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Zhang Q, Wang L, Wu Q. Occurrence and combined exposure of phthalate esters in urban soil, surface dust, atmospheric dustfall, and commercial food in the semi-arid industrial city of Lanzhou, Northwest China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 354:124170. [PMID: 38759748 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
A total of 138 samples including urban soil, surface dust, atmospheric dustfall, and commercial food were collected from the semi-arid industrial city of Lanzhou in Northwest China, and 22 phthalate esters (PAEs) were analyzed in these samples by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the pollution characteristics, potential sources, and combined exposure risks of PAEs. The results showed that the total concentration of 22 PAEs (Ʃ22PAEs) presented surface dust (4.94 × 104 ng/g) ≫ dustfall (1.56 × 104 ng/g) ≫ food (2.14 × 103 ng/g) ≫ urban soil (533 ng/g). Di-n-butyl phthalate (DNBP), di-isobutyl phthalate, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), and di-isononyl phthalate/di-isodecyl phthalate were predominant in the environmental media and commercial food, being controlled by priority (52.1%-65.5%) and non-priority (62.1%) PAEs, respectively. Elevated Ʃ22PAEs in the urban soil and surface dust was found in the west, middle, and east of Lanzhou. Principal component analysis indicated that PAEs the urban soil and surface dust were related with the emissions of products containing PAEs, atmosphere depositions, and traffic and industrial emissions. PAEs in the foods were associated with the growth and processing environment. The health risk assessment of United States Environmental Protection Agency based on the Chinese population exposure parameters indicated that the total exposure dose of 22 PAEs was from 0.111 to 0.226 mg/kg/day, which were above the reference dose (0.02 mg/kg/day) and tolerable daily intake (TDI, 0.05 mg/kg/day) for DEHP (0.0333-0.0631 mg/kg/day), and TDI (0.01 mg/kg/day) for DNBP (0.0213-0.0405 mg/kg/day), implying that the exposure of PAEs via multi-media should not be ignored; the total non-carcinogenic risk of six priority PAEs was below 1 for the three environmental media (1.21 × 10-5-2.90 × 10-3), while close to 1 for food (4.74 × 10-1-8.76 × 10-1), suggesting a potential non-carcinogenic risk of human exposure to PAEs in food; the total carcinogenic risk of BBP and DEHP was below 1 × 10-6 for the three environmental media (9.13 × 10-10-5.72 × 10-7), while above 1 × 10-4 for DEHP in food (1.02 × 10-4), suggesting a significantly carcinogenic risk of human exposure to DEHP in food. The current research results can provide certain supports for pollution and risk prevention of PAEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Lijun Wang
- School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China.
| | - Qianlan Wu
- School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
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Chen CY, Lee CC, Hsu HJ, Wu IW, Chen YC, Pan HC, Chen YT, Hsu CK, Sun CY. Long-term impacts of endocrine-disrupting chemicals exposure on kidney function: A community-based cohort study. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 106:104379. [PMID: 38307303 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2024.104379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
This study explores the extended renal effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) exposure, a linkage already established with adverse health outcomes, notably chronic kidney disease. To delve deeper, the Chang Gung Community Research Center conducted a longitudinal study with 887 participants. Among them, 120 individuals were scrutinized based on EDC scores, analyzing 17 urinary EDCs and renal function. Findings revealed elevated mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) and bisphenol A levels in higher EDC exposure cases. MEHP notably correlated with increased urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR), predicting a > 15% decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate. Higher MEHP levels also hinted at declining renal function. UACR escalation linked significantly with specific EDCs: MEHP, methylparaben, nonylphenol, and 4-tert-octylphenol. This research underscores enduring renal hazards tied to environmental EDC exposure, particularly MEHP, emphasizing the urgent call for robust preventive public health strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yu Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung Branch, 222, Mai-Chin Road, Keelung 20401, Taiwan, Republic of China; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taipei, No. 259, Wenhua 1st Rd., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan, Republic of China; Community Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung Branch, 222, Mai-Chin Road, Keelung 20401, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chin-Chan Lee
- Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung Branch, 222, Mai-Chin Road, Keelung 20401, Taiwan, Republic of China; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taipei, No. 259, Wenhua 1st Rd., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan, Republic of China; Community Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung Branch, 222, Mai-Chin Road, Keelung 20401, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Heng-Jung Hsu
- Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung Branch, 222, Mai-Chin Road, Keelung 20401, Taiwan, Republic of China; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taipei, No. 259, Wenhua 1st Rd., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan, Republic of China; Community Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung Branch, 222, Mai-Chin Road, Keelung 20401, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - I-Wen Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, No. 291, Zhongzheng Rd., Zhonghe Dist., New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan, Republic of China; Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, No. 250, Wuxing St., Xinyi Dist., Taipei City 110301, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yung-Chang Chen
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taipei, No. 259, Wenhua 1st Rd., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, No. 5, Fuxing St., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 333423, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Heng-Chih Pan
- Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung Branch, 222, Mai-Chin Road, Keelung 20401, Taiwan, Republic of China; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taipei, No. 259, Wenhua 1st Rd., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan, Republic of China; Community Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung Branch, 222, Mai-Chin Road, Keelung 20401, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yih-Ting Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung Branch, 222, Mai-Chin Road, Keelung 20401, Taiwan, Republic of China; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taipei, No. 259, Wenhua 1st Rd., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan, Republic of China; Community Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung Branch, 222, Mai-Chin Road, Keelung 20401, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Kai Hsu
- Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung Branch, 222, Mai-Chin Road, Keelung 20401, Taiwan, Republic of China; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taipei, No. 259, Wenhua 1st Rd., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chiao-Yin Sun
- Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung Branch, 222, Mai-Chin Road, Keelung 20401, Taiwan, Republic of China; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taipei, No. 259, Wenhua 1st Rd., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan, Republic of China; Community Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung Branch, 222, Mai-Chin Road, Keelung 20401, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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Zhu L, Hajeb P, Fauser P, Vorkamp K. Endocrine disrupting chemicals in indoor dust: A review of temporal and spatial trends, and human exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 874:162374. [PMID: 36828075 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Several chemicals with widespread consumer uses have been identified as endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), with a potential risk to humans. The occurrence in indoor dust and resulting human exposure have been reviewed for six groups of known and suspected EDCs, including phthalates and non-phthalate plasticizers, flame retardants, bisphenols, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), biocides and personal care product additives (PCPs). Some banned or restricted EDCs, such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), bisphenol A (BPA), perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), are still widely detected in indoor dust in most countries, even as the predominating compounds of their group, but generally with decreasing trends. Meanwhile, alternatives that are also potential EDCs, such as bisphenol S (BPS), bisphenol F (BPF), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) and organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), and PFAS precursors, such as fluorotelomer alcohols, have been detected in indoor dust with increasing frequencies and concentrations. Associations between some known and suspected EDCs, such as phthalate and non-phthalate plasticizers, FRs and BPs, in indoor dust and paired human samples indicate indoor dust as an important human exposure pathway. Although the estimated daily intake (EDI) of most of the investigated compounds was mostly below reference values, the co-exposure to a multitude of known or suspected EDCs requires a better understanding of mixture effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linyan Zhu
- Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science, Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Parvaneh Hajeb
- Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Patrik Fauser
- Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Katrin Vorkamp
- Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science, Roskilde, Denmark
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Liang HW, Snyder N, Wang J, Xun X, Yin Q, LeWinn K, Carroll KN, Bush NR, Kannan K, Barrett ES, Mitchell RT, Tylavsky F, Adibi JJ. A study on the association of placental and maternal urinary phthalate metabolites. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2023; 33:264-272. [PMID: 36114292 PMCID: PMC10101560 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-022-00478-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phthalate exposure in pregnancy is typically estimated using maternal urinary phthalate metabolite levels. Our aim was to evaluate the association of urinary and placental tissue phthalates, and to explore the role of maternal and pregnancy characteristics that may bias estimates. METHODS Fifty pregnancies were selected from the CANDLE Study, recruited from 2006 to 2011 in Tennessee. Linear models were used to estimate associations of urinary phthalates (2nd, 3rd trimesters) and placental tissue phthalates (birth). Potential confounders and modifiers were evaluated in categories: temporality (time between urine and placenta sample), fetal sex, demographics, social advantage, reproductive history, medication use, nutrition and adiposity. Molar and quantile normalized phthalates were calculated to facilitate comparison of placental and urinary levels. RESULTS Metabolites detectable in >80% of both urine and placental samples were MEP, MnBP, MBzP, MECPP, MEOHP, MEHHP, and MEHP. MEP was most abundant in urine (geometric mean [GM] 7.00 ×102 nmol/l) and in placental tissue (GM 2.56 ×104 nmol/l). MEHP was the least abundant in urine (GM 5.32 ×101 nmol/l) and second most abundant in placental tissue (2.04 ×104 nmol/l). In aggregate, MEHP differed the most between urine and placenta (2.21 log units), and MEHHP differed the least (0.07 log units). MECPP was positively associated between urine and placenta (regression coefficient: 0.31 95% CI 0.09, 0.53). Other urine-placenta metabolite associations were modified by measures of social advantage, reproductive history, medication use, and adiposity. CONCLUSION Phthalates were ubiquitous in 50 full-term placental samples, as has already been shown in maternal urine. MEP and MEHP were the most abundant. Measurement and comparison of urinary and placental phthalates can advance knowledge on phthalate toxicity in pregnancy and provide insight into the validity and accuracy of relying on maternal urinary concentrations to estimate placental exposures. IMPACT STATEMENT This is the first report of correlations/associations of urinary and placental tissue phthalates in human pregnancy. Epidemiologists have relied exclusively on maternal urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations to assess exposures in pregnant women and risk to their fetuses. Even though it has not yet been confirmed empirically, it is widely assumed that urinary concentrations are strongly and positively correlated with placental and fetal levels. Our data suggest that may not be the case, and these associations may vary by phthalate metabolite and associations may be modified by measures of social advantage, reproductive history, medication use, and adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Wei Liang
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nathaniel Snyder
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jiebiao Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Xiaoshuang Xun
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Qing Yin
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kaja LeWinn
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kecia N Carroll
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nicole R Bush
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emily S Barrett
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Rod T Mitchell
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Fran Tylavsky
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jennifer J Adibi
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Mondal S, Bandyopadhyay A. From oxidative imbalance to compromised standard sperm parameters: Toxicological aspect of phthalate esters on spermatozoa. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 98:104085. [PMID: 36841271 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2023.104085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The exponential rise in global male infertility and subfertility-related issues raises severe concern. One of the major contributors is phthalate esters, typical endocrine disruptors affecting millions of lives. The inevitable exposure to phthalates due to their universal application as plasticizers leaves the human population vulnerable to this silent threat. This review explicitly deals with the spermiotoxic effects of different phthalate esters on in vivo and in vitro models and on surveyed human populations to find the most plausible link between global usage of phthalates and poor sperm health. As the free radicals in spermatozoa are prerequisites for their standard structure and functioning, the precise regulation and phthalate-mediated impairment of pro-oxidant:anti-oxidant balance with subsequent loss of structural and functional integrity have also been critically discussed. Furthermore, we also provided future directives, which, if addressed, will fill the still-existing lacunae in phthalate-mediated male reproductive toxicity research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirsha Mondal
- Department of Zoology, Govt College Dhimarkheda (Rani Durgavati Vishwavidyalaya), Katni, Madhya Pradesh 483332, India.
| | - Arindam Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Zoology, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh 211002, India.
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Swanson GM, Nassan FL, Ford JB, Hauser R, Pilsner JR, Krawetz SA. Phthalates impact on the epigenetic factors contributed specifically by the father at fertilization. Epigenetics Chromatin 2023; 16:3. [PMID: 36694265 PMCID: PMC9872317 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-022-00475-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preconception exposure to phthalates such as the anti-androgenic dibutyl-phthalate (DBP) impacts both male and female reproduction, yet how this occurs largely remains unknown. Previously we defined a series of RNAs expressly provided by sperm at fertilization and separately, and in parallel, those that responded to high DBP exposure. Utilizing both populations of RNAs, we now begin to unravel the impact of high-DBP exposure on those RNAs specifically delivered by the father. RESULTS Enrichment of RNAs altered by DBP exposure within the Molecular Signature Database highlighted cellular stress, cell cycle, apoptosis, DNA damage response, and gene regulation pathways. Overlap within each of these five pathways identified those RNAs that were specifically (≥ fivefold enriched) or primarily (≥ twofold enriched) provided as part of the paternal contribution compared to the oocyte at fertilization. Key RNAs consistently altered by DBP, including CAMTA2 and PSME4, were delivered by sperm reflective of these pathways. The majority (64/103) of overlapping enriched gene sets were related to gene regulation. Many of these RNAs (45 RNAs) corresponded to key interconnected CRREWs (Chromatin remodeler cofactors, RNA interactors, Readers, Erasers, and Writers). Modeling suggests that CUL2, PHF10, and SMARCC1 may coordinate and mechanistically modulate the phthalate response. CONCLUSIONS Mediated through a CRREW regulatory network, the cell responded to exposure presenting stressed-induced changes in the cell cycle-DNA damage-apoptosis. Interestingly, the majority of these DBP-responsive epigenetic mediators' direct acetylation or deacetylation, impacting the sperm's cargo delivered at fertilization and that of the embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Swanson
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 275 E. Hancock, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
- Center for Molecular Medicine & Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 275 E. Hancock, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - F L Nassan
- Biogen, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Departments of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J B Ford
- Departments of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - R Hauser
- Departments of Environmental Health and Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J R Pilsner
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 275 E. Hancock, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - S A Krawetz
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 275 E. Hancock, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
- Center for Molecular Medicine & Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 275 E. Hancock, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
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Cannarella R, Gül M, Rambhatla A, Agarwal A. Temporal decline of sperm concentration: role of endocrine disruptors. Endocrine 2023; 79:1-16. [PMID: 36194343 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-022-03136-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Male infertility is a widespread disease with an etiology that is not always clear. A number of studies have reported a decrease in sperm production in the last forty years. Although the reasons are still undefined, the change in environmental conditions and the higher exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), namely bisphenol A, phthalates, polychlorinated biphenyls, polybrominated diphenyl esters, dichlorodiphenyl-dichloroethylene, pesticides, and herbicides, organophosphates, and heavy metals, starting from prenatal life may represent a possible factor justifying the temporal decline in sperm count. AIM The aim of this study is to provide a comprehensive description of the effects of the exposure to EDCs on testicular development, spermatogenesis, the prevalence of malformations of the male genital tract (cryptorchidism, testicular dysgenesis, and hypospadias), testicular tumor, and the mechanisms of testicular EDC-mediated damage. NARRATIVE REVIEW Animal studies confirm the deleterious impact of EDCs on the male reproductive apparatus. EDCs can compromise male fertility by binding to hormone receptors, dysregulating the expression of receptors, disrupting steroidogenesis and hormonal metabolism, and altering the epigenetic mechanisms. In humans, exposure to EDCs has been associated with poor semen quality, increased sperm DNA fragmentation, increased gonadotropin levels, a slightly increased risk of structural abnormalities of the genital apparatus, such as cryptorchidism and hypospadias, and development of testicular tumor. Finally, maternal exposure to EDCs seems to predispose to the risk of developing testicular tumors. CONCLUSION EDCs negatively impact the testicular function, as suggested by evidence in both experimental animals and humans. A prenatal and postnatal increase to EDC exposure compared to the past may likely represent one of the factors leading to the temporal decline in sperm counts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Cannarella
- Glickman Urological & Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Murat Gül
- Department of Urology, Selcuk University School of Medicine, Konya, Turkey
| | | | - Ashok Agarwal
- American Center for Reproductive Medicine (Virtual Research), Global Andrology Forum, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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New evidence for deleterious effects of environmental contaminants on the male gamete. Anim Reprod Sci 2022; 246:106886. [PMID: 34774338 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2021.106886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The decreasing trend in human and domestic animal fertility in recent decades has resulted in the question of whether reduced sperm quality is associated with changes in global climate and the environment. Proposed causes for reduced sperm quality include environmental contaminants, which enter into the body of animals through the food chain and are transported to the reproductive tract, where contaminating agents can have effects on fertilization capacities of gametes. In this review, there is a focus on various environmental contaminants and potential effects on male fertility. Human-derived contaminants, particularly endocrine-disrupting phthalates and the pesticide atrazine, are discussed. Naturally occurring toxins are also addressed, in particular mycotoxins such as aflatoxin which can be components in food consumed by humans and animals. Mechanisms by which environmental contaminants reduce male fertility are not clearly defined; however, are apparently multifactorial (i.e., direct and indirect effects) with there being diverse modes of action. Results from studies with humans, rodents and domestic animals indicate there are deleterious effects of contaminants on male gametes at various stages of spermatogenesis (i.e., in the testis) during passage through the epididymis, and in mature spermatozoa, after ejaculation and during capacitation. Considering there is never detection of a single contaminant, this review addresses synergistic or additive effects of combinations of contaminants. There is new evidence highlighted for the long-lasting effects of environmental contaminants on spermatozoa and developing embryos. Understanding the risk associated with environmental contaminants for animal reproduction may lead to new management strategies, thereby improving reproductive processes.
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From Oxidative Stress to Male Infertility: Review of the Associations of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals (Bisphenols, Phthalates, and Parabens) with Human Semen Quality. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11081617. [PMID: 36009337 PMCID: PMC9405245 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11081617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) may result in oxidative stress and endocrine system disturbance, which can have an impact on human reproduction and development. In male reproductive health, EDCs have been related to impaired reproductive function and male infertility, altered fetal development, and testicular germ-cell, prostate, and breast cancers. We conducted an electronic search using PubMed on endocrine disruptors related to oxidative stress and male infertility, and evaluated their association with endocrine-disrupting chemicals (bisphenols, phthalates, and parabens) in 25 articles. Higher levels of urinary bisphenols showed correlation with impaired semen quality and increased DNA damage. Considering phthalates and their metabolites, all studies found a positive association between urinary levels of phthalates and at least one semen parameter indicative of low semen quality; some studies also revealed sperm DNA damage. The studies on parabens less often revealed correlation of urinary parabens concentrations with a decrease in sperm count, as well as motility and DNA damage. Moreover, EDCs can elevate ROS production and lipid peroxidation, increase apoptosis, induce epigenetic modifications, and change the Y:X sperm chromosome ratio and sperm protein composition. Our review revealed detrimental effects of EDCs on semen quality and sperm DNA integrity-especially in BPA and phthalates, but also in parabens.
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Li ZY, Liu H, Liu H, Huang W, Chu Y, Huang ZQ, Liu CH. Dietary exposure and risk assessment of phthalic acid esters through a total diet study in Shenzhen, South China. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2022; 39:1591-1603. [PMID: 35793359 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2094474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are typical endocrine disruptors which are ubiquitous contaminants. Human exposure to PAEs is through multiple routes of which the diet is recognised as the main source of daily intake. The aim of this study was to evaluate the dietary exposure to PAEs of residents in Shenzhen (China) through a total diet study and assess the potential health risk. A total of 16 different phthalate esters in samples of 12 composite food groups were determined by GC-MS. The main dietary sources of PAE exposure among adult residents in Shenzhen were potatoes (21%), eggs (21%), meat (15%) and aquatic products (14%). The median total dietary exposure to PAEs in Shenzhen residents was 7780 ng kg-1 bw d-1, and the hazard quotients (HQ) of dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-isobutyl phthalate (DIBP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) were 0.09, 0.06, 0.07, 0.10 and 0.03, respectively. Therefore, the risks from dietary PAE exposure were low. However, with the increasing use of PAEs and their accumulation in the environment, the probability of PAEs entering the food chain is gradually increasing and, therefore, PAEs should be strictly controlled and regularly monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Yi Li
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Huan Liu
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Hui Liu
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Guangzhou, PR China.,Guangdong Testing Institute of Product Quality Supervision, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Yue Chu
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Zhuo-Quan Huang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Chun-Hong Liu
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Guangzhou, PR China
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11
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Chen YJ, Liu C, Tu ZZ, Lu Q, Messerlian C, Mustieles V, Sun Y, Lu WQ, Pan XF, Mao C, Wang YX. Associations of Urinary Trichloroacetic Acid Concentrations with Spermatozoa Apoptosis and DNA Damage in a Chinese Population. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:6491-6499. [PMID: 35472294 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c07725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) has been associated with impaired semen quality; however, its association with spermatozoa apoptosis and DNA damage remains unclear. We, therefore, collected single semen and repeated urine samples from male partners of couples attending a reproductive center, which were measured for spermatozoa apoptosis and DNA damage parameters and TCAA concentrations, respectively. Multivariable linear regression models were used to explore the associations between urinary TCAA concentrations and spermatozoa apoptosis (n = 462) and DNA damage parameters (n = 512). After adjusting for potential confounders, positive dose-response relationships were found between urinary TCAA concentrations and percentage of tail DNA (tail%) and tail-distributed moment (TDM) (both p for trend <0.10). Compared with men in the lowest tertile of urinary TCAA concentrations, men in the highest tertile had a greater tail% and TDM of 6.2% (95% CI: 0.7, 12.2%) and 8.9% (95% CI: -1.9, 20.5%), respectively. Urinary TCAA concentrations were unrelated to spermatozoa apoptosis parameters in a dose-response manner. However, urinary TCAA concentrations were positively associated with the percentage of Annexin V+/PI- spermatozoa (apoptotic cells), when urinary TCAA concentrations were modeled as continuous variables. Our results suggest that exposure to TCAA at concentrations in real-world scenarios may be associated with spermatozoa apoptosis and DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Jun Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510515, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Chong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P. R. China
| | - Zhou-Zheng Tu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Qi Lu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Carmen Messerlian
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Vicente Mustieles
- Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Yang Sun
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Wen-Qing Lu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Xiong-Fei Pan
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Chen Mao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510515, China
| | - Yi-Xin Wang
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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12
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Radha MJ, Basha MP. Genotoxic impact of di-n-butyl phthalate on DNA: A comparative study of three generations in the neuronal tissue of Wistar rats. Toxicol Ind Health 2022; 38:162-175. [PMID: 35317679 DOI: 10.1177/07482337221079428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), one of the plasticizers, is considered a ubiquitous environmental contaminant due to its widespread application in personal-care products and serves as a raw material in many industries for the generation of many plastic products. Several scientific investigations have shown that DBP caused embryotoxicity and cognitive impairments. However, there is less understanding of the genotoxic potential of DBP in neuronal tissue when exposure happens continuously for several generations. The present study was undertaken to investigate the impact of DBP on the nucleic acids of neuronal tissue in one-month-old rats by performing a comet assay and biochemical analyses. By oral gavage, the parental generation (F0) was administered DBP (500 mg/kg/day) during gestation (GD6-20) and lactation, and exposures were continued for three consecutive generations until the pups were grown to one-month-old. The oxidative stress assessments carried out in discrete brain regions isolated from one-month-old rats (F1-F3) following DBP exposure indicated significant inhibition in the levels of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase and catalase) while oxidant status (malondialdehyde) was elevated significantly. The extent of DNA damage using the comet assay, as measured by the olive moment, tail DNA percentage and tail length, was greater in DBP-treated rats compared with the control group, but RNA/DNA content decreased significantly. The results of this study suggested a strong link between oxidative stress and genetic integrity in the neuronal tissue of rats exposed to DBP generationally. To summarise, DBP exposure during pregnancy caused oxidative stress, which resulted in genetic instability in specific discrete brain regions of the third generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Radha
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetics, 209507Ramaiah College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Bangalore, India
| | - Mahaboob P Basha
- Department of Zoology, 29100Bangalore University, Bangalore, India
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Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate administered in feed to Sprague Dawley (Hsd:Sprague Dawley SD) rats. NATIONAL TOXICOLOGY PROGRAM TECHNICAL REPORT SERIES 2021:NTP-TR-601. [PMID: 35073286 DOI: 10.22427/ntp-tr-601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a member of the phthalate ester chemical class that occurs commonly in the environment and to which humans are widely exposed. Lifetime exposure to DEHP is likely to occur, including during the in utero and early postnatal windows of development. To date, no carcinogenicity assessments of DEHP have used a lifetime exposure paradigm that includes the perinatal period (gestation and lactation). The National Toxicology Program (NTP) tested the hypothesis that exposure during the perinatal period would alter the DEHP carcinogenic response quantitatively (more neoplasms) or qualitatively (different neoplasm types). Two chronic carcinogenicity assessments of DEHP were conducted in which Sprague Dawley (Hsd:Sprague Dawley SD) rats were exposed to dosed feed containing 0, 300, 1,000, 3,000, or 10,000 ppm DEHP for 2 years using different exposure paradigms. In Study 1, groups of 45 F0 time-mated females were provided dosed feed beginning on gestation day (GD) 6 through lactation. On postnatal day (PND) 21, groups of 50 F1 rats per sex continued on the study and were provided dosed feed containing the same DEHP concentration as their respective dam for 2 years. In Study 2, groups of 50 rats per sex, aged 6 to 7 weeks at study start, were provided dosed feed containing DEHP for 2 years. (Abstract Abridged).
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14
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Chen CY, Sun CY, Hsu HJ, Wu IW, Chen YC, Lee CC. Xenoestrogen exposure and kidney function in the general population: Results of a community-based study by laboratory tests and questionnaire-based interviewing. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 155:106585. [PMID: 33910077 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a growing concern worldwide. Exposure to xenoestrogens (XEs), such as phthalates, parabens, and phenols, lead to CKD. However, kidney function and its complex relationship with XEs, lifestyle, and dietary habits are not well understood. METHODS In the present cross-sectional community-based cohort study, we enrolled 887 subjects for a questionnaire-based interview and laboratory tests. XE exposure concerning lifestyle/dietary habits were evaluated using questionnaires. Urinary levels of 17XE metabolites were measured in 60 subjects with high exposure risk scores and 60 subjects with low exposure risk scores. RESULTS Univariate and multivariate linear regression showed that a high exposure score (β ± SE: 4.226 ± 1.830, P = 0.021) was independently negatively associated with eGFR in 887 subjects. Univariate and multivariate linear regression to urinary XEs and urine albumin creatinine excretion ratio (UACR) in 120 subjects indicated that ethylparaben (EP) (β: 1.934, 95% CI: 0.135-3.733, P = 0.035) was significantly associated with increased UACR. Multivariate regression analyses of the CKD subgroup (n = 38), after adjusting for age, showed that higher levels of mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), EP, nonylphenol (NP), and benzophenone-3 (BP-3) were significantly associated with lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Higher urinary levels of MEHP (OR: 3.037, 95% CI: 1.274-7.241) were more likely associated with high exposure scores (>5 points), after adjusting for diabetes, gender, eGFR, age, Na, Ca, albumin, vitamin D, systolic blood pressure (SBP), white blood cell count, total bilirubin, aspartate transaminase, and heart rate. MEHP (β ± SE: 0.033 ± 0.009, P < 0.001) was also significantly positively associated with total exposure scores after applying multivariate linear regression analyses. CONCLUSION XE exposure scores obtained from the questionnaires were negatively associated with kidney function. Urinary metabolites of XEs, including EP, NP, BP-3, and MEHP, are potential risk factors for microalbuminuria and decline in kidney function. MEHP seemed to have the strongest correlation with high exposure scores and decline in kidney function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yu Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung Branch, 222, Mai-Chin Road, Keelung 20401, Taiwan, ROC; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taipei, Taiwan, No. 259, Wenhua 1st Rd., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chiao-Yin Sun
- Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung Branch, 222, Mai-Chin Road, Keelung 20401, Taiwan, ROC; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taipei, Taiwan, No. 259, Wenhua 1st Rd., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Heng-Jung Hsu
- Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung Branch, 222, Mai-Chin Road, Keelung 20401, Taiwan, ROC; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taipei, Taiwan, No. 259, Wenhua 1st Rd., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan, ROC
| | - I-Wen Wu
- Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung Branch, 222, Mai-Chin Road, Keelung 20401, Taiwan, ROC; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taipei, Taiwan, No. 259, Wenhua 1st Rd., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yung-Chang Chen
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taipei, Taiwan, No. 259, Wenhua 1st Rd., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, No. 5, Fuxing St., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 333423, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chin-Chan Lee
- Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung Branch, 222, Mai-Chin Road, Keelung 20401, Taiwan, ROC; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taipei, Taiwan, No. 259, Wenhua 1st Rd., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan, ROC.
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15
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Zhang QQ, Ma ZR, Cai YY, Li HR, Ying GG. Agricultural Plastic Pollution in China: Generation of Plastic Debris and Emission of Phthalic Acid Esters from Agricultural Films. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:12459-12470. [PMID: 34514800 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural plastic films have been proven highly advantageous, but they also cause pollution of plastic debris and associated chemicals. Phthalates (phthalic acid esters, PAEs), an important additive of agricultural films, can be released and contaminate the environment. Here, we analyzed the agricultural plastic usage and assessed plastic debris in China and developed a method to estimate PAE emissions from agricultural films. Additionally, the environmental fate of PAEs was evaluated using a fugacity-based multimedia model. The agricultural plastic film usage in China in 2017 was 2,528,600 tons. After agricultural film recycling and water erosion, the plastic debris amount was estimated as 465,016 tons. The water erosion process carried 4329 tons of plastic debris into the aquatic environment. During its lifetime, the agricultural film released a total of 91.5 tons of two typical types of PAEs. PAEs from the mulching film would mostly be removed through degradation, while those from the greenhouse film accumulate in vegetables. Populated regions exhibited more serious PAE pollution in vegetables but with no immediate health risks. The model was well evaluated using comparable measured concentrations and uncertainty analysis based on the Monte Carlo method. The findings from this study demonstrate the serious agricultural plastic pollution problem and associated PAE contamination in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Qian Zhang
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhao-Rong Ma
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ya-Ya Cai
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hui-Ru Li
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
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16
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Effect of phthalates exposure during perinatal period on hormonal profile in Mexican males during their first months of life. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:1399-1403. [PMID: 34295650 PMCID: PMC8282948 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Phthalates affect development of male reproductive system acting as an antiandrogenic agents. We sought to explore if perinatal exposure to phthalates could alter male hormone levels in humans during the first months of life. A cohort of 83 pregnant women and their male infants were studied. Five phthalate metabolites were measured in the mother's urine during the first, second, and third trimesters of pregnancy and during the first, third, and sixth months of life in the infants. Luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), testosterone and inhibin B were analyzed. Association between phthalate exposure and hormone variation was assessed using regression models for longitudinal data. Mono-butyl phthalate reduced FSH concentration (ß = -0.0012 international units [IU]/L, p < 0.01), mono-ethylhexyl phthalate reduced inhibin B (ß = -0.0094 pg/mL, p = 0.02), monoethyl phthalate reduced testosterone (ß = -0.0071 ng/L, p = 0.07), mono-ocytl phthalate reduced LH (ß = -0.0041 IU/L, p = 0.13). No effects were observed for exposure to mono-methyl phthalate. Our results are consistent with the findings in animal and human studies. Special precaution should be taken when measuring phthalate exposure in susceptible populations such as pregnant women and infants.
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17
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Gajski G, Ravlić S, Godschalk R, Collins A, Dusinska M, Brunborg G. Application of the comet assay for the evaluation of DNA damage in mature sperm. MUTATION RESEARCH. REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2021; 788:108398. [PMID: 34893163 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2021.108398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
DNA integrity is considered an important parameter of semen quality and is of significant value as a predictor of male fertility. Currently, there are several methods that can assess sperm DNA integrity. One such assay is the comet assay, or single-cell gel electrophoresis, which is a simple, sensitive, reliable, quick and low-cost technique that is used for measuring DNA strand breaks and repair at the level of individual cells. Although the comet assay is usually performed with somatic cells from different organs, the assay has the ability to detect genotoxicity in germ cells at different stages of spermatogenesis. Since the ability of sperm to remove DNA damage differs between the stages, interpretation of the results is dependent on the cells used. In this paper we give an overview on the use and applications of the comet assay on mature sperm and its ability to detect sperm DNA damage in both animals and humans. Overall, it can be concluded that the presence in sperm of significantly damaged DNA, assessed by the comet assay, is related to male infertility and seems to reduce live births. Although there is some evidence that sperm DNA damage also has a long-term impact on offspring's health, this aspect of DNA damage in sperm is understudied and deserves further attention. In summary, the comet assay can be applied as a useful tool to study effects of genotoxic exposures on sperm DNA integrity in animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Gajski
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Mutagenesis Unit, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Sanda Ravlić
- University of Zagreb, Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Roger Godschalk
- Maastricht University, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Andrew Collins
- University of Oslo, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Nutrition, Oslo, Norway
| | - Maria Dusinska
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Department of Environmental Chemistry, Health Effects Laboratory, Kjeller, Norway
| | - Gunnar Brunborg
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH), Section of Molecular Toxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Oslo, Norway
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18
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Bustamante-Montes LP, Borja-Aburto VH, Hernández-Valero M, García-Fábila MM, Borja-Bustamante P, González-Álvarez R, Acosta-Gordillo GA. Phthalates exposure during pregnancy a study in a Mexican cohort. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:1040-1045. [PMID: 34040995 PMCID: PMC8142082 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A prospective cohort study was conducted to measure the concentration levels of three primary phthalate metabolites (MBP, MEHP, MEP) during pregnancy in a group of women from the State of Mexico. The urinary concentration levels of the three phthalate primary metabolites were measured by gas chromatography mass spectrometry during the first, second and third trimesters of pregnancy. The geometric mean and 95 % CI for MBP was 20.38 μg/mL (15.35-27.09); for MEHP 13.43 μg/mL (8.93-20.20), and MEP 52.47 μg/mL (39.88-69.04) adjusted to one g of creatinine. No significant trends were observed among the studied metabolites during the pregnancy period. MBP was higher in less educated women, while women who resided in industrialized zones showed higher levels of MEHP and MEP than women from non-industrialized zones. Consumption of plastic bottled beverages was associated with MBP and MEHP phthalate exposure. Women who used non-registered brands of plastic food containers for storage or for microwave oven use showed the highest levels of MBP and MEP phthalates. The pregnant women in our study were exposed to the three studied primary phthalate metabolites, and this could present a risk to their newborns. To better integrate public health policies, major exploration of potential exposure sources and effects at the regional level is required.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Víctor Hugo Borja-Aburto
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Coordinacion de Vigilancia Epidemiologica, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | | | | | - Patricia Borja-Bustamante
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Coordinacion de Vigilancia Epidemiologica, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Rafael González-Álvarez
- Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara, Decanato de Ciencias de la Salud, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
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Sicińska P, Mokra K, Wozniak K, Michałowicz J, Bukowska B. Genotoxic risk assessment and mechanism of DNA damage induced by phthalates and their metabolites in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1658. [PMID: 33462290 PMCID: PMC7814068 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79932-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The human genome is persistently exposed to damage caused by xenobiotics, therefore the assessment of genotoxicity of substances having a direct contact with humans is of importance. Phthalates are commonly used in industrial applications. Widespread exposure to phthalates has been evidenced by their presence in human body fluids. We have assessed the genotoxic potential of selected phthalates and mechanism of their action in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Studied cells were incubated with di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), butylbenzyl phthalate (BBP) and their metabolites: mono-n-butylphthalate (MBP), mono-benzylphthalate (MBzP) in the concentrations range of 0.1-10 µg/mL for 24 h. Analyzed compounds induced DNA single and double strand-breaks (DBP and BBP ≥ 0.5 µg/mL, MBP and MBzP ≥ 1 µg/mL) and more strongly oxidized purines than pyrimidines. None of the compounds examined was capable of creating adducts with DNA. All studied phthalates caused an increase of total ROS level, while hydroxyl radical was generated mostly by DBP and BBP. PBMCs exposed to DBP and BBP could not completely repair DNA strand-breaks during 120 min of postincubation, in opposite to damage caused by their metabolites, MBP and MBzP. We have concluded that parent phthalates: DBP and BBP caused more pronounced DNA damage compared to their metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Sicińska
- Department of Biophysics of Environmental Pollution, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska Str. 141/143, 90-236, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Mokra
- Department of Biophysics of Environmental Pollution, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska Str. 141/143, 90-236, Lodz, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Wozniak
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska Str. 141/143, 90-236, Lodz, Poland
| | - Jaromir Michałowicz
- Department of Biophysics of Environmental Pollution, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska Str. 141/143, 90-236, Lodz, Poland
| | - Bożena Bukowska
- Department of Biophysics of Environmental Pollution, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska Str. 141/143, 90-236, Lodz, Poland
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Dural E. Determination of Selected Phthalates in Some Commercial Cosmetic Products by HPLC-UV. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2020; 23:1010-1022. [DOI: 10.2174/1386207323666200630113850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Aim and scope:
Due to the serious toxicological risks and their widespread use,
quantitative determination of phthalates in cosmetic products have importance for public health.
The aim of this study was to develop a validated simple, rapid and reliable high-performance liquid
chromatography (HPLC) method for the determination of phthalates which are; dimethyl phthalate
(DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), di(2-
ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), in cosmetic products and to investigate these phthalate (PHT) levels
in 48 cosmetic products marketing in Sivas, Turkey.
Materials and Methods:
Separation was achieved by a reverse-phase ACE-5 C18 column (4.6 x
250 mm, 5.0 μm). As the mobile phase, 5 mM KH2PO4 and acetonitrile were used gradiently at 1.5
ml min-1. All PHT esters were detected at 230 nm and the run time was taking 21 minutes.
Results:
This method showed the high sensitivity value the limit of quantification (LOQ) values
for which are below 0.64 μg mL-1 of all phthalates. Method linearity was ≥0.999 (r2). Accuracy and
precision values of all phthalates were calculated between (-6.5) and 6.6 (RE%) and ≤6.2 (RSD%),
respectively. Average recovery was between 94.8% and 99.6%. Forty-eight samples used for both
babies and adults were successfully analyzed by the developed method. Results have shown that,
DMP (340.7 μg mL-1 ±323.7), DEP (1852.1 μg mL-1 ± 2192.0), and DBP (691.3 μg mL-1 ± 1378.5)
were used highly in nail polish, fragrance and cream products, respectively.
Conclusion:
Phthalate esters, which are mostly detected in the content of fragrance, cream and nail
polish products and our research in general, are DEP (1852.1 μg mL-1 ± 2192.0), DBP (691.3 μg
mL-1 ± 1378.5) and DMP (340.7 μg mL-1 ±323.7), respectively. Phthalates were found in the
content of all 48 cosmetic products examined, and the most detected phthalates in general average
were DEP (581.7 μg mL-1 + 1405.2) with a rate of 79.2%. The unexpectedly high phthalate content
in the examined cosmetic products revealed a great risk of these products on human health. The
developed method is a simple, sensitive, reliable and economical alternative for the determination
of phthalates in the content of cosmetic products, it can be used to identify phthalate esters in
different products after some modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emrah Dural
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
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21
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Ong HT, Samsudin H, Soto-Valdez H. Migration of endocrine-disrupting chemicals into food from plastic packaging materials: an overview of chemical risk assessment, techniques to monitor migration, and international regulations. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 62:957-979. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1830747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hooi-Theng Ong
- Seberang Perai Selatan District Health Office, Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Hayati Samsudin
- Food Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Herlinda Soto-Valdez
- Laboratorio de Envases, Centro de Investigaciόn en Alimentaciόn y Desarrollo, A.C., Hermosillo Sonora, Mexico
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22
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Exploring the Use of Switchable Hydrophilicity Solvents as Extraction Phase for the Determination of Food-Packaging Contaminants in Coconut Water Samples by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-020-01876-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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23
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Feng YL, Liao X, Chen D, Takser L, Cakmak S, Chan P, Zhu J. Correlations of phthalate metabolites in urine samples from fertile and infertile men: Free-form concentration vs. conjugated-form concentration. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 263:114602. [PMID: 33618486 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In previous studies, the total content of urinary phthalate metabolites was commonly used to evaluate human exposure to phthalates. However, phthalate metabolites are mainly present in urine in two forms, conjugated and free. These metabolite forms in urine are more relevant to the biotransformation pathways of the phthalates in humans. Therefore, the concentration of these forms is more relevant to exposure related health outcomes than total content. In this study, instead of measuring total content, the free- and conjugated-form concentrations of phthalate metabolites in the urine of fertile and infertile men were measured. The main metabolites in urine of both groups are monoethyl phthalate (MEP) and the di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) metabolites. The geometric means of their both conjugated- and free-forms in the infertile group were higher than in the fertile group, specifically, 24.3 and 43.4 μg/g creatinine vs 8.5 and 28.9 μg/g creatinine, respectively, for MEP, and 50.0 and 9.1 μg/g creatinine vs 39.1 and 8.4 μg/g creatinine, respectively for total DEHP metabolites. We investigated the correlations of free- and conjugated-form phthalate metabolite concentrations between the infertile and fertile group as well as among different phthalate metabolites. The results showed that there was a statistically significant difference between the infertile and fertile group for monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP) in both free-form and conjugated-form. However, there was only a statistically significant difference between the two groups for conjugated-form MEP and MEHP, and no statistically significant difference between the two groups for free-form MEP and MEHP. The results of the Pearson correlation test revealed that the correlations between DEHP metabolites and the correlations between mid-sized phthalate metabolites (mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP), mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP) and mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP)) were stronger than between these two clusters of metabolites. This study is the first attempt to examine possible effects of conjugated-form concentrations of phthalate metabolites on human fertility. The results of this study suggest that conjugated-form and free-form concentrations of urinary phthalate metabolites may be appropriate biomarkers for assessing human exposure to phthalates and association with health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Lai Feng
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, AL: 2203 B, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Ottawa, Ontario, K1Y 0M1, Canada.
| | - Xiangjun Liao
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, AL: 2203 B, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Ottawa, Ontario, K1Y 0M1, Canada
| | - Da Chen
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
| | - Larissa Takser
- Département Pédiatrie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Sabit Cakmak
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, AL: 2203 B, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Ottawa, Ontario, K1Y 0M1, Canada
| | - Peter Chan
- Department of Urology, Royal Victoria Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jiping Zhu
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, AL: 2203 B, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Ottawa, Ontario, K1Y 0M1, Canada
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24
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Segal TR, Giudice LC. Before the beginning: environmental exposures and reproductive and obstetrical outcomes. Fertil Steril 2020; 112:613-621. [PMID: 31561863 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
There is growing consensus that preconception exposure to environmental toxins can adversely affect fertility, pregnancy, and fetal development, which may persist into the neonatal and adult periods and potentially have multigenerational effects. Here we review current data on preconception and prenatal exposure to several chemicals, including heavy metals, endocrine-disrupting chemicals, pesticides, and air pollution, and their associated obstetrical and reproductive health effects. Reproductive endocrinologists and affiliated health care providers have a unique opportunity to counsel patients before they get pregnant to minimize exposure to hazardous chemicals with the goal to improve reproductive outcomes and assure a healthy lifestyle overall. We provide practical tools and some publicly available resources for reproductive health professionals to assess a patient's risks and ways to reduce chemical and air pollution exposures during the critical preconception and prenatal periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thalia R Segal
- Center for Reproductive Health, University of California, San Francisco, California.
| | - Linda C Giudice
- Center for Reproductive Health, University of California, San Francisco, California
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25
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Gene expression profiles for low-dose exposure to diethyl phthalate in rodents and humans: a translational study with implications for breast carcinogenesis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7067. [PMID: 32341500 PMCID: PMC7184607 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63904-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Phthalates are commonly included as ingredients in personal care products such as cosmetics, shampoos and perfumes. Diethyl phthalate (DEP) has been found to be anti-androgenic and linked with adverse reproductive effects on males, but effects on females are poorly understood. We designed an integrative and translational study to experimentally examine the effects of DEP exposure at a human-equivalent dose on the mammary transcriptome in rats and to subsequently examine the DEP gene signature in breast tissues (both pre-malignant and tumor) from a population study. In Sprague-Dawley rats treated orally with DEP from birth to adulthood, we identified a signature panel of 107 genes predominantly down-regulated by DEP exposure. Univariate analysis of this 107 DEP gene signature in pre-malignant breast tissues revealed that six genes (P4HA1, MPZL3, TMC4, PLEKHA6, CA8, AREG) were inversely associated with monoethyl phthalate (MEP; the urinary metabolite of DEP) concentration (p < 0.05) among postmenopausal women; all six genes loaded on to one of seven factors identified by factor analysis. Transcription factor enrichment analysis revealed that genes in this factor were enriched for androgen receptor binding sites. These six genes were also significantly down-regulated in pre-malignant adjacent tissues compared to the corresponding tumor tissues in pair-wise analyses (p < 0.05). Results from our translational study indicate that low level exposure to diethyl phthalate results in measurable genomic changes in breast tissue with implications in breast carcinogenesis.
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26
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Niu C, Wang C, Wu G, Yang J, Wen Y, Meng S, Lin X, Pang X, An L. Toxic effects of the Emamectin Benzoate exposure on cultured human bronchial epithelial (16HBE) cells. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 257:113618. [PMID: 31784274 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides pollution has caused serious environmental problems in recent years, and mounting evidence has shown that more and more insecticides have serious risk in human health. Emamectin Benzoate formally regarded as a highly safety insecticide based on its exclusive targets, but the cytotoxicity to human lung was ignored for a long time. In the present study, bioassay experiments were used to assess the toxicity of the Emamectin Benzoatein on human non-target cells including cell viability assay, DNA damage assay, flow cytometer assay and western blotting assay. The results indicated that Emamectin Benzoatecan cause the inhibition of the proliferation, cytochrome c release, activation of caspase-3/9 and increase Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, which means it induced the cytotoxicity on 16HBE cells associated with the mitochondrial apoptosis. Besides, the DNA damge caused by the Emamectin Benzoate suggest it has a potential genotoxic effect on human lung cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenguang Niu
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Resources Translation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, 475000, Henan, China
| | - Chunli Wang
- Pharmaceutical Institute, School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475000, Henan, China
| | - Guangyao Wu
- Translational Medicine Center, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, 475000, Henan, China
| | - Jingnan Yang
- Translational Medicine Center, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, 475000, Henan, China
| | - Yanan Wen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, 475000, Henan, China
| | - Shuangshuang Meng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, 475000, Henan, China
| | - Xuhong Lin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, 475000, Henan, China
| | - Xiaobin Pang
- Pharmaceutical Institute, School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475000, Henan, China.
| | - Lei An
- Translational Medicine Center, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, 475000, Henan, China; Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Henan Medical School, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475000, Henan, China.
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27
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28
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Lee YS, Lee S, Lim JE, Moon HB. Occurrence and emission of phthalates and non-phthalate plasticizers in sludge from wastewater treatment plants in Korea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 692:354-360. [PMID: 31351279 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are endocrine-disrupting chemicals that cause adverse health effects in wildlife and humans. Due to domestic and global regulations of phthalates in commercial products, non-phthalate plasticizers (NPPs) have been introduced into industrial markets. Few studies have been conducted on the occurrence of phthalates and NPPs in sludge from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). In this study, sludge samples were collected from 40 WWTPs in Korea to investigate the occurrence, compositional profiles, and emission flux of phthalates and NPPs. Total concentrations of phthalates and NPPs in sludge ranged from 4.7 to 1400 (mean: 110) μg/g dry weight and from 0.17 to 780 (mean: 28.0) μg/g dry weight, respectively. Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) was a predominant compound, suggesting widespread consumption in Korea. Di(2-ethylhexyl)terephthalate (DEHT) was dominant in industrial sludge samples, whereas di-isononyl cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate (DINCH) and trioctyl trimellitate (TOTM) were dominant in domestic sludge. This implies different consumption patterns of phthalate alternatives by industry and domestic activities. Concentrations of NPPs were significantly correlated with those of high-molecular-weight (HMW) phthalates, indicating that HMW phthalates were preferentially replaced by NPPs. The emission fluxes of phthalates via domestic WWTP activities were higher than those measured for industrial WWTPs, while the emission fluxes of NPPs via industrial WWTPs were higher than those found for domestic and industrial WWTPs. This indicates that phthalate emissions are associated with household activities, while NPP emissions are associated with industrial activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Sun Lee
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunggyu Lee
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Eun Lim
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Bang Moon
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea.
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29
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Li HL, Ma WL, Liu LY, Zhang Z, Sverko E, Zhang ZF, Song WW, Sun Y, Li YF. Phthalates in infant cotton clothing: Occurrence and implications for human exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 683:109-115. [PMID: 31129321 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Clothing easily adsorbed the chemicals in the environment, and became a source of human exposure to chemicals. However, large contacted surface area and long exposure duration have elevated human exposure to chemicals from clothing, such as phthalates. Among them, cotton clothing, which infants prefer to wear, has been proven to adsorb phthalates more easily than other fabrics. While infants are developing, they are easily affected by phthalates. In this study, in order to study accumulation of phthalates in infant cotton clothing during the whole process from production to the first wearing, 24 infant cotton clothing samples were collected from shopping malls in Harbin, China. High detection rates and concentrations suggest that phthalates in the environment are widely adsorbed to infant cotton clothing, and traditional laundering for infant clothing cannot remove phthalates completely. The median concentration of the total phthalates was 4.15 μg/g. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) has become the dominant phthalate. For the estimated daily intakes (EDIs) for infants, dibutyl phthalate (DBP) had the highest contribution, followed by di-iso-butyl phthalate (DiBP) and DEHP. Dermal absorption has become the main route of infant exposure to phthalates, and ingestion contributed very little. The result of comparing with the EDIs via dermal absorption from house air and dust suggests that clothing plays an important role of dermal absorption exposure to phthalates. For risk assessment, the carcinogenic risk of BBP and DEHP indicates that the level of DEHP in infant cotton clothing might pose potential adverse effects to infant health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Ling Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS)/International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, and School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China; University Corporation for Polar Research, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Wan-Li Ma
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS)/International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, and School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China; University Corporation for Polar Research, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Li-Yan Liu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS)/International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, and School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China; University Corporation for Polar Research, Beijing 100875, PR China.
| | - Zhi Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), College of Agricultural Resource and Environment, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, PR China
| | - Ed Sverko
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS)/International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, and School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China; University Corporation for Polar Research, Beijing 100875, PR China; IJRC-PTS-NA & IJRC-AEE-NA, Toronto, Ontario M2N 6X9, Canada
| | - Zi-Feng Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS)/International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, and School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China; University Corporation for Polar Research, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Wei-Wei Song
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS)/International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, and School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China; University Corporation for Polar Research, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Yu Sun
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS)/International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, and School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China; University Corporation for Polar Research, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS)/International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, and School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China; University Corporation for Polar Research, Beijing 100875, PR China; IJRC-PTS-NA & IJRC-AEE-NA, Toronto, Ontario M2N 6X9, Canada
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30
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Chung BY, Choi SM, Roh TH, Lim DS, Ahn MY, Kim YJ, Kim HS, Lee BM. Risk assessment of phthalates in pharmaceuticals. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2019; 82:351-360. [PMID: 30961453 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2019.1598053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are used for industrial plasticizers to impart flexibility and durability to polyvinyl chloride. Despite widespread use of phthalates, reported endocrine-disrupting properties raise safety concerns for consumers. Since phthalates are permitted as excipients in controlled-release capsules and enteric coatings, patients taking drugs containing these chemicals may potentially be at some health risk. In this study, 102 distinct pharmaceutical products were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry to determine phthalate content and maximal phthalate exposure rate was calculated. In 102 drug samples, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), and diethyl phthalate (DEP) were detected in 9.8, 27.45, and 5.88% of cases, respectively. The highest level of DEP was found in extended-release (ER) capsules with concentrations ranging from 935.5 to 1535.37 ppb. The highest levels of DBP (1.32-7.07 ppb) were detected in tablets, whereas highest level (7.07 ppb) of DEHP was found in suspension preparations. The phthalate hazard index (HI) (human exposure tolerable daily intake) was calculated for each sample, but no sample exhibited an HI value exceeding 1; the minimum value taken to indicate a serious health risk. Thus, no apparent serious health risk from phthalate exposure arises from taking these medications. The low HI values suggest that phthalate contamination in pharmaceuticals may not pose an apparent significant risk to humans. However, the sources of phthalate present in pharmaceutical products still needs to be investigated and verified through on-site inspections in manufacturing processes in order to minimize human exposure. It is recommended that measures be taken to prevent phthalate contamination in pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bu Young Chung
- a Division of Toxicology , College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , South Korea
| | - Seul Min Choi
- a Division of Toxicology , College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , South Korea
| | - Tae Hyun Roh
- a Division of Toxicology , College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , South Korea
| | - Duck Soo Lim
- a Division of Toxicology , College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , South Korea
| | - Mi Young Ahn
- b Departmrnt of Agricultural Biology , National Academy of Agricultural Science , Wanju-Gun , South Korea
| | - Yeon Joo Kim
- a Division of Toxicology , College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , South Korea
| | - Hyung Sik Kim
- a Division of Toxicology , College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , South Korea
| | - Byung-Mu Lee
- a Division of Toxicology , College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , South Korea
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31
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Shin N, Cuenca L, Karthikraj R, Kannan K, Colaiácovo MP. Assessing effects of germline exposure to environmental toxicants by high-throughput screening in C. elegans. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1007975. [PMID: 30763314 PMCID: PMC6375566 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemicals that are highly prevalent in our environment, such as phthalates and pesticides, have been linked to problems associated with reproductive health. However, rapid assessment of their impact on reproductive health and understanding how they cause such deleterious effects, remain challenging due to their fast-growing numbers and the limitations of various current toxicity assessment model systems. Here, we performed a high-throughput screen in C. elegans to identify chemicals inducing aneuploidy as a result of impaired germline function. We screened 46 chemicals that are widely present in our environment, but for which effects in the germline remain poorly understood. These included pesticides, phthalates, and chemicals used in hydraulic fracturing and crude oil processing. Of the 46 chemicals tested, 41% exhibited levels of aneuploidy higher than those detected for bisphenol A (BPA), an endocrine disruptor shown to affect meiosis, at concentrations correlating well with mammalian reproductive endpoints. We further examined three candidates eliciting aneuploidy: dibutyl phthalate (DBP), a likely endocrine disruptor and frequently used plasticizer, and the pesticides 2-(thiocyanomethylthio) benzothiazole (TCMTB) and permethrin. Exposure to these chemicals resulted in increased embryonic lethality, elevated DNA double-strand break (DSB) formation, activation of p53/CEP-1-dependent germ cell apoptosis, chromosomal abnormalities in oocytes at diakinesis, impaired chromosome segregation during early embryogenesis, and germline-specific alterations in gene expression. This study indicates that this high-throughput screening system is highly reliable for the identification of environmental chemicals inducing aneuploidy, and provides new insights into the impact of exposure to three widely used chemicals on meiosis and germline function. The ever-increasing number of new chemicals introduced into our environment poses a significant problem for risk assessment. In addition, assessing the direct impact of toxicants on human meiosis remains challenging. We successfully utilized a high-throughput platform in the nematode C. elegans, a genetically tractable model organism which shares a high degree of gene conservation with humans, to identify chemicals that affect the germline leading to aneuploidy. We assessed chemicals that are highly prevalent in the environment in worms carrying a fluorescent reporter construct allowing for the identification of X chromosome nondisjunction combined with a mutation increasing cuticle permeability for analysis of low doses of exposure. Follow up analysis of three chemicals: DBP, permethrin and TCMTB, further validated the use of this strategy. Exposure to these chemicals resulted in elevated levels of DNA double-strand breaks, activation of a DNA damage checkpoint, chromosome morphology defects in late meiotic prophase I as well as impaired early embryogenesis and germline-specific changes in gene expression. Our results support the use of this high-throughput screening system to identify environmental chemicals inducing aneuploidy, and provide new insights into the effects of exposure to DBP, permethrin, and TCMTB on meiosis and germline function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nara Shin
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Luciann Cuenca
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Rajendiran Karthikraj
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, Albany, New York, United States of America
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Monica P. Colaiácovo
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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32
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Xie F, Chen X, Weng S, Xia T, Sun X, Luo T, Li P. Effects of two environmental endocrine disruptors di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) and mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP) on human sperm functions in vitro. Reprod Toxicol 2019; 83:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2018.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Priyanka M, Dey S. Ruminal impaction due to plastic materials - An increasing threat to ruminants and its impact on human health in developing countries. Vet World 2018; 11:1307-1315. [PMID: 30410238 PMCID: PMC6200578 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2018.1307-1315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ruminal impaction due to plastic materials is a condition, in which indigestible plastic foreign bodies accumulate in the rumen of ruminants leading to ruminal impaction, indigestion, recurrent tympany, and many other adverse health effects. It is caused by the indiscriminate feeding of ruminants on indigestible plastic waste materials. The disease is primarily noticed in stray animals residing in urban areas of developing countries. Ingested plastic materials in the rumen slowly release the chemicals in rumen fluid, which intern enter the food chain through milk and meat products. These chemicals have a detrimental effect on human health. At present, exploratory rumenotomy is the only choice for both diagnosis and treatment of ruminal impaction due to plastic materials in ruminants. Control measures include good animal husbandry practices and proper disposal of plastic waste materials. The present review discusses in depth about the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and control of ruminal impaction due to plastic materials in ruminants and also highlights its impact on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Priyanka
- Animal Experimentation Station, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - S Dey
- Division of Medicine, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Effect of endocrine disruptors on the ratio of X and Y chromosome-bearing live spermatozoa. Reprod Toxicol 2018; 82:10-17. [PMID: 30219569 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although equal numbers of X and Y spermatozoa are produced during spermatogenesis, the sex chromosome ratio in ejaculated spermatozoa can be altered by exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), which can be reflected by altered sex ratios at birth. Here, we hypothesized EDCs affect sperm functions and viability of X and Y chromosome-bearing human spermatozoa. After exposure to genistein (Gen), bisphenol A (BPA), 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), dibromochloropropane (DBCP), and diazinon (Diaz), we evaluated motility, viability, capacitation, and differential viability of X and Y spermatozoa. All EDCs tested altered sperm viability, motility, and capacitation. Interestingly, the Y/X ratio of live spermatozoa was significantly lower in sperm treated with TCDD, DBCP, and Diaz than control spermatozoa. Our results suggest that some of EDCs have larger effects on the viability of Y spermatozoa than X spermatozoa, implicating that a reduction in Y sperm viability may result in a female-biased sex ratio of offspring at birth.
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Karabulut G, Barlas N. Genotoxic, histologic, immunohistochemical, morphometric and hormonal effects of di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (DEHP) on reproductive systems in pre-pubertal male rats. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2018; 7:859-873. [PMID: 30310663 PMCID: PMC6116808 DOI: 10.1039/c8tx00045j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is widely used as a plasticizer and people are exposed to various amounts on a daily basis. This study was designed to evaluate the genotoxic, histologic, immunohistochemical, morphometric and hormonal effects of DEHP (100, 200 and 400 mg kg-1 per day DEHP) administered daily to rats by oral gavage for 28 days. The rats were divided into five groups including oil control, positive control (MMS) and treatment groups (100, 200 and 400 mg kg-1 per day DEHP). They were euthanized at the end of the experiment, organ and body weights were recorded and serum was collected for biochemical and hormone analysis. The genotoxic effect was measured in blood and sperm using the Comet assay. The testes, epididymis, prostate gland and seminal vesicle were collected and stained with hematoxylin and eosin for histopathologic analysis. Epithelial height, luminal and tubular diameters (μM) in seminiferous tubules were also measured. Moreover, the study revealed an increase in the DNA damage level in both blood lymphocytes and sperm. At the end of the experiment, the tail intensity showed a significant increase in the 100 mg kg-1 per day (p = 0.032), 200 mg kg-1 per day (p = 0.019) and 400 mg kg-1 per day (p = 0.012) dose groups compared to the control group in blood. Furthermore, testosterone was decreased in all treatment groups compared to the control group. Besides, DEHP caused a significant decrease in the leukocyte levels (p = 0.017) and hemoglobin content, as well as an increased mean cell volume (MCV) count (p = 0.029) in the 400 mg kg-1 per day group when compared to the control values. It is important to indicate that there were apoptotic cells seen in the lumen of testes in the 200 and 400 mg kg-1 per day dose groups using the Tunel method. Therefore, with this study, it has been illustrated that DEHP caused DNA damage in blood and sperm and concrete negative effects on the reproductive system in rats from the pre-pubertal period to the pubertal period. This is a unique study since there has not been any other study that presents the indicated level of DNA damage while considering the genotoxic, histologic, immunohistochemical, morphometric and hormonal effects of DEHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gözde Karabulut
- Dumlupınar University , Faculty of Science , Department of Biology , Kütahya , Turkey
| | - Nurhayat Barlas
- Hacettepe University , Science Faculty , Department of Biology , 06800 , Beytepe Campus , Ankara , Turkey
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Wu H, Estill MS, Shershebnev A, Suvorov A, Krawetz SA, Whitcomb BW, Dinnie H, Rahil T, Sites CK, Pilsner JR. Preconception urinary phthalate concentrations and sperm DNA methylation profiles among men undergoing IVF treatment: a cross-sectional study. Hum Reprod 2018; 32:2159-2169. [PMID: 29024969 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dex283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Are preconception phthalate and phthalate replacements associated with sperm differentially methylated regions (DMRs) among men undergoing IVF? SUMMARY ANSWER Ten phthalate metabolites were associated with 131 sperm DMRs that were enriched in genes related to growth and development, cell movement and cytoskeleton structure. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Several phthalate compounds and their metabolites are known endocrine disrupting compounds and are pervasive environmental contaminants. Rodent studies report that prenatal phthalate exposures induce sperm DMRs, but the influence of preconception phthalate exposure on sperm DNA methylation in humans is unknown. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION An exploratory cross-sectional study with 48 male participants from the Sperm Environmental Epigenetics and Development Study (SEEDS). PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS The first 48 couples provided a spot urine sample on the same day as semen sample procurement. Sperm DNA methylation was assessed with the HumanMethylation 450 K array. Seventeen urinary phthalate and 1,2-Cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester (DINCH) metabolite concentrations were measured from spot urine samples. The A-clust algorithm was employed to identify co-regulated regions. DMRs associated with urinary metabolite concentrations were identified via linear models, corrected for false discovery rate (FDR). MAIN RESULTS AND ROLE OF CHANCE Adjusting for age, BMI, and current smoking, 131 DMRs were associated with at least one urinary metabolite. Most sperm DMRs were associated with anti-androgenic metabolites, including mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP, n = 83), mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP, n = 16), mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP, n = 22) and cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid-monocarboxy isooctyl (MCOCH, n = 7). The DMRs were enriched in lincRNAs as well as in regions near coding regions. Functional analyses of DMRs revealed enrichment of genes related to growth and development as well as cellular function and maintenance. Finally, 13% of sperm DMRs were inversely associated with high quality blastocyst-stage embryos after IVF. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Our modest sample size only included 48 males and additional larger studies are necessary to confirm our observed results. Non-differential misclassification of exposure is also a concern given the single spot urine collection. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS To our knowledge, this is the first study to report that preconception urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations are associated with sperm DNA methylation in humans. These results suggest that paternal adult environmental conditions may influence epigenetic reprogramming during spermatogenesis, and in turn, influence early-life development. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This work was supported by grant K22-ES023085 from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. The authors declare no competing interests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haotian Wu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 173A Goessmann, 686 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Molly S Estill
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 3127 Scott Hall, 540 East Canfield, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 253 C.S. Mott 275 East. Hancock, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Alexander Shershebnev
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 173A Goessmann, 686 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Alexander Suvorov
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 173A Goessmann, 686 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Stephen A Krawetz
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 3127 Scott Hall, 540 East Canfield, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 253 C.S. Mott 275 East. Hancock, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Brian W Whitcomb
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, 715 North Pleasant Street Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Holly Dinnie
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Baystate Medical Center, 759 Chestnut Street, Springfield, MA 01199, USA
| | - Tayyab Rahil
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Baystate Medical Center, 759 Chestnut Street, Springfield, MA 01199, USA
| | - Cynthia K Sites
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Baystate Medical Center, 759 Chestnut Street, Springfield, MA 01199, USA
| | - J Richard Pilsner
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 173A Goessmann, 686 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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Kim JH, Lee J, Moon HB, Park J, Choi K, Kim SK, Kim S. Association of phthalate exposures with urinary free cortisol and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine in early childhood. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 627:506-513. [PMID: 29426173 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Revised: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Several studies suggested potential links of phthalates to stress-related outcomes. However, limited evidence has been available for the relationships between phthalate metabolites and free cortisol and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in perinatal and postnatal environments. Therefore, we evaluated the relationships between phthalate metabolites and free cortisol and 8-OHdG in mother-child pairs. We repeatedly collected urine samples of 287 mother-child pairs from just before delivery to 15 months of age to measure the levels of four phthalate metabolites - mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP), mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP), mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP), and mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP) - and free cortisol and 8-OHdG. We used linear mixed effect models and generalized additive mixed models to estimate the relationship between the phthalate metabolites and free cortisol and 8-OHdG after adjusting for the child's gender, urine collection time, and maternal smoking status. The four phthalate metabolite levels were strongly correlated each other (all, p < .0001), and intra-class correlation for each metabolite in children ranged from 0.18 to 0.96. All four phthalate metabolites were positively associated with both free cortisol (MEHHP, β = 0.18 and p < .0001; MEOHP, β = 0.17 and p < .0001; MiBP, β = 0.13 and p = .0001; MnBP, β = 0.21 and p < .0001; and molar sum of metabolites, β = 0.21 and p < .0001) and 8-OHdG (MEHHP, β = 0.20 and p < .0001; MEOHP, β = 0.18 and p < .0001; MiBP, β = 0.23 and p < .0001; MnBP, β = 0.28 and p < .0001; and molar sum of metabolites, β = 0.29 and p < .0001) in childhood. Our findings suggest that phthalate exposures increase free cortisol and 8-OHdG levels in early childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hee Kim
- Department of Integrative Bioscience & Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jangwoo Lee
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Bang Moon
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongim Park
- College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungho Choi
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute of Health and Environment, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Koo Kim
- College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungkyoon Kim
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute of Health and Environment, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Nassan FL, Chavarro JE, Mínguez-Alarcón L, Williams PL, Tanrikut C, Ford JB, Dadd R, Perry MJ, Hauser R, Gaskins AJ. Residential distance to major roadways and semen quality, sperm DNA integrity, chromosomal disomy, and serum reproductive hormones among men attending a fertility clinic. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2018; 221:830-837. [PMID: 29801984 PMCID: PMC5997566 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined associations of residential distance to major roadways, as a proxy for traffic-related air pollution exposures, with sperm characteristics and male reproductive hormones. DESIGN The cohort included 797 men recruited from Massachusetts General Hospital Fertility Center between 2000 and 2015 to participate in fertility research studies. MATERIALS AND METHODS Men reported their residential addresses at enrollment and provided 1-6 semen samples and a blood sample during follow-up. We estimated the Euclidean distance to major roadways (e.g. interstates and highways: limited access highways, multi-lane highways (not limited access), other numbered routes, and major roads) using information from the Massachusetts Department of Geographic Information Systems. Semen parameters (1238 semen samples), sperm DNA integrity (389 semen samples), chromosomal disomy (101 semen samples), and serum reproductive hormones (405 serum samples) were assessed following standard procedures. RESULTS Men in this cohort were primarily Caucasian (86%), not current smokers (92%), with a college or higher education (88%), and had an average age of 36 years and BMI of 27.7 kg/m2. The median (interquartile range) residential distance to a major roadway was 111 (37, 248) meters. Residential proximity to major roadways was not associated with semen parameters, sperm DNA integrity, chromosomal disomy, or serum reproductive hormone concentrations. The adjusted percent change (95% CI) in semen quality parameters associated with a 500 m increase in residential distance to a major roadway was -1.0% (-6.3, 4.5) for semen volume, 4.3% (-5.8, 15.7) for sperm concentration, 3.1% (-7.2, 14.5) for sperm count, 1.1% (-1.2, 3.4) for % total motile sperm, and 0.1% (-0.3, 0.5) for % morphologically normal sperm. Results were consistent when we modeled the semen parameters dichotomized according to WHO 2010 reference values. CONCLUSION Residential distance to major roadways, as a proxy for traffic-related air pollution exposure, was not related to sperm characteristics or serum reproductive hormones among men attending a fertility clinic in Massachusetts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiby L Nassan
- Departments of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Departments of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - Jorge E Chavarro
- Departments of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Departments of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Lidia Mínguez-Alarcón
- Departments of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Paige L Williams
- Departments of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Departments of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Cigdem Tanrikut
- Department of Urology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jennifer B Ford
- Departments of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ramace Dadd
- Departments of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Melissa J Perry
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Russ Hauser
- Departments of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Departments of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Vincent Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Audrey J Gaskins
- Departments of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
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Wang YX, Liu C, Chen YJ, Chen HG, Yang P, Wang P, Huang LL, Ai SH, Duan P, Pan A, Zeng Q, Lu WQ. Predictors and correlations of phthalate metabolite concentrations in urine and seminal plasma among reproductive-aged men. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 161:336-344. [PMID: 29190551 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Certain phthalates are suspected to be endocrine disruptors that are adversely associated with male reproductive health. However, the predictors and correlations of phthalate metabolite concentrations in urine and seminal plasma among reproductive-aged men have not been thoroughly studied. OBJECTIVE To investigate the predictors and correlations of phthalate metabolite concentrations in urine and seminal plasma among adult Chinese males. METHOD We measured mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP), monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP), monomethyl phthalate (MMP), monoethyl phthalate (MEP), mono-n-octyl phthalate (MOP), mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP) and mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP) concentrations in seminal plasma and repeated spot-urine samples from 687 men who visited a reproductive center. Mixed-effect models were used to examine the associations of sociodemographic, lifestyle and medical factors with urinary metabolite concentrations. Linear regression models were used to identify predictors of metabolite concentrations in seminal plasma and correlations between metabolite concentrations in spot urine samples and seminal plasma. RESULTS Measurements taken from spot urine samples poorly predicted same-day seminal plasma concentrations (all R2<0.10). Inverse associations were observed between education level and urinary MBP and MEOHP and between household income and urinary MMP; receiving intravenous infusion therapy was associated with increased urinary MBP, MEHHP and MEOHP, use of facial cleanser/cream was associated with increased MEP, and smoking was associated with increased MEHP. The predictors of metabolite concentrations in seminal plasma differed from those in urine, except for the association of intravenous infusion therapy with MBP. BMI was associated with increased seminal plasma MBP, MEHP and MEOHP, smoking was associated with increased MEP, and contact with plastics was associated with increased MEOHP. CONCLUSIONS Phthalate metabolite concentrations in adult men varied in accordance with sociodemographic variables, lifestyle factors and intravenous therapy. Measures of metabolite levels in urine may not directly reflect the exposure status of the male reproductive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Xin Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Chong Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Ying-Jun Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Heng-Gui Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Pan Yang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Li-Li Huang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Song-Hua Ai
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Peng Duan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - An Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Qiang Zeng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Wen-Qing Lu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China.
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Li N, Li Y, Meng H, Sun H, Wu D. Associations between Urinary Phthalate Metabolites and Serum Anti-Müller Hormone Levels in U.S. Men Based on National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2004. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14121513. [PMID: 29206197 PMCID: PMC5750931 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14121513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Anti-Müller hormone (AMH) plays an important role in reproductive development and has a wide potential clinical application value. Phthalates have been widely found in human living environment and have negative effects on human reproduction. This study aimed to explore the relationship between urinary phthalate metabolites and serum AMH level in the general male population. Cross-sectional analyses were performed with a population of 489 men aged more than 12 years who participated in National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2004 by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the United States. NHANES public data (demographic and socioeconomic information, examinations, and laboratory tests) were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis test, Wilcoxon test and multivariable regression. Results showed that the urine concentration of mono (3-carboxypropyl) phthalate (MCPP) of 12-20 age group was significantly positively correlated with serum AMH concentration in the model without any covariates (p < 0.05). In the 60-year-old group, the monomethyl phthalate (MEP), mono (2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate (MECPP) concentrations were significantly correlated with serum AMH concentrations in models both with and without covariates (all p < 0.05). It could be concluded that exposure to phthalates might have negative effects on AMH level, especially in seniors. AMH could be used as a marker of exposure to phthalates in aged males. How exposure to phthalates affected AMH level and what the potential long-term health consequences of their relationship are needs more investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningning Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
| | - Yaqi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
| | - Hao Meng
- School of Geography and Oceanography Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Hanqing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
| | - Di Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
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Robbins WA, Salazar MK. Adverse Effects of Exposure to Phthalates-Communicating Risks to Workers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/216507990505300203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wendie A. Robbins
- Occupational and Environmental Health Nursing Program, School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA
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Mose T, Knudsen LE, Hedegaard M, Mortensen GK. Transplacental Transfer of Monomethyl Phthalate and Mono(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate in a Human Placenta Perfusion System. Int J Toxicol 2017; 26:221-9. [PMID: 17564903 DOI: 10.1080/10915810701352721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The transplacental passage of monomethylphtalate (mMP) and mono (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (mEHP) was studied using an ex vivo placental perfusion model with simultaneous perfusion of fetal and maternal circulation in a single cotyledon. Umbilical cord blood and placental tissue collected both before and after perfusion were also analyzed. Placentas were obtained immediately after elective cesarean section and dually perfused in a recirculation system. mMP or mEHP was added to maternal perfusion medium to obtain concentrations at 10 and 25 μg/L, respectively. The placental transfer was followed analyzing samples from fetal and maternal perfusion media by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry–mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS). Four perfusions with mMP indicated a slow transplacental transfer, with a fetomaternal ratio (FM ratio) of 0.30 ± 0.03 after 150 min of perfusion. Four perfusions with mEHP indicated a very slow or nonexisting placental transfer. mEHP was only detected in fetal perfusion media from two perfusions, giving rise to FM ratios of 0.088 and 0.20 after 150 min of perfusion. Detectable levels of mMP, mEHP, monoethylphthalate (mEP), and monobutylphthalate were found in tissue. Higher tissue levels of mMP after perfusions with mMP compared to perfusions with mEHP suggest an accumulation of mMP during perfusion. No tendency for accumulation of mEHP was observed during perfusions with mEHP compared to perfusions with mMP. Detectable levels of mEHP and mEP were found in umbilical cord plasma samples. mMP and possibly other short-chained phthalate monoesters in maternal blood can cross the placenta by slow transfer, whereas the results indicate no placental transfer of mEHP. Further studies are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Mose
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Institute of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Dong X, Zhang Y, Dong J, Zhao Y, Guo J, Wang Z, Liu M, Na X, Wang C. Urinary metabolomic profiling in rats exposed to dietary di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) using ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC/Q-TOF-MS). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:16659-16672. [PMID: 28560624 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9091-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is an omnipresent environmental chemical with widespread nonoccupational human exposure through multiple ways. Although considerable efforts have been invested to investigate mechanisms of DEHP toxicity, the key metabolic biomarkers of DEHP toxicity remain to be identified. The aim of this study was to assess the urinary metabonomics of dietary DEHP in rats using the technique of ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC/Q-TOF-MS). Fourteen female Wistar rats were divided into two groups and given increasing dietary doses of DEHP for 30 consecutive days. The urinary metabolite profile was studied using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. Principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) enabled clusters to be clearly separated. Eleven principal urinary metabolites were identified as contributing to the clusters. The clusters in the positive electrospray ionization (ESI) mode were xanthurenic acid, kynurenic acid, nonate, N6-methyladenosine, and L-isoleucyl-L-proline. The clusters in the negative ESI mode were hippuric acid, tetrahydrocortisol, citric acid, phenylpropionylglycine, cPA(18:2(9Z, 12Z)/0:0), and LysoPC(14:1(9Z)). The urinary metabonomic changes indicated that exposure to dietary DEHP can affect energy-related metabolism, liver and renal function, fatty acid metabolism, and cause DNA damage in rats. The findings of this study on the urinary metabolites and metabolic pathways of DEHP may form the basis for future studies on the mechanisms of toxicity of this commonly found environmental chemical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwen Dong
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yunbo Zhang
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Jin Dong
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Jipeng Guo
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Zhanju Wang
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Mingqi Liu
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Xiaolin Na
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China.
| | - Cheng Wang
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China.
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Karačonji IB, Jurica SA, Lasić D, Jurica K. Facts about phthalate toxicity in humans and their occurrence in alcoholic beverages. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2017; 68:81-92. [DOI: 10.1515/aiht-2017-68-2951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Phthalates are esters of phthalic acid and aliphatic alcohol added to plastic to improve its softness, flexibility, and extensibility. They easily migrate from plastic products into the environment because of their physical and chemical properties. This review summarises their characteristics, distribution in the environment, monitoring, use, toxic effects on human health, regulatory limits in different matrices and products, and tolerable daily intake. The studies we have reviewed suggest that phthalates have a potential to affect reproduction and development in humans. Due to the inconsistent data, further studies are needed and, in the meantime, precautionary policies must be implemented. Here we draw attention to the methods of determining phthalate levels in alcoholic beverages and reported levels in plum spirits produced in Croatia. Legally produced and moderately consumed plum spirits do not seem to increase the risk of phthalate toxicity for human health. We conclude with recommendations for the effective monitoring of phthalate exposure in humans and for the implementation of alternative materials in alcohol production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Brčić Karačonji
- Analytical Toxicology and Mineral Metabolism Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Sonja Anić Jurica
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Dario Lasić
- Department of Environmental Protection and Health Ecology, Andrija Štampar Teaching Institute of Public Health, Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Karlo Jurica
- PhD, Ministry of the Interior, Ulica grada Vukovara 33, 10000 Zagreb , Croatia
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Townsend M, Peck C, Meng W, Heaton M, Robison R, O'Neill K. Evaluation of various glyphosate concentrations on DNA damage in human Raji cells and its impact on cytotoxicity. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 85:79-85. [PMID: 28185844 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Glyphosate is a highly used active compound in agriculturally based pesticides. The literature regarding the toxicity of glyphosate to human cells has been highly inconsistent. We studied the resulting DNA damage and cytotoxicity of various glyphosate concentrations on human cells to evaluate DNA damaging potential. Utilizing human Raji cells, DNA damage was quantified using the comet assay, while cytotoxicity was further analyzed using MTT viability assays. Several glyphosate concentrations were assessed, ranging from 15 mM to 0.1 μM. We found that glyphosate treatment is lethal to Raji cells at concentrations above 10 mM, yet has no cytotoxic effects at concentrations at or below 100 μM. Treatment concentrations of 1 mM and 5 mM induce statistically significant DNA damage to Raji cells following 30-60 min of treatment, however, cells show a slow recovery from initial damage and cell viability is unaffected after 2 h. At these same concentrations, cells treated with additional compound did not recover and maintained high levels of DNA damage. While the cytotoxicity of glyphosate appears to be minimal for physiologically relevant concentrations, the compound has a definitive cytotoxic nature in human cells at high concentrations. Our data also suggests a mammalian metabolic pathway for the degradation of glyphosate may be present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Townsend
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo 84602, UT, USA
| | - Connor Peck
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo 84602, UT, USA
| | - Wei Meng
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo 84602, UT, USA
| | - Matthew Heaton
- Department of Statistics, Brigham Young University, Provo 84602, UT, USA
| | - Richard Robison
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo 84602, UT, USA
| | - Kim O'Neill
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo 84602, UT, USA.
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Giovanoulis G, Alves A, Papadopoulou E, Cousins AP, Schütze A, Koch HM, Haug LS, Covaci A, Magnér J, Voorspoels S. Evaluation of exposure to phthalate esters and DINCH in urine and nails from a Norwegian study population. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 151:80-90. [PMID: 27466754 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Phthalate esters (PEs) and 1,2-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester (DINCH) used as additives in numerous consumer products are continuously released into the environment, leading to subsequent human exposure which might cause adverse health effects. The human biomonitoring approach allows the detection of PEs and DINCH in specific populations, by taking into account all possible routes of exposure (e.g. inhalation, transdermal and oral) and all relevant sources (e.g. air, dust, personal care products, diet). We have investigated the presence of nine PE and two DINCH metabolites and their exposure determinants in 61 adult residents of the Oslo area (Norway). Three urine spots and fingernails were collected from each participant according to established sampling protocols. Metabolite analysis was performed by LC-MS/MS. Metabolite levels in urine were used to back-calculate the total exposure to their corresponding parent compound. The primary monoesters, such as monomethyl phthalate (MMP, geometric mean 89.7ng/g), monoethyl phthalate (MEP, 104.8ng/g) and mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP, 89.3ng/g) were observed in higher levels in nails, whereas the secondary bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and DINCH oxidative metabolites were more abundant in urine (detection frequency 84-100%). The estimated daily intakes of PEs and DINCH for this Norwegian population did not exceed the established tolerable daily intake and reference doses, and the cumulative risk assessment for combined exposure to plasticizers with similar toxic endpoints indicated no health concerns for the selected population. We found a moderate positive correlation between MEP levels in 3 urine spots and nails (range: 0.56-0.68). Higher frequency of personal care products use was associated with greater MEP concentrations in both urine and nail samples. Increased age, smoking, wearing plastic gloves during house cleaning, consuming food with plastic packaging and eating with hands were associated with higher levels in urine and nails for some of the metabolites. In contrast, frequent hair and hand washing was associated with lower urinary levels of monoisobutyl phthalate (MiBP) and mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (5-OH-MEHP), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Giovanoulis
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, SE-100 31 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Andreia Alves
- VITO NV Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium; Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Eleni Papadopoulou
- Domain of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Lovisenberggata 8, 0477 Oslo, Norway
| | - Anna Palm Cousins
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, SE-100 31 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - André Schütze
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany
| | - Holger M Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany
| | - Line S Haug
- Domain of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Lovisenberggata 8, 0477 Oslo, Norway
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Jörgen Magnér
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, SE-100 31 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Stefan Voorspoels
- VITO NV Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
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Wang YX, Zeng Q, Sun Y, You L, Wang P, Li M, Yang P, Li J, Huang Z, Wang C, Li S, Dan Y, Li YF, Lu WQ. Phthalate exposure in association with serum hormone levels, sperm DNA damage and spermatozoa apoptosis: A cross-sectional study in China. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 150:557-565. [PMID: 26654563 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to phthalates has been demonstrated to cause reproductive toxicity in animals, but evidence of the association between phthalates and markers of male reproductive function have been inconsistent in human studies. Here we examined whether environmental exposure to phthalates contributes to altered reproductive hormone levels, sperm DNA damage and spermatozoa apoptosis in a Chinese population. From March to June 2013, repeated urine samples collected from male partners of couples attending an infertility clinic in Wuhan, China were analyzed for 8 phthalate metabolites. Associations of the urinary phthalate metabolites with serum hormone levels (n=483), sperm DNA damage parameters (n=509) and spermatozoa apoptosis measures (n=467) were assessed using multivariable linear regression models. After adjusting for potential confounders, mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), a metabolite of di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (DEHP), was inversely associated with serum levels of estradiol, total testosterone (T) and free T (all P for trend<0.05). Additionally, we found positive dose-response relationships between the percentage of DEHP metabolites excreted as MEHP (%MEHP) and percentages of tail DNA (P for trend<0.05) and between three metabolites of DEHP [MEHP, mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP) and mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP)] and percentages of Annexin V+/PI- spermatozoa (all P for trend<0.05). Our findings strengthen the emerging evidence that exposure to DEHP may alter hormone levels, disrupt sperm DNA integrity and induce spermatozoa apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Xin Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Qiang Zeng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yang Sun
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling You
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Pan Yang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Jin Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Zhen Huang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Shuai Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Yang Dan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Yu-Feng Li
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Wen-Qing Lu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China.
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Li HL, Song WW, Zhang ZF, Ma WL, Gao CJ, Li J, Huo CY, Mohammed MOA, Liu LY, Kannan K, Li YF. Phthalates in dormitory and house dust of northern Chinese cities: Occurrence, human exposure, and risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 565:496-502. [PMID: 27186877 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are widely used chemicals in household products, which severely affect human health. However, there were limited studies emphasized on young adults' exposure to phthalates in dormitories. In this study, seven phthalates were extracted from indoor dust that collected in university dormitories in Harbin, Shenyang, and Baoding, in the north of China. Dust samples were also collected in houses in Harbin for comparison. The total concentrations of phthalates in dormitory dust in Harbin and Shenyang samples were significantly higher than those in Baoding samples. The total geometric mean concentration of phthalates in dormitory dust in Harbin was lower than in house dust. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) was the most abundant phthalate in both dormitory and house dust. The daily intakes of the total phthalates, carcinogenic risk (CR) of DEHP, hazard index (HI) of di-isobutyl phthalate (DiBP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), and DEHP were estimated, the median values for all students in dormitories were lower than adults who live in the houses. Monte Carlo simulation was applied to predict the human exposure risk of phthalates. HI of DiBP, DBP, and DEHP was predicted according to the reference doses (RfD) provided by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S.EPA) and the reference doses for anti-androgenicity (RfD AA) developed by Kortenkamp and Faust. The results indicated that the risks of some students had exceeded the limitation, however, the measured results were not exceeded the limitation. Risk quotients (RQ) of DEHP were predicted based on China specific No Significant Risk Level (NSRL) and Maximum Allowable Dose Level (MADL). The predicted results of CR and RQ of DEHP suggested that DEHP could pose a health risk through intake of indoor dust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Ling Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Wei-Wei Song
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Zi-Feng Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Wan-Li Ma
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Chong-Jing Gao
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Jia Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Chun-Yan Huo
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Mohammed O A Mohammed
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Li-Yan Liu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, United States
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; IJRC-PTS-NA, Toronto, M2N 6X9, Canada.
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50
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Outcome reporting bias in observational epidemiology studies on phthalates. Ann Epidemiol 2016; 26:597-599.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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