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Alkassar M, Tudó À, Rambla-Alegre M, Ferreres L, Diogène J, Sureda FX, Campàs M. First record of paralytic shellfish toxins in marine pufferfish from the Spanish Mediterranean coast using cell-based assay, automated patch clamp and HPLC-FLD. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 364:143053. [PMID: 39121960 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.143053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Pufferfish is one of the most poisonous marine organisms, responsible for numerous poisoning incidents and some human fatalities due to its capability to accumulate potent neurotoxins such as tetrodotoxins (TTXs) and paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs). In this study, tissue extracts (muscle, skin, liver, intestinal tract and gonads) obtained from sixteen pufferfish specimens of the Lagocephalus lagocephalus and Sphoeroides pachygaster species, collected along the Spanish Mediterranean coast, were analysed for the presence of voltage-gated sodium channel (also known as Nav channel) blockers using cell-based assay (CBA) and automated patch clamp (APC). No toxicity was observed in any of the S. pachygaster specimens, but toxicity was detected in the liver of most L. lagocephalus specimens. Instrumental analysis of these specimens, as well as in one Lagocephalus sceleratus specimen, by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) was performed, which confirmed the presence of PSTs only in L. lagocephalus specimens. This analysis reported the presence of saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoylsaxitoxin (dcSTX) in all positive samples, being dcSTX the major analogue. These results demonstrate the ability of this species to accumulate PSTs, being the first report of the presence of PSTs in Mediterranean L.lagocephalus specimens. Furthermore, the presence of high PSTs contents in all five tested tissues of one L. lagocephalus specimen pointed the risk that the presence of this toxic fish in the Mediterranean Sea may represent for seafood safety and human health in case of accidental consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mounira Alkassar
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, 43540, La Ràpita, Spain; Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Àngels Tudó
- Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | | | | | - Jorge Diogène
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, 43540, La Ràpita, Spain
| | - Francesc X Sureda
- Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Mònica Campàs
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, 43540, La Ràpita, Spain.
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Cusick KD, Wei B, Hall S, Brown N, Widder EA, Boyer GL. Toxin Dynamics among Populations of the Bioluminescent HAB Species Pyrodinium bahamense from the Indian River Lagoon, FL. Mar Drugs 2024; 22:311. [PMID: 39057420 PMCID: PMC11277979 DOI: 10.3390/md22070311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Dinoflagellate species that form some of the most frequent toxic blooms are also bioluminescent, yet the two traits are rarely linked when studying bloom development and persistence. P. bahamense is a toxic, bioluminescent dinoflagellate that previously bloomed in Florida with no known record of saxitoxin (STX) production. Over the past 20 years, STX was identified in P. bahamense populations. The goal of this study was to examine toxin dynamics and associated molecular mechanisms in spatially and temporally distinct P. bahamense populations from the Indian River Lagoon, FL. SxtA4 is a key gene required for toxin biosynthesis. SxtA4 genotype analysis was performed on individual cells from multiple sites. Cell abundance, toxin quota cell-1, and sxtA4 and RubisCo (rbcL) transcript abundance were also measured. There was a significant negative correlation between cell abundance and toxin quota cell-1. While the sxtA4+ genotype was dominant at all sites, its frequency varied, but it occurred at 90-100% in many samples. The underlying mechanism for toxin decrease with increased cell abundance remains unknown. However, a strong, statistically significant negative correlation was found between stxA4 transcripts and the sxtA4/rbcL ratio, suggesting cells make fewer sxtA4 transcripts as a bloom progresses. However, the influence of sxtA4- cells must also be considered. Future plans include bioluminescence measurements, normalized to a per cell basis, at sites when toxicity is measured along with concomitant quantification of sxtA4 gene and transcript copy numbers as a means to elucidate whether changes in bloom toxicity are driven more at the genetic (emergence of sxtA4- cells) or transcriptional (repression of sxtA4 in sxtA4+ cells) level. Based on the results of this study, a model is proposed that links the combined traits of toxicity and bioluminescence in P. bahamense bloom development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen D. Cusick
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA;
| | - Bofan Wei
- Department of Chemistry, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; (B.W.); (S.H.); (G.L.B.)
| | - Sydney Hall
- Department of Chemistry, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; (B.W.); (S.H.); (G.L.B.)
| | - Nicole Brown
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA;
| | - Edith A. Widder
- Ocean Research and Conservation Association, Vero Beach, FL 32960, USA;
| | - Gregory L. Boyer
- Department of Chemistry, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; (B.W.); (S.H.); (G.L.B.)
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Zhu H, Sakai T, Doi H, Yamaguchi K, Yamada A, Takatani T, Arakawa O. Tetrodotoxin/Saxitoxin Accumulation Profile in the Euryhaline Marine Pufferfish Chelonodontops patoca. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 16:18. [PMID: 38251235 PMCID: PMC10820246 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Marine Takifugu pufferfish, which naturally possess tetrodotoxins (TTXs), selectively take up and accumulate TTXs, whereas freshwater Pao pufferfish, which naturally possess saxitoxins (STXs), selectively take up and accumulate STXs. To further clarify the TTXs/STXs selectivity in pufferfish, we conducted a TTX/STX administration experiment using Chelonodontops patoca, a euryhaline marine pufferfish possessing both TTXs and STXs. Forty nontoxic cultured individuals of C. patoca were divided into a seawater group (SW, acclimated/reared at 33‱ salinity; n = 20) and a brackish water group (BW, acclimated/reared at 8‱ salinity; n = 20). An aqueous TTX/STX mixture was intrarectally administered (both at 7.5 nmol/fish), and five individuals/group were analyzed after 1-48 h. Instrumental toxin analyses revealed that both TTX and STX were taken up, transferred, and retained, but more STX than TTX was retained in both groups. TTX gradually decreased and eventually became almost undetectable in the intestinal tissue, while STX was retained at ~5-10% of the dose level, and only STX showed transient transfer in the liver. The BW group showed a faster decrease/disappearance of TTX, greater STX retention in the intestine, and greater STX transient transfer to the liver. Thus, C. patoca appears to more easily accumulate STXs than TTXs, especially under hypoosmotic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchen Zhu
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14, Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan; (H.Z.); (T.S.); (K.Y.); (A.Y.); (T.T.)
| | - Takashi Sakai
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14, Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan; (H.Z.); (T.S.); (K.Y.); (A.Y.); (T.T.)
| | - Hiroyuki Doi
- Nifrel, Osaka Aquarium Kaiyukan, 2-1, Senribanpakukoen, Suita, Osaka 565-0826, Japan;
| | - Kenichi Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14, Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan; (H.Z.); (T.S.); (K.Y.); (A.Y.); (T.T.)
| | - Akinori Yamada
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14, Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan; (H.Z.); (T.S.); (K.Y.); (A.Y.); (T.T.)
| | - Tomohiro Takatani
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14, Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan; (H.Z.); (T.S.); (K.Y.); (A.Y.); (T.T.)
| | - Osamu Arakawa
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14, Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan; (H.Z.); (T.S.); (K.Y.); (A.Y.); (T.T.)
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Guzmán EA, Peterson TA, Winder PL, Francis KT, McFarland M, Roberts JC, Sandle J, Wright AE. An Assessment of Potential Threats to Human Health from Algae Blooms in the Indian River Lagoon (USA) 2018-2021: Unique Patterns of Cytotoxicity Associated with Toxins. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:664. [PMID: 37999526 PMCID: PMC10675324 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15110664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The Indian River Lagoon (IRL), a 156-mile-long estuary located on the eastern coast of Florida, experiences phytoplankton bloom events due to increased seasonal temperatures coupled with anthropogenic impacts. This study aimed to gather data on the toxicity to human cells and to identify secondary metabolites found in water samples collected in the IRL. Water samples from 20 sites of the IRL were collected during the wet and dry seasons over a three-year period. A panel of cell lines was used to test cytotoxicity. Hemagglutination, hemolysis, and inhibition of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) were also measured. Cytotoxic blooms were seen both in the south (Microcystis) and the north (Pyrodinium) of the IRL. Each toxin induced a consistent pattern of cytotoxicity in the panel of human cell lines assayed. During blooms, cytotoxicity due to a single type of toxin is obvious from this pattern. In the absence of blooms, the cytotoxicity seen reflected either a mixture of toxins or it was caused by an unidentified toxin. These observations suggest that other toxins with the potential to be harmful to human health may be present in the IRL. Moreover, the presence of toxins in the IRL is not always associated with blooms of known toxin-producing organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther A. Guzmán
- The Florida Center for Coastal and Human Health, Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 US 1 North, Fort Pierce, FL 34946, USA; (T.A.P.); (P.L.W.); (K.T.F.); (M.M.); (J.C.R.); (J.S.); (A.E.W.)
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5
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Malloggi C, Rizzo B, Giusti A, Guardone L, Gasperetti L, Dall’Ara S, Armani A. First Toxicological Analysis of the Pufferfish Sphoeroides pachygaster Collected in Italian Waters (Strait of Sicily): Role of Citizens Science in Monitoring Toxic Marine Species. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1873. [PMID: 37889799 PMCID: PMC10252100 DOI: 10.3390/ani13111873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pufferfish (Tetraodontidae) inhabiting the Mediterranean Sea may represent an emerging public health risk due to the possible accumulation of marine neurotoxins such as tetrodotoxin (TTXs) and saxitoxin (STXs) in their tissues. In this study, the presence of pufferfish species in the Strait of Sicily (Lampedusa Island, Italy) was investigated using a citizen science (CS) approach, involving local fishermen. Samples (liver, intestine, gonads, muscle, skin) from 20 specimens were sent to the National Reference Laboratory on Marine Biotoxins for TTXs detection using a validated HILIC-MS/MS method on fish tissue. The presence of STXs was also screened in part of the specimens. Overall, 56 specimens identified as Sphoeroides pachygaster (Müller &Troschel, 1848) were collected. Data on their total length, body weight, fishing method and catch area (with relative depth temperature and salinity) were analyzed and compared with the S. pachygaster records reported in literature which were updated to 2022. All the analysed tissues were found to be negative for both TTXs and STXs. CS played an essential role in monitoring potentially toxic marine species in this investigation. Outcomes from this study, which is the first investigating S. pachygaster toxicity in Italian waters, may provide useful data for the proper assessment of this emerging risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Malloggi
- FishLab, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (C.M.); (A.G.); (L.G.)
| | - Biagio Rizzo
- FishLab, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (C.M.); (A.G.); (L.G.)
| | - Alice Giusti
- FishLab, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (C.M.); (A.G.); (L.G.)
| | - Lisa Guardone
- FishLab, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (C.M.); (A.G.); (L.G.)
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - Laura Gasperetti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana, 00178 Roma, Italy;
| | - Sonia Dall’Ara
- Fondazione Centro Ricerche Marine, National Reference Laboratory on Marine Biotoxins, Viale A. Vespucci 2, 47042 Cesenatico, Italy;
| | - Andrea Armani
- FishLab, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (C.M.); (A.G.); (L.G.)
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Núñez-Vázquez EJ, Poot-Delgado CA, Turner AD, Hernández-Sandoval FE, Okolodkov YB, Fernández-Herrera LJ, Bustillos-Guzmán JJ. Paralytic Shellfish Toxins of Pyrodinium bahamense (Dinophyceae) in the Southeastern Gulf of Mexico. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14110760. [PMID: 36356010 PMCID: PMC9694361 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14110760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In September and November 2016, eight marine sampling sites along the coast of the southeastern Gulf of Mexico were monitored for the presence of lipophilic and hydrophilic toxins. Water temperature, salinity, hydrogen potential, dissolved oxygen saturation, inorganic nutrients and phytoplankton abundance were also determined. Two samples filtered through glass fiber filters were used for the extraction and analysis of paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) by lateral flow immunochromatography (IFL), HPLC with post-column oxidation and fluorescent detection (FLD) and UHPLC coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Elevated nutrient contents were associated with the sites of rainwater discharge or those near anthropogenic activities. A predominance of the dinoflagellate Pyrodinium bahamense was found with abundances of up to 104 cells L-1. Identification of the dinoflagellate was corroborated by light and scanning electron microscopy. Samples for toxins were positive by IFL, and the analogs NeoSTX and STX were identified and quantified by HPLC-FLD and UHPLC-MS/MS, with a total PST concentration of 6.5 pg cell-1. This study is the first report that confirms the presence of PSTs in P. bahamense in Mexican waters of the Gulf of Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick J. Núñez-Vázquez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Apdo. Postal 128, La Paz 23000, Mexico
- Investigación para la Conservación y el Desarrollo (INCODE), Nayarit 1325 A. Col. Las Garzas, La Paz 23079, Mexico
- Correspondence: (E.J.N.-V.); (C.A.P.-D.)
| | - Carlos A. Poot-Delgado
- Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Champotón, Campeche (TECNM-ITESCHAM), Carretera Champotón, Isla Aguada Km 2, Col. El Arenal, Champotón 4400, Mexico
- Correspondence: (E.J.N.-V.); (C.A.P.-D.)
| | - Andrew D. Turner
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Food Safety Group, Barrack Road, Weymouth DT4 8UB, UK
| | | | - Yuri B. Okolodkov
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Pesquerías (ICIMAP-UV), Universidad Veracruzana, Calle Mar Mediterráneo Núm. 314, Fracc. Costa Verde, Boca del Río 9429, Mexico
| | | | - José J. Bustillos-Guzmán
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Apdo. Postal 128, La Paz 23000, Mexico
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Pradhan B, Kim H, Abassi S, Ki JS. Toxic Effects and Tumor Promotion Activity of Marine Phytoplankton Toxins: A Review. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14060397. [PMID: 35737058 PMCID: PMC9229940 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14060397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytoplankton are photosynthetic microorganisms in aquatic environments that produce many bioactive substances. However, some of them are toxic to aquatic organisms via filter-feeding and are even poisonous to humans through the food chain. Human poisoning from these substances and their serious long-term consequences have resulted in several health threats, including cancer, skin disorders, and other diseases, which have been frequently documented. Seafood poisoning disorders triggered by phytoplankton toxins include paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP), neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP), amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP), diarrheic shellfish poisoning (DSP), ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP), and azaspiracid shellfish poisoning (AZP). Accordingly, identifying harmful shellfish poisoning and toxin-producing species and their detrimental effects is urgently required. Although the harmful effects of these toxins are well documented, their possible modes of action are insufficiently understood in terms of clinical symptoms. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge regarding phytoplankton toxins and their detrimental consequences, including tumor-promoting activity. The structure, source, and clinical symptoms caused by these toxins, as well as their molecular mechanisms of action on voltage-gated ion channels, are briefly discussed. Moreover, the possible stress-associated reactive oxygen species (ROS)-related modes of action are summarized. Finally, we describe the toxic effects of phytoplankton toxins and discuss future research in the field of stress-associated ROS-related toxicity. Moreover, these toxins can also be used in different pharmacological prospects and can be established as a potent pharmacophore in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jang-Seu Ki
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2287-5449; Fax: +82-2-2287-0070
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Biochemical Mapping of Pyrodinium bahamense Unveils Molecular Underpinnings behind Organismal Processes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413332. [PMID: 34948131 PMCID: PMC8706660 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates from the harmful algal bloom (HAB)-causing organism Pyrodinium bahamense were characterized to obtain insights into the biochemical processes in this environmentally relevant dinoflagellate. Shotgun proteomics using label-free quantitation followed by proteome mapping using the P. bahamense transcriptome and translated protein databases of Marinovum algicola, Alexandrium sp., Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, and Symbiodinium kawagutii for annotation enabled the characterization of the proteins in P. bahamense. The highest number of annotated hits were obtained from M. algicola and highlighted the contribution of microorganisms associated with P. bahamense. Proteins involved in dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) degradation such as propionyl CoA synthethase and acryloyl-CoA reductase were identified, suggesting the DMSP cleavage pathway as the preferred route in this dinoflagellate. Most of the annotated proteins were involved in amino acid biosynthesis and carbohydrate degradation and metabolism, indicating the active roles of these molecules in the vegetative stage of P. bahamense. This characterization provides baseline information on the cellular machinery and the molecular basis of the ecophysiology of P. bahamense.
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Lopez CB, Tilney CL, Muhlbach E, Bouchard JN, Villac MC, Henschen KL, Markley LR, Abbe SK, Shankar S, Shea C, Flewelling L, Garrett M, Badylak S, Phlips EJ, Hall LM, Lasi MA, Parks A, Paperno R, Adams DH, Edwards DD, Schneider JE, Wald KB, Biddle AR, Landers SL, Hubbard KA. High-resolution Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Harmful Algae in the Indian River Lagoon (Florida)-A Case Study of Aureoumbra lagunensis, Pyrodinium bahamense, and Pseudo- nitzschia. FRONTIERS IN MARINE SCIENCE 2021; 8:769877. [PMID: 37065006 PMCID: PMC10104561 DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2021.769877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The Indian River Lagoon (IRL), located on the east coast of Florida, is a complex estuarine ecosystem that is negatively affected by recurring harmful algal blooms (HABs) from distinct taxonomic/functional groups. Enhanced monitoring was established to facilitate rapid quantification of three recurrent bloom taxa, Aureoumbra lagunensis, Pyrodinium bahamense, and Pseudo-nitzschia spp., and included corroborating techniques to improve the identification of small-celled nanoplankton (<10 μm in diameter). Identification and enumeration of these target taxa were conducted during 2015-2020 using a combination of light microscopy and species-specific approaches, specifically immunofluorescence flow cytometry as well as a newly developed qPCR assay for A. lagunensis presented here for the first time. An annual bloom index (ABI) was established for each taxon based on occurrence and abundance data. Blooms of A. lagunensis (>2×108 cells L-1) were observed in all six years sampled and across multiple seasons. In contrast, abundance of P. bahamense, largely driven by the annual temperature cycle that moderates life cycle transitions and growth, displayed a strong seasonal pattern with blooms (105-107 cells L-1) generally developing in early summer and subsiding in autumn. However, P. bahamense bloom development was delayed and abundance was significantly lower in years and locations with sustained A. lagunensis blooms. Pseudo-nitzschia spp. were broadly distributed with sporadic bloom concentrations (reaching 107 cells L-1), but with minimal concentrations of the toxin domoic acid detected (<0.02 μg L-1). In summer 2020, multiple monitoring tools characterized a novel nano-cyanobacterium bloom (reaching 109 cells L-1) that coincided with a decline in A. lagunensis and persisted into autumn. Statistical and time-series analyses of this spatiotemporally intensive dataset highlight prominent patterns in variability for some taxa, but also identifies challenges of characterizing mechanisms underlying more episodic yet persistent events. Nevertheless, the intersect of temperature and salinity as environmental proxies proved to be informative in delineating niche partitioning, not only in the case of taxa with long-standing data sets but also for seemingly unprecedented blooms of novel nanoplanktonic taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cary B Lopez
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Fish and Wildlife Research Institute (FWC-FWRI), 100 8 Ave. SE, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, United States
| | - Charles L Tilney
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Fish and Wildlife Research Institute (FWC-FWRI), 100 8 Ave. SE, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, United States
| | - Eric Muhlbach
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Fish and Wildlife Research Institute (FWC-FWRI), 100 8 Ave. SE, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, United States
| | - Josée N Bouchard
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Fish and Wildlife Research Institute (FWC-FWRI), 100 8 Ave. SE, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, United States
| | - Maria Célia Villac
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Fish and Wildlife Research Institute (FWC-FWRI), 100 8 Ave. SE, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, United States
| | - Karen L Henschen
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Fish and Wildlife Research Institute (FWC-FWRI), 100 8 Ave. SE, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, United States
| | - Laura R Markley
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Fish and Wildlife Research Institute (FWC-FWRI), 100 8 Ave. SE, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, United States
| | - Stephanie Keller Abbe
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Fish and Wildlife Research Institute (FWC-FWRI), 100 8 Ave. SE, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, United States
| | - Sugandha Shankar
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Fish and Wildlife Research Institute (FWC-FWRI), 100 8 Ave. SE, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, United States
| | - Colin Shea
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Fish and Wildlife Research Institute (FWC-FWRI), 100 8 Ave. SE, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, United States
| | - Leanne Flewelling
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Fish and Wildlife Research Institute (FWC-FWRI), 100 8 Ave. SE, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, United States
| | - Matthew Garrett
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Fish and Wildlife Research Institute (FWC-FWRI), 100 8 Ave. SE, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, United States
| | - Susan Badylak
- Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Program, University of Florida, 7922 NW 71st Street, Gainesville, FL 32653, United States
| | - Edward J Phlips
- Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Program, University of Florida, 7922 NW 71st Street, Gainesville, FL 32653, United States
| | - Lauren M Hall
- St. Johns River Water Management District (SJRWMD), 525 Community College Parkway, Palm Bay, FL 32909, United States
| | - Margaret A Lasi
- St. Johns River Water Management District (SJRWMD), PO Box 1429, Palatka, FL 32178, United States
| | - Ashley Parks
- St. Johns River Water Management District (SJRWMD), PO Box 1429, Palatka, FL 32178, United States
| | - Richard Paperno
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Fish and Wildlife Research Institute (FWC-FWRI), Indian River Field Lab, 1220 Prospect Ave., # 285, Melbourne, FL 32901, United States
| | - Douglas H Adams
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Fish and Wildlife Research Institute (FWC-FWRI), Indian River Field Lab, 1220 Prospect Ave., # 285, Melbourne, FL 32901, United States
| | - Dwayne D Edwards
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Fish and Wildlife Research Institute (FWC-FWRI), Indian River Field Lab, 1220 Prospect Ave., # 285, Melbourne, FL 32901, United States
| | - Jacob E Schneider
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Fish and Wildlife Research Institute (FWC-FWRI), Indian River Field Lab, 1220 Prospect Ave., # 285, Melbourne, FL 32901, United States
| | - Kyle B Wald
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Fish and Wildlife Research Institute (FWC-FWRI), Indian River Field Lab, 1220 Prospect Ave., # 285, Melbourne, FL 32901, United States
| | - Autumn R Biddle
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Fish and Wildlife Research Institute (FWC-FWRI), Indian River Field Lab, 1220 Prospect Ave., # 285, Melbourne, FL 32901, United States
| | - Shawna L Landers
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Fish and Wildlife Research Institute (FWC-FWRI), Indian River Field Lab, 1220 Prospect Ave., # 285, Melbourne, FL 32901, United States
| | - Katherine A Hubbard
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Fish and Wildlife Research Institute (FWC-FWRI), 100 8 Ave. SE, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, United States
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Tetrodotoxin/Saxitoxins Selectivity of the Euryhaline Freshwater Pufferfish Dichotomyctere fluviatilis. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13100731. [PMID: 34679024 PMCID: PMC8540976 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13100731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study evaluated differences in the tetrodotoxin (TTX)/saxitoxins (STXs) selectivity between marine and freshwater pufferfish by performing in vivo and in vitro experiments. In the in vivo experiment, artificially reared nontoxic euryhaline freshwater pufferfish Dichotomyctere fluviatilis were intrarectally administered a mixture of TTX (24 nmol/fish) and STX (20 nmol/fish). The amount of toxin in the intestine, liver, muscle, gonads, and skin was quantified at 24, 48, and 72 h. STX was detected in the intestine over a long period of time, with some (2.7-6.1% of the given dose) being absorbed into the body and temporarily located in the liver. Very little TTX was retained in the body. In the in vitro experiments, slices of intestine, liver, and skin tissue prepared from artificially reared nontoxic D. fluviatilis and the marine pufferfish Takifugu rubripes were incubated in buffer containing TTX and STXs (20 nmol/mL each) for up to 24 or 72 h, and the amount of toxin taken up in the tissue was quantified over time. In contrast to T. rubripes, the intestine, liver, and skin tissues of D. fluviatilis selectively took up only STXs. These findings indicate that the TTX/STXs selectivity differs between freshwater and marine pufferfish.
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11
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Hood RR, Shenk GW, Dixon RL, Smith SMC, Ball WP, Bash JO, Batiuk R, Boomer K, Brady DC, Cerco C, Claggett P, de Mutsert K, Easton ZM, Elmore AJ, Friedrichs MAM, Harris LA, Ihde TF, Lacher I, Li L, Linker LC, Miller A, Moriarty J, Noe GB, Onyullo G, Rose K, Skalak K, Tian R, Veith TL, Wainger L, Weller D, Zhang YJ. The Chesapeake Bay Program Modeling System: Overview and Recommendations for Future Development. Ecol Modell 2021; 465:1-109635. [PMID: 34675451 PMCID: PMC8525429 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2021.109635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The Chesapeake Bay is the largest, most productive, and most biologically diverse estuary in the continental United States providing crucial habitat and natural resources for culturally and economically important species. Pressures from human population growth and associated development and agricultural intensification have led to excessive nutrient and sediment inputs entering the Bay, negatively affecting the health of the Bay ecosystem and the economic services it provides. The Chesapeake Bay Program (CBP) is a unique program formally created in 1983 as a multi-stakeholder partnership to guide and foster restoration of the Chesapeake Bay and its watershed. Since its inception, the CBP Partnership has been developing, updating, and applying a complex linked modeling system of watershed, airshed, and estuary models as a planning tool to inform strategic management decisions and Bay restoration efforts. This paper provides a description of the 2017 CBP Modeling System and the higher trophic level models developed by the NOAA Chesapeake Bay Office, along with specific recommendations that emerged from a 2018 workshop designed to inform future model development. Recommendations highlight the need for simulation of watershed inputs, conditions, processes, and practices at higher resolution to provide improved information to guide local nutrient and sediment management plans. More explicit and extensive modeling of connectivity between watershed landforms and estuary sub-areas, estuarine hydrodynamics, watershed and estuarine water quality, the estuarine-watershed socioecological system, and living resources will be important to broaden and improve characterization of responses to targeted nutrient and sediment load reductions. Finally, the value and importance of maintaining effective collaborations among jurisdictional managers, scientists, modelers, support staff, and stakeholder communities is emphasized. An open collaborative and transparent process has been a key element of successes to date and is vitally important as the CBP Partnership moves forward with modeling system improvements that help stakeholders evolve new knowledge, improve management strategies, and better communicate outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raleigh R Hood
- Horn Point Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, P.O. Box 775, Cambridge, MD 21613, USA
| | - Gary W Shenk
- USGS Chesapeake Bay Program Office, 410 Severn Avenue, Suite 109, Annapolis, MD, 21403, USA
| | - Rachel L Dixon
- Chesapeake Research Consortium, 645 Contees Wharf Road, Edgewater, MD 21037, USA
| | - Sean M C Smith
- University of Maine, School of Earth and Climate Sciences, Bryand Global Science Center, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - William P Ball
- Chesapeake Research Consortium, 645 Contees Wharf Road, Edgewater, MD 21037, USA
| | - Jesse O Bash
- Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Durham, NC 27709, USA
| | - Rich Batiuk
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Chesapeake Bay Program Office, 410 Severn Avenue, Suite 109, Annapolis, MD, 21403, USA
| | - Kathy Boomer
- The Nature Conservancy, 114 South Washington Street, Easton, MD 21601, USA
| | - Damian C Brady
- Darling Marine Center, University of Maine, 193 Clarks Cove Rd, Walpole, ME 04573, USA
| | - Carl Cerco
- #U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Waterways Experiment Station, P.O. Box 631, Vicksburg, MS 39180, USA
| | - Peter Claggett
- USGS Chesapeake Bay Program Office, 410 Severn Avenue, Suite 109, Annapolis, MD, 21403, USA
| | - Kim de Mutsert
- University of Southern Mississippi, Gulf Coast Research Laboratory, 703 East Beach Drive, Ocean Springs, MS 39564, USA
| | | | - Andrew J Elmore
- Appalachian Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, 301 Braddock Rd, Frostburg, MD 21532, USA
| | - Marjorie A M Friedrichs
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, 1375 Greate Rd, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA
| | - Lora A Harris
- Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, P.O. Box 38, Solomons, MD 20688, USA
| | - Thomas F Ihde
- Patuxent Environmental & Aquatic Research Laboratory, Morgan State University, 10545 Mackall Road, St. Leonard, MD 20685, USA
| | - Iara Lacher
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, 1500 Remount Rd, Front Royal, VA 22630 USA
| | - Li Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Lewis C Linker
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Chesapeake Bay Program Office, 410 Severn Avenue, Suite 109, Annapolis, MD, 21403, USA
| | - Andrew Miller
- Department of Geography and Environmental Systems, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Julia Moriarty
- Institute for Arctic and Alpine Research, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder CO 80309, USA
| | - Gregory B Noe
- Florence Bascom Geoscience Center, U.S. Geological Survey, 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive, MS926A, Reston, VA 20192, USA
| | - George Onyullo
- District of Columbia Department of Energy and Environment, 1200 First Street NE, Washington DC 20002, USA
| | - Kenneth Rose
- Horn Point Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, P.O. Box 775, Cambridge, MD 21613, USA
| | - Katie Skalak
- National Research Program, U.S. Geological Survey, 12201Sunrise Valley Drive, Reston, VA 20192, USA
| | - Richard Tian
- USGS Chesapeake Bay Program Office, 410 Severn Avenue, Suite 109, Annapolis, MD, 21403, USA
| | - Tamie L Veith
- U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Pasture Systems and Watershed Management Research Unit, Building 3702, Curtin Road, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Lisa Wainger
- Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, P.O. Box 38, Solomons, MD 20688, USA
| | - Donald Weller
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Road, Edgewater, MD 21037, USA
| | - Yinglong Joseph Zhang
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, 1375 Greate Rd, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA
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12
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De Novo Accumulation of Tetrodotoxin and Its Analogs in Pufferfish and Newt and Dosage-Driven Accumulation of Toxins in Newt: Tissue Distribution and Anatomical Localization. JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse9091004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to determine the amounts of tetrodotoxin (TTX) and its analogs (TTXs) in various tissues of toxin-bearing pufferfish (Canthigaster revulata and Takifugu flavipterus) and newt (Cynops pyrrhogaster) using specific polyclonal antibodies against TTXs, and to compare the obtained results with those mainly determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD). The anatomical localization of TTXs in these animals was also demonstrated immunohistochemically using the above-mentioned antibody. The ratio of the total amount of TTXs determined by ELISA to that determined by HPLC-FLD changed depending on the tissues examined in pufferfish. Such differences were also observed with the newt in tissue- and individual-dependent manners. Furthermore, TTXs, as well as decarbamoylsaxitoxin (dcSTX), an analog of saxitoxin (STX), were traced for their dynamic changes in tissue distribution, when the newt was fed authentic toxins or toxic animal tissues exogenously, demonstrating that a TTX analog, 5,6,11-trideoxyTTX, and dcSTX were not metabolized into TTX or STX. TTXs-immunoreactive (ir) staining was observed in the pancreas region of the hepatopancreas, the oocytes at the perinucleolus stage, the sac-like tissues just outside the serous membrane of the intestine, and the gland-like structure of the skin, but not in the muscles of pufferfish. TTXs-ir staining was also detected in the mature glands in the dermis of the adult and regenerated tail, but not in the liver, intestine, testis and ovary of the adult newt. TTXs-ir staining was detected in the epithelial cells of the intestine, the ovary, the mucous cells, and the dermis of the TTXs-administered newt. These results suggest that TTXs absorbed from the environment are distributed to various organs or tissues in a species-specific manner, regardless of whether or not these are metabolized in the bodies of toxin-bearing animals.
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Jenkins M, Ahmed S, Barnes AN. A systematic review of waterborne and water-related disease in animal populations of Florida from 1999-2019. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255025. [PMID: 34324547 PMCID: PMC8321142 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Florida's waters are a reservoir for a host of pathogens and toxins. Many of these microorganisms cause water-related diseases in people that are reportable to the Florida Department of Health. Our objective in this review was to ascertain which water-related pathogens and toxins of public health importance have been found in animal populations in Florida over the last twenty years. METHODS Nineteen databases were searched, including PubMed and Web of Science Core Collection, using keywords and search terms for the waterborne diseases, water-related vector-borne diseases, and water-based toxins reportable to the Florida Department of Health. For inclusion, peer-reviewed journal articles were to be written in English, published between January 1, 1999 and December 31, 2019, and contain primary research findings documenting at least one of the water-related pathogens or toxins of interest in an animal population within Florida during this same time frame. RESULTS Of over eight thousand initial search results, 65 studies were included for final analysis. The most common animal types implicated in the diseases of interest included marine mammals, fish and shellfish, wild birds, and livestock. Toxins or pathogens most often associated with these animals included toxin-producer Karenia brevis, vibriosis, Escherichia coli, and Salmonellosis. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION Findings from this review elucidate the water-related disease-causing pathogens and toxins which have been reported within animal populations in recent Florida history. As most of these diseases are zoonotic, our results suggest a One Health approach is necessary to support and maintain healthy water systems throughout the state of Florida for the protection of both human and animal populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meg Jenkins
- Department of Public Health, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Sabrina Ahmed
- Department of Public Health, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Amber N. Barnes
- Department of Public Health, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America
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Heil CA, Muni-Morgan AL. Florida’s Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB) Problem: Escalating Risks to Human, Environmental and Economic Health With Climate Change. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.646080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) pose unique risks to the citizens, stakeholders, visitors, environment and economy of the state of Florida. Florida has been historically subjected to reoccurring blooms of the toxic marine dinoflagellate Karenia brevis (C. C. Davis) G. Hansen & Moestrup since at least first contact with explorers in the 1500’s. However, ongoing immigration of more than 100,000 people year–1 into the state, elevated population densities in coastal areas with attendant rapid, often unregulated development, coastal eutrophication, and climate change impacts (e.g., increasing hurricane severity, increases in water temperature, ocean acidification and sea level rise) has likely increased the occurrence of other HABs, both freshwater and marine, within the state as well as the number of people impacted by these blooms. Currently, over 75 freshwater, estuarine, coastal and marine HAB species are routinely monitored by state agencies. While only blooms of K. brevis, the dinoflagellate Pyrodinium bahamense (Böhm) Steidinger, Tester, and Taylor and the diatom Pseudo-nitzschia spp. have resulted in closure of commercial shellfish beds, other HAB species, including freshwater and marine cyanobacteria, pose either imminent or unknown risks to human, environmental and economic health. HAB related human health risks can be classified into those related to consumption of contaminated shellfish and finfish, consumption of or contact with bloom or toxin contaminated water or exposure to aerosolized HAB toxins. While acute human illnesses resulting from consumption of brevetoxin-, saxitoxin-, and domoic acid-contaminated commercial shellfish have been minimized by effective monitoring and regulation, illnesses due to unregulated toxin exposures, e.g., ciguatoxins and cyanotoxins, are not well documented or understood. Aerosolized HAB toxins potentially impact the largest number of people within Florida. While short-term (days to weeks) impacts of aerosolized brevetoxin exposure are well documented (e.g., decreased respiratory function for at-risk subgroups such as asthmatics), little is known of longer term (>1 month) impacts of exposure or the risks posed by aerosolized cyanotoxin [e.g., microcystin, β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA)] exposure. Environmental risks of K. brevis blooms are the best studied of Florida HABs and include acute exposure impacts such as significant dies-offs of fish, marine mammals, seabirds and turtles, as well as negative impacts on larval and juvenile stages of many biota. When K. brevis blooms are present, brevetoxins can be found throughout the water column and are widespread in both pelagic and benthic biota. The presence of brevetoxins in living tissue of both fish and marine mammals suggests that food web transfer of these toxins is occurring, resulting in toxin transport beyond the spatial and temporal range of the bloom such that impacts of these toxins may occur in areas not regularly subjected to blooms. Climate change impacts, including temperature effects on cell metabolism, shifting ocean circulation patterns and changes in HAB species range and bloom duration, may exacerbate these dynamics. Secondary HAB related environmental impacts are also possible due to hypoxia and anoxia resulting from elevated bloom biomass and/or the decomposition of HAB related mortalities. Economic risks related to HABs in Florida are diverse and impact multiple stakeholder groups. Direct costs related to human health impacts (e.g., increased hospital visits) as well as recreational and commercial fisheries can be significant, especially with wide-spread sustained HABs. Recreational and tourism-based industries which sustain a significant portion of Florida’s economy are especially vulnerable to both direct (e.g., declines in coastal hotel occupancy rates and restaurant and recreational users) and indirect (e.g., negative publicity impacts, associated job losses) impacts from HABs. While risks related to K. brevis blooms are established, Florida also remains susceptible to future HABs due to large scale freshwater management practices, degrading water quality, potential transport of HABs between freshwater and marine systems and the state’s vulnerability to climate change impacts.
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15
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Cusick K, Duran G. sxtA4+ and sxtA4- Genotypes Occur Together within Natural Pyrodinium bahamense Sub-Populations from the Western Atlantic. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9061128. [PMID: 34071086 PMCID: PMC8224543 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Saxitoxin (STX) is a secondary metabolite and potent neurotoxin produced by several genera of harmful algal bloom (HAB) marine dinoflagellates. The basis for variability in STX production within natural bloom populations is undefined as both toxic and non-toxic strains (of the same species) have been isolated from the same geographic locations. Pyrodinium bahamense is a STX-producing bioluminescent dinoflagellate that blooms along the east coast of Florida as well as the bioluminescent bays in Puerto Rico (PR), though no toxicity reports exist for PR populations. The core genes in the dinoflagellate STX biosynthetic pathway have been identified, and the sxtA4 gene is essential for toxin production. Using sxtA4 as a molecular proxy for the genetic capacity of STX production, we examined sxtA4+ and sxtA4- genotype frequency at the single cell level in P. bahamense populations from different locations in the Indian River Lagoon (IRL), FL, and Mosquito Bay (MB), a bioluminescent bay in PR. Multiplex PCR was performed on individual cells with Pyrodinium-specific primers targeting the 18S rRNA gene and sxtA4. The results reveal that within discrete natural populations of P. bahamense, both sxtA4+ and sxtA4- genotypes occur, and the sxtA4+ genotype dominates. In the IRL, the frequency of the sxtA4+ genotype ranged from ca. 80–100%. In MB, sxtA4+ genotype frequency ranged from ca 40–66%. To assess the extent of sxtA4 variation within individual cells, sxtA4 amplicons from single cells representative of the different sampling sites were cloned and sequenced. Overall, two variants were consistently obtained, one of which is likely a pseudogene based on alignment with cDNA sequences. These are the first data demonstrating the existence of both genotypes in natural P. bahamense sub-populations, as well as sxtA4 presence in P. bahamense from PR. These results provide insights on underlying genetic factors influencing the potential for toxin variability among natural sub-populations of HAB species and highlight the need to study the genetic diversity within HAB sub-populations at a fine level in order to identify the molecular mechanisms driving HAB evolution.
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16
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Kershaw JL, Jensen SK, McConnell B, Fraser S, Cummings C, Lacaze JP, Hermann G, Bresnan E, Dean KJ, Turner AD, Davidson K, Hall AJ. Toxins from harmful algae in fish from Scottish coastal waters. HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 105:102068. [PMID: 34303514 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.102068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal bloom events are increasing in a number of water bodies around the world with significant economic impacts on the aquaculture, fishing and tourism industries. As well as their potential impacts on human health, toxin exposure from harmful algal blooms (HABs) has resulted in widespread morbidity and mortality in marine life, including top marine predators. There is therefore a need for an improved understanding of the trophic transfer, and persistence of toxins in marine food webs. For the first time, the concentrations of two toxin groups of commercial and environmental importance, domoic acid (DA) and saxitoxin (including Paralytic Shellfish Toxin (PST) analogues), were measured in the viscera of 40 different fish species caught in Scotland between February and November, 2012 to 2019. Overall, fish had higher concentrations of DA compared to PSTs, with a peak in the summer / autumn months. Whole fish concentrations were highest in pelagic species including Atlantic mackerel and herring, key forage fish for marine predators including seals, cetaceans and seabirds. The highest DA concentrations were measured along the east coast of Scotland and in Orkney. PSTs showed highest concentrations in early summer, consistent with phytoplankton bloom timings. The detection of multiple toxins in such a range of demersal, pelagic and benthic fish prey species suggests that both the fish, and by extension, piscivorous marine predators, experience multiple routes of toxin exposure. Risk assessment models to understand the impacts of exposure to HAB toxins on marine predators therefore need to consider how chronic, low-dose exposure to multiple toxins, as well as acute exposure during a bloom, could lead to potential long-term health effects ultimately contributing to mortalities. The potential synergistic, neurotoxic and physiological effects of long-term exposure to multiple toxins require investigation in order to appropriately assess the risks of HAB toxins to fish as well as their predators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna L Kershaw
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, KY16 8LB, UK; School of Biological and Marine Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK.
| | - Silje-Kristin Jensen
- The Norwegian Directorate of Fisheries, Kystens Hus, Stortorget 1A, 9008 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Bernie McConnell
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, KY16 8LB, UK
| | - Shaun Fraser
- NAFC Marine Centre, University of the Highlands and Islands, Port Arthur, Scalloway, Shetland, ZE1 0UN, UK
| | - Caroline Cummings
- US Fish and Wildlife Service Alaska Region, 1011 East Tudor Road, Anchorage, Alaska, USA, 99503
| | | | | | - Eileen Bresnan
- Marine Laboratory, Marine Scotland Science, Aberdeen, AB119DB, UK
| | - Karl J Dean
- Cefas, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Andrew D Turner
- Cefas, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Keith Davidson
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, PA37 1QA, UK
| | - Ailsa J Hall
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, KY16 8LB, UK
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Laureano-Rosario AE, McFarland M, Bradshaw DJ, Metz J, Brewton RA, Pitts T, Perricone C, Schreiber S, Stockley N, Wang G, Guzmán EA, Lapointe BE, Wright AE, Jacoby CA, Twardowski MS. Dynamics of microcystins and saxitoxin in the Indian River Lagoon, Florida. HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 103:102012. [PMID: 33980451 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.102012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms that can produce toxins are common in the Indian River Lagoon (IRL), which covers ~250 km of Florida's east coast. The current study assessed the dynamics of microcystins and saxitoxin in six segments of the IRL: Banana River Lagoon (BRL), Mosquito Lagoon (ML), Northern IRL (NIRL), Central IRL (CIRL), Southern IRL (SIRL), and the St. Lucie Estuary (SLE). Surface water samples (n = 40) collected during the 2018 wet and 2019 dry season were analyzed to determine associations between toxins and temperature, salinity, pH, oxygen saturation, concentrations of dissolved nutrients and chlorophyll-a, presence of biosynthetic genes for toxins, relative abundance of planktonic species, and composition of the microbial community. The potential toxicity of samples was assessed using multiple mammalian cell lines. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays were used to determine concentrations of microcystins and saxitoxin. Overall, the microcystins concentration ranged between 0.01-85.70 µg/L, and saxitoxin concentrations ranged between 0.01-2.43 µg/L across the IRL. Microcystins concentrations were 65% below the limit of quantification (0.05 µg/L), and saxitoxin concentrations were 85% below the limit of detection (0.02 µg/L). Microcystins concentrations were higher in the SLE, while saxitoxin was elevated in the NIRL and BRL. Cytotoxicity related to the presence of microcystins was seen in the SLE during the wet season. No significant patterns between cytotoxicity and saxitoxin were identified. Dissolved nutrients were identified as the most highly related parameters, explaining 53% of microcystin and 47% of saxitoxin variability. Multivariate models suggested cyanobacteria, flagellates, ciliates, and diatoms as the subset of microorganisms whose abundances were maximally correlated with saxitoxin and microcystins concentrations. Lastly, biosynthetic genes for microcystins were detected in the SLE and for saxitoxin in the BRL and NIRL. These results highlight the synergistic roles environmental and biological parameters play in influencing the dynamics of toxin production by harmful algae in the IRL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdiel E Laureano-Rosario
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 US 1 N, Fort Pierce, Florida 34946, USA.
| | - Malcolm McFarland
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 US 1 N, Fort Pierce, Florida 34946, USA
| | - David J Bradshaw
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 US 1 N, Fort Pierce, Florida 34946, USA
| | - Jackie Metz
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 US 1 N, Fort Pierce, Florida 34946, USA
| | - Rachel A Brewton
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 US 1 N, Fort Pierce, Florida 34946, USA
| | - Tara Pitts
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 US 1 N, Fort Pierce, Florida 34946, USA
| | - Carlie Perricone
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 US 1 N, Fort Pierce, Florida 34946, USA
| | - Stephanie Schreiber
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 US 1 N, Fort Pierce, Florida 34946, USA
| | - Nicole Stockley
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 US 1 N, Fort Pierce, Florida 34946, USA
| | - Guojun Wang
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 US 1 N, Fort Pierce, Florida 34946, USA
| | - Esther A Guzmán
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 US 1 N, Fort Pierce, Florida 34946, USA
| | - Brian E Lapointe
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 US 1 N, Fort Pierce, Florida 34946, USA
| | - Amy E Wright
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 US 1 N, Fort Pierce, Florida 34946, USA
| | - Charles A Jacoby
- St. Johns River Water Management District, PO Box 1429, Palatka, Florida 32178, USA
| | - Michael S Twardowski
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 US 1 N, Fort Pierce, Florida 34946, USA
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18
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Anderson DM, Fensin E, Gobler CJ, Hoeglund AE, Hubbard KA, Kulis DM, Landsberg JH, Lefebvre KA, Provoost P, Richlen ML, Smith JL, Solow AR, Trainer VL. Marine harmful algal blooms (HABs) in the United States: History, current status and future trends. HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 102:101975. [PMID: 33875183 PMCID: PMC8058451 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.101975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are diverse phenomena involving multiple. species and classes of algae that occupy a broad range of habitats from lakes to oceans and produce a multiplicity of toxins or bioactive compounds that impact many different resources. Here, a review of the status of this complex array of marine HAB problems in the U.S. is presented, providing historical information and trends as well as future perspectives. The study relies on thirty years (1990-2019) of data in HAEDAT - the IOC-ICES-PICES Harmful Algal Event database, but also includes many other reports. At a qualitative level, the U.S. national HAB problem is far more extensive than was the case decades ago, with more toxic species and toxins to monitor, as well as a larger range of impacted resources and areas affected. Quantitatively, no significant trend is seen for paralytic shellfish toxin (PST) events over the study interval, though there is clear evidence of the expansion of the problem into new regions and the emergence of a species that produces PSTs in Florida - Pyrodinium bahamense. Amnesic shellfish toxin (AST) events have significantly increased in the U.S., with an overall pattern of frequent outbreaks on the West Coast, emerging, recurring outbreaks on the East Coast, and sporadic incidents in the Gulf of Mexico. Despite the long historical record of neurotoxic shellfish toxin (NST) events, no significant trend is observed over the past 30 years. The recent emergence of diarrhetic shellfish toxins (DSTs) in the U.S. began along the Gulf Coast in 2008 and expanded to the West and East Coasts, though no significant trend through time is seen since then. Ciguatoxin (CTX) events caused by Gambierdiscus dinoflagellates have long impacted tropical and subtropical locations in the U.S., but due to a lack of monitoring programs as well as under-reporting of illnesses, data on these events are not available for time series analysis. Geographic expansion of Gambierdiscus into temperate and non-endemic areas (e.g., northern Gulf of Mexico) is apparent, and fostered by ocean warming. HAB-related marine wildlife morbidity and mortality events appear to be increasing, with statistically significant increasing trends observed in marine mammal poisonings caused by ASTs along the coast of California and NSTs in Florida. Since their first occurrence in 1985 in New York, brown tides resulting from high-density blooms of Aureococcus have spread south to Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia, while those caused by Aureoumbra have spread from the Gulf Coast to the east coast of Florida. Blooms of Margalefidinium polykrikoides occurred in four locations in the U.S. from 1921-2001 but have appeared in more than 15 U.S. estuaries since then, with ocean warming implicated as a causative factor. Numerous blooms of toxic cyanobacteria have been documented in all 50 U.S. states and the transport of cyanotoxins from freshwater systems into marine coastal waters is a recently identified and potentially significant threat to public and ecosystem health. Taken together, there is a significant increasing trend in all HAB events in HAEDAT over the 30-year study interval. Part of this observed HAB expansion simply reflects a better realization of the true or historic scale of the problem, long obscured by inadequate monitoring. Other contributing factors include the dispersion of species to new areas, the discovery of new HAB poisoning syndromes or impacts, and the stimulatory effects of human activities like nutrient pollution, aquaculture expansion, and ocean warming, among others. One result of this multifaceted expansion is that many regions of the U.S. now face a daunting diversity of species and toxins, representing a significant and growing challenge to resource managers and public health officials in terms of toxins, regions, and time intervals to monitor, and necessitating new approaches to monitoring and management. Mobilization of funding and resources for research, monitoring and management of HABs requires accurate information on the scale and nature of the national problem. HAEDAT and other databases can be of great value in this regard but efforts are needed to expand and sustain the collection of data regionally and nationally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald M Anderson
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, United States.
| | - Elizabeth Fensin
- NC Division of Water Resources, 4401 Reedy Creek Road, Raleigh, NC, 27607, United States
| | - Christopher J Gobler
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Southampton, NY, 11968, United States
| | - Alicia E Hoeglund
- Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, St. Petersburg, Florida, 33701, United States
| | - Katherine A Hubbard
- Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, St. Petersburg, Florida, 33701, United States
| | - David M Kulis
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, United States
| | - Jan H Landsberg
- Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, St. Petersburg, Florida, 33701, United States
| | - Kathi A Lefebvre
- Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, Seattle, WA, 98112, United States
| | - Pieter Provoost
- Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO, IOC Project Office for IODE, 8400 Oostende, Belgium
| | - Mindy L Richlen
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, United States
| | - Juliette L Smith
- Department of Aquatic Health Sciences, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, United States
| | - Andrew R Solow
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, United States
| | - Vera L Trainer
- Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, Seattle, WA, 98112, United States
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Cho K, Heo J, Han J, Hong HD, Jeon H, Hwang HJ, Hong CY, Kim D, Han JW, Baek K. Industrial Applications of Dinoflagellate Phycotoxins Based on Their Modes of Action: A Review. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E805. [PMID: 33353166 PMCID: PMC7766252 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12120805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dinoflagellates are an important group of phytoplanktons, characterized by two dissimilar flagella and distinctive features of both plants and animals. Dinoflagellate-generated harmful algal blooms (HABs) and associated damage frequently occur in coastal areas, which are concomitant with increasing eutrophication and climate change derived from anthropogenic waste and atmospheric carbon dioxide, respectively. The severe damage and harmful effects of dinoflagellate phycotoxins in the fishing industry have been recognized over the past few decades, and the management and monitoring of HABs have attracted much attention, leaving aside the industrial application of their valuable toxins. Specific modes of action of the organisms' toxins can effectively be utilized for producing beneficial materials, such as Botox and other therapeutic agents. This review aims to explore the potential industrial applications of marine dinoflagellate phycotoxins; furthermore, this review focuses on their modes of action and summarizes the available knowledge on them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kichul Cho
- Department of Applied Marine Bioresource Science, National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea (MABIK), Seocheon-gun, Chungchungnam-do 33662, Korea; (K.C.); (J.H.); (H.D.H.); (H.J.); (H.-J.H.); (K.B.)
| | - Jina Heo
- Growth Engine Research Department, Chungbuk Research Institute (CRI), Chungju, Chungchungbuk-do 28517, Korea;
| | - Jinwook Han
- Department of Applied Marine Bioresource Science, National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea (MABIK), Seocheon-gun, Chungchungnam-do 33662, Korea; (K.C.); (J.H.); (H.D.H.); (H.J.); (H.-J.H.); (K.B.)
| | - Hyun Dae Hong
- Department of Applied Marine Bioresource Science, National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea (MABIK), Seocheon-gun, Chungchungnam-do 33662, Korea; (K.C.); (J.H.); (H.D.H.); (H.J.); (H.-J.H.); (K.B.)
| | - Hancheol Jeon
- Department of Applied Marine Bioresource Science, National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea (MABIK), Seocheon-gun, Chungchungnam-do 33662, Korea; (K.C.); (J.H.); (H.D.H.); (H.J.); (H.-J.H.); (K.B.)
| | - Hyun-Ju Hwang
- Department of Applied Marine Bioresource Science, National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea (MABIK), Seocheon-gun, Chungchungnam-do 33662, Korea; (K.C.); (J.H.); (H.D.H.); (H.J.); (H.-J.H.); (K.B.)
| | - Chang-Yu Hong
- Department of Environmental and Urban Research, Jeju Research Institute, Jeju-si, Jeju-do 63147, Korea;
| | - Daekyung Kim
- Daegu Center, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Daegu, Gyeongsangbuk-do 41566, Korea
| | - Jong Won Han
- Department of Applied Marine Bioresource Science, National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea (MABIK), Seocheon-gun, Chungchungnam-do 33662, Korea; (K.C.); (J.H.); (H.D.H.); (H.J.); (H.-J.H.); (K.B.)
| | - Kyunghwa Baek
- Department of Applied Marine Bioresource Science, National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea (MABIK), Seocheon-gun, Chungchungnam-do 33662, Korea; (K.C.); (J.H.); (H.D.H.); (H.J.); (H.-J.H.); (K.B.)
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20
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Braga AC, Pereira V, Marçal R, Marques A, Guilherme S, Costa PR, Pacheco M. DNA damage and oxidative stress responses of mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis to paralytic shellfish toxins under warming and acidification conditions - Elucidation on the organ-specificity. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 228:105619. [PMID: 32937230 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Commonly affected by changes in climate and environmental conditions, coastal areas are very dynamic environments where shellfish play an important ecological role. In this study, the oxidative stress and genotoxic responses of mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) exposed to paralytic shellfish toxin (PST) - producing dinoflagellates Gymnodinium catenatum were evaluated under i) current conditions (CC: 19 °C; pH 8.0), ii) warming (W: 24 °C; pH 8.0), iii) acidification (A:19 °C; pH 7.6) and iv) combined effect of warming and acidification (WA: 24 °C; pH 7.6). Mussels were fed with G. catenatum for 5 days, and to a non-toxic diet during the following 10 days. A battery of oxidative stress biomarkers and comet assay was performed at the peak of toxin accumulation and at the end of the post-exposure phase. Under CC, gills and hepatopancreas displayed different responses/vulnerabilities and mechanisms to cope with PST. While gills presented a tendency for lipid peroxidation (LPO) and genetic damage (expressed by the Genetic Damage Indicator - GDI), hepatopancreas seems to better cope with the toxins, as no LPO was observed. However, the mechanisms involved in hepatopancreas protection were not enough to maintain DNA integrity. The absence of LPO, and the antioxidant system low responsiveness, suggests DNA damage was not oxidative. When exposed to toxic algae under W, toxin-modulated antioxidant responses were observed in both gills and hepatopancreas. Simultaneous exposure to the stressors highlighted gills susceptibility with a synergistic interaction increasing DNA damage. Exposure to toxic algae under A led to genotoxicity potentiation in both organs. The combined effect of WA did not cause relevant interactions in gills antioxidant responses, but stressors interactions impacted LPO and GDI. Antioxidant responses and LPO pointed out to be modulated by the environmental conditions in hepatopancreas, while GDI results support the dominance of toxin-triggered process. Overall, these results reveal that simultaneous exposure to warming, acidification and PSTs impairs mussel DNA integrity, compromising the genetic information due to the synergetic effects. Finally, this study highlights the increasing ecological risk of harmful algal blooms to Mytilus galloprovinciallis populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Braga
- IPMA - Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Brasília, 1449-006 Lisbon, Portugal; CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Vitória Pereira
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Raquel Marçal
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana Marques
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sofia Guilherme
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Pedro R Costa
- IPMA - Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Brasília, 1449-006 Lisbon, Portugal; CCMAR - Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus of Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Mário Pacheco
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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21
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Zhu H, Yamada A, Goto Y, Horn L, Ngy L, Wada M, Doi H, Lee JS, Takatani T, Arakawa O. Phylogeny and Toxin Profile of Freshwater Pufferfish (Genus Pao) Collected from 2 Different Regions in Cambodia. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12110689. [PMID: 33143288 PMCID: PMC7694119 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12110689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The species classification of Cambodian freshwater pufferfish is incomplete and confusing, and scientific information on their toxicity and toxin profile is limited. In the present study, to accumulate information on the phylogeny and toxin profile of freshwater pufferfish, and to contribute to food safety in Cambodia, we conducted simultaneous genetic-based phylogenetic and toxin analyses using freshwater pufferfish individuals collected from Phnom Penh and Kratie (designated PNH and KTI, respectively). Phylogenetic analysis of partial sequences of three mitochondrial genes (cytochrome b, 16S rRNA, and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I) determined for each fish revealed that PNH and KTI are different species in the genus Pao (designated Pao sp. A and Pao sp. B, respectively). A partial sequence of the nuclear tributyltin-binding protein type 2 (TBT-bp2) gene differentiated the species at the amino acid level. Instrumental analysis of the toxin profile revealed that both Pao sp. A and Pao sp. B possess saxitoxins (STXs), comprising STX as the main component. In Pao sp. A, the toxin concentration in each tissue was extremely high, far exceeding the regulatory limit for STXs set by the Codex Committee, whereas in Pao sp. B, only the skin contained high toxin concentrations. The difference in the STX accumulation ability between the two species with different TBT-bp2 sequences suggests that TBT-bp2 is involved in STX accumulation in freshwater pufferfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchen Zhu
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14, Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan; (H.Z.); (A.Y.); (M.W.); (T.T.)
| | - Akinori Yamada
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14, Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan; (H.Z.); (A.Y.); (M.W.); (T.T.)
| | - Yui Goto
- Faculty of Fisheries, Nagasaki University. 1-14, Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan;
| | - Linan Horn
- University of Kratie, Orussey District, Kratie Province, Cambodia; (L.H.); (L.N.)
| | - Laymithuna Ngy
- University of Kratie, Orussey District, Kratie Province, Cambodia; (L.H.); (L.N.)
| | - Minoru Wada
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14, Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan; (H.Z.); (A.Y.); (M.W.); (T.T.)
| | - Hiroyuki Doi
- Nifrel, Osaka Aquarium Kaiyukan. 2-1, Senribanpakukoen, Suita, Osaka 565-0826, Japan;
| | - Jong Soo Lee
- College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 2, Tongyeonghaean-ro, Tongyeong, Kyungnam 53064, Korea;
| | - Tomohiro Takatani
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14, Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan; (H.Z.); (A.Y.); (M.W.); (T.T.)
| | - Osamu Arakawa
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14, Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan; (H.Z.); (A.Y.); (M.W.); (T.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-95-819-2844
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22
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Cusick KD, Widder EA. Bioluminescence and toxicity as driving factors in harmful algal blooms: Ecological functions and genetic variability. HARMFUL ALGAE 2020; 98:101850. [PMID: 33129462 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2020.101850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Dinoflagellates are an ecologically important group of marine microbial eukaryotes with a remarkable array of adaptive strategies. It is ironic that two of the traits for which dinoflagellates are best known, toxin production and bioluminescence, are rarely linked when considering the ecological significance of either. Although dinoflagellate species that form some of the most widespread and frequent harmful algal blooms (HABs) are bioluminescent, the molecular and eco-evolutionary associations between these two traits has received little attention. Here, the major themes of biochemistry and genetics, ecological functions, signaling mechanisms, and evolution are addressed, with parallels and connections drawn between the two. Of the 17 major classes of dinoflagellate toxins, only two are produced by bioluminescent species: saxitoxin (STX) and yessotoxin. Of these, STX has been extensively studied, including the identification of the STX biosynthetic genes. While numerous theories have been put forward as to the eco-evolutionary roles of both bioluminescence and toxicity, a general consensus is that both function as grazing deterrents. Thus, both bioluminescence and toxicity may aid in HAB initiation as they alleviate grazing pressure on the HAB species. A large gap in our understanding is the genetic variability among natural bloom populations, as both toxic and non-toxic strains have been isolated from the same geographic location. The same applies to bioluminescence, as there exist both bioluminescent and non-bioluminescent strains of the same species. Recent evidence demonstrating that blooms are not monoclonal events necessitates a greater level of understanding as to the genetic variability of these traits among sub-populations as well as the mechanisms by which cells acquire or lose the trait, as sequence analysis of STX+ and STX- species indicate the key gene required for toxicity is lost rather than gained. While the extent of genetic variability for both bioluminescence and toxicity among natural HAB sub-populations remains unknown, it is an area that needs to be explored in order to gain greater insights into the molecular mechanisms and environmental parameters driving HAB evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen D Cusick
- University of Maryland Baltimore County, Department of Biological Sciences, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, United States.
| | - Edith A Widder
- Ocean Research and Conservation Association, 1420 Seaway Dr, Fort Pierce, FL 34949, United States.
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23
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Barua A, Ajani PA, Ruvindy R, Farrell H, Zammit A, Brett S, Hill D, Sarowar C, Hoppenrath M, Murray SA. First Detection of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins from Alexandrium pacificum above the Regulatory Limit in Blue Mussels ( Mytilus galloprovincialis) in New South Wales, Australia. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E905. [PMID: 32560067 PMCID: PMC7356031 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8060905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2016, 2017 and 2018, elevated levels of the species Alexandrium pacificum were detected within a blue mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) aquaculture area at Twofold Bay on the south coast of New South Wales, Australia. In 2016, the bloom persisted for at least eight weeks and maximum cell concentrations of 89,000 cells L-1 of A. pacificum were reported. The identity of A. pacificum was confirmed using molecular genetic tools (qPCR and amplicon sequencing) and complemented by light and scanning electron microscopy of cultured strains. Maximum reported concentrations of paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) in mussel tissue was 7.2 mg/kg PST STX equivalent. Elevated cell concentrations of A. pacificum were reported along the adjacent coastal shelf areas, and positive PST results were reported from nearby oyster producing estuaries during 2016. This is the first record of PSTs above the regulatory limit (0.8 mg/kg) in commercial aquaculture in New South Wales since the establishment of routine biotoxin monitoring in 2005. The intensity and duration of the 2016 A. pacificum bloom were unusual given the relatively low abundances of A. pacificum in estuarine and coastal waters of the region found in the prior 10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abanti Barua
- Climate Change Cluster (C3), University of Technology Sydney, Sydney 2007, Australia; (P.A.A.); (R.R.); (S.A.M.)
- Department of Microbiology, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Penelope A. Ajani
- Climate Change Cluster (C3), University of Technology Sydney, Sydney 2007, Australia; (P.A.A.); (R.R.); (S.A.M.)
| | - Rendy Ruvindy
- Climate Change Cluster (C3), University of Technology Sydney, Sydney 2007, Australia; (P.A.A.); (R.R.); (S.A.M.)
| | - Hazel Farrell
- NSW Food Authority, NSW Department of Primary Industries, PO Box 232, Taree 2430, Australia; (H.F.); (A.Z.)
| | - Anthony Zammit
- NSW Food Authority, NSW Department of Primary Industries, PO Box 232, Taree 2430, Australia; (H.F.); (A.Z.)
| | - Steve Brett
- Microalgal Services, 308 Tucker Rd, Ormond 3204, Australia; (S.B.); (D.H.)
| | - David Hill
- Microalgal Services, 308 Tucker Rd, Ormond 3204, Australia; (S.B.); (D.H.)
| | - Chowdhury Sarowar
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science, 19 Chowder Bay Road, Mosman 2088, Australia;
| | - Mona Hoppenrath
- Senckenberg am Meer, Deutsches Zentrum für Marine Biodiversitätsforschung (DZMB), Südstrand 44, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany;
| | - Shauna A. Murray
- Climate Change Cluster (C3), University of Technology Sydney, Sydney 2007, Australia; (P.A.A.); (R.R.); (S.A.M.)
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24
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Wu Z, Luo H, Yu L, Lee WH, Li L, Mak YL, Lin S, Lam PKS. Characterizing ciguatoxin (CTX)- and Non-CTX-producing strains of Gambierdiscus balechii using comparative transcriptomics. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 717:137184. [PMID: 32084685 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Gambierdiscus spp. can produce the polyketide compound, ciguatoxin (CTX), and are hence responsible for ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP). Studying the molecular mechanism that regulates CTX production is crucial for understanding the environmental trigger of CTX as well as for better informing fishery management. Commonly, polyketide synthases are important for polyketide synthesis; however, no gene has been confirmatively assigned to CTX production. Here, suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) and transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) were used to compare a CTX-producing strain with a non-CTX-producing strain. Using both methods, a total of 52 polyketide synthase (PKS) genes were identified to be up-regulated in the CTX-producing G. balechii, including transcripts encoding single-domain PKSs as well as transcripts encoding multi-domain PKSs. Using reverse transcription quantitative PCR, the expression of these genes in the CTX-producing strain and in nitrogen-limited cultures of the strain was further documented. These data suggest that PKSs are likely involved in polyketide synthesis and potentially in CTX synthesis in this dinoflagellate species. Our study provides the candidate biomarkers for the detection of CTXs or CFP in waters or any other organisms as well as a valuable genomic resource for the research on Gambierdiscus and other dinoflagellates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hao Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Liying Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Wai Hin Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yim Ling Mak
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory for the Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity, Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Senjie Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, CT, USA.
| | - Paul K S Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory for the Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity, Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
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25
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Accoroni S, Totti C, Romagnoli T, Giulietti S, Glibert PM. Distribution and potential toxicity of benthic harmful dinoflagellates in waters of Florida Bay and the Florida Keys. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 155:104891. [PMID: 32072980 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.104891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Few studies have been carried out on benthic dinoflagellates along the Florida Keys, and little is known about their distribution or toxicity in Florida Bay. Here, the distribution and abundance of benthic dinoflagellates was explored in northern and eastern Florida Bay and along the bay and ocean sides of the Florida Keys. Isolates were brought into culture and their toxicity was tested with oyster larvae bioassays. Seven genera were detected, including Prorocentrum, Coolia, Ostreopsis, Amphidinium, Gambierdiscus, Fukuyoa (all included potentially toxic species) and Sinophysis. In general, distribution increased with water temperature and nutrient availability, especially that of phosphate. This study documented the first record of Coolia santacroce in the Florida Keys. Potential toxic effects of Gambierdiscus caribaeus, the abundance of which exceeded 1000 cells g-1 fw at some sites, were established using oyster larvae as a bioassay organism. These findings suggest a potential risk of ciguatera fish poisoning in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Accoroni
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare, CoNISMa, ULR Ancona, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Cecilia Totti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare, CoNISMa, ULR Ancona, Ancona, Italy
| | - Tiziana Romagnoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Sonia Giulietti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Patricia M Glibert
- University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Horn Point Laboratory, P.O. Box 775, Cambridge, MD, 21613, USA
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Brosnahan ML, Fischer AD, Lopez CB, Moore SK, Anderson DM. Cyst-forming dinoflagellates in a warming climate. HARMFUL ALGAE 2020; 91:101728. [PMID: 32057345 PMCID: PMC7189352 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2019.101728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Many phytoplankton species, including many harmful algal bloom (HAB) species, survive long periods between blooms through formation of benthic resting stages. Because they are crucial to the persistence of these species and the initiation of new blooms, the physiology of benthic stages must be considered to accurately predict responses to climate warming and associated environmental changes. The benthic stages of dinoflagellates, called resting cysts, germinate in response to the combination of favorable temperature, oxygen-availability, and release from dormancy. The latter is a mechanism that prevents germination even when oxygen and temperature conditions are favorable. Here, evidence of temperature-mediated control of dormancy duration from the dinoflagellates Alexandrium catenella and Pyrodinium bahamense-two HAB species that cause paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP)-is reviewed and presented alongside new evidence of complementary, temperature-based control of cyst quiescence (the state in which cysts germinate on exposure to favorable conditions). Interaction of the two temperature-based mechanisms with climate is explored through a simple model parameterized using results from recent experiments with A. catenella. Simulations demonstrate the importance of seasonal temperature cycles for the synchronization of cysts' release from dormancy and are consistent with biogeography-based inferences that A. catenella is more tolerant of warming in habitats that experience a larger range of seasonal temperature variation (i.e., have higher temperature seasonality). Temperature seasonality is much greater in shallow, long-residence time habitats than in deep, open-water ones. As warming shifts species' ranges, cyst beds may persist longer in more seasonally variable, shallow inshore habitats than in deep offshore ones, promoting HABs that are more localized and commence earlier each year. Recent field investigations of A. catenella also point to the importance of new cyst formation as a factor triggering bloom termination through mass sexual induction. In areas where temperature seasonality restricts the flux of new swimming cells (germlings) to narrow temporal windows, warming is unlikely to promote longer and more intense HAB impacts-even when water column conditions would otherwise promote prolonged bloom development. Many species likely have a strong drive to sexually differentiate and produce new cysts once concentrations reach levels that are conducive to new cyst formation. This phenomenon can impose a limit to bloom intensification and suggests an important role for cyst bed quiescence in determining the duration of HAB risk periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Brosnahan
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA USA.
| | - Alexis D Fischer
- Ocean Sciences Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA USA
| | - Cary B Lopez
- Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Saint Petersburg, FL USA
| | - Stephanie K Moore
- Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Donald M Anderson
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA USA
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Fire SE, Browning JA, Durden WN, Stolen MK. Comparison of during-bloom and inter-bloom brevetoxin and saxitoxin concentrations in Indian River Lagoon bottlenose dolphins, 2002-2011. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 218:105371. [PMID: 31790939 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.105371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal bloom (HAB) toxins have severe negative impacts on marine mammals, particularly for Florida bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) which frequently experience mass mortality events. Dolphins on the Florida Atlantic coast inhabit a region endemic to two HAB species, Karenia brevis and Pyrodinium bahamense, which produce the neurotoxins brevetoxin (PbTx) and saxitoxin (STX), respectively. Although toxic HABs and associated dolphin mortality events have been reported from this region, there is a lack of available data necessary for comparing toxin exposure levels between bloom ('exposed') conditions and non-bloom ('baseline') conditions. Here we present a 10-year dataset of PbTx and STX concentrations detected in dolphins stranding in this region, and compare the toxin loads from HAB-exposed dolphins to those detected in dolphins recovered in the absence of a HAB. We analyzed liver tissue samples from dead-stranded dolphins (n = 119) recovered and necropsied between 2002-2011, using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) modified for use with mammalian tissues. For dolphins recovered during baseline conditions, toxin-positive samples ranged in concentration from 0.27 to 1.2 ng/g for PbTx and from 0.41 to 1.9 ng/g for STX. For K. brevis-exposed dolphins, concentrations of up to 12.1 ng PbTx/g were detected, and for P. bahamense-exposed dolphins, concentrations of up to 9.9 ng STX/g were detected. Baseline PbTx values were similar to those reported in other regions where K. brevis blooms are more frequent and severe, but HAB-exposed PbTx values were considerably lower relative to these other regions. Since no baseline STX dolphin data exist for any region, our data serve as a first step towards establishing reference STX values for potential dolphin mortality events associated with STX-producing blooms in the future. This study demonstrates that although HABs in eastern Florida are only infrequently associated with dolphin mortalities, the presence of toxins in these animals may pose significant health risks in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer E Fire
- Florida Institute of Technology, 150 W. University Blvd., Melbourne, FL 32901, United States.
| | - Jeremy A Browning
- Florida Institute of Technology, 150 W. University Blvd., Melbourne, FL 32901, United States
| | - Wendy Noke Durden
- Hubbs-Sea World Research Institute, 3830 South Highway A1A #4-181, Melbourne Beach, FL 32951, United States
| | - Megan K Stolen
- Hubbs-Sea World Research Institute, 3830 South Highway A1A #4-181, Melbourne Beach, FL 32951, United States
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Barrientos RG, Hernández-Mora G, Alegre F, Field T, Flewelling L, McGrath S, Deeds J, Chacón YS, Rojas Arrieta K, Vargas EC, Artavia KB, Stacy BA. Saxitoxin Poisoning in Green Turtles ( Chelonia mydas) Linked to Scavenging on Mass Mortality of Caribbean Sharpnose Puffer Fish ( Canthigaster rostrata-Tetraodontidae). Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:466. [PMID: 31921922 PMCID: PMC6928104 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fish within the family Tetraodontidae are potential sources of both endogenous tetrodotoxins (TTXs) and dietary derived saxitoxins (STXs). Ingestion of fish tissues containing these toxins by other vertebrates can lead to severe illness and death. The Caribbean sharpnose puffer (Canthigaster rostrata) is a widespread tetraodontid species within the western Atlantic. Mass settlement of juveniles into foraging habitats have been associated with large-scale puffer fish mortality events. In 2013, 2014, and 2017, puffer mortality events on the southern Caribbean coast of Costa Rica were also associated with strandings of green turtles (Chelonia mydas) found to have fed on C. rostrata. Stranded sea turtles were found dead without apparent cause or alive with severe neurological signs that resolved during short periods of captivity. Puffer fish and turtle organ samples were analyzed for both TTXs and STXs. Concentrations of TTXs were extremely low in the fish (0.5-0.7 μg/g) and undetectable in turtle stomach contents. However, concentrations of STXs in whole fish (16.6-47.5 μg STX-eq/g) exceeded the 0.8 μg STX-eq/g human seafood safety threshold for STXs by orders of magnitude. Saxitoxins were also detected in samples of stomach contents (ingested fish), brain, lung, kidney, and serum from three affected turtles. Study results indicate that saxitoxicosis resulting from opportunistic foraging on C. rostrata during fish mortality events may be a significant factor in episodic stranding of green sea turtles in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío González Barrientos
- Section of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Gabriela Hernández-Mora
- Área de Bacteriología, Laboratorio Nacional de Servicios Veterinarios, Servicio Nacional de Salud Animal (SENASA), Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | | | | | - Leanne Flewelling
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, St. Petersburg, FL, United States
| | - Sara McGrath
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Jonathan Deeds
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Yajaira Salazar Chacón
- Unidad de Residuos y Contaminantes en Alimentos de Origen Acuático, Servicio Nacional de Salud Animal (SENASA), Laboratorio Nacional de Servicios Veterinarios, Departamento de lnocuidad de Alimentos, Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Karla Rojas Arrieta
- Unidad de Residuos y Contaminantes en Alimentos de Origen Acuático, Servicio Nacional de Salud Animal (SENASA), Laboratorio Nacional de Servicios Veterinarios, Departamento de lnocuidad de Alimentos, Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Emilia Calvo Vargas
- Laboratorio de Fitoplancton Marino, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Estación de Biología Marina Juan Bertoglia Richards, Universidad Nacional, Puntarenas, Costa Rica
| | - Karen Berrocal Artavia
- Laboratorio de Fitoplancton Marino, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Estación de Biología Marina Juan Bertoglia Richards, Universidad Nacional, Puntarenas, Costa Rica
| | - Brian A. Stacy
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Office of Protected Resources, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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Contrasting Toxin Selectivity between the Marine Pufferfish Takifugu pardalis and the Freshwater Pufferfish Pao suvattii. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11080470. [PMID: 31405182 PMCID: PMC6722796 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11080470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
To clarify the differences in toxin selectivity between marine and freshwater pufferfish, we conducted experiments in artificially reared nontoxic specimens of Takifugu pardalis (marine) and Pao suvattii (freshwater) using tetrodotoxin (TTX) and paralytic shellfish poison (PSP; decarbamoylsaxitoxin (dcSTX) or saxitoxin (STX)). T. pardalis specimens were administered feed homogenate containing TTX or dcSTX (dose of toxin, 55.2 nmol/fish) and P. suvattii specimens were administered feed homogenate containing TTX + STX (dose of each toxin, 19.2 nmol/fish) by oral gavage. The toxin content in the intestine, muscle, skin, liver, and gonads was quantified after 24 and 48 or 72 h. In T. pardalis, TTX administered into the intestine was absorbed into the body and transferred and retained mainly in the skin and liver, while dcSTX was hardly retained in the body, although it partly remained in the intestine. In strong contrast, in P. suvattii, little TTX remained in the body, whereas STX was absorbed into the body and was transferred and retained in the ovary and skin. The findings revealed that TTX/PSP selectivity differs between the marine species T. pardalis and the freshwater species P. suvattii. T. pardalis, which naturally harbors TTX, selectively accumulates TTX, and P. suvattii, which naturally harbors PSP, selectively accumulates PSP.
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Lopez CB, Karim A, Murasko S, Marot M, Smith CG, Corcoran AA. Temperature mediates secondary dormancy in resting cysts of Pyrodinium bahamense (Dinophyceae). JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2019; 55:924-935. [PMID: 31066460 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
High-biomass blooms of the toxic dinoflagellate Pyrodinium bahamense occur most summers in Tampa Bay, Florida, USA, posing a recurring threat to ecosystem health. Like many dinoflagellates, P. bahamense forms immobile resting cysts that can be deposited on the seafloor-creating a seed bank that can retain the organism within the ecosystem and initiate future blooms when cysts germinate. In this study, we examined changes in the dormancy status of cysts collected from Tampa Bay and applied lessons from plant ecology to explore dormancy controls. Pyrodinium bahamense cysts incubated immediately after field collection displayed a seasonal pattern in dormancy and germination that matched the pattern of cell abundance in the water column. Newly deposited (surface) cysts and older (buried) cysts exhibited similar germination patterns, suggesting that a common mechanism regulates dormancy expression in new and mature cysts. Extended cool- and warm-temperature conditioning of field-collected cysts altered the cycle of dormancy compared with that of cysts in nature, with the duration of cool temperature exposure being the best predictor of when cysts emerged from dormancy. Extended warm conditioning, on the other hand, elicited a return to dormancy, or secondary dormancy, in nondormant cysts. These results directly demonstrate environmental induction of secondary dormancy in dinoflagellates-a mechanism common and thoroughly documented in higher plants with seasonal growth cycles. Our findings support the hypothesis that a seasonal cycle in cyst germination drives P. bahamense bloom periodicity in Tampa Bay and point to environmentally induced secondary dormancy as an important regulatory factor of that cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cary B Lopez
- Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, 100 8th Avenue SE, St. Petersburg, Florida, 33701, USA
| | - Aliza Karim
- Oregon Institute for Marine Biology, PO Box 5389, Charleston, Oregon, 97420, USA
| | - Susan Murasko
- Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, 100 8th Avenue SE, St. Petersburg, Florida, 33701, USA
| | - Marci Marot
- U.S. Geological Survey, 600 4th St. S., St. Petersburg, Florida, 33701, USA
| | | | - Alina A Corcoran
- New Mexico Consortium, 4200 W. Jemez Road, Suite 200, Los Alamos, New Mexico, 87544, USA
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Hardison DR, Holland WC, Currier RD, Kirkpatrick B, Stumpf R, Fanara T, Burris D, Reich A, Kirkpatrick GJ, Litaker RW. HABscope: A tool for use by citizen scientists to facilitate early warning of respiratory irritation caused by toxic blooms of Karenia brevis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218489. [PMID: 31220134 PMCID: PMC6586399 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Blooms of the toxic microalga Karenia brevis occur seasonally in Florida, Texas and other portions of the Gulf of Mexico. Brevetoxins produced during Karenia blooms can cause neurotoxic shellfish poisoning in humans, massive fish kills, and the death of marine mammals and birds. Brevetoxin-containing aerosols are an additional problem, having a severe impact on beachgoers, triggering coughing, eye and throat irritation in healthy individuals, and more serious respiratory distress in those with asthma or other breathing disorders. The blooms and associated aerosol impacts are patchy in nature, often affecting one beach but having no impact on an adjacent beach. To provide timely information to visitors about which beaches are low-risk, we developed HABscope; a low cost (~$400) microscope system that can be used in the field by citizen scientists with cell phones to enumerate K. brevis cell concentrations in the water along each beach. The HABscope system operates by capturing short videos of collected water samples and uploading them to a central server for rapid enumeration of K. brevis cells using calibrated recognition software. The HABscope has a detection threshold of about 100,000 cells, which is the point when respiratory risk becomes evident. Higher concentrations are reliably estimated up to 10 million cells L-1. When deployed by volunteer citizen scientists, the HABscope consistently distinguished low, medium, and high concentrations of cells in the water. The volunteers were able to collect data on most days during a severe bloom. This indicates that the HABscope can provide an effective capability to significantly increase the sampling coverage during Karenia brevis blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Ransom Hardison
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, Beaufort, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - William C. Holland
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, Beaufort, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Robert D. Currier
- Gulf of Mexico Coastal Ocean Observing System, Department of Oceanography, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Barbara Kirkpatrick
- Gulf of Mexico Coastal Ocean Observing System, Department of Oceanography, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Richard Stumpf
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Center for Coastal Management and Assessment, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tracy Fanara
- Mote Marine Laboratory and Aquarium, Sarasota, Florida, United States of America
| | - Devin Burris
- Mote Marine Laboratory and Aquarium, Sarasota, Florida, United States of America
| | - Andrew Reich
- Florida Department of Health, Public Health Toxicology Section, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Gary J. Kirkpatrick
- Mote Marine Laboratory and Aquarium, Sarasota, Florida, United States of America
| | - R. Wayne Litaker
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, Beaufort, North Carolina, United States of America
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Silva M, Rodríguez I, Barreiro A, Kaufmann M, Neto AI, Hassouani M, Sabour B, Alfonso A, Botana LM, Vasconcelos V. Tetrodotoxins Occurrence in Non-Traditional Vectors of the North Atlantic Waters (Portuguese Maritime Territory, and Morocco Coast). Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E306. [PMID: 31146433 PMCID: PMC6628425 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11060306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a potent alkaloid typically from tropical ecosystems, but in the last decade its presence has been more pronounced in the temperate waters of the Atlantic. In its last scientific opinion, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) stressed the need for data regarding TTX prevalence in European waters. To address EFSA's concerns, benthic organisms such as mollusks, crustaceans, echinoderms and fish with different feeding habits were collected along the Portuguese continental coast, islands (São Miguel, Azores, and Madeira) and the northwestern Moroccan coast. A total of 165 samples were analyzed by ultra high performance liquid chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) and ultra high performance chromatography mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Geographical tendencies were detected as follows, by descending order: S. Miguel Island (Azores), Moroccan coast, Madeira Island and Portuguese continental coast. The toxin amounts detected were significant, above the Dutch limit value established in 2017, showing the importance and the need for continuity of these studies to gain more knowledge about the prevalence of these toxins, unraveling new vectors, in order to better assess human health risk. This work represents a general overview of new TTX bearers (7) most of them in gastropods (Patella depressa, Nucella lapillus, Onchidella celtica and Aplysia depilans), followed by echinoderms (Echinus esculentus and Ophidiaster ophidianus) and puffer fish Sphoeroides marmoratus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Silva
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4619-007 Porto, Portugal.
- Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research-CIMAR/CIIMAR, University of Porto, Novo Edificio do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 S/N Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Inés Rodríguez
- Laboratorio CIFGA S.A., Plaza de Santo Domingo no. 20, 5a planta, 27001 Lugo, Spain.
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago of Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Aldo Barreiro
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4619-007 Porto, Portugal.
- Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research-CIMAR/CIIMAR, University of Porto, Novo Edificio do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 S/N Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Manfred Kaufmann
- Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research-CIMAR/CIIMAR, University of Porto, Novo Edificio do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 S/N Matosinhos, Portugal.
- Marine Biology Station of Funchal, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Madeira, 9000-107 Funchal, Portugal.
- Center of Interdisciplinary Marine and Environmental Research of Madeira-CIIMAR-Madeira, Edif. Madeira Tecnopolo, Caminho da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal.
| | - Ana Isabel Neto
- Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research-CIMAR/CIIMAR, University of Porto, Novo Edificio do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 S/N Matosinhos, Portugal.
- cE3c/GBA-Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes/Azorean Biodiversity Group and Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Azores, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, São Miguel, Azores, Portugal.
| | - Meryem Hassouani
- Phycology Research Unit-Biotechnology, Ecosystems Ecology and Valorization Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences El Jadida, University Chouaib Doukkali, BP20 El Jadida, Morocco.
| | - Brahim Sabour
- Phycology Research Unit-Biotechnology, Ecosystems Ecology and Valorization Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences El Jadida, University Chouaib Doukkali, BP20 El Jadida, Morocco.
| | - Amparo Alfonso
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago of Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Luis M Botana
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago of Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Vitor Vasconcelos
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4619-007 Porto, Portugal.
- Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research-CIMAR/CIIMAR, University of Porto, Novo Edificio do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 S/N Matosinhos, Portugal.
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Soulen BK, Adams DH, Roberts AP. Mercury accumulation, speciation, and temporal trends in Atlantic Stingrays (Hypanus sabinus). ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2019; 28:251-260. [PMID: 30761428 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-018-02014-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) deposited into aquatic sediments can be converted into the more toxic methylmercury (MeHg) by microbial activity. Atlantic stingrays (Hypanus sabinus) are an estuarine and nearshore species found in coastal regions of the western North Atlantic, occurring in multiple habitat types, and feeding mainly on benthic invertebrates. Mercury dynamics and speciation in stingrays have not been well examined. This study quantified total Hg and Hg species (Hg (II) and MeHg) in Atlantic stingrays sampled from Florida's Indian River Lagoon (IRL) from 2012 to 2013. Tissues (muscle and liver) collected from 29 stingrays were lyophilized and homogenized before being analyzed using a direct mercury analyzer. Concentrations of total Hg in muscle were positively related to stingray disk width, but concentrations in liver were not. Mean (±SD) total Hg in muscle (0.56 ± 0.30 mg/kg dw) was significantly higher than mean total Hg in liver (0.23 ± 0.19 mg/kg dw). Within liver tissue, percent MeHg (of total Hg) ranged from 31 to 99%. The ratio between total Hg in liver and total Hg in muscle was <1 for nearly all individuals, suggesting a lack of active hepatic demethylation and sequestration mechanisms. Concentrations of Hg in IRL Atlantic stingrays fall below concentrations known to result in direct toxicity to fishes; however, effects thresholds are not well understood for elasmobranchs. Comparisons of Hg concentrations in IRL Atlantic stingrays sampled previously (37 individuals in 1994) indicate that total Hg concentrations in muscle of Atlantic stingrays have decreased over the past two decades, suggesting a reduction in the bioavailable Hg in the IRL ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianne K Soulen
- Department of Biological Sciences and Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA.
| | - Douglas H Adams
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Indian River Field Lab, Melbourne, FL, USA
| | - Aaron P Roberts
- Department of Biological Sciences and Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
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Rutkowska M, Płotka-Wasylka J, Majchrzak T, Wojnowski W, Mazur-Marzec H, Namieśnik J. Recent trends in determination of neurotoxins in aquatic environmental samples. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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35
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A signal-on magnetic electrochemical immunosensor for ultra-sensitive detection of saxitoxin using palladium-doped graphitic carbon nitride-based non-competitive strategy. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 128:45-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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36
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Kiryu Y, Landsberg JH, Bakenhaster MD, Tyler-Jedlund AJ, Wilson PW. Putative histiocytic sarcoma in redfin needlefish Strongylura notata (Beloniformes: Belonidae) in Florida, USA. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2018; 132:57-78. [PMID: 30530931 DOI: 10.3354/dao03304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Redfin needlefish Strongylura notata from Florida coastal waters were observed with unusual neoplastic lesions. Affected specimens were collected from 1 Atlantic estuary (Indian River Lagoon, prevalence = 0.32%, n = 5314) and 2 Gulf of Mexico estuaries (Tampa Bay, prevalence = 0.02%, n = 10762; Charlotte Harbor, prevalence = 0.02%, n = 5112) during routine fisheries-independent monitoring surveys conducted from 1999-2009. Grossly, each lesion manifested as a large (18-30 mm × 20-50 mm), raised (approximately 10 mm), white, creamy, or pinkish nodule on the flank, dorsal trunk, base of the pectoral fin, or head. Multiple small (<5 mm) nodules possessing poorly demarcated borders with neighboring tissues on the external jaw surface and at the base of the teeth were also observed. Histopathologically, neoplastic cells were found in the dermis, beneath the skeletal muscle, and in the soft tissue at the base of teeth of the premaxilla and the dentary jaw processes. Neoplastic cells usually had prominently invaded among the myosepta of the skeletal muscle. Neoplastic parenchymal cells had the basic characteristics of atypical, mononuclear, round, histiocytic cells with an eccentric, reniform nucleus and abundant cytoplasmic vacuolation, while some exhibited bizarre nuclear pleomorphism. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that neoplastic cells had a grooved nucleus and cytoplasmic organelles with rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes. Neoplastic cells had possibly metastasized to liver, spleen, and kidney. Positive immunohistochemical staining with Ki67, p53, S-100, and CD163 support neoplastic features and a putative diagnosis of histiocytic sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunari Kiryu
- Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, St. Petersburg, Florida 33701, USA
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Gong S, Ding Y, Wang Y, Jiang G, Zhu C. Advances in DNA Barcoding of Toxic Marine Organisms. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2931. [PMID: 30261656 PMCID: PMC6213214 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19102931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
There are more than 200,000 marine species worldwide. These include many important economic species, such as large yellow croaker, ribbonfish, tuna, and salmon, but also many potentially toxic species, such as blue-green algae, diatoms, cnidarians, ctenophores, Nassarius spp., and pufferfish. However, some edible and toxic species may look similar, and the correct identification of marine species is thus a major issue. The failure of traditional classification methods in certain species has promoted the use of DNA barcoding, which uses short, standard DNA fragments to assist with species identification. In this review, we summarize recent advances in DNA barcoding of toxic marine species such as jellyfish and pufferfish, using genes including cytochrome oxidase I gene (COI), cytochrome b gene (cytb), 16S rDNA, internal transcribed spacer (ITS), and Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase gene (rbcL). We also discuss the application of this technique for improving the identification of marine species. The use of DNA barcoding can benefit the studies of biological diversity, biogeography, food safety, and the detection of both invasive and new species. However, the technique has limitations, particularly for the analysis of complex objects and the selection of standard DNA barcodes. The development of high-throughput methods may offer solutions to some of these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Gong
- Key Laboratory of Marine, Food Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Yanfei Ding
- Key Laboratory of Marine, Food Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine, Food Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Guangze Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Marine, Food Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Cheng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Marine, Food Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
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Houle HM, Lopez CB, Leblond JD. Sterols of the Toxic Marine Dinoflagellate, Pyrodinium bahamense. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2018; 66:528-532. [PMID: 30120793 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pyrodinium bahamense is a dinoflagellate of concern in subtropical and tropical coastal environments. To date, there is only a single published study on its fatty acids, but no published data on its sterol composition. Sterols, which are membrane-reinforcing lipids in eukaryotes, display a great diversity of structures in dinoflagellates, with some serving as chemotaxonomic markers. We have examined the sterol compositions of two isolates of P. bahamense from Indian River Lagoon and Tampa Bay, Florida, and have found both to produce three sterols: cholesterol, dinosterol, and 4α-methylgorgostanol. All three sterols are found in closely related, armored taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Houle
- Ecology and Evolution Group, Middle Tennessee State University, P. O. Box 60, Murfreesboro, Tennessee, 37132.,Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, P. O. Box 60, Murfreesboro, Tennessee, 37132
| | - Cary B Lopez
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, 100 8th Avenue SE, St. Petersburg, Florida, 33701
| | - Jeffrey D Leblond
- Ecology and Evolution Group, Middle Tennessee State University, P. O. Box 60, Murfreesboro, Tennessee, 37132.,Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, P. O. Box 60, Murfreesboro, Tennessee, 37132
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Giusti A, Ricci E, Guarducci M, Gasperetti L, Davidovich N, Guidi A, Armani A. Emerging risks in the European seafood chain: Molecular identification of toxic Lagocephalus spp. in fresh and processed products. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Cao R, Wang D, Wei Q, Wang Q, Yang D, Liu H, Dong Z, Zhang X, Zhang Q, Zhao J. Integrative Biomarker Assessment of the Influence of Saxitoxin on Marine Bivalves: A Comparative Study of the Two Bivalve Species Oysters, Crassostrea gigas, and Scallops, Chlamys farreri. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1173. [PMID: 30246779 PMCID: PMC6110902 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Harmful algae blooms have expanded greatly in recent decades, and their secreted toxins pose a severe threat to human health and marine ecosystems. Saxitoxin (STX) is a main paralytic shellfish poison naturally produced by marine microalgae of the genus Alexandrium. Despite numerous studies have assessed the impacts of STX on marine bivalves, comparative in vivo study on the toxicity of STX on bivalves with distinct accumulation ability (such as oysters and scallops) has been seldom investigated. The aim of this study was to identify whether distinct sensitivity exists between oysters, Crassostrea gigas, and scallops, Chlamys farreri under the same amount of STX exposure using multiple biomarker responses. The responses of different biochemical markers including oxidative stress markers (catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione S-transferase, and lipid peroxidation) and immunotoxicity biomarkers (hemocyte phagocytosis rate, reactive oxidative species production, and DNA damages) were evaluated in bivalves after 12, 48, and 96 h of exposure to STX. The integrated biomarker responses value combined with two-way ANOVA analysis suggested that STX posed slightly severer stress on scallops than oysters for the extended period of time. This study provided preliminary results on the usefulness of a multi-biomarker approach to assess the toxicity associated with STX exposure in marine bivalves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiwen Cao
- Muping Coastal Environmental Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Biological Resources Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Muping Coastal Environmental Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
| | - Qianyu Wei
- Muping Coastal Environmental Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Muping Coastal Environmental Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Biological Resources Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
| | - Dinglong Yang
- Muping Coastal Environmental Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Biological Resources Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Muping Coastal Environmental Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Biological Resources Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
| | - Zhijun Dong
- Muping Coastal Environmental Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Biological Resources Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Muping Coastal Environmental Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Biological Resources Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- Muping Coastal Environmental Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Biological Resources Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
| | - Jianmin Zhao
- Muping Coastal Environmental Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Biological Resources Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
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Beach DG, Kerrin ES, Thomas K, Quilliam MA, McCarron P. Capillary electrophoresis-tandem mass spectrometry for multiclass analysis of polar marine toxins. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:5405-5420. [PMID: 29767301 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1089-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Polar marine toxins are more challenging to analyze by mass spectrometry-based methods than lipophilic marine toxins, which are now routinely measured in shellfish by multiclass reversed-phase liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) methods. Capillary electrophoresis (CE)-MS/MS is a technique that is well suited for the analysis of polar marine toxins, and has the potential of providing very high resolution separation. Here, we present a CE-MS/MS method developed, with use of a custom-built interface, for the sensitive multiclass analysis of paralytic shellfish toxins, tetrodotoxins, and domoic acid in seafood. A novel, highly acidic background electrolyte (5 M formic acid) was designed to maximize protonation of analytes and to allow a high degree of sample stacking to improve the limits of detection. The method was applied to a wide range of regulated and less common toxin analogues, and exhibited a high degree of selectivity between toxin isomers and matrix interference. The limits of detection in mussel tissue were 0.0052 mg/kg for tetrodotoxins, 0.160 mg/kg for domoic acid, and between 0.0018 and 0.120 mg/kg for paralytic shellfish toxins, all of which showed good linearity. Minimal ionization suppression was observed when the response from neat and mussel-matrix-matched standards was corrected with multiple internal standards. Analysis of shellfish matrix reference materials and spiked samples demonstrated good accuracy and precision. Finally, the method was transferred to a commercial CE-MS/MS system to demonstrate its widespread applicability for use in both R & D and routine regulatory settings. The approach of using a highly acidic background electrolyte is of broad interest, and can be considered generally applicable to simultaneous analysis of other classes of small, polar molecules with differing pKa values. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Beach
- Measurement Science and Standards, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford St, Halifax, NS, B3H 3Z1, Canada.
| | - Elliott S Kerrin
- Measurement Science and Standards, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford St, Halifax, NS, B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | - Krista Thomas
- Measurement Science and Standards, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford St, Halifax, NS, B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | - Michael A Quilliam
- Measurement Science and Standards, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford St, Halifax, NS, B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | - Pearse McCarron
- Measurement Science and Standards, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford St, Halifax, NS, B3H 3Z1, Canada
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Cuellar-Martinez T, Alonso-Rodríguez R, Ruiz-Fernández AC, de Vernal A, Morquecho L, Limoges A, Henry M, Sanchez-Cabeza JA. Environmental forcing on the flux of organic-walled dinoflagellate cysts in recent sediments from a subtropical lagoon in the Gulf of California. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 621:548-557. [PMID: 29195203 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the relationship of changes in organic-walled dinoflagellate cyst (dinocyst) fluxes to sediments with environmental variables (air and sea surface temperatures, El Niño conditions, rainfall, and terrigenous index), cyst assemblages were analyzed in a 210Pb-dated sediment core (~100years) from the pristine San José Lagoon (San José Island, SW Gulf of California). The dinocyst abundance ranged from 3784 to 25,108cystsg-1 and fluxes were of the order of 103-104cystscm-2yr-1. Lingulodinium machaerophorum, Polysphaeridium zoharyi and Spiniferites taxa accounted for 96% of the total dinocyst assemblages, and the abundances of these species increased towards the core surface. P. zoharyi fluxes increased from about 1965 onwards. Redundancy analyses, showed that mean minimum air temperature and terrigenous index were the key factors governing dinocyst fluxes. In this study, dinocyst fluxes of dominant taxa had responded to changes in climate-dependent environmental variables during the past ~20years; this may also be the case in other subtropical coastal lagoons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasa Cuellar-Martinez
- Posgrado en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Ciudad Universitaria 3000, C.P. 04510, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Rosalba Alonso-Rodríguez
- Unidad Académica Mazatlán, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 82040 Mazatlán, Sinaloa, Mexico.
| | - Ana Carolina Ruiz-Fernández
- Unidad Académica Mazatlán, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 82040 Mazatlán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Anne de Vernal
- Geotop, Université du Québec à Montréal, CP 8888, succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Lourdes Morquecho
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Av. I.P.N. 195, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz, Baja California Sur. 23096, Mexico
| | - Audrey Limoges
- University of New Brunswick, Department of Earth Sciences, 2 Bailey Drive, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Maryse Henry
- Geotop, Université du Québec à Montréal, CP 8888, succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Joan-Albert Sanchez-Cabeza
- Unidad Académica Procesos Oceánicos y Costeros, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
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Stump E, Ralph GM, Comeros-Raynal MT, Matsuura K, Carpenter KE. Global conservation status of marine pufferfishes (Tetraodontiformes: Tetraodontidae). Glob Ecol Conserv 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2018.e00388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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Barile PJ. Widespread sewage pollution of the Indian River Lagoon system, Florida (USA) resolved by spatial analyses of macroalgal biogeochemistry. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 128:557-574. [PMID: 29571408 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The Indian River Lagoon (IRL) system, a poorly flushed 240 km long estuary in east-central Florida (USA), previously received 200 MLD of point source municipal wastewater that was largely mitigated by the mid-1990's. Since then, non-point source loads, including septic tank effluent, have become more important. Seventy sites were sampled for bloom-forming macroalgae and analyzed for δ15N, % nitrogen, % phosphorus, carbon:nitrogen, carbon:phosphorus, and nitrogen:phosphorus ratios. Data were fitted to geospatial models showing elevated δ15N values (>+5‰), matching human wastewater in most of the IRL system, with elevated enrichment (δ15N ≥ +7‰ to +10‰) in urbanized portions of the central IRL and Banana River Lagoon. Results suggest increased mobilization of OSDS NH4+ during the wetter 2014 season. Resource managers must improve municipal wastewater treatment infrastructure and commence significant septic-to-sewer conversion to mitigate nitrogen over-enrichment, water quality decline and habitat loss as mandated in the Tampa and Sarasota Bays and the Florida Keys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Barile
- Marine Research & Consulting, Inc., P.O. Box 1574, Melbourne, FL 32902, United States.
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Abstract
Objective To report the poisoning data of Hong Kong Poison Information Centre (HKPIC) in 2006. Methods From 1st January 2006 to 31st December 2006, all poisoning cases received by HKPIC were retrieved from its database (DATOX) for analysis. Results A total of 2555 poisoned cases were analysed. There were 1051 male and 1466 female patients and nearly 60% of the cases were between 20 and 49 years old. Common causes of exposure were suicidal attempts and accidents. Paracetamol, sedative-hypnotic and household products were common sources of poison exposure. The majority of the patients were managed conservatively, with 18.8% and 10.5% treated by decontamination and antidotes respectively. Most cases had uneventful recovery; less than 1% of the poison exposure resulted in death and about 5% of the exposure had major outcomes. Nearly half of the cases were managed in the accident & emergency department without hospitalisation. Conclusions This annual report provides updated epidemiological information on poisoning in Hong Kong. Subsequent annual reports would provide important information on the trend of poisoning pattern and may guide further strategies in poison control and prevention in Hong Kong.
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Nicolas J, Hoogenboom RL, Hendriksen PJ, Bodero M, Bovee TF, Rietjens IM, Gerssen A. Marine biotoxins and associated outbreaks following seafood consumption: Prevention and surveillance in the 21st century. GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY-AGRICULTURE POLICY ECONOMICS AND ENVIRONMENT 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gfs.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Abi-Khalil C, Finkelstein DS, Conejero G, Du Bois J, Destoumieux-Garzon D, Rolland JL. The paralytic shellfish toxin, saxitoxin, enters the cytoplasm and induces apoptosis of oyster immune cells through a caspase-dependent pathway. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2017; 190:133-141. [PMID: 28711010 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Exposure of the toxin-producing dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella (A. catenella) was previously demonstrated to cause apoptosis of hemocytes in the oyster species Crassostrea gigas. In this work, a coumarin-labeled saxitoxin appeared to spread throughout the cytoplasm of the hemocytes. PSTs, including saxitoxin, were also shown to be directly responsible for inducing apoptosis in hemocytes, a process dependent on caspase activation and independent of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. A series of in vitro labelling and microscopy experiments revealed that STX and analogs there of induced nuclear condensation, phosphatidylserine exposure, membrane permeability, and DNA fragmentation of hemocytes. Unlike in vertebrates, gonyautoxin-5 (GTX5), which is present in high concentrations in A. catenella, was found to be more toxic than saxitoxin (STX) to oyster immune cells. Altogether, results show that PSTs produced by toxic dinoflagellates enter the cytoplasm and induce apoptosis of oyster immune cells through a caspase-dependent pathway. Because of the central role of hemocytes in mollusc immune defense, PST-induced death of hemocytes could negatively affect resistance of bivalve molluscs to microbial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celina Abi-Khalil
- IFREMER, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, IHPE, UMR 5244, F-34095 Montpellier, France.
| | - Darren S Finkelstein
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, 333 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5080, USA.
| | - Genevieve Conejero
- Plant Cell Imaging Platform PHIV, UMR B&PMP (INRA, CNRS, UM, SupAgro), Montpellier, France.
| | - Justin Du Bois
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, 333 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5080, USA.
| | - Delphine Destoumieux-Garzon
- IFREMER, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, IHPE, UMR 5244, F-34095 Montpellier, France.
| | - Jean Luc Rolland
- IFREMER, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, IHPE, UMR 5244, F-34095 Montpellier, France.
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Al Muftah A, Selwood AI, Foss AJ, Al-Jabri HMS, Potts M, Yilmaz M. Algal toxins and producers in the marine waters of Qatar, Arabian Gulf. Toxicon 2016; 122:54-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Revised: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Zhang Y, Fan Y, Wu J, Wang X, Liu Y. An Amperometric Immunosensor Based on an Ionic Liquid and Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Composite Electrode for Detection of Tetrodotoxin in Pufferfish. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:6888-6894. [PMID: 27508884 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
An amperometric immunosensor based on a composite electrode of single-walled carbon nanotubes and ionic liquid n-octylpyridinum afluorophosphate (SWCNT-ILE) was developed for the determination of tetrodotoxin (TTX). Compared with the glassy carbon electrode (GCE), the electrode combined advantages of carbon nanotubes and ionic liquid, which exhibited the excellent antifouling ability of p-nitrophenol (PNP) so that it remarkably improved the stability of the p-nitrophenyl phosphate-based sensor. Combining the enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA) by alkaline phosphatase (AP) and magnetic particles immobilized with antigens, a real-time assay of tetrodotoxin was developed by amperometric immunosensors. Under the optimium condition, the developed sensor demonstrated a linear range of tetrodotoxin from 2 to 45 ng/mL with a low detection limit of 5 ng/mL. Furthermore, the amperometric immunosensor was applied to determine TTX in real samples and could be used as an effective and sensitive sensor for direct detection of tetrodotoxin within 20 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhang
- College of Food Science & Technology, Shanghai Ocean University , Shanghai 201306, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxia Fan
- College of Food Science & Technology, Shanghai Ocean University , Shanghai 201306, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Wu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Xichang Wang
- College of Food Science & Technology, Shanghai Ocean University , Shanghai 201306, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Liu
- College of Food Science & Technology, Shanghai Ocean University , Shanghai 201306, People's Republic of China
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Banguera-Hinestroza E, Eikrem W, Mansour H, Solberg I, Cúrdia J, Holtermann K, Edvardsen B, Kaartvedt S. Seasonality and toxin production of Pyrodinium bahamense in a Red Sea lagoon. HARMFUL ALGAE 2016; 55:163-171. [PMID: 28073529 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms of the dinoflagellate Pyrodinium bahamense have caused human and economic losses in the last decades. This study, for the first time, documents a bloom of P. bahamense in the Red Sea. The alga was recurrently present in a semi-enclosed lagoon throughout nearly 2 years of observations. The highest cell densities (104-105cellsL-1) were recorded from September to beginning of December at temperatures and salinities of ∼26-32°C and ∼41, respectively. The peak of the bloom was recorded mid-November, before a sharp decrease in cell numbers at the end of December. Minimum concentrations in summer were at ∼103cellsL-1. A saxitoxin ELISA immunoassay of cultures and water samples confirmed the toxicity of the strain found in the Red Sea. Moreover, a gene expression analysis of the saxitoxin gene domain SxtA4 showed that transcript production peaked at the culmination of the bloom, suggesting a relation between transcript production, sudden cells increment-decline, and environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Banguera-Hinestroza
- Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - W Eikrem
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, P. O. Box. 1066 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway; Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadallèen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - H Mansour
- Translational Genomics Research Group, OLMAN-RL, FPN, Mohamed 1st University, Oujda 60000, Morocco
| | - I Solberg
- Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - J Cúrdia
- Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - K Holtermann
- Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - B Edvardsen
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, P. O. Box. 1066 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - S Kaartvedt
- Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia; Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, P. O. Box. 1066 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
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