Krebsprädispositionsyndrome verursachen, mit einem erhöhten Risiko für die Entwicklung von Krebs im Kindes- und Jugendalter verbunden sind. Dieser Beitrag fasst das aktuelle Wissen über die exogenen und endogenen Ursachen von Krebserkrankungen in den frühen Lebensjahren zusammen und gibt einen Ausblick darauf, wie stetig wachsendes Wissen in diesem Bereich zukünftige präventive, diagnostische und therapeutische Strategien beeinflussen könnte.
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Rutkowska J, Lagisz M, Bonduriansky R, Nakagawa S. Mapping the past, present and future research landscape of paternal effects. BMC Biol 2020; 18:183. [PMID: 33246472 PMCID: PMC7694421 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-020-00892-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although in all sexually reproducing organisms an individual has a mother and a father, non-genetic inheritance has been predominantly studied in mothers. Paternal effects have been far less frequently studied, until recently. In the last 5 years, research on environmentally induced paternal effects has grown rapidly in the number of publications and diversity of topics. Here, we provide an overview of this field using synthesis of evidence (systematic map) and influence (bibliometric analyses). RESULTS We find that motivations for studies into paternal effects are diverse. For example, from the ecological and evolutionary perspective, paternal effects are of interest as facilitators of response to environmental change and mediators of extended heredity. Medical researchers track how paternal pre-fertilization exposures to factors, such as diet or trauma, influence offspring health. Toxicologists look at the effects of toxins. We compare how these three research guilds design experiments in relation to objects of their studies: fathers, mothers and offspring. We highlight examples of research gaps, which, in turn, lead to future avenues of research. CONCLUSIONS The literature on paternal effects is large and disparate. Our study helps in fostering connections between areas of knowledge that develop in parallel, but which could benefit from the lateral transfer of concepts and methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Rutkowska
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, BEES, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Malgorzata Lagisz
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, BEES, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Russell Bonduriansky
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, BEES, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Shinichi Nakagawa
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, BEES, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Patel DM, Gyldenkærne S, Jones RR, Olsen SF, Tikellis G, Granström C, Dwyer T, Stayner LT, Ward MH. Residential proximity to agriculture and risk of childhood leukemia and central nervous system tumors in the Danish national birth cohort. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 143:105955. [PMID: 32711331 PMCID: PMC10115138 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Living in an agricultural area or on farms has been associated with increased risk of childhood cancer but few studies have evaluated specific agricultural exposures. We prospectively examined residential proximity to crops and animals during pregnancy and risk of childhood leukemia and central nervous system (CNS) tumors in Denmark. METHODS The Danish National Birth Cohort (DNBC) consists of 91,769 pregnant women (96,841 live-born children) enrolled in 1996-2003. For 61 childhood leukemias and 59 CNS tumors <15 years of age that were diagnosed through 2014 and a ~10% random sample of the live births (N = 9394) with geocoded addresses, we linked pregnancy addresses to crop fields and animal farm locations and estimated the crop area (hectares [ha]) and number of animals (standardized by their nitrogen emissions) by type within 250 meters (m), 500 m, 1000 m, and 2000 m of the home. We also estimated pesticide applications (grams, active ingredient) based on annual sales data for nine herbicides and one fungicide that were estimated to have been applied to >30% of the area of one or more crop. We used Cox proportional hazard models (weighted to the full cohort) to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association of childhood leukemia and CNS tumors with crop area, animals, and pesticide applications adjusted for gender and maternal age. RESULTS Sixty-three percent of mothers had crops within 500 m of their homes during pregnancy; winter and spring cereals were the major crop types. Compared to mothers with no crops <500 m, we found increasing risk of childhood leukemia among offspring of mothers with increasing crop area near their home (highest tertile >24 ha HR: 2.0, CI:1.02-3.8), which was stronger after adjustment for animals (within 1000 m) (HR: 2.6, CI:1.02-6.8). We also observed increased risk for grass/clover (highest tertile >1.1 ha HR: 3.1, CI:1.2-7.7), peas (>0 HR: 2.4, CI: 1.02-5.4), and maize (>0 HR: 2.8, CI: 1.1-6.9) in animal-adjusted models. We found no association between number of animals near homes and leukemia risk. Crops, total number of animals, and hogs within 500 m of the home were not associated with CNS tumors but we observed an increased risk with >median cattle compared with no animals in crop-adjusted models (HR = 2.2, CI: 1.02-4.9). In models adjusted for total animals, the highest tertiles of use of three herbicides and one fungicide were associated with elevated risk of leukemia but no associations were statistically significant; there were no associations with CNS tumors. CONCLUSIONS Risk of childhood leukemia was associated with higher crop area near mothers' homes during pregnancy; CNS tumors were associated with higher cattle density. Quantitative estimates of crop pesticides and other agricultural exposures are needed to clarify possible reasons for these increased risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deven M Patel
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Dr., Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Steen Gyldenkærne
- Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Rena R Jones
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Dr., Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Sjurdur F Olsen
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Center for Fetal Programming, Staten Serum Institute, Artillerivej 5, 2300 København, Denmark
| | - Gabriella Tikellis
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Charlotta Granström
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Center for Fetal Programming, Staten Serum Institute, Artillerivej 5, 2300 København, Denmark
| | - Terence Dwyer
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Leslie T Stayner
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1603 West Taylor Street, Room 978a, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Mary H Ward
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Dr., Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
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Coste A, Bailey HD, Kartal-Kaess M, Renella R, Berthet A, Spycher BD. Parental occupational exposure to pesticides and risk of childhood cancer in Switzerland: a census-based cohort study. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:819. [PMID: 32859175 PMCID: PMC7456012 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-07319-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pesticide exposure is a suspected risk factor for childhood cancer. We investigated the risk of developing childhood cancer in relation to parental occupational exposure to pesticides in Switzerland for the period 1990-2015. METHODS From a nationwide census-based cohort study in Switzerland, we included children aged < 16 years at national censuses of 1990 and 2000 and followed them until 2015. We extracted parental occupations reported at the census closest to the birth year of the child and estimated exposure to pesticides using a job exposure matrix. Cox proportional hazards models, adjusted for potential confounders, were fitted for the following outcomes: any cancer, leukaemia, central nervous system tumours (CNST), lymphoma, non-CNS solid tumours. RESULTS Analyses of maternal (paternal) exposure were based on approximately 15.9 (15.1) million-person years at risk and included 1891 (1808) cases of cancer, of which 532 (503) were leukaemia, 348 (337) lymphomas, 423 (399) CNST, and 588 (569) non-CNS solid tumours. The prevalence of high likelihood of exposure was 2.9% for mothers and 6.7% for fathers. No evidence of an association was found with maternal or paternal exposure for any of the outcomes, except for "non-CNS solid tumours" (High versus None; Father: adjusted HR [95%CI] =1.84 [1.31-2.58]; Mother: 1.79 [1.13-2.84]). No evidence of an association was found for main subtypes of leukaemia and lymphoma. A post-hoc analysis on frequent subtypes of "non-CNS solid tumours" showed positive associations with wide CIs for some cancers. CONCLUSION Our study suggests an increased risk for solid tumours other than in the CNS among children whose parents were occupationally exposed to pesticides; however, the small numbers of cases limited a closer investigation of cancer subtypes. Better exposure assessment and pooled studies are needed to further explore a possible link between specific childhood cancers types and parental occupational exposure to pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Coste
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Helen D Bailey
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Mutlu Kartal-Kaess
- Division of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Department of Paediatrics, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Raffaele Renella
- Pediatric Haematology-Oncology Unit, Division of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aurélie Berthet
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ben D Spycher
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Coste A, Goujon S, Faure L, Hémon D, Clavel J. Agricultural crop density in the municipalities of France and incidence of childhood leukemia: An ecological study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 187:109517. [PMID: 32438101 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pesticide exposure is suspected to play a role in the etiology of childhood leukemia (AL). Various sources of exposure have been explored, but few studies have investigated the risk of childhood AL in relation to residential exposure to agricultural pesticides. Since around 50% of France is agricultural land, with marked pesticide use, France is a suitable location to investigate for an association. We aimed to analyze the association between the agricultural crop density in the municipalities of France and the incidence of childhood AL between 1990 and 2014. METHODS 11,487 cases of AL diagnosed in children aged 0-14 years were registered by the French National Registry of Childhood Hematological Malignancies over 1990-2014. National agricultural census data for 1990, 2000 and 2010 were used to estimate the densities of the most common crops in France. The incidence of AL was estimated in the 35,512 municipalities, by age and gender, and 3 observation periods, and expressed as the standardized incidence ratio (SIR). RESULTS We observed a moderate log-linear association between viticulture density and the incidence of AL, with a 3% increase in SIR for a 10% increase in viticulture density (SIRR = 1.03; 95%CI [1.00-1.06]). The association remained for lymphoblastic AL but not for myeloid AL. The association was stable after stratification by geographic area, age and period, and after adjustment on UV radiation and a French deprivation index. No consistent association was observed for other crop types. DISCUSSION This nationwide study shows a moderate increase in incidence of childhood AL in municipalities where viticulture is common. Future individual studies are needed to know whether this observation is confirmed and related to particular use of pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Coste
- Inserm, UMR 1153 Centre of Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), Epidemiology of Childhood and Adolescent Cancers Team (EPICEA), Villejuif, F-94807, France; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France; Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Stéphanie Goujon
- Inserm, UMR 1153 Centre of Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), Epidemiology of Childhood and Adolescent Cancers Team (EPICEA), Villejuif, F-94807, France; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France.
| | - Laure Faure
- Inserm, UMR 1153 Centre of Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), Epidemiology of Childhood and Adolescent Cancers Team (EPICEA), Villejuif, F-94807, France; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France; French National Registry of Childhood Hematological,Malignancies, France
| | - Denis Hémon
- Inserm, UMR 1153 Centre of Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), Epidemiology of Childhood and Adolescent Cancers Team (EPICEA), Villejuif, F-94807, France; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - Jacqueline Clavel
- Inserm, UMR 1153 Centre of Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), Epidemiology of Childhood and Adolescent Cancers Team (EPICEA), Villejuif, F-94807, France; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France; French National Registry of Childhood Hematological,Malignancies, France
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Lupo PJ, Spector LG. Cancer Progress and Priorities: Childhood Cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020; 29:1081-1094. [DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-19-0941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Patel DM, Jones RR, Booth BJ, Olsson AC, Kromhout H, Straif K, Vermeulen R, Tikellis G, Paltiel O, Golding J, Northstone K, Stoltenberg C, Håberg SE, Schüz J, Friesen MC, Ponsonby AL, Lemeshow S, Linet MS, Magnus P, Olsen J, Olsen SF, Dwyer T, Stayner LT, Ward MH. Parental occupational exposure to pesticides, animals and organic dust and risk of childhood leukemia and central nervous system tumors: Findings from the International Childhood Cancer Cohort Consortium (I4C). Int J Cancer 2020; 146:943-952. [PMID: 31054169 PMCID: PMC9359063 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Parental occupational exposures to pesticides, animals and organic dust have been associated with an increased risk of childhood cancer based mostly on case-control studies. We prospectively evaluated parental occupational exposures and risk of childhood leukemia and central nervous system (CNS) tumors in the International Childhood Cancer Cohort Consortium. We pooled data on 329,658 participants from birth cohorts in five countries (Australia, Denmark, Israel, Norway and United Kingdom). Parental occupational exposures during pregnancy were estimated by linking International Standard Classification of Occupations-1988 job codes to the ALOHA+ job exposure matrix. Risk of childhood (<15 years) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL; n = 129), acute myeloid leukemia (AML; n = 31) and CNS tumors (n = 158) was estimated using Cox proportional hazards models to generate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Paternal exposures to pesticides and animals were associated with increased risk of childhood AML (herbicides HR = 3.22, 95% CI = 0.97-10.68; insecticides HR = 2.86, 95% CI = 0.99-8.23; animals HR = 3.89, 95% CI = 1.18-12.90), but not ALL or CNS tumors. Paternal exposure to organic dust was positively associated with AML (HR = 2.38 95% CI = 1.12-5.07), inversely associated with ALL (HR = 0.55, 95% CI = 0.31-0.99) and not associated with CNS tumors. Low exposure prevalence precluded evaluation of maternal pesticide and animal exposures; we observed no significant associations with organic dust exposure. This first prospective analysis of pooled birth cohorts and parental occupational exposures provides evidence for paternal agricultural exposures as childhood AML risk factors. The different risks for childhood ALL associated with maternal and paternal organic dust exposures should be investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deven M. Patel
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Dr., Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Rena R. Jones
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Dr., Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Benjamin J. Booth
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Dr., Rockville, MD, USA
- Office of Community Health Systems, Washington State Department of Health, 111 Israel Rd. SE, Olympia, WA
| | - Ann C. Olsson
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 Cours Albert Thomas, Lyon, France
| | - Hans Kromhout
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Universiteit Utrecht, Nieuw Gildestein, Room 3.51, 3584 CM Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Kurt Straif
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 Cours Albert Thomas, Lyon, France
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Universiteit Utrecht, Nieuw Gildestein, Room 3.51, 3584 CM Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Gabriella Tikellis
- Population Health, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, University of Melbourne, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ora Paltiel
- Department of Hematology and Braun School of Public Health, Hadassah-Hebrew University, POB 12000 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Jean Golding
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Clifton, Bristol BS8 2BN, United Kingdom
| | - Kate Northstone
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Clifton, Bristol BS8 2BN, United Kingdom
| | - Camilla Stoltenberg
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Marcus Thranes gate 6, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Global Public Health and Community Care, University of Bergen, University Aula, Museplassen 3, Bergen, Norway
| | - Siri E. Håberg
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Marcus Thranes gate 6, Oslo, Norway
| | - Joachim Schüz
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 Cours Albert Thomas, Lyon, France
| | - Melissa C. Friesen
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Dr., Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Anne-Louise Ponsonby
- Menzies Research Institute, University of Tasmania, Medical Science Precinct, 17 Liverpool Street, Hobart Tasmania, Australia
| | - Stanley Lemeshow
- College of Public Health, Ohio State University, 1841 Neil Ave., 204 Cunz Hall, Columbus, OH, 43210
| | - Martha S. Linet
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Dr., Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Per Magnus
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Marcus Thranes gate 6, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jørn Olsen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Department of Public Health, Bartholins Allé 2, 8000 Aarhus C, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, 650 Charles E. Young Drive Los Angeles, CA
| | - Sjurdur F. Olsen
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Center for Fetal Programming, Staten Serum Institute, Artillerivej 5, 2300 København, Denmark
| | - Terence Dwyer
- Population Health, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, University of Melbourne, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- The George Institute for Global Health, Nuffield Department of Women’s & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Leslie T. Stayner
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1603 West Taylor Street, Room 978a, Chicago, IL
| | - Mary H. Ward
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Dr., Rockville, MD, USA
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Hernandez M, Hernández-Valero MA, García-Prieto C, Patterson DG, Hajek RA, Recinos I, Lopez DS, Li Y, Jones LA, Hawk E. A Pilot Study Evaluating Organochlorine and Organophosphate Pesticide Exposure in Children and Adolescents of Mexican Descent Residing in Hidalgo County, Texas. J Immigr Minor Health 2020; 21:751-760. [PMID: 30066057 DOI: 10.1007/s10903-018-0791-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Children and adolescents of Mexican descent residing in Hidalgo County (TX) were evaluated for exposure to organochlorine (OC) and organophosphate (OP) pesticides. A convenience sample of 60 participants enrolled in our pilot study. The lipid-adjusted serum concentrations of nine OC metabolites and creatinine-adjusted urinary concentrations of six OP metabolites were measured and compared with data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Fourth Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the concentration levels for each metabolite. Study participants were aged 5-18 years. For most of the OC and OP metabolites, our findings showed that participants had concentration levels within the distributional range of the national data. However, notable outlying levels (greater than the 95th percentile in the Fourth Report) were identified for the following OC metabolites: gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane, p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethene, and p,p'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane. Among the children aged 5-11 years, one child had an outlying value for the OP metabolite: dimethylphosphate. Our findings on the levels of OC and OP pesticide exposure enhances the credibility of national estimates, and can serve as baselines for children and adolescents of Mexican descent residing in Lower Rio Grande Valley. Furthermore, our study contributes to the lacunae of knowledge regarding environmental exposures and presses further investigation of outlying OC and OP exposure levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Hernandez
- Department of Biostatistics, Unit 1411, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - María A Hernández-Valero
- Health Program, Department of Education Psychology, College of Education, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Rd., Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Celia García-Prieto
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, Unit 2951, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Donald G Patterson
- Axys Analytical Services Ltd., 2045 Mills Road West, Sidney, BC, V8LL 5X2, Canada
| | - Richard A Hajek
- Gynecologic Oncology & Reproductive Medicine, Unit 1362, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Iris Recinos
- Institute of Cancer Care Innovation, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - David S Lopez
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas School of Public Health, P.O. Box 20186, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yisheng Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Unit 1411, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Lovell A Jones
- College of Nursing, Prairie View A&M University, 100 University Dr., Prairie View, TX, 77446, USA
| | - Ernest Hawk
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, Unit 1370, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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Shields JN, Hales EC, Ranspach LE, Luo X, Orr S, Runft D, Dombkowski A, Neely MN, Matherly LH, Taub J, Baker TR, Thummel R. Exposure of Larval Zebrafish to the Insecticide Propoxur Induced Developmental Delays that Correlate with Behavioral Abnormalities and Altered Expression of hspb9 and hspb11. TOXICS 2019; 7:E50. [PMID: 31546644 PMCID: PMC6958418 DOI: 10.3390/toxics7040050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that organophosphates and carbamates affect human fetal development, resulting in neurological and growth impairment. However, these studies are conflicting and the extent of adverse effects due to pesticide exposure warrants further investigation. In the present study, we examined the impact of the carbamate insecticide propoxur on zebrafish development. We found that propoxur exposure delays embryonic development, resulting in three distinct developmental stages: no delay, mild delay, or severe delay. Interestingly, the delayed embryos all physically recovered 5 days after exposure, but behavioral analysis revealed persistent cognitive deficits at later stages. Microarray analysis identified 59 genes significantly changed by propoxur treatment, and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis revealed that these genes are involved in cancer, organismal abnormalities, neurological disease, and hematological system development. We further examined hspb9 and hspb11 due to their potential roles in zebrafish development and found that propoxur increases expression of these small heat shock proteins in all of the exposed animals. However, we discovered that less significant increases were associated with the more severely delayed phenotype. This raises the possibility that a decreased ability to upregulate these small heat shock proteins in response to propoxur exposure may cause embryos to be more severely delayed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah N Shields
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Center for Urban Responses to Environmental Stressors, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | - Eric C Hales
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
| | - Lillian E Ranspach
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | - Xixia Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | - Steven Orr
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
| | - Donna Runft
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA.
| | - Alan Dombkowski
- Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | - Melody N Neely
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA.
| | - Larry H Matherly
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | - Jeffrey Taub
- Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | - Tracie R Baker
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Center for Urban Responses to Environmental Stressors, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | - Ryan Thummel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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Abstract
Our genetic makeup and environment interact. Evidence has emerged demonstrating preconception and prenatal exposure to toxic agents have a profound effect on reproductive health. We cannot change our genetics, but we can change our environment. Health providers can protect pregnancies from harmful exposures. Pregnancy is the most critical time-window for human development, when any toxic exposure can cause lasting damage to brain development. Reproductive care professionals can provide useful information to patients and refer patients to appropriate specialists when hazardous exposure is identified. Clinical experience and expertise in communicating risks of treatment are transferable to environmental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly McCue
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Permanente Medical Group, North Valley, 3rd Floor, 501 J Street, Sacramento, CA 95814, USA
| | - Nathaniel DeNicola
- The George Washington University, 2511 I Street Northwest, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
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Herrera-Moreno JF, Medina-Díaz IM, Bernal-Hernández YY, Ramos KS, Alvarado-Cruz I, Quintanilla-Vega B, González-Arias CA, Barrón-Vivanco BS, Rojas-García AE. Modified CDKN2B (p15) and CDKN2A (p16) DNA methylation profiles in urban pesticide applicators. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:15124-15135. [PMID: 30924039 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04658-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Gene-specific changes in DNA methylation by pesticides in occupationally exposed populations have not been studied extensively. Of particular concern are changes in the methylation profile of tumor-suppressor, such as CDKN2B and CDKN2A, genes involved in oncogenesis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the methylation profiles of CDKN2B and CDKN2A genes in urban pesticide applicators and their relationship with occupational exposure to pesticides. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 186 urban pesticide applicators (categorized as high or moderate exposures) and 102 participants without documented occupational exposures to pesticides. Acute and chronic pesticide exposures were evaluated by direct measurement of urinary dialkylphosphates, organophosphate metabolites, and a structured questionnaire, respectively. Anthropometric characteristics, diet, clinical histories, and other variables were estimated through a validated self-reported survey. DNA methylation was determined by pyrosequencing of bisulfite-treated DNA. Decreased DNA methylation of the CDKN2B gene was observed in pesticide-exposed groups compared to the non-exposed group. In addition, increased methylation of the CDKN2A promoter was observed in the moderate-exposure group compared to the non-exposed group. Bivariate analysis showed an association between CDKN2B methylation and pesticide exposure, general characteristics, smoking status, and micronutrients, while changes in CDKN2A methylation were associated with pesticide exposure, sex, educational level, body mass index, smoking status, supplement intake, clinical parameters, and caffeine consumption. These data suggest that pesticide exposure modifies the methylation pattern of CDKN2B and CDKN2A genes and raise important questions about the role that these changes may play in the regulation of cell cycle activities, senescence, and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Francisco Herrera-Moreno
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, 63155, Ciudad de la Cultura s/n. Col. Centro, C.P. 63000, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológico Agropecuarias, Unidad Académica de Agricultura, Km. 9 Carretera Tepic-Compostela, Xalisco, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - Irma Martha Medina-Díaz
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, 63155, Ciudad de la Cultura s/n. Col. Centro, C.P. 63000, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - Yael Yvette Bernal-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, 63155, Ciudad de la Cultura s/n. Col. Centro, C.P. 63000, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - Kenneth S Ramos
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Support and Data Analytics, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Isabel Alvarado-Cruz
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Betzabet Quintanilla-Vega
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Cyndia Azucena González-Arias
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, 63155, Ciudad de la Cultura s/n. Col. Centro, C.P. 63000, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - Briscia Socorro Barrón-Vivanco
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, 63155, Ciudad de la Cultura s/n. Col. Centro, C.P. 63000, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - Aurora Elizabeth Rojas-García
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, 63155, Ciudad de la Cultura s/n. Col. Centro, C.P. 63000, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico.
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Groves FD, Watkins BT, Roberts DJ, Tucker TC, Shen T, Flood TJ. Birth Weight and Risk of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in Arizona, Illinois, and Kentucky. South Med J 2019; 111:579-584. [PMID: 30285262 DOI: 10.14423/smj.0000000000000873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To confirm the previously reported increased risk of leukemia among macrosomic children (those with birth weight >4 kg). METHODS Birth certificates of Arizona, Illinois, and Kentucky children diagnosed as having acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) before age 5 years were matched with birth certificates from leukemia-free children of the same sex, race, and ethnicity who were born in the same county on or about the same day. Odds ratios (ORs) for ALL among children of low (<2.5 kg) or high (>4 kg) birth weight were calculated by conditional logistic regression. RESULTS Children with high birth weight had an elevated risk of ALL in the first 5 years of life (OR 1.28, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01-1.61). The excess risk was confined to non-Hispanic whites (OR 1.77, 95% CI 1.27-2.48), both boys (OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.01-2.45) and girls (OR 2.10, 95% CI 1.26-3.52). CONCLUSIONS This study confirms the association between high birth weight and ALL previously reported by other studies in children of European ancestry. The literature on maternal risk factors for both macrosomia and ALL is reviewed, with maternal overnutrition emerging as a plausible risk factor for both outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank D Groves
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, the Illinois State Cancer Registry, Springfield, and the Arizona Cancer Registry, Phoenix
| | - Brittany T Watkins
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, the Illinois State Cancer Registry, Springfield, and the Arizona Cancer Registry, Phoenix
| | - Daniel J Roberts
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, the Illinois State Cancer Registry, Springfield, and the Arizona Cancer Registry, Phoenix
| | - Thomas C Tucker
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, the Illinois State Cancer Registry, Springfield, and the Arizona Cancer Registry, Phoenix
| | - Tiefu Shen
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, the Illinois State Cancer Registry, Springfield, and the Arizona Cancer Registry, Phoenix
| | - Timothy J Flood
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, the Illinois State Cancer Registry, Springfield, and the Arizona Cancer Registry, Phoenix
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Katsikantami I, Colosio C, Alegakis A, Tzatzarakis MN, Vakonaki E, Rizos AK, Sarigiannis DA, Tsatsakis AM. Estimation of daily intake and risk assessment of organophosphorus pesticides based on biomonitoring data - The internal exposure approach. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 123:57-71. [PMID: 30352298 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human exposure to pesticides can be estimated through different approaches. The approach adopted in this study is based on internal dose measures. Studies published during 2001 and 2017 were collected from PubMed and Scopus databases, filtered and organized. The intake of parent compounds is estimated based on the urinary excretion of different OP metabolites applying a mathematical model previously used for similar purposes. Once defined an Estimated Daily Intake (EDI), risk assessment is performed through comparison with specific guideline values and hazard index (HI) is calculated to assess cumulative health risk. The EDI was expressed as malathion, diazinon, parathion, phorate and dimethoate equivalents. Differences in exposure between pregnant women, general population, children and farmers are highlighted and exposures are presented by country and sampling year. Higher exposure to OPs was calculated for farmers, followed by children whereas pregnant women were less exposed. Median HQ values for children ranged between 0.016 and 0.618, for pregnant women 0.005-0.151, for general population 0.008-0.206 and for farmers 0.009-0.979. Combined exposure to dimethoate and phorate was the worst-case scenario. The annual distribution of the urinary DAPs showed that exposure to OPs since 1998 tends to be stable for both children and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Katsikantami
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, FORTH-IESL, GR-71003, Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, GR-71003, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Claudio Colosio
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health of the University of Milan, International Centre for Rural Health of the University Hospital San Paolo, S. Paolo Hospital Unit, Via San Vigilio 43, 20142 Milan, Italy
| | - Athanasios Alegakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, GR-71003, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Manolis N Tzatzarakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, GR-71003, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Elena Vakonaki
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, GR-71003, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Apostolos K Rizos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, FORTH-IESL, GR-71003, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Dimosthenis A Sarigiannis
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece; HERACLES Research Centre on the Exposome and Health, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (KEDEK), Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece; Environmental Health Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study IUSS, Pavia, Italy
| | - Aristides M Tsatsakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, GR-71003, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
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Rouillon S, El Ouazzani H, Rabouan S, Migeot V, Albouy-Llaty M. Determinants of Risk Perception Related to Exposure to Endocrine Disruptors during Pregnancy: A Qualitative and Quantitative Study on French Women. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15102231. [PMID: 30314384 PMCID: PMC6210258 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15102231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine disruptors (EDCs) are known as environmental exposure factors. However, they are rarely reported by health professionals in clinical practice, particularly during pregnancy, even though they are associated with many deleterious consequences. The objectives of this study were to estimate the risk perception of pregnant women related to EDC exposure and to evaluate its determinants. A qualitative study based on the Health Belief Model was carried out through interviews of pregnant women and focus group with perinatal, environmental health and prevention professionals in 2015 in the city of Poitiers, France. Then, determinants of risk perception were included in a questionnaire administered to 300 women in the perinatal period through a quantitative study. Scores were subsequently calculated. Perception of EDC risk was defined as perceived severity for different stages of the infant’s development and perceived susceptibility to EDC exposure. The determinants reported in the qualitative study were: age, strong maternal figure, socio-professional category, level of knowledge, and involuntariness of exposure. Age and level of knowledge were confirmed in our statistical model as determinants. Mean score of EDC risk perception was 55.0 ± 18.3 on 100 points. Our study should guide healthcare providers when advising pregnant women about EDC and environmental exposure. Our score for perceived EDC risk and assessment of its known determinants may help to assess the impact and the relevance of prevention programs dedicated to reducing exposure to EDC during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steeve Rouillon
- INSERM, University Hospital of Poitiers, University of Poitiers, Clinical Investigation Center 1402, 2 rue de la Milétrie, 86021 Poitiers CEDEX, France.
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Poitiers, 6 rue de la Milétrie, 86000 Poitiers, France.
- Department of Public Health, BioSPharm Pole, University Hospital of Poitiers, 2 rue de la Milétrie, 86021 Poitiers CEDEX, France.
| | - Houria El Ouazzani
- INSERM, University Hospital of Poitiers, University of Poitiers, Clinical Investigation Center 1402, 2 rue de la Milétrie, 86021 Poitiers CEDEX, France.
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Poitiers, 6 rue de la Milétrie, 86000 Poitiers, France.
- Department of Public Health, BioSPharm Pole, University Hospital of Poitiers, 2 rue de la Milétrie, 86021 Poitiers CEDEX, France.
| | - Sylvie Rabouan
- INSERM, University Hospital of Poitiers, University of Poitiers, Clinical Investigation Center 1402, 2 rue de la Milétrie, 86021 Poitiers CEDEX, France.
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Poitiers, 6 rue de la Milétrie, 86000 Poitiers, France.
| | - Virginie Migeot
- INSERM, University Hospital of Poitiers, University of Poitiers, Clinical Investigation Center 1402, 2 rue de la Milétrie, 86021 Poitiers CEDEX, France.
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Poitiers, 6 rue de la Milétrie, 86000 Poitiers, France.
- Department of Public Health, BioSPharm Pole, University Hospital of Poitiers, 2 rue de la Milétrie, 86021 Poitiers CEDEX, France.
| | - Marion Albouy-Llaty
- INSERM, University Hospital of Poitiers, University of Poitiers, Clinical Investigation Center 1402, 2 rue de la Milétrie, 86021 Poitiers CEDEX, France.
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Poitiers, 6 rue de la Milétrie, 86000 Poitiers, France.
- Department of Public Health, BioSPharm Pole, University Hospital of Poitiers, 2 rue de la Milétrie, 86021 Poitiers CEDEX, France.
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36
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Erdmann F, Li T, Luta G, Giddings BM, Torres Alvarado G, Steliarova-Foucher E, Schüz J, Mora AM. Incidence of childhood cancer in Costa Rica, 2000-2014: An international perspective. Cancer Epidemiol 2018; 56:21-30. [PMID: 30025251 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Estimating childhood cancer incidence globally is hampered by a lack of reliable data from low- and middle-income countries. Costa Rica is one of the few middle-income countries (MIC) with a long-term high quality nationwide population-based cancer registry. METHODS Data on incident cancers in children aged under 15 years reported to the Costa Rica National Cancer Registry between 2000 and 2014 were analyzed by diagnostic group, age, sex, and geographical region and compared with incidence data for Hispanic and Non-Hispanic White (NHW) children in California, USA. RESULTS During the 15-year period, 2396 cases of childhood cancer were reported in Costa Rica, resulting in an overall age-standardized incidence rate (ASR) of 140/million. Most frequent cancer types were leukemias (40.5%), malignant central nervous system (CNS) tumors (13.9%), and lymphomas (12.7%). The observed ASR of lymphoid leukemia (46.9/million) ranked high globally. Low rates were found for most solid tumors including malignant CNS tumors, sympathetic nervous system tumors, and soft tissue sarcomas. There was almost no change in incidence rates over time, while geographical variations were observed within Costa Rica. The overall cancer rate in Costa Rica was lower compared to NHW (176.1/million) and Hispanic (161.7/million) children in California. CONCLUSION Based on the longstanding registration system, the childhood cancer incidence rates were similar to those observed in other Latin American countries. While a degree of under-ascertainment of cases cannot be excluded, the markedly high leukemia rates, in particular of the lymphoid sub-type deserves further study in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Erdmann
- Section of Environment and Radiation, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372, Lyon, France; Childhood Cancer Research Group, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Tengfei Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Bioinformatics, and Biomathematics, Georgetown University, 4000 Reservoir Rd NW, Washington DC, 20057, USA
| | - George Luta
- Department of Biostatistics, Bioinformatics, and Biomathematics, Georgetown University, 4000 Reservoir Rd NW, Washington DC, 20057, USA
| | - Brenda M Giddings
- California Cancer Reporting and Epidemiologic Surveillance (CalCARES) Program, UC Davis Health, Institute for Population Health Improvement, 1631 Alhambra Boulevard, Suite 200, Sacramento, CA, 95816, USA
| | | | - Eva Steliarova-Foucher
- Section of Cancer Surveillance, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372, Lyon, France
| | - Joachim Schüz
- Section of Environment and Radiation, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372, Lyon, France
| | - Ana M Mora
- Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances (IRET), Universidad Nacional, P.O. Box 86-3000, Heredia, Costa Rica
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37
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Trueblood AB, Shipp EM. Characteristics of acute occupational pesticide exposures reported to poison control centers in Texas, 2000-2015. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH 2018; 73:228-235. [PMID: 28605270 DOI: 10.1080/19338244.2017.1339011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In the United States, there is limited literature on occupational pesticide exposures despite being associated with adverse health outcomes, including in large states such as Texas. The purpose of this article is to characterize occupational pesticide poison center exposures in Texas. Descriptive statistics were used to describe exposures (eg, exposure routes, type of pesticide, medical outcome, clinical effects, and temporal/seasonal patterns). From 2000 to 2015, there were 2,303 occupational pesticide poison center exposures. Common types of reported pesticides were insecticides (67.3%), herbicides (17.7%), and repellents (5.8%). The highest proportion of exposures were among those aged 20 to 29 years (24.9%). The top clinical effect categories were gastrointestinal (25.8%), neurological (19.2%), and dermal (14.9%). Characterizing occupational pesticide poison center exposures can support improved surveillance systems and guide future research or interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber B Trueblood
- a Center for Transportation Safety , Texas A&M Transportation Institute , College Station , Texas , USA
| | - Eva M Shipp
- a Center for Transportation Safety , Texas A&M Transportation Institute , College Station , Texas , USA
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38
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Maternal Exposure to Pesticides, Paternal Occupation in the Army/Police Force, and CYP2D6*4 Polymorphism in the Etiology of Childhood Acute Leukemia. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2018; 40:e207-e214. [PMID: 29432309 DOI: 10.1097/mph.0000000000001105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies have suggested that parental occupations, pesticide use, environmental factors, and genetic polymorphism are involved in the etiology of childhood acute leukemia (CAL). In total, 116 cases of CAL and 162 controls were recruited and submitted to blood drawing to assess the presence of genetic polymorphisms. Parental occupations, pesticides exposure, and other potential determinants were investigated. Increased risk for CAL was associated with prenatal maternal use of insecticides/rodenticides (odds ratio [OR]=1.87; 95% confidence intervals [CI], 1.04-3.33), with subjects living <100 m from pesticide-treated fields (OR=3.21; 95% CI, 1.37-7.53) and with a paternal occupation as traffic warden/policeman (OR=4.02; 95% CI, 1.63-9.87). Associations were found between CAL and genetic polymorphism of CYP2D6*4 for homozygous alleles (mutant type/mutant type: OR=6.39; 95% CI, 1.17-34.66). In conclusion, despite the small sample size, maternal prenatal exposure to pesticides, paternal occupation as a traffic warden/police officer, and CYP2D6*4 polymorphism could play a role in the etiology of CAL.
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39
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Parks CG, D’Aloisio AA, Sandler DP. Childhood Residential and Agricultural Pesticide Exposures in Relation to Adult-Onset Rheumatoid Arthritis in Women. Am J Epidemiol 2018; 187:214-223. [PMID: 29020148 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwx224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Farming and pesticide exposure may influence risk of rheumatoid arthritis (RA); the role of early-life pesticide exposure is unknown. The Sister Study includes a US national cohort of women aged 35-74 years (enrolled 2004-2009); we examined childhood pesticide exposure in women in this cohort with adult-onset RA. Cases (n = 424) were compared with 48,919 noncases. Data included pesticide use at the longest childhood residence through age 14 years, farm residence of at least 12 months with agricultural pesticide exposure through age 18 years, and maternal farm experience. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were adjusted for age, race or ethnicity, education, smoking, and childhood socioeconomic factors. Cases with RA reported more frequent and direct (personal) residential pesticide use in childhood (for infrequent/indirect pesticide use, odds ratio (OR) = 1.1; for frequent/direct use, OR = 1.8; P for trend = 0.013). Compared with women without residential farm history, odds of having RA increased for those reporting a childhood-only farm residence with personal exposure to pesticides used on crops (OR = 1.8, 95% confidence interval: 1.1, 2.9) or livestock (OR = 2.0, 95% confidence interval: 1.2, 3.3). Our findings suggest adult-onset RA may be related to childhood exposure to residential and agricultural pesticides, and support further investigations of lifetime pesticide use in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine G Parks
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Aimee A D’Aloisio
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
- Social & Scientific Systems, Inc., Durham, North Carolina
| | - Dale P Sandler
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
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40
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Kyriakopoulou A, Meimeti E, Moisoglou I, Psarrou A, Provatopoulou X, Dounias G. Parental Occupational Exposures and Risk of Childhood Acute Leukemia. Mater Sociomed 2018; 30:209-214. [PMID: 30515061 PMCID: PMC6195413 DOI: 10.5455/msm.2018.30.209-214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Acute leukemia, accounting for 20% of all cancers diagnosed in individuals younger than 19 years old, is the most prevalent childhood malignancy. Among environmental risk factors, parental occupational exposures have attracted scientific interest as potential predisposing factors for childhood leukemia. The role of parental occupational exposure to social contacts, harmful chemicals, electromagnetic fields and ionizing radiation has been investigated with conflicting and inconsistent results. Aim: A case-control study aiming to assess the association between parental occupational exposures to social contacts, chemicals and electromagnetic fields and the risk of offspring acute leukemia. Material and Methods: 108 children with acute leukemia and equal number of matched controls were included. Data on parental occupations before conception, during pregnancy, during breastfeeding and after birth, and on potential risk factors was recorded. Associations between parental exposure and risk of childhood leukemia were estimated. Results: Parental occupational exposure during the four periods of exposure was not associated with childhood leukemia. High birth weight and family history of cancer were associated with the development of childhood acute leukemia. A weak association of maternal medication use during pregnancy and leukemia risk emerged. Conclusions: Since the causative factors of childhood leukemia remain unknown, further investigation is mandatory for the reduction of disease burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleka Kyriakopoulou
- Occupational and Industrial Hygiene Department, National School of Public Health, Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelia Meimeti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Moisoglou
- Quality Assurance and Continuing Education Unit, General Hospital of Lamia, Greece
| | - Anna Psarrou
- First Department of Internal Medicine, 401 General Military Hospital of Athens, Greece
| | | | - Georgios Dounias
- Occupational and Industrial Hygiene Department, National School of Public Health, Athens, Greece
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Pombo-de-Oliveira MS, Andrade FG, Brisson GD, Dos Santos Bueno FV, Cezar IS, Noronha EP. Acute myeloid leukaemia at an early age: Reviewing the interaction between pesticide exposure and KMT2A-rearrangement. Ecancermedicalscience 2017; 11:782. [PMID: 29225689 PMCID: PMC5718248 DOI: 10.3332/ecancer.2017.782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) in early childhood is characterised by a high frequency of recurrent genomic aberrations associated with distinct myeloid subtypes, clinical outcomes and pathogenesis. Genomic instability is the first step of pathogenic mechanism in early childhood AML. A sum of adverse events is necessary to the development of infant AML (i-AML), which includes latency of biochemical-molecular and cellular effects. Inherited genetic susceptibility associated with exposures to biotransformation substances can modulate the risk of DNA damage and it is a very important piece in the pathogenic puzzle. In this review, we have aimed to explore the chain of events in the time-points of the natural history of i-AML, which includes maternal exposures during pregnancy, the speculations about the formation of somatic mutations during foetal life and the secondary genomic aberrations associated with i-AML. The modulation of risk conferred by xenobiotic metabolism´s genes variants is the bottom line of the pathogenic process. Since we have conducted observational and molecular investigations in early childhood leukaemia, the data focused here is based on Brazilian findings with summarised results of our experience with epidemiological and molecular studies in early-age leukaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria S Pombo-de-Oliveira
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Program, Research Center, Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA), Rio de Janeiro 20231-050, Brazil
| | - Francianne Gomes Andrade
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Program, Research Center, Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA), Rio de Janeiro 20231-050, Brazil
| | - Gisele Dallapicola Brisson
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Program, Research Center, Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA), Rio de Janeiro 20231-050, Brazil
| | - Filipe Vicente Dos Santos Bueno
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Program, Research Center, Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA), Rio de Janeiro 20231-050, Brazil
| | - Ingrid Sardou Cezar
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Program, Research Center, Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA), Rio de Janeiro 20231-050, Brazil
| | - Elda Pereira Noronha
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Program, Research Center, Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA), Rio de Janeiro 20231-050, Brazil
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Van Maele-Fabry G, Gamet-Payrastre L, Lison D. Residential exposure to pesticides as risk factor for childhood and young adult brain tumors: A systematic review and meta-analysis. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017. [PMID: 28623811 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating evidence suggests a positive association between exposure to non-agricultural pesticides and childhood brain tumors (CBT). OBJECTIVE (1) To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies on the association between residential/household/domestic exposure to pesticides and childhood brain tumors. (2) To clarify variables that could impact the results. METHODS Publications in English were identified from a MEDLINE search through 28 February 2017 and from the reference list of identified publications. Risk estimates were extracted from 18 case-control studies published between 1979 and 2016 and study quality assessments were performed. Summary odds ratios (mOR) were calculated according to fixed and random-effect meta-analysis models. Separate analyses were conducted after stratification for study quality, critical exposure period, exposure location, specific exposures, pesticide category, application methods, type of pest treated, type of CBT, child's age at diagnosis and geographic location. RESULTS Statistically significant associations were observed with CBT after combining all studies (mOR: 1.26; 95% CI: 1.13-1.40) without evidence of inconsistency between study results or publication bias. Specifically, increased risks were observed for several groupings and more particularly for gliomas and exposure involving insecticides. Statistical significance was also reached for high quality studies, for all exposure periods, for indoor exposure and, more particularly, during the prenatal period for all stratifications involving insecticides (except for outdoor use), for pet treatments, for flea/tick treatment, for studies from USA/Canada and studies from Europe (borderline) as well as for data from studies including children of up to 10years at diagnosis and of up to 15years. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support an association between residential exposure to pesticides and childhood brain tumors. Although causality cannot be established, these results add to the evidence leading to recommend limiting residential use of pesticides and to support public health policies serving this objective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geneviève Van Maele-Fabry
- Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain Centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (LTAP), Avenue E. Mounier 53.02, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Laurence Gamet-Payrastre
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS 180 chemin de Tournefeuille, BP 93173 Toulouse, France
| | - Dominique Lison
- Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain Centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (LTAP), Avenue E. Mounier 53.02, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
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Cárceles-Álvarez A, Ortega-García JA, López-Hernández FA, Orozco-Llamas M, Espinosa-López B, Tobarra-Sánchez E, Alvarez L. Spatial clustering of childhood leukaemia with the integration of the Paediatric Environmental History. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 156:605-612. [PMID: 28454012 PMCID: PMC5685499 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leukaemia remains the most common type of paediatric cancer and its aetiology remains unknown, but considered to be multifactorial. It is suggested that the initiation in utero by relevant exposures and/or inherited genetic variants and, other promotional postnatal exposures are probably required to develop leukaemia. This study aimed to map the incidence and analyse possible clusters in the geographical distribution of childhood acute leukaemia during the critical periods and to evaluate the factors that may be involved in the aetiology by conducting community and individual risk assessments. MATERIALS AND METHODS We analysed all incident cases of acute childhood leukaemia (<15 years) diagnosed in a Spanish region during the period 1998-2013. At diagnosis, the addresses during pregnancy, early childhood and diagnosis were collected and codified to analyse the spatial distribution of acute leukaemia. Scan statistical test methodology was used for the identification of high-incidence spatial clusters. Once identified, individual and community risk assessments were conducted using the Paediatric Environmental History. RESULTS A total of 158 cases of acute leukaemia were analysed. The crude rate for the period was 42.7 cases per million children. Among subtypes, acute lymphoblastic leukaemia had the highest incidence (31.9 per million children). A spatial cluster of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia was detected using the pregnancy address (p<0.05). The most common environmental risk factors related with the aetiology of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, identified by the Paediatric Environmental History were: prenatal exposure to tobacco (75%) and alcohol (50%); residential and community exposure to pesticides (62.5%); prenatal or neonatal ionizing radiation (42.8%); and parental workplace exposure (37.5%) CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that environmental exposures in utero may be important in the development of childhood leukaemia. Due to the presence of high-incidence clusters using pregnancy address, it is necessary to introduce this address into the childhood cancer registers. The Paediatric Environmental History which includes pregnancy address and a careful and comprehensive evaluation of the environmental exposures will allow us to build the knowledge of the causes of childhood leukaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Cárceles-Álvarez
- Pediatric Environmental Health Speciality Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Laboratory of Environment and Human Health (A5) Institute of Biomedical Research, IMIB-Arrixaca, Clinical University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Juan A Ortega-García
- Pediatric Environmental Health Speciality Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Laboratory of Environment and Human Health (A5) Institute of Biomedical Research, IMIB-Arrixaca, Clinical University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
| | | | - Mayra Orozco-Llamas
- Pediatric Environmental Health Speciality Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Laboratory of Environment and Human Health (A5) Institute of Biomedical Research, IMIB-Arrixaca, Clinical University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Blanca Espinosa-López
- Pediatric Environmental Health Speciality Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Laboratory of Environment and Human Health (A5) Institute of Biomedical Research, IMIB-Arrixaca, Clinical University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Esther Tobarra-Sánchez
- Pediatric Environmental Health Speciality Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Laboratory of Environment and Human Health (A5) Institute of Biomedical Research, IMIB-Arrixaca, Clinical University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Lizbeth Alvarez
- Pediatric Environmental Health Speciality Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Laboratory of Environment and Human Health (A5) Institute of Biomedical Research, IMIB-Arrixaca, Clinical University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Gunier RB, Kang A, Hammond SK, Reinier K, Lea CS, Chang JS, Does M, Scelo G, Kirsch J, Crouse V, Cooper R, Quinlan P, Metayer C. A task-based assessment of parental occupational exposure to pesticides and childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 156:57-62. [PMID: 28319818 PMCID: PMC5466848 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Associations between parental occupational pesticide exposure and childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) vary across studies, likely due to different exposure assessment methodologies. METHODS We assessed parental occupational pesticide exposure from the year before pregnancy to the child's third year of life for 669 children diagnosed with ALL and 1021 controls. We conducted expert rating using task-based job modules (JM) to estimate exposure to pesticides among farmer workers, gardeners, agricultural packers, and pesticide applicators. We compared this method to (1) partial JM using job titles and a brief description, but without completing the task-based questionnaire, and (2) job exposure matrix (JEM) linking job titles to the International Standard Classifications of Occupation Codes. We used unconditional logistic regression to calculate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for ALL cancer risk and pesticide exposure adjusting for child's sex, age, race/ethnicity and household income. RESULTS Compared to complete JMs, partial JMs and JEM led to 3.1% and 9.4% of parents with pesticide exposure misclassified, respectively. Misclassification was similar in cases and controls. Using complete JMs, we observed an increased risk of ALL for paternal occupational exposure to any pesticides (OR=1.7; 95% CI=1.2, 2.5), with higher risks reported for pesticides to treat nut crops (OR=4.5; 95% CI=0.9, 23.0), and for children diagnosed before five years of age (OR=2.3; 95% CI: 1.3, 4.1). Exposure misclassification from JEM attenuated these associations by about 57%. Maternal occupational pesticide exposure before and after birth was not associated with ALL. CONCLUSIONS The risk of ALL was elevated in young children with paternal occupational pesticide exposure during the perinatal period, using more detailed occupational information for exposure classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert B Gunier
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Alice Kang
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - S Katharine Hammond
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Kyndaron Reinier
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - C Suzanne Lea
- East Carolina University, Brody School of Medicine, Department of Public Health, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Chang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Monique Does
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Medical Group, Oakland, California, USA
| | | | - Janice Kirsch
- Medical Oncologist and Hematologist, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Robert Cooper
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Patricia Quinlan
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Catherine Metayer
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Pérez-Saldivar ML, Fajardo-Gutiérrez A, Sierra-Ramírez JA, Núñez-Villegas N, Pérez-Lorenzana H, Dorantes-Acosta EM, Román-Zepeda PF, Rodríguez-Zepeda MDC, González-Ulivarri JE, López-Santiago N, Martínez-Silva SI, Paredes-Aguilera R, Velázquez-Aviña MM, Flores-Lujano J, Jiménez-Hernández E, Núñez-Enríquez JC, Bekker-Méndez VC, Mejía-Aranguré JM. Parental Exposure to Workplace Carcinogens and the Risk of Development of Acute Leukemia in Infants. Case-Control Study. Arch Med Res 2017; 47:684-693. [PMID: 28476196 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Occupational exposure of parents to carcinogens is of great interest in the etiology of leukemias. Evidence of the impact of such exposure on infants or small children is scarce. Here we estimated whether occupational exposure of parents to carcinogens could be a risk factor for leukemias in their children. METHODS Cases of acute leukemia (AL) in infants ≤24 months old diagnosed in Mexico City (1998-2013) were included in a population-based, case-control study. Each of the 195 cases was matched with at least one healthy child (n = 369). For each of four exposure windows studied, the degree of exposure to carcinogens was determined for both parents by using a validated occupational exposure index. An unconditional logistic regression was carried out. RESULTS Odds ratios (OR) and the 95% confidence intervals (CI) of the overall occupational exposure for parents during the four exposure windows indicated no association with risk of AL in their children. Pre-conception, the OR by the father 0.77 (0.49-1.21), by the mother 1.03 (0.50-2.11); during pregnancy, father 0.66 (0.38-1.15), mother 1.79 (0.46-6.90); during breastfeeding, father 0.75 (0.43-1.30), mother 0.96 (0.21-4.30); and after birth, father 0.74 (0.45-1.22), mother 0.90 (0.24-3.32). The statistical power of the sample size to identify an OR ≥2 and an exposure of ≥10% among controls was 78%. CONCLUSIONS These data support the idea that parents' occupational exposure during any of the periods studied was not a risk factor contributing to the etiology of AL in infants ≤24 months of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Luisa Pérez-Saldivar
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Epidemiología Clínica, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad (UMAE) Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional (CMN) "Siglo XXI", Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS); Sección de Estudios de Posgrado, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional.
| | - Arturo Fajardo-Gutiérrez
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Epidemiología Clínica, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad (UMAE) Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional (CMN) "Siglo XXI", Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS)
| | | | - Nancy Núñez-Villegas
- Servicio de Hematología Pediátrica, Hospital General "Gaudencio González Garza", CMN "La Raza", IMSS
| | - Héctor Pérez-Lorenzana
- Servicio de Cirugía Pediátrica, Hospital General "Gaudencio González Garza", CMN "La Raza", IMSS
| | | | - Pedro Francisco Román-Zepeda
- Servicio de Hematología Pediátrica, Hospital General Regional (HGR) No. 1 "Dr. Carlos Mac Gregor Sánchez Navarro" IMSS
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Janet Flores-Lujano
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Epidemiología Clínica, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad (UMAE) Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional (CMN) "Siglo XXI", Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS)
| | - Elva Jiménez-Hernández
- Servicio de Hematología Pediátrica, Hospital General "Gaudencio González Garza", CMN "La Raza", IMSS
| | - Juan Carlos Núñez-Enríquez
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Epidemiología Clínica, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad (UMAE) Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional (CMN) "Siglo XXI", Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS)
| | - Vilma Carolina Bekker-Méndez
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunología e Infectología, Hospital de Infectología "Dr. Daniel Méndez Hernández", CMN "La Raza", IMSS
| | - Juan Manuel Mejía-Aranguré
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Epidemiología Clínica, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad (UMAE) Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional (CMN) "Siglo XXI", Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS); Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, UMAE, Hospital de Pediatría, CMN "Siglo XXI", IMSS; Coordinación de Investigación en Salud, CMN "Siglo XXI", IMSS.
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Barrington-Trimis JL, Cockburn M, Metayer C, Gauderman WJ, Wiemels J, McKean-Cowdin R. Trends in childhood leukemia incidence over two decades from 1992 to 2013. Int J Cancer 2017; 140:1000-1008. [PMID: 27778348 PMCID: PMC5550103 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Incidence rates of childhood leukemia in the United States have steadily increased over the last several decades, but only recently have disparities in the increase in incidence been recognized. In the current analysis, Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) data were used to evaluate recent trends in the incidence of childhood leukemia diagnosed at age 0-19 years from 1992 to 2013, overall and by age, race/ethnicity, gender and histologic subtype. Hispanic White children were more likely than non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black or non-Hispanic Asian children to be diagnosed with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) from 2009 to 2013. From 1992 to 2013, a significant increase in ALL incidence was observed for Hispanic White children [annual percent change (APC)Hispanic = 1.08, 95% CI: 0.59, 1.58]; no significant increase was observed for non-Hispanic White, Black or Asian children. ALL incidence increased by about 3% per year from 1992 to 2013 for Hispanic White children diagnosed from 15 to 19 years (APC = 2.67; 95% CI: 0.88, 4.49) and by 2% for those 10-14 years (APC = 2.09; 95% CI: 0.57, 3.63), while no significant increases in incidence were observed in non-Hispanic White, Black, or Asian children of the same age. Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) incidence increased among non-Hispanic White children under 1 year at diagnosis, and among Hispanic White children diagnosed at age 1-4. The increase in incidence rates of childhood ALL appears to be driven by rising rates in older Hispanic children (10-14, and 15-19 years). Future studies are needed to evaluate reasons for the increase in ALL among older Hispanic children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Barrington-Trimis
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Myles Cockburn
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Catherine Metayer
- School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley (UCB), Berkeley, CA
| | - W James Gauderman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Joseph Wiemels
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA
| | - Roberta McKean-Cowdin
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
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Massetti GM, Thomas CC, Ragan KR. Disparities in the Context of Opportunities for Cancer Prevention in Early Life. Pediatrics 2016; 138:S65-S77. [PMID: 27940979 PMCID: PMC5161109 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2015-4268j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent health disparities are a major contributor to disproportionate burden of cancer for some populations. Health disparities in cancer incidence and mortality may reflect differences in exposures to risk factors early in life. Understanding the distribution of exposures to early life risk and protective factors for cancer across different populations can shed light on opportunities to promote health equity at earlier developmental stages. Disparities may differentially influence risk for cancer during early life and create opportunities to promote health equity. Potential risk and protective factors for cancer in early life reveal patterns of disparities in their exposure. These disparities in exposures can manifest in downstream disparities in risk for cancer. These risk and protective factors include adverse childhood experiences; maternal alcohol consumption in pregnancy; childhood obesity; high or low birth weight; benzene exposure; use of assisted reproductive technologies; pesticide and insecticide exposure; isolated cryptorchidism; early pubertal timing; exposure to radiation; exposure to tobacco in utero and in early life; allergies, asthma, and atopy; and early exposure to infection. Disparities on the basis of racial and ethnic minority status, economic disadvantage, disability status, sex, geography, and nation of origin can occur in these risk and protective factors. Vulnerable populations experience disproportionally greater exposure to risk factors in early life. Addressing disparities in risk factors in early life can advance opportunities for prevention, promote health equity, and possibly reduce risk for subsequent development of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta M. Massetti
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Cheryll C. Thomas
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Kathleen R. Ragan
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Metayer C, Scelo G, Kang AY, Gunier RB, Reinier K, Lea S, Chang JS, Selvin S, Kirsch J, Crouse V, Does M, Quinlan P, Hammond SK. A task-based assessment of parental occupational exposure to organic solvents and other compounds and the risk of childhood leukemia in California. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 151:174-183. [PMID: 27494537 PMCID: PMC5071154 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Data on parental occupational exposures and risk of childhood leukemia lack specificity. Using 19 task-based job modules, we examined the relationship between occupational exposure to organic solvents and other compounds and the risk of leukemia in children. METHODS Latino (48%) and non-Latino (52%) children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL; n=670), acute myeloid leukemia (AML; n=104), and controls (n=1021) were enrolled in a study in California (2000-2008). Logistic regression models were used to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), adjusted for socio-demographic factors. RESULTS Among children with non-Latino fathers, none of the exposures evaluated were associated with risks of ALL and AML. In contrast, exposure to any organic solvents in Latino fathers was associated with an increased risk of childhood ALL (OR=1.48; 95% CI: 1.01-2.16); in multivariable analyses, the OR for chlorinated hydrocarbons was 2.28 (95% CI: 0.97-5.37) while the ORs were close to one for aromatic hydrocarbons, glycol ethers, and other hydrocarbon mixtures. We also observed an increased risk of ALL with exposure to combustion exhaust/polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (ORs=1.70; 95% CI: 1.16-2.57, and 1.46; 95% CI: 0.94-2.26 with and without adjustment for chlorinated hydrocarbons, respectively). Moderately elevated risks of ALL were seen with exposure to metals, paints, and wood dust, although not statistically significant. An increased risk was reported for asbestos based on small numbers of exposed Latino fathers. No associations were reported between maternal exposures to any exposures and childhood ALL and AML. CONCLUSIONS Our data support associations between paternal occupational exposures to chlorinated hydrocarbons, combustion exhaust, metals, and possibly asbestos and the risk of ALL in the children of Latino fathers only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Metayer
- University of California, Berkeley, School of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | | | - Alice Y Kang
- University of California, Berkeley, School of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Robert B Gunier
- University of California, Berkeley, School of Public Health, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Kyndaron Reinier
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Suzanne Lea
- East Carolina University, Brody School of Medicine, Department of Public Health, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Chang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Steve Selvin
- University of California, Berkeley, School of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Janice Kirsch
- Medical oncologist and hematologist, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Monique Does
- Division of Research, the Permanente Medical Group, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Patricia Quinlan
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - S Katharine Hammond
- University of California, Berkeley, School of Public Health, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Pesticides: an update of human exposure and toxicity. Arch Toxicol 2016; 91:549-599. [PMID: 27722929 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1849-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 365] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pesticides are a family of compounds which have brought many benefits to mankind in the agricultural, industrial, and health areas, but their toxicities in both humans and animals have always been a concern. Regardless of acute poisonings which are common for some classes of pesticides like organophosphoruses, the association of chronic and sub-lethal exposure to pesticides with a prevalence of some persistent diseases is going to be a phenomenon to which global attention has been attracted. In this review, incidence of various malignant, neurodegenerative, respiratory, reproductive, developmental, and metabolic diseases in relation to different routes of human exposure to pesticides such as occupational, environmental, residential, parental, maternal, and paternal has been systematically criticized in different categories of pesticide toxicities like carcinogenicity, neurotoxicity, pulmonotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, developmental toxicity, and metabolic toxicity. A huge body of evidence exists on the possible role of pesticide exposures in the elevated incidence of human diseases such as cancers, Alzheimer, Parkinson, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, asthma, bronchitis, infertility, birth defects, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism, diabetes, and obesity. Most of the disorders are induced by insecticides and herbicides most notably organophosphorus, organochlorines, phenoxyacetic acids, and triazine compounds.
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Whitehead TP, Metayer C, Wiemels JL, Singer AW, Miller MD. Childhood Leukemia and Primary Prevention. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care 2016; 46:317-352. [PMID: 27968954 PMCID: PMC5161115 DOI: 10.1016/j.cppeds.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Leukemia is the most common pediatric cancer, affecting 3800 children per year in the United States. Its annual incidence has increased over the last decades, especially among Latinos. Although most children diagnosed with leukemia are now cured, many suffer long-term complications, and primary prevention efforts are urgently needed. The early onset of leukemia-usually before 5 years of age-and the presence at birth of "pre-leukemic" genetic signatures indicate that pre- and postnatal events are critical to the development of the disease. In contrast to most pediatric cancers, there is a growing body of literature-in the United States and internationally-that has implicated several environmental, infectious, and dietary risk factors in the etiology of childhood leukemia, mainly for acute lymphoblastic leukemia, the most common subtype. For example, exposures to pesticides, tobacco smoke, solvents, and traffic emissions have consistently demonstrated positive associations with the risk of developing childhood leukemia. In contrast, intake of vitamins and folate supplementation during the preconception period or pregnancy, breastfeeding, and exposure to routine childhood infections have been shown to reduce the risk of childhood leukemia. Some children may be especially vulnerable to these risk factors, as demonstrated by a disproportionate burden of childhood leukemia in the Latino population of California. The evidence supporting the associations between childhood leukemia and its risk factors-including pooled analyses from around the world and systematic reviews-is strong; however, the dissemination of this knowledge to clinicians has been limited. To protect children's health, it is prudent to initiate programs designed to alter exposure to well-established leukemia risk factors rather than to suspend judgment until no uncertainty remains. Primary prevention programs for childhood leukemia would also result in the significant co-benefits of reductions in other adverse health outcomes that are common in children, such as detriments to neurocognitive development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd P Whitehead
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA; Center for Integrative Research on Childhood Leukemia and the Environment, University of California, Berkeley, CA.
| | - Catherine Metayer
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA; Center for Integrative Research on Childhood Leukemia and the Environment, University of California, Berkeley, CA
| | - Joseph L Wiemels
- Center for Integrative Research on Childhood Leukemia and the Environment, University of California, Berkeley, CA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Amanda W Singer
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA
| | - Mark D Miller
- Center for Integrative Research on Childhood Leukemia and the Environment, University of California, Berkeley, CA; Western States Pediatric Environmental Health Specialty Unit, University of California, San Francisco, CA
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