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Elgendy MY, Ali SE, Abbas WT, Algammal AM, Abdelsalam M. The role of marine pollution on the emergence of fish bacterial diseases. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 344:140366. [PMID: 37806325 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Marine pollution and bacterial disease outbreaks are two closely related dilemmas that impact marine fish production from fisheries and mariculture. Oil, heavy metals, agrochemicals, sewage, medical wastes, plastics, algal blooms, atmospheric pollutants, mariculture-related pollutants, as well as thermal and noise pollution are the most threatening marine pollutants. The release of these pollutants into the marine aquatic environment leads to significant ecological degradation and a range of non-infectious disorders in fish. Marine pollutants trigger numerous fish bacterial diseases by increasing microbial multiplication in the aquatic environment and suppressing fish immune defense mechanisms. The greater part of these microorganisms is naturally occurring in the aquatic environment. Most disease outbreaks are caused by opportunistic bacterial agents that attack stressed fish. Some infections are more serious and occur in the absence of environmental stressors. Gram-negative bacteria are the most frequent causes of these epizootics, while gram-positive bacterial agents rank second on the critical pathogens list. Vibrio spp., Photobacterium damselae subsp. Piscicida, Tenacibaculum maritimum, Edwardsiella spp., Streptococcus spp., Renibacterium salmoninarum, Pseudomonas spp., Aeromonas spp., and Mycobacterium spp. Are the most dangerous pathogens that attack fish in polluted marine aquatic environments. Effective management strategies and stringent regulations are required to prevent or mitigate the impacts of marine pollutants on aquatic animal health. This review will increase stakeholder awareness about marine pollutants and their impacts on aquatic animal health. It will support competent authorities in developing effective management strategies to mitigate marine pollution, promote the sustainability of commercial marine fisheries, and protect aquatic animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamdouh Y Elgendy
- Department of Hydrobiology, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt.
| | - Shimaa E Ali
- Department of Hydrobiology, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt; WorldFish, Abbassa, Sharkia, Egypt
| | - Wafaa T Abbas
- Department of Hydrobiology, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Abdelazeem M Algammal
- Department of Bacteriology, Immunology, and Mycology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Abdelsalam
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
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2
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Snyder SM, Fogelson SB, Pulster EL, Murawski SA. Spatiotemporal patterns in the prevalence of microscopic hepatic changes in Gulf of Mexico Tilefish (Lopholatilus chamaeleonticeps) and associations with hepatic PAHs. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 258:106512. [PMID: 37001200 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Following the 2010 Deepwater Horizon blowout, demersal longline surveys were conducted across the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) continental shelf to evaluate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure, tissue accumulation, and health indices in demersal fishes. Tilefish (Lopholatilus chamaeleonticeps), a target species due to Gulf-wide distribution with documented high exposure to PAHs, were collected in the north central GoM at repeat stations 2012 to 2015, and from the northwest GoM, Bay of Campeche, and Yucatán Shelf in 2015 and 2016. Liver samples (n = 239) were analyzed for microscopic hepatic changes (MHCs) by a board-certified veterinary pathologist. Histological analyzes identified 14 MHCs. Prevalence of MHCs was generally uniform throughout the GoM, except for low prevalence on the Yucatán Shelf. Inflammatory and vacuolar changes were most prevalent, while pre-neoplasia and neoplasia were rare. Tilefish sampled annually in the north central GoM showed increases in inflammatory MHCs and glycogen-type vacuolar change over time, while lipid-type vacuolar change decreased over time. Short-term exposure to PAHs was assessed by measuring PAH metabolites in bile (n = 100) using high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Longer-term accumulation of PAHs in tissue was assessed by analyzing liver (n = 111) for PAHs and alkylated homologs using QuEChERS extractions and gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Six MHCs including glycogen-type vacuolar change, biliary fibrosis, foci of cellular alteration, parasites, hepatocellular atrophy, and necrosis were significantly associated with hepatic PAH accumulation in Tilefish from the northern central GoM; however, no MHCs were associated with biliary PAH metabolites. Combined with previous studies of PAH exposure and health indices in north central GoM Tilefish post-Deepwater Horizon, which also identified decreases in hepatic lipid storage and Fulton's condition factor that were correlated to increasing PAH exposure, these data indicate concerning temporal trends and changes in hepatic energy storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Snyder
- University of South Florida, 140 7th Ave. S., St. Petersburg, FL, USA.
| | | | - Erin L Pulster
- University of South Florida, 140 7th Ave. S., St. Petersburg, FL, USA
| | - Steven A Murawski
- University of South Florida, 140 7th Ave. S., St. Petersburg, FL, USA
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Winans GA, Baker J, Johnson L, Spies IB, West JE. Isolation by Distance and Proximity to Urban Areas Affect Genetic Differentiation among Collections of English Sole (Parophrys vetulus, Family Pleuronectidae) in the Northeastern Pacific Ocean and Salish Sea. NORTHWEST SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.3955/046.095.0301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gary A. Winans
- Conservation Biology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Boulevard East, Seattle, Washington 98112
| | - Jon Baker
- Mariner High School, 200 120th Street, Everett, Washington 98204
| | | | - Ingrid B. Spies
- Resource Ecology and Fisheries Management Division, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, Washington 98115
| | - James E. West
- Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, 1111 Washington Street SE, Olympia, Washington 98501
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4
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Constenla M, Soler-Membrives A, Besada V, Carrassón M. Impact assessment of a large river on the sediments and fish from its continental shelf: using Solea solea as sentinel in the Ebro river mouth (NW Mediterranean, Spain). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:15713-15728. [PMID: 34636002 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16408-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Many studies have been carried out along mighty rivers with heavily industrialized watersheds to evaluate pollutants and their effects on freshwater organisms. However, their impact on marine organisms is virtually unknown. In order to cover this gap, Solea solea, one of the most important commercial fish species, together with sediments, were sampled during 2013-2015 offshore from the Ebro Delta river mouth. Fish health indicators (condition indices, histological tissue alterations, and parasite descriptors) were used to assess the potential effect of pollutants, an issue of particular interest in the area following the dredging activities taking place in the river upstream in 2013. No major histopathological alterations were detected, but perivascular inflammatory foci (PIF) were frequently observed, especially in 2014. The most prevalent and abundant parasites were acanthocephalans and digeneans within the digestive tract and copepods on the gills. Levels of trace metals from sediments and fish muscle were below the effects range median and reference levels accepted for human consumption, respectively. However, the lower levels of the hepatosomatic index, higher numbers of PIF, and variations in the abundance of parasites in 2014 and 2015 could suggest a pollutant exposure during these years. These results warn signs of toxicity, which could be associated with sediment leaks during the dredging activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Constenla
- Departament de Biologia Animal, de Biologia Vegetal i d'Ecologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Anna Soler-Membrives
- Departament de Biologia Animal, de Biologia Vegetal i d'Ecologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Victoria Besada
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, IEO, Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Subida a Radio Faro, 50, 36390, Vigo, Spain
| | - Maite Carrassón
- Departament de Biologia Animal, de Biologia Vegetal i d'Ecologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
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Straumer K, Kraugerud M, Feist SW, Ahvo A, Lehtonen K, Lastumäki A, Ljønes M, Tørnes JA, Lang T. The use of Atlantic hagfish (Myxine glutinosa) as a bioindicator species for studies on effects of dumped chemical warfare agents in the Skagerrak. 1: Liver histopathology. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 161:105046. [PMID: 33070929 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.105046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Within the framework of the international project DAIMON (Decision Aid for Marine Munitions), the impact of dumped chemical munitions on fish health was investigated. The Skagerrak Straight (North Sea, at 600 m depth) contains munitions with chemical warfare agents (CWA), scuttled after the end of World War II. Studies of liver histopathology in Atlantic hagfish (Myxine glutinosa) were carried out at three sampling sites: at a wreck with CWA in the Skagerrak (n = 82), a Skagerrak reference site considered to be free of CWA (n = 14) and at a reference site in the northern North Sea outside the Skagerrak (n = 17). Liver lesions were diagnosed and categorized according to standardized ICES and BEQUALM protocols and OSPAR guidelines. Non-specific liver lesions were found in 87.6% of 113 hagfish examined. The prevalence of pre-neoplastic lesions was 7.1% and of neoplastic lesions 6.2%. There was no statistically significant difference in prevalence between hagfish samples from the wreck site and from the reference site near the wrecks. However, at the reference site in the northern North Sea, the prevalence of non-specific lesions was low and neither pre-neoplastic nor neoplastic lesions were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Straumer
- Thünen Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Herwigstr. 31, 27527, Bremerhaven, Germany.
| | - M Kraugerud
- FishVet Group, Benchmark Norway AS, P. O. Box 1012, 0218, Oslo, Norway
| | - S W Feist
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth Laboratory, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, UK
| | - A Ahvo
- Finnish Environment Institute, P.O. Box 2, FI-00561, Helsinki, Finland
| | - K Lehtonen
- Finnish Environment Institute, P.O. Box 2, FI-00561, Helsinki, Finland
| | - A Lastumäki
- Finnish Environment Institute, P.O. Box 2, FI-00561, Helsinki, Finland
| | - M Ljønes
- Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, Instituttveien 20, 2007, Kjeller, Norway
| | - J Aa Tørnes
- Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, Instituttveien 20, 2007, Kjeller, Norway
| | - T Lang
- Thünen Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Herwigstr. 31, 27527, Bremerhaven, Germany
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Hoffman JC, Blazer VS, Walsh HH, Shaw CH, Braham R, Mazik PM. Influence of demographics, exposure, and habitat use in an urban, coastal river on tumor prevalence in a demersal fish. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 712:136512. [PMID: 31945522 PMCID: PMC7526751 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Neoplasia and associated tissue biomarkers in benthic fishes are commonly used to characterize effects of contaminated sediments in aquatic ecosystems. However, these fish are often migratory or partially-migratory, and thus assessing the effect of location-specific contamination is challenging because the fish will have a complex exposure history. We determined liver and skin neoplasia prevalence for a benthic, partially-migratory fish, white sucker (Catostomus commersonii), and used carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios to determine the diet contribution associated with areas of contaminated sediments within the urbanized portion of the St. Louis River. We then tested which factors were significantly related to neoplasia prevalence, including age, sex, and the percent diet obtained from contaminated areas within the St. Louis River relative to Lake Superior, the reference area. Overall, the prevalence of contaminant-related internal and external tumors was low, <5%. For skin neoplasia prevalence, both sex and age were significant factors, whereas location-specific diet contribution based on stable isotope analysis was not a significant factor. For liver neoplasia prevalence, only age was a significant factor. Nevertheless, for all contaminants measured (polychlorinated biphenyls [PCBs], polychlorinated dibenzodioxins [PCDDs], and polychlorinated dibenzofurans [PCDFs]), there was a significant, negative correlation between liver tissue concentration and Lake Superior diet contribution, confirming that the St. Louis River is the primary source of contaminant exposure. The research highlights the complexity of exposure to location-specific contaminants and potentially infectious agents associated with neoplasia at urban, contaminated sites in the Great Lakes, and elsewhere. It also demonstrates the need to determine the full set of risk factors across life-stages, habitats, and biological endpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel C Hoffman
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Duluth, MN 55804, USA.
| | - Vicki S Blazer
- U.S. Geological Survey, National Fish Health Research Laboratory, Leetown Science Center, Kearneysville, WV 25430, USA.
| | - Heather H Walsh
- U.S. Geological Survey, National Fish Health Research Laboratory, Leetown Science Center, Kearneysville, WV 25430, USA.
| | - Cassidy H Shaw
- U.S. Geological Survey, National Fish Health Research Laboratory, Leetown Science Center, Kearneysville, WV 25430, USA.
| | - Ryan Braham
- U.S. Geological Survey, National Fish Health Research Laboratory, Leetown Science Center, Kearneysville, WV 25430, USA.
| | - Patricia M Mazik
- U.S. Geological Survey, West Virginia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.
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Freire MM, Amorim LMF, Buch AC, Gonçalves AD, Sella SM, Cassella RJ, Moreira JC, Silva-Filho EV. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in bays of the Rio de Janeiro state coast, SE - Brazil: Effects on catfishes. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 181:108959. [PMID: 31784080 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The Brazilian coast of the Rio de Janeiro State has bays of great economic, ecological and social importance. However, these ecosystems have been suffering intense anthropogenic influence, mainly due to the contamination by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from urban-industrial activities. Moreover, PAHs are organic pollutants of high toxicity and carcinogenicity causing global concern to human and environmental health. This study evaluated on catfish (Genidens genidens) a set of key parameters (sex, morphometric traits, condition factor (K), PAH metabolites in gallbladder, frequency of micronucleus (MN) and erythrocytic nuclear abnormalities (ENA) in blood. In addition we also evaluated histopathological hepatic effects, Ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity and Benzo(a)pyrene diol epoxide (BPDE)-DNA adducts) in liver samples, in order to indicate the fish health status and environmental pollution levels of three main Bays (Guanabara, Sepetiba and Ilha Grande) of the Rio de Janeiro State, in the Southeast of Brazil. In general, the worst physical and metabolic conditions in catfishes were evidenced in Guanabara Bay, possibly indicating the highest level of contamination by PAHs. Contrary evidence was observed in Ilha Grande Bay, showing lower biological changes in G. genidens. However in Sepetiba Bay, the influence of PAHs contamination showed the highest hepatic lesions in catfishes, prevailing foci of cellular alterations, megalocytic hepatosis and hydropic vacuolations. The employability of a set of biomarkers on catfish was efficient for screening pollution for PAHs in tropical environments. This reinforces the need for effective actions of monitoring and conservation strategies of bays of the Rio de Janeiro State (Brazil), in order to ensure quality and health to both human and environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Moreira Freire
- Post-Graduate Program in Geosciences (Environmental Geochemistry), Chemistry Institute, Fluminense Federal University, 24020-141, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Lidia Maria Fonte Amorim
- Post-Graduate Program in Science and Biotechnology and Post-Graduate Program in Neurosciences, Biology Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Andressa Cristhy Buch
- Post-Graduate Program in Geosciences (Environmental Geochemistry), Chemistry Institute, Fluminense Federal University, 24020-141, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Aline Domingos Gonçalves
- Post-Graduate Program in Geosciences (Environmental Geochemistry), Chemistry Institute, Fluminense Federal University, 24020-141, Niterói, Brazil; Analytical Chemistry Department, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-909, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Silvia Maria Sella
- Post-Graduate Program in Chemistry, Chemistry Institute, Fluminense Federal University, 24020-141, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Jorgensen Cassella
- Post-Graduate Program in Chemistry, Chemistry Institute, Fluminense Federal University, 24020-141, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Josino Costa Moreira
- National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 21041-210, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Emmanoel Vieira Silva-Filho
- Post-Graduate Program in Geosciences (Environmental Geochemistry), Chemistry Institute, Fluminense Federal University, 24020-141, Niterói, Brazil.
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Briaudeau T, Zorita I, Cuevas N, Franco J, Marigómez I, Izagirre U. Multi-annual survey of health status disturbance in the Bilbao estuary (Bay of Biscay) based on sediment chemistry and juvenile sole (Solea spp.) histopathology. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 145:126-137. [PMID: 31590768 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The Bilbao estuary (SE Bay of Biscay) is a recovering ecosystem whose sediments are still contaminated. They represent a potential risk for the biota including benthic and demersal species living in direct contact with the sediment. In this context, the present study aims to survey trends of the health status of the Bilbao estuary based on sediment chemistry and sole (Solea spp.) histopathology. Monitoring campaigns were carried out every autumn from 2011 to 2017 along the estuary. Contaminant levels were measured in sediments; liver, gills and gonads of juvenile fish were collected for histopathology. Overall, contaminant levels fluctuated throughout the years, with highest values recorded in the earlier years of the study period. Sole histopathology showed alterations of mild severity. Results permitted to assess the environmental health status of the Bilbao estuary during 7 years, although no clear temporal trend was detected. Longer-term monitoring programmes are necessary to confirm the ecosystem recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Briaudeau
- CBET Research Group, Dept. Zoology and Animal Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology and Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology PIE, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Basque Country, Spain
| | - I Zorita
- AZTI, Herrera Kaia, Portualdea z/g, 20110 Pasaia, Spain
| | - N Cuevas
- AZTI, Herrera Kaia, Portualdea z/g, 20110 Pasaia, Spain
| | - J Franco
- AZTI, Herrera Kaia, Portualdea z/g, 20110 Pasaia, Spain
| | - I Marigómez
- CBET Research Group, Dept. Zoology and Animal Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology and Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology PIE, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Basque Country, Spain.
| | - U Izagirre
- CBET Research Group, Dept. Zoology and Animal Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology and Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology PIE, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Basque Country, Spain
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Burgos-Aceves MA, Cohen A, Paolella G, Lepretti M, Smith Y, Faggio C, Lionetti L. Modulation of mitochondrial functions by xenobiotic-induced microRNA: From environmental sentinel organisms to mammals. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 645:79-88. [PMID: 30015121 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria play a crucial role in energetic metabolism, signaling pathways, and overall cell viability. They are in the first line in facing cellular energy requirements in stress conditions, such as in response to xenobiotic exposure. Recently, a novel regulatory key role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in important signaling pathways in mitochondria has been proposed. Consequently, alteration in miRNAs expression by xenobiotics could outcome into mitochondrial dysfunction, reactive oxygen species overexpression, and liberation of apoptosis or necrosis activating proteins. The aim of this review is to show the highlights about mitochondria-associated miRNAs in cellular processes exposed to xenobiotic stress in different cell types involved in detoxification processes or sensitive to environmental hazards in marine sentinel organisms and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Alberto Burgos-Aceves
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Amit Cohen
- Genomic Data Analysis Unit, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem-Hadassah Medical School, P.O. Box 12272, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Gaetana Paolella
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Marilena Lepretti
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Yoav Smith
- Genomic Data Analysis Unit, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem-Hadassah Medical School, P.O. Box 12272, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Caterina Faggio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres, 31, 98166 Messina, Italy.
| | - Lillà Lionetti
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
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Acevedo‐Whitehouse K, Cole KJ, Phillips DH, Jepson PD, Deaville R, Arlt VM. Hepatic DNA damage in harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) stranded along the English and Welsh coastlines. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2018; 59:613-624. [PMID: 29968392 PMCID: PMC6174976 DOI: 10.1002/em.22205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
One level at which persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons PAHs) can exert damage is by causing DNA strand-breaks or nucleotide base modifications, which, if unrepaired, can lead to embryonic mutations, abnormal development and cancer. In marine ecosystems, genotoxicity is expected to be particularly strong in long-lived apex predators due to pollutant bioaccumulation. We conducted 32 P-postlabeling analyses optimized for the detection and quantification of aromatic/hydrophobic DNA adducts in the livers of 40 sexually-mature North Atlantic harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) stranded along the English and Welsh coastlines. We examined hepatic tissue to search for inflammatory and preneoplastic lesions and examine their association with adduct levels. Adducts were found in all porpoises (mean: 17.56 ± 11.95 per 108 nucleotides), and were higher than levels reported for marine vertebrates from polluted sites. The pollutants causing the induced DNA adducts could not be further characterized. Hepatic DNA damage did not correlate with levels of blubber POP concentrations (including total polychlorinated biphenyl [PCBs], dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane [DDT] and dieldrin); PAH concentrations were not available for the present study. However, DNA damage predicted occurrence of inflammatory and preneoplastic lesions. Further, our data showed a reduction in hepatic DNA adduct levels with age in the 40 animals examined while POP concentrations, particularly PCBs, increased with age. Using a different dataset of 145 mature male harbour porpoises confirmed that higher contaminant levels (total PCBs, DDT and dieldrin) are found in older animals. The reduction in hepatic DNA adduct levels in older animals was in accordance with other studies which show that suppression of hepatic CYP1A enzyme activity at high PCB concentrations might impact on CYP1A-mediated DNA adduct formation of PAHs which are ubiquitous environmental pollutants and readily metabolized by CYP1A to species binding to DNA. In summary, our study shows that pollutant-induced DNA damage is prevalent in harbour porpoises from UK waters and may lead to detectable sub-lethal hepatic damage. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 59:613-624, 2018. © 2018 The Authors Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Environmental Mutagen Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Acevedo‐Whitehouse
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- Unit for Basic and Applied MicrobiologyAutonomous University of QuerétaroQuerétaroMexico
| | - Kathy J. Cole
- Section of Molecular CarcinogenesisInstitute of Cancer ResearchSuttonSurreyUnited Kingdom
| | - David H. Phillips
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, MRC‐PHE Centre for Environment and HealthKing's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Health Impact of Environmental Hazards at King's College London in partnership with Public Health EnglandLondon and Imperial College LondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Paul D. Jepson
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Rob Deaville
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Volker M. Arlt
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, MRC‐PHE Centre for Environment and HealthKing's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Health Impact of Environmental Hazards at King's College London in partnership with Public Health EnglandLondon and Imperial College LondonUnited Kingdom
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11
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Pheiffer W, Quinn LP, Bouwman H, Smit NJ, Pieters R. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments from a typical urban impacted river: application of a comprehensive risk assessment. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2018; 27:336-351. [PMID: 29404865 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-018-1898-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Soweto and Lenasia, the most densely populated area of South Africa, is simultaneously a thriving metropolis, with a fair share of people still living in squalor conditions directly dependant on the natural resources. Because of industrialisation the populace and environment in this urban area are exposed to various pollutants. The aquatic environment was selected as a proxy to study the effect of industrial pollution in this area. The concentrations, source identification, and various environmental risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in sediments of the upper reaches of the Klip River. Composite sediment samples collected in low-flow conditions in 2013 and 2014 ranged from 270-5400 ng/g. The PAHs in this aquatic ecosystem were dominated by 4-ring congeners and could be attributed to combustion of organic fuels by chemical mass balance. Heavy traffic and industrial complexes in the northern part of the study area were responsible for the PAH fingerprints. Probable adverse effects such as toxicity to benthic biota were proven after comparison with international sediment quality guidelines (SQG) both survey years. Toxic equivalence quotients (TEQs) calculated for the sediments using fish potency factors (FPFs) were up to 30 times greater than the Canadian guideline for dioxin-like compounds, indicating high probability of carcinogenic effect to fish mediated through the aryl-hydrocarbon receptor. Finally, sediments in the area posed moderate to high ecological risk, which corroborates the other toxicity assessments. The advantage of investigating multiple risk endpoints, is the comprehensive results obtained that allows for a more realistic representation of the study area. Consequently more aspects are kept into account that results in better conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wihan Pheiffer
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
| | - Laura P Quinn
- National Metrology Institute of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Hindrik Bouwman
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Nico J Smit
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Rialet Pieters
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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12
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Yeh A, Marcinek DJ, Meador JP, Gallagher EP. Effect of contaminants of emerging concern on liver mitochondrial function in Chinook salmon. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2017; 190:21-31. [PMID: 28668760 PMCID: PMC5590637 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported the bioaccumulation of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs), including pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) and perfluorinated compounds, in field-collected juvenile Chinook salmon from urban estuaries of Puget Sound, WA (Meador et al., 2016). Although the toxicological impacts of CECs on salmon are poorly understood, several of the detected contaminants disrupt mitochondrial function in other species. Here, we sought to determine whether environmental exposures to CECs are associated with hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction in juvenile Chinook. Fish were exposed in the laboratory to a dietary mixture of 16 analytes representative of the predominant CECs detected in our field study. Liver mitochondrial content was reduced in fish exposed to CECs, which occurred concomitantly with a 24-32% reduction in expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) Y coactivator-1a (pgc-1α), a positive transcriptional regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis. The laboratory exposures also caused a 40-70% elevation of state 4 respiration per unit mitochondria, which drove a 29-38% reduction of efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation relative to controls. The mixture-induced elevation of respiration was associated with increased oxidative injury as evidenced by increased mitochondrial protein carbonyls, elevated expression of glutathione (GSH) peroxidase 4 (gpx4), a mitochondrial-associated GSH peroxidase that protects against lipid peroxidation, and reduction of mitochondrial GSH. Juvenile Chinook sampled in a WWTP effluent-impacted estuary with demonstrated releases of CECs showed similar trends toward reduced liver mitochondrial content and elevated respiratory activity per mitochondria (including state 3 and uncoupled respiration). However, respiratory control ratios were greater in fish from the contaminated site relative to fish from a minimally-polluted reference site, which may have been due to differences in the timing of exposure to CECs under laboratory and field conditions. Our results indicate that exposure to CECs can affect both mitochondrial quality and content, and support the analysis of mitochondrial function as an indicator of the sublethal effects of CECs in wild fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Yeh
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105-6099, United States
| | - David J Marcinek
- Department of Radiology, Pathology, and Bioengineering University of Washington Medical School, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - James P Meador
- Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. East, Seattle, WA 98112, United States
| | - Evan P Gallagher
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105-6099, United States.
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13
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Blazer VS, Walsh HL, Braham RP, Hahn CM, Mazik P, McIntyre PB. Tumours in white suckers from Lake Michigan tributaries: pathology and prevalence. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2017; 40:377-393. [PMID: 27553424 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence and histopathology of neoplastic lesions were assessed in white sucker Catostomus commersonii captured at two Lake Michigan Areas of Concern (AOCs), the Sheboygan River and Milwaukee Estuary. Findings were compared to those observed at two non-AOC sites, the Root and Kewaunee rivers. At each site, approximately 200 adult suckers were collected during their spawning migration. Raised skin lesions were observed at all sites and included discrete white spots, mucoid plaques on the body surface and fins and large papillomatous lesions on lips and body. Microscopically, hyperplasia, papilloma and squamous cell carcinoma were documented. Liver neoplasms were also observed at all sites and included both hepatocellular and biliary tumours. Based on land use, the Kewaunee River was the site least impacted by human activities previously associated with fish tumours and had significantly fewer liver neoplasms when compared to the other sites. The proportion of white suckers with liver tumours followed the same patterns as the proportion of urban land use in the watershed: the Milwaukee Estuary had the highest prevalence, followed by the Root, Sheboygan and Kewaunee rivers. The overall skin neoplasm (papilloma and carcinoma) prevalence did not follow the same pattern, although the percentage of white suckers with squamous cell carcinoma exhibited a similar relationship to land use. Testicular tumours (seminoma) were observed at both AOC sites but not at the non-AOC sites. Both skin and liver tumours were significantly and positively associated with age but not sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- V S Blazer
- Fish Health Branch, Leetown Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Kearneysville, WV, USA
| | - H L Walsh
- Division of Forestry and Natural Resources, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - R P Braham
- Fish Health Branch, Leetown Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Kearneysville, WV, USA
| | - C M Hahn
- Fish Health Branch, Leetown Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Kearneysville, WV, USA
| | - P Mazik
- West Virginia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Unit, U.S. Geological Survey, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - P B McIntyre
- Center for Limnology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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14
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Wolfe BW, Lowe CG. Movement patterns, habitat use and site fidelity of the white croaker (Genyonemus lineatus) in the Palos Verdes Superfund Site, Los Angeles, California. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 109:69-80. [PMID: 26107933 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
White croaker (Genyonemus lineatus family: Sciaenidae) are a schooling, benthic foraging fish historically associated with soft sediment and wastewater outfalls in southern California. While they are often used as an indicator species due to their high organochlorine contaminant loads, little is known of their movements in relation to contaminated habitats. A Vemco Positioning System acoustic telemetry array was used to collect fine-scale movement data and characterize the site fidelity, area use, and dispersal of 83 white croaker on the Palos Verdes Shelf Superfund Site, California over 27 months. White croaker generally demonstrated low residency and recurrence to the Palos Verdes Shelf, and were observed to be largely nomadic. However, individual behavior was highly variable. Although the entire monitored shelf was visited by tagged white croaker, habitats in 0-200 m proximity to wastewater outfalls and between 25 and 35 m depth were used most frequently. Approximately half of white croaker migrated into Los Angeles and Long Beach Harbors; areas where they may be targeted by subsistence fishers. A model framework for incorporating fish movement data into contaminant exposure estimates was developed to better understanding organochlorine contaminant exposure for planning future remediation and monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barrett W Wolfe
- Dept. of Biological Sciences, California State University Long Beach, 1250 Bellflower Blvd., Long Beach, CA 90840, USA.
| | - Christopher G Lowe
- Dept. of Biological Sciences, California State University Long Beach, 1250 Bellflower Blvd., Long Beach, CA 90840, USA
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15
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Snyder SM, Pulster EL, Wetzel DL, Murawski SA. PAH Exposure in Gulf of Mexico Demersal Fishes, Post-Deepwater Horizon. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:8786-8795. [PMID: 26066483 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b01870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Following the 2010 Deepwater Horizon (DWH) blowout, we surveyed offshore demersal fishes in the northern Gulf of Mexico (GoM) in 2011-2013, to assess polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure. Biliary PAH metabolites were estimated in 271 samples of golden tilefish (Lopholatilus chamaeleonticeps), king snake eel (Ophichthus rex), and red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus), using high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Mean concentration of naphthalene metabolites in golden tilefish (240 μg g(-1)) was significantly higher (p = 0.001) than in red snapper (61 μg g(-1)) or king snake eel (38 μg g(-1)). Biliary naphthalene metabolite concentration decreased over the study period in red snapper (58%) and king snake eel (37%), indicating likely episodic exposure, while concentrations were persistently high in golden tilefish. Naphthalene metabolite levels measured in golden tilefish are among the highest concentrations measured in fishes globally, while concentrations for red snapper and king snake eel are similar to pre-DWH levels measured in GoM species. In contrast, concentrations of benzo[a]pyrene metabolites were similar for all three species (p = 0.265, mean 220 ng g(-1)) and relatively low when compared to GoM, global data and previous oil spills. These data support previous findings that fish life history and physiology play significant roles in exposure and uptake of PAH pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Snyder
- †University of South Florida, College of Marine Science, St. Petersburg, Florida 33701, United States
| | - Erin L Pulster
- ‡Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, Florida 34236, United States
| | - Dana L Wetzel
- ‡Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, Florida 34236, United States
| | - Steven A Murawski
- †University of South Florida, College of Marine Science, St. Petersburg, Florida 33701, United States
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16
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Feist SW, Stentiford GD, Kent ML, Ribeiro Santos A, Lorance P. Histopathological assessment of liver and gonad pathology in continental slope fish from the northeast Atlantic Ocean. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 106:42-50. [PMID: 25756900 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The deep-sea environment is a sink for a wide variety of contaminants including heavy metals and organic compounds of anthropogenic origin. Life history traits of many deep-water fish species including longevity and high trophic position may predispose them to contaminant exposure and subsequent induction of pathological changes, including tumour formation. The lack of evidence for this hypothesis prompted this investigation in order to provide data on the presence of pathological changes in the liver and gonads of several deep-water fish species. Fish were obtained from the north east region of the Bay of Biscay (north east Atlantic Ocean) by trawling at depths between 700 and 1400 m. Liver and gonad samples were collected on board ship and fixed for histological processing and subsequent examination by light microscopy. Hepatocellular and nuclear pleomorphism and individual cases of ovotestis and foci of cellular alteration (FCA) were detected in black scabbardfish (Aphanopus carbo). Six cases of FCA were observed in orange roughy (Hoplostethus atlanticus) (n = 50) together with a single case of hepatocellular adenoma. A wide variety of inflammatory and degenerative lesions were found in all species examined. Deep-water fish display a range of pathologies similar to those seen in shelf-sea species used for international monitoring programmes including biological effects of contaminants. This study has confirmed the utility of health screening in deep-water fish for detecting evidence of prior exposure to contaminants and has also gained evidence of pathology potentially associated with exposure to algal toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Feist
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Weymouth Laboratory, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK.
| | - G D Stentiford
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Weymouth Laboratory, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK
| | - M L Kent
- Departments Microbiology & Biomedical Sciences, 220 Nash Hall, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - A Ribeiro Santos
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Lowestoft Laboratory, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, UK
| | - P Lorance
- IFREMER, rue de l'île d'Yeu, B.P. 21105, 44311 Nantes Cedex 03, France
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17
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Johnson LL, Ylitalo GM, Myers MS, Anulacion BF, Buzitis J, Collier TK. Aluminum smelter-derived polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and flatfish health in the Kitimat marine ecosystem, British Columbia, Canada. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 512-513:227-239. [PMID: 25625635 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
From 2000-2004 a monitoring study was conducted to evaluate the impacts of aluminum smelter-derived polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on the health of fish in the marine waters of Kitimat, British Columbia, Canada. These waters are part of the historical fishing grounds of the Haisla First Nation, and since the 1950s the Alcan Primary Metal Company has operated an aluminum smelter at the head of the Kitimat Arm embayment. As a result, adjacent marine and estuarine sediments have been severely contaminated with a mixture of smelter-associated PAHs in the range of 10,000-100,000 ng/g dry wt. These concentrations are above those shown to cause adverse effects in fish exposed to PAHs in urban estuaries, but it was uncertain whether comparable effects would be seen at the Kitimat site due to limited bioavailability of smelter-derived PAHs. Over the 5-year study we conducted biennial collections of adult English sole (Parophrys vetulus) and sediment samples at the corresponding capture sites. Various tissue samples (e.g. liver, kidney, gonad, stomach contents) and bile were taken from each animal to determine levels of exposure and biological effects, and compare the uptake and toxicity of smelter-derived PAHs with urban mixtures of PAHs. Results showed significant intersite differences in concentrations of PAHs. Sole collected at sites nearest the smelter showed increased PAH exposure, as well as significantly higher prevalences of PAH-associated liver disease, compared to sites within Kitimat Arm that were more distant from the smelter. However, measures of PAH exposure (e.g., bile metabolites) were surprisingly high in sole from the reference sites outside of Kitimat Arm, though sediment and dietary PAHs at these sites were low, and fish from the areas showed no biological injury. PAH uptake, exposure, and biological effects in Kitimat English sole were relatively lower when compared to English sole collected from urban sites contaminated with PAH mixtures from other sources. These findings indicate that while smelter-associated PAHs in Kitimat Arm appear to be causing some injury to marine resources, they likely have reduced bioavailability, and thus reduced biological toxicity, compared to other environmental PAH mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyndal L Johnson
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, 2725 Montlake Boulevard East, Seattle, WA 98112, United States.
| | - Gina M Ylitalo
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, 2725 Montlake Boulevard East, Seattle, WA 98112, United States.
| | - Mark S Myers
- Myers Ecotoxicology Services, LLC, 19604 12th Ave. NW, Shoreline, WA 98177, United States.
| | - Bernadita F Anulacion
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, 2725 Montlake Boulevard East, Seattle, WA 98112, United States.
| | - Jon Buzitis
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, 2725 Montlake Boulevard East, Seattle, WA 98112, United States.
| | - Tracy K Collier
- Puget Sound Partnership, 1111 Washington Street SE, Olympia, WA 98504-7000, United States.
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18
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Dabrowska H, Kopko O, Góra A, Waszak I, Walkusz-Miotk J. DNA damage, EROD activity, condition indices, and their linkages with contaminants in female flounder (Platichthys flesus) from the southern Baltic Sea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 496:488-498. [PMID: 25108251 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.07.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The Baltic Sea is considered as one of the marine areas most exposed to human impacts. A variety of chemical contaminants pose a threat to the habitants. Female flounder (Platichthys flesus) collected from three locations in the southern Baltic Sea in February 2010 were examined for biomarkers of exposure to genotoxic agents (DNA damage), AhR-active contaminants (ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase, EROD activity), and somatic condition indexes. Organochlorine contaminants (OCs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) metabolites were also measured in individual flounder to evaluate the biological responses in the context of contaminant burden. The genotoxicity, mildly exceeding a background level, revealed a significant relationship with mono-ortho substituted PCB (m-oPCB). Hepatic EROD activity was highly induced, yet showed no association with any of the contaminants measured other than biliary 1-OH pyrene normalized to pigment absorbance. Significant negative relationships were observed for lipid-based OCs and the gonado-somatic index (GSI) as well as for Ʃm-oPCB concentrations and the condition factor (CF). Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed an overall connection between somatic condition indexes, biomarkers, and chemical variables. Of the three locations, flounder inhabiting the Gulf of Gdańsk had the greatest contaminant burden and appeared to be the most affected. Of great concern is the reduced GSI in this location which can be attributed to the effects of contaminants and warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henryka Dabrowska
- National Marine Fisheries Research Institute (NMFRI), Gdynia, Poland.
| | - Orest Kopko
- National Marine Fisheries Research Institute (NMFRI), Gdynia, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Góra
- National Marine Fisheries Research Institute (NMFRI), Gdynia, Poland
| | - Ilona Waszak
- National Marine Fisheries Research Institute (NMFRI), Gdynia, Poland
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19
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Hook SE, Gallagher EP, Batley GE. The role of biomarkers in the assessment of aquatic ecosystem health. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2014; 10:327-41. [PMID: 24574147 PMCID: PMC4750648 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.1530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Ensuring the health of aquatic ecosystems and identifying species at risk from the detrimental effects of environmental contaminants can be facilitated by integrating analytical chemical analysis with carefully selected biological endpoints measured in tissues of species of concern. These biological endpoints include molecular, biochemical, and physiological markers (i.e., biomarkers) that when integrated, can clarify issues of contaminant bioavailability, bioaccumulation, and ecological effects while enabling a better understanding of the effects of nonchemical stressors. In the case of contaminant stressors, an understanding of chemical modes of toxicity can be incorporated with diagnostic markers of aquatic animal physiology to help understand the health status of aquatic organisms in the field. Furthermore, new approaches in functional genomics and bioinformatics can help discriminate individual chemicals, or groups of chemicals among complex mixtures that may contribute to adverse biological effects. Although the use of biomarkers is not a new paradigm, such approaches have been underused in the context of ecological risk assessment and natural resource damage assessment. From a regulatory standpoint, these approaches can help better assess the complex effects from coastal development activities to assessing ecosystem integrity pre- and post development or site remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon E Hook
- CSIRO Land and Water, Locked Bag 2007, Kirrawee, NSW 2232, Australia
| | - Evan P Gallagher
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Graeme E Batley
- CSIRO Land and Water, Locked Bag 2007, Kirrawee, NSW 2232, Australia
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20
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Blazer VS, Hoffman J, Walsh HL, Braham RP, Hahn C, Collins P, Jorgenson Z, Ledder T. Health of white sucker within the St. Louis River area of concern associated with habitat usage as assessed using stable isotopes. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2014; 23:236-51. [PMID: 24370817 PMCID: PMC3920021 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-013-1167-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In Spring 2011, 200 adult white sucker were collected in four areas of the St. Louis River area of concern (AOC), located in Minnesota and Wisconsin, USA. The areas included the upper AOC as a reference area, the upper estuary, St. Louis Bay and Superior Bay. Grossly visible abnormalities were documented and preserved for microscopic analyses, as were five to eight representative pieces of liver tissue. A piece of dorsal muscle was preserved for stable isotope analyses and otoliths removed for age determination. The incidence of raised skin lesions (mucoid plaques) was high (31 %), however, microscopically only 4.5 % of the white suckers had neoplasia (papillomas). The remaining lesions were epidermal hyperplasia. Superior Bay had the lowest percentage of skin/lip lesions (10 %), while St. Louis Bay had the highest (44 %). St. Louis Bay also had the highest incidence of skin neoplasms (12 %). No hepatocellular neoplasms were documented, however bile duct tumors were observed in 4.5 % of the suckers. Foci of cellular alteration were observed in fish from all sites except the upper AOC. Stable isotope data indicated that most of the suckers relied on the St. Louis River AOC for the majority (>75 %) of their diet, indicating they were resident within the AOC and not in Lake Superior. The amount of diet obtained from the upper estuary was a significant predictor of skin lesion incidence. Hence, habitat use within the AOC appears to be an important risk factor for skin and possibly, liver lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. S. Blazer
- Leetown Science Center, Fish Health Branch, U.S. Geological Survey, 11649 Leetown Road, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA
| | - J. Hoffman
- Mid-Continent Ecology Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN USA
| | - H. L. Walsh
- Leetown Science Center, Fish Health Branch, U.S. Geological Survey, 11649 Leetown Road, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA
| | - R. P. Braham
- College of Agriculture and Forestry, West Virginia University, P.O. Box 6125, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA
| | - C. Hahn
- College of Agriculture and Forestry, West Virginia University, P.O. Box 6125, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA
| | - P. Collins
- Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, 1201 E. Hwy 2, Grand Rapids, MN USA
| | - Z. Jorgenson
- Twin Cities Ecological Services Field Office, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 4101 American Boulevard East, Bloomington, MN 55425 USA
| | - T. Ledder
- Lake Superior National Estuarine Research Reserve, University of Wisconsin, Superior, WI USA
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21
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Oliva M, Vicente-Martorell JJ, Galindo-Riaño MD, Perales JA. Histopathological alterations in Senegal sole, Solea Senegalensis, from a polluted Huelva estuary (SW, Spain). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2013; 39:523-545. [PMID: 23010936 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-012-9717-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
As a component of a large research project to evaluate the effects of contaminants on fish health in the field, histopathological studies have been conducted to help establish causal relationship between pollutants (heavy metals and aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons--PAHs) and histopathological responses in Senegal sole, Solea senegalensis, from an estuary of SW Spain. Heavy metals (As, Zn, Cd, Pb, Cu and Fe) and 16 PAHs (proprietary USEPA) concentrations in water, sediment and tissues (liver and gills) and histopathological alterations in S. senegalensis from three sampling sites of Ria de Huelva estuary during 2004-2006 years have been analysed. The histopathological studies revealed seasonal and spatial differences in the lesion grade of alterations observing the highest lesion grades in fish from Odiel River and autumn season. No significant differences were observed in the alterations prevalence between sampling sites, but significant differences were observed between seasons observing the highest prevalence in autumn season. However, calculated IPAT demonstrated a low-moderate impact of pollutants on health fish. Correlations between histopathological alterations and pollutants analysed were observed being heavy metals the group that presented a major number of correlations with alterations in several organs of S. senegalensis. In evaluating the general health of fish, the use of histopathological studies in recommended for making more reliable assessment of biochemical responses in fish exposed to a variety of environmental stressors. Statistical analysis using semiquantitative data on pathological lesions can help to establish correlation between cause (stressor) and effect (biomarker).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Oliva
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cadiz, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar, Avda. República Saharaui S/N Puerto Real, 11510 Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain.
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22
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Johnson LL, Anulacion BF, Arkoosh MR, Burrows DG, da Silva DA, Dietrich JP, Myers MS, Spromberg J, Ylitalo GM. Effects of Legacy Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in Fish—Current and Future Challenges. FISH PHYSIOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-398254-4.00002-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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23
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Effects on Fish of Polycyclic Aromatic HydrocarbonS (PAHS) and Naphthenic Acid Exposures. FISH PHYSIOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-398254-4.00004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Fricke NF, Stentiford GD, Feist SW, Lang T. Liver histopathology in Baltic eelpout (Zoarces viviparus) - A baseline study for use in marine environmental monitoring. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2012; 82:1-14. [PMID: 23040483 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2012.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The use of liver histopathology in various fish species as a biomarker in marine monitoring programmes to assess the biological effect of exposure to anthropogenic contaminants is well established. However, although the eelpout (Zoarces viviparus) has repeatedly been recommended as an appropriate bioindicator for monitoring purposes in the Baltic Sea, information on histopathological liver alterations of this species is scarce. In order to obtain an overview, a total of 1070 eelpout, collected in the period between spring 2001 and winter 2010 from 34 sampling sites distributed over large parts of the Baltic Sea, were histologically analyzed. Liver lesions were recorded and classified according to established liver lesion categories. A high prevalence of non-specific and early toxicopathic non-neoplastic hepatic lesions was recorded. In contrast, pre-neoplastic lesions were observed only in rare cases and neoplastic changes were absent. A comparison with published data on other fish species revealed that the observed alterations may indicate effects of environmental stressors including contaminants. The results of the present study, thus, support the application of eelpout liver histopathology in environmental monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolai F Fricke
- Johann Heinrich von Thünen-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries, Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Deichstr. 12, 27472 Cuxhaven, Germany.
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25
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Agamy E. Histopathological liver alterations in juvenile rabbit fish (Siganus canaliculatus) exposed to light Arabian crude oil, dispersed oil and dispersant. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2012; 75:171-179. [PMID: 21974902 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2011.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2011] [Revised: 09/10/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
With the heavy transport of crude oil there is an increasing risk of a major oil spill in the Gulf waters; however, there have been few studies on the impact of oil spills and subsequent remedial action on Gulf fish. The aim of the experiment was to investigate the effects of acute exposure to water soluble fraction (WAF) of light Arabian crude oil, dispersed oil and dispersant on the liver of the juvenile rabbit fish (Siganus canaliculatus), observing several histopathological biomarkers of the liver at different time points and different doses. The concentrations used (3-100 percent WAF) simulated a range of possible oil pollution events. The main alterations observed in this study include hepatocyte swelling and cytoplasmic vacuolisation, megalocytosis, coagulative dispersed necrosis, lymphocytic infiltration, melanomacrophage aggregates, spongiosis hepatis, pericholangiitis, and bile stagnosis. Treated livers showed significantly higher total index values than the control group (p<0.01). According to the total liver index, liver exposed to WAF, dispersed oil or dispersant showed significant histopathologic alterations compared with the control fish (Mann-Whitney U-test; p<0.01). Components of the total liver index, (circulatory, degenerative, proliferative, and inflammatory changes) differed significantly from the control groups. There was a significant correlation between exposure time and the total liver index values and the different reaction pattern indexes of treated fish (Spearman correlation; p>0.05). The present study indicates that dispersed oil is not more toxic, to livers of juvenile rabbit fish, than crude oil or dispersant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esam Agamy
- Department of Basic Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
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26
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Pinkney AE, Harshbarger JC, Karouna-Renier NK, Jenko K, Balk L, Skarphéðinsdóttir H, Liewenborg B, Rutter MA. Tumor prevalence and biomarkers of genotoxicity in brown bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus) in Chesapeake Bay tributaries. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2011; 410-411:248-57. [PMID: 21995877 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Revised: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We surveyed four Chesapeake Bay tributaries for skin and liver tumors in brown bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus). We focused on the South River, where the highest skin tumor prevalence (53%) in the Bay watershed had been reported. The objectives were to 1) compare tumor prevalence with nearby rivers (Severn and Rhode) and a more remote river (Choptank); 2) investigate associations between tumor prevalence and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and alkylating agents; and 3) statistically analyze Chesapeake Bay bullhead tumor data from 1992 through 2008. All four South River collections exhibited high skin tumor prevalence (19% to 58%), whereas skin tumor prevalence was 2%, 10%, and 52% in the three Severn collections; 0% and 2% in the Choptank collections; and 5.6% in the Rhode collection. Liver tumor prevalence was 0% to 6% in all but one South River collection (20%) and 0% to 6% in the three other rivers. In a subset of samples, PAH-like biliary metabolites and (32)P-DNA adducts were used as biomarkers of exposure and response to polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs). Adducts from alkylating agents were detected as O6-methyl-2'-deoxyguanosine (O6Me-dG) and O6-ethyl-2'-deoxyguanosine (O6Et-dG) modified DNA. Bullheads from the contaminated Anacostia River were used as a positive control for DNA adducts. (32)P-DNA adduct concentrations were significantly higher in Anacostia bullhead livers compared with the other rivers. We identified alkyl DNA adducts in bullhead livers from the South and Anacostia, but not the Choptank. Neither the PAH-like bile metabolite data, sediment PAH data, nor the DNA adduct data suggest an association between liver or skin tumor prevalence and exposure to PACs or alkylating agents in the South, Choptank, Severn, or Rhode rivers. Logistic regression analysis of the Chesapeake Bay database revealed that sex and length were significant covariates for liver tumors and length was a significant covariate for skin tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred E Pinkney
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Chesapeake Bay Field Office, 177 Admiral Cochrane Drive, Annapolis, MD 21401, USA.
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Beyer J, Jonsson G, Porte C, Krahn MM, Ariese F. Analytical methods for determining metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) pollutants in fish bile: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2010; 30:224-44. [PMID: 21787655 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2010.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2010] [Accepted: 08/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) metabolites in bile can serve as a tool for assessing environmental PAH exposure in fish. Biliary PAH metabolite levels can be measured using several analytical methods, including simple fluorescence assays (fixed fluorescence detection or synchronous fluorescence spectrometry); high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-F); gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) after deconjugation, extraction and derivatization of the bile sample, and finally by advanced liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) methods. The method alternatives are highly different both with regard to their analytical performance towards different PAH metabolite structures as well as in general technical demands and their suitability for different monitoring strategies. In the present review, the state-of-the-art for these different analytical methods is presented and the advantages and limitations of each approach as well as aspects related to analytical quality control and inter-laboratory comparability of data and availability of certified reference materials are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonny Beyer
- IRIS - International Research Institute of Stavanger, N-4068 Stavanger, Norway; University of Stavanger, N-4036 Stavanger, Norway
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28
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Browne E, Kelley M, Zhou GD, He LY, McDonald T, Wang S, Duncan B, Meador J, Donnelly K, Gallagher E. In situ biomonitoring of juvenile Chinook salmon (Onchorhynchus tshawytscha) using biomarkers of chemical exposures and effects in a partially remediated urbanized waterway of the Puget Sound, WA. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2010; 110:675-83. [PMID: 20619832 PMCID: PMC3321373 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2010.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2009] [Revised: 06/04/2010] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In situ biomonitoring has been used to assess the effects of pollution on aquatic species in heavily polluted waterways. In the current study, we used in situ biomonitoring in conjunction with molecular biomarker analysis to determine the effects of pollutant exposure in salmon caged in the Duwamish waterway, a Pacific Northwest Superfund site that has been subject to remediation. The Duwamish waterway is an important migratory route for Pacific salmon and has received historic inputs of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Juvenile pre-smolt Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) caged for 8 days in the three contaminated sites in close proximity within the Duwamish were analyzed for steady state hepatic mRNA expression of 7 exposure biomarker genes encompassing several gene families and known to be responsive to pollutants, including cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) and CYP2K1, glutathione S-transferase pi class (GST-pi), microsomal GST (mGST), glutamylcysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC), UDP-glucuronyltransferase family 1 (UDPGT), and type 2 deiodinase (type 2 DI, or D2). Quantitation of gene expression was accomplished by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) in assays developed specifically for Chinook salmon genes. Gill PAH-DNA adducts were assessed as a chemical effects biomarker using (32)P-postlabeling. The biomarkers in the field-caged fish were analyzed with respect to caged animals maintained at the hatchery receiving flow-through water. Chemical analysis of sediment samples from three field sampling sites revealed relatively high concentrations of total PAHs in one site (site B2, 6711ng/g dry weight) and somewhat lower concentrations of PAHs in two adjacent sites (sites B3 and B4, 1482 and 1987ng/g, respectively). In contrast, waterborne PAHs at all of the sampling sites were relatively low (<1ng/L). Sediment PCBs at the sites ranged from a low of 421ng/g at site B3 to 1160ng/g at site B4, and there were no detectable waterborne PCBs at any of the sites (detection limit=10ng/L). There were no significant differences (p<0.05) in biomarker gene expression in the Duwamish-caged fish relative to controls, although there was a pattern of gene expression suppression at site B3, the most heavily PAH-enriched site. The lack of a marked perturbation of mRNA biomarkers was consistent with relatively low levels of gill PAH-DNA adduct levels that did not differ among caged reference and field fish, and which were also consistent with relatively low waterborne concentrations of chemicals. The results of our study suggest a low bioavailability of sediment pollutants in caged juvenile Chinook potentially reflecting low waterborne exposures occurring at contaminated sites within the Duwamish waterway that have undergone partial remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Browne
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington Seattle WA 98105-6099
| | - Matthew Kelley
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Texas A & M Health Science Center, College Station TX 77843-1266
| | - Guo-Dong Zhou
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Texas A & M Health Science Center, College Station TX 77843-1266
| | - Ling Yu He
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Texas A & M Health Science Center, College Station TX 77843-1266
| | - Thomas McDonald
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Texas A & M Health Science Center, College Station TX 77843-1266
| | - Shirley Wang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Texas A & M Health Science Center, College Station TX 77843-1266
| | - Bruce Duncan
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Region 10, 1200 Sixth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - James Meador
- Ecotoxicology Division, National Marine Fisheries Service, Seattle, Washington, 98105
| | - Kirby Donnelly
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Texas A & M Health Science Center, College Station TX 77843-1266
| | - Evan Gallagher
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington Seattle WA 98105-6099
- Address correspondence to: Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences 4225 Roosevelt Way Northeast, Suite 100 Seattle, Washington, 98105 – 6099 Telephone: 206 616 4739 Fax: 206 685 4696
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Malmström C, Konn M, Bogovski S, Lang T, Lönnström LG, Bylund G. Screening of hydrophobic DNA adducts in flounder (Platichthys flesus) from the Baltic Sea. CHEMOSPHERE 2009; 77:1514-9. [PMID: 19846194 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2009] [Accepted: 09/23/2009] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Neoplasia and other histopathological lesions in flounder (Platichthys flesus) liver have been investigated in several European sea areas, including the Baltic Sea. Several studies have been able to link neoplasm epizootics in fish with the exposure to genotoxins such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The level of hydrophobic DNA adducts in tissue DNA reflects the exposure of the organism to PAHs. Using hydrophobic DNA adduct levels as biomarkers, possible PAH exposure was assessed in flounder from 10 different sites in the Baltic Sea, collected during the years 1995-1997. The results show that the overall levels of hepatic DNA adducts were low and, in general, the chromatograms appeared clean. The highest levels of DNA adducts were found at two sites in the southern Baltic Sea. There were no statistically significant differences in adduct levels between the sites. Our results indicate that flounder from studied off shore sites of the Baltic Sea had not been exposed to a greater extent to large polycyclic hydrophobic hydrocarbons in their environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Malmström
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Biology, Abo Akademi University, BioCity, Artillerigatan 6, FIN-20520 Abo, Finland.
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30
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Rotchell JM, du Corbier FA, Stentiford GD, Lyons BP, Liddle AR, Ostrander GK. A novel population health approach: Using fish retinoblastoma gene profiles as a surrogate for humans. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2009; 149:134-40. [PMID: 18835587 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2008.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2008] [Revised: 09/11/2008] [Accepted: 09/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Retinoblastoma, a tumor suppressor gene, is frequently mutated in diverse types of human tumors. We have previously shown that two types of fish tumor, eye and liver, also possess mutant Rb genes. Our aim is to determine if the Rb allele status is linked to environmentally-induced cancer and whether this information in fish can be used to predict future phenotype. This is a proof-of-concept investigation to elucidate if fish may act as surrogates in assessing pollution-induced tumor incidence and inform regulatory authorities of potential long-term population health consequences. Marine flatfish, Limanda limanda, that display either normal liver histopathology, liver adenoma or liver hepatocellular carcinoma were analysed for the presence of Rb gene alterations. Several Rb alterations were detected in the fish displaying adenoma and carcinoma, and not in the surrounding normal tissue from the same individuals. The profile is similar to that reported in humans in that they spread across the gene, particularly exons 8-23, and a functionally important region of the protein. This Rb allele data was then used to build statistical classifier sets, linking Rb status with tumor pathology. Further flatfish caught from coastal-water areas of differing contaminant burden around the UK were subsequently analysed for the presence of Rb alterations. Using novel pattern matching statistics of the classifier sets compared with the coastal samples, the coastal fish were considered more similar to the characterised disease phenotype than the normal phenotype. Preliminary data suggests that using a statistical approach, based on classifying sets of histopathologically-defined tumor states, makes it possible to predict the phenotype of wild fish based on the status of the Rb allele. Since the Rb gene is orthologous, fish populations could act as surrogates for human populations in an eco-epidemiological investigation of the combined roles of genetics and environmental exposures in the tumorigenesis process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette M Rotchell
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN19QG, UK.
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31
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Sol SY, Johnson LL, Boyd D, Olson OP, Lomax DP, Collier TK. Relationships between anthropogenic chemical contaminant exposure and associated changes in reproductive parameters in male English sole (Parophrys vetulus) collected from Hylebos Waterway, Puget Sound, Washington. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2008; 55:627-638. [PMID: 18274819 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-008-9140-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2007] [Accepted: 01/21/2008] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Effects of chemical contaminant exposure on gonadal development in adult male English sole (Parophrys vetulus) from Hylebos Waterway and Colvos Passage, Puget Sound, Washington were investigated. Hylebos Waterway sediment is contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and organochlorines (OCs), and Colvos Passage, a nearby nonurban area, is minimally contaminated. Fish from Hylebos Waterway had higher concentrations of both PAHs and OCs in tissues than fish from Colvos Passage. Overall, little correlation was observed between PAH exposure and biological parameters, but strong correlations were observed between OCs and the biological parameters. Migration of fish from less contaminated areas into the Hylebos Waterway during the reproductive season might have influenced these results, based on temporal changes in fish age and contaminant concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Y Sol
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, Environmental Conservation Division, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E, Seattle, WA 98112, USA.
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32
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Myers MS, Anulacion BF, French BL, Reichert WL, Laetz CA, Buzitis J, Olson OP, Sol S, Collier TK. Improved flatfish health following remediation of a PAH-contaminated site in Eagle Harbor, Washington. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2008; 88:277-288. [PMID: 18571248 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2008.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2008] [Accepted: 05/02/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Eagle Harbor in Puget Sound, WA became a Superfund site in 1987 due to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) released chronically from a nearby creosoting facility. Early studies here (1983-1986) demonstrated up to an approximately 80% prevalence of toxicopathic liver lesions, including neoplasms, in resident English sole (Parophrys vetulus). These lesions in English sole are consistently associated with PAH exposure in multiple field studies, and one laboratory study. Later studies (1986-1988) incorporated biomarkers of PAH exposure and effect, including hepatic CYP1A expression and xenobiotic-DNA adducts, and biliary fluorescent aromatic compounds (FACs). Before site remediation, lesion prevalences and other biomarker values in this species from Eagle Harbor were among the highest compared to other sites in Puget Sound and the US Pacific Coast. To sequester PAH-contaminated sediments, in 1993-1994, a primary cap of clean sediment was placed over the most-contaminated 54acres, with a 15-acre secondary cap added from 2000-2002. Lesion prevalences and biomarker values before primary capping were reduced compared to 1983-1986, consistent with facility closure in 1988 and shore-based source controls begun in 1990. Liver lesion risk, hepatic CYP1A activities, and levels of biliary FACs from fish collected immediately after and at regular intervals up to 2 years after primary capping were variable relative to pre-capping. Over the entire monitoring period since primary capping (128 months), but particularly after 3 years, there was a significantly decreasing trend in biliary FACs, hepatic DNA adducts and lesion risk in English sole. In particular, lesion risk has been consistently low (<0.20) compared to primary cap initiation (set at 1.0), from approximately 4 years after primary capping through April 2004. These results show that the sediment capping process has been effective in reducing PAH exposure and associated deleterious biological effects in a resident flatfish, and that longer term monitoring of pollutant responses in biological resources, such as resident fish, is needed in order to demonstrate the efficacy of this type of remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Myers
- Environmental Conservation Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service/NOAA Fisheries, Seattle, WA 98112, United States.
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Johnson LL, Lomax DP, Myers MS, Olson OP, Sol SY, O'Neill SM, West J, Collier TK. Xenoestrogen exposure and effects in English sole (Parophrys vetulus) from Puget Sound, WA. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2008; 88:29-38. [PMID: 18423645 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2008.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2007] [Revised: 02/22/2008] [Accepted: 03/01/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Vitellogenin, a yolk protein produced in the liver of oviparous animals in response to estrogens, normally occurs only in sexually mature females with developing eggs. However, males can synthesize vitellogenin when exposed to environmental estrogens, making the abnormal production of vitellogenin in male animals a useful biomarker for xenoestrogen exposure. In 1997-2001, as part of the Washington State's Puget Sound Assessment and Monitoring Program, we surveyed English sole from a number of sites for evidence of xenoestrogen exposure, using vitellogenin production in males as an indicator. Significant levels of vitellogenin were found in male fish from several urban sites, with especially high numbers of fish affected in Elliott Bay, along the Seattle Waterfront. Intersex fish were rare, comprising only two fish out of more than 2900 examined. Other ovarian and testicular lesions, including oocyte atresia, were also observed, but their prevalence did not appear to be related to xenoestrogen exposure. However, at the Elliott Bay sites where abnormal vitellogenin production was observed in male sole, the timing of spawning in both male and female English sole appeared altered. Sources of xenoestrogens and types of xenoestrogens present in Elliott Bay are poorly documented, but the compounds are likely associated with industrial discharges, surface runoff, and combined sewer outfalls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyndal L Johnson
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, Environmental Conservation Divison, 2725 Montlake Boulevard E., Seattle, WA 98112, United States.
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Basmadjian E, Perkins EM, Phillips CR, Heilprin DJ, Watts SD, Diener DR, Myers MS, Koerner KA, Mengel MJ, Robertson G, Armstrong JL, Lissner AL, Frank VL. Liver lesions in demersal fishes near a large ocean outfall on the San Pedro Shelf, California. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2008; 138:239-53. [PMID: 17516140 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-007-9794-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2006] [Accepted: 04/20/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of toxicopathic liver lesions in demersal fish on the San Pedro Shelf, California was determined for a 15-year period (1988-2003). Fish livers were sampled at fixed locations as part of the Orange County Sanitation Districts (OCSD) ocean monitoring program. Histopathological examination of selected fish liver tissues was studied to determine whether the wastewater discharge had affected fish health. The prevalence of toxicopathic lesion classes neoplasms (NEO), preneoplastic foci of cellular alteration (FCA), and hydropic vacuolation (HYDVAC) varied among species and locations. For all species sampled, severe lesions occurred in 6.2% of the fish examined (n=7,694). HYDVAC (4.1%) was the most common toxicopathic lesion type followed by FCA (1.4%) and NEO (0.7%). HYDVAC occurred only in white croaker (Genyonemus lineatus), accounting for 84.8% of the toxicopathic lesions for this species. Prevalence of HYDVAC, NEO, and FCA in white croaker was 15.2, 2.0, and 0.7%, respectively. The prevalence of HYDVAC and NEO in white croaker increased with age and size but there was no sexual difference. A linear regression model was used for hypothesis testing to account for significant differences in fish size (and age for croakers) at the different sampling locations. This analysis showed that for HYDVAC there was no spatial or location effect for lesion rate or size/age of onset. For NEO, the model predicted that white croaker near the wastewater outfall may acquire these lesions at a smaller size/younger age, and at a higher rate, than at other sites. However, this result may be biased due to the unequal size frequency distributions and the low prevalence of NEO in white croaker at the different sampling sites. Bigmouth sole (Hippoglossina stomata) had a prevalence of FCA and NEO of 1.3 and 0.35%, respectively, but the prevalence and distribution of lesions was too few for statistical testing. There was no sexual difference for lesion prevalence in hornyhead turbot (Pleuronichthys verticalis) and the prevalence of FCA and NEO was 3.4 and 0.37%, respectively. FCA prevalence increased with size in hornyhead turbot and there were no significant spatial differences for lesion rates and fish size at lesion onset. Overall, consistent spatial differences for lesion prevalence were not demonstrated and highlight the analytical difficulties of detecting a possible point source impact when the effect is rare, correlated with the size/age structure of the population, and may be caused by exposure to unknown multiple sources. Thus, the usefulness of liver histopathology as a point-source monitoring tool is best applied to where the spatial scale of impact generally exceeds the home range of the target species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Basmadjian
- Science Applications International Corporation, 9455 Towne Center Drive, MS W-2T, San Diego, CA 92121-1578, USA.
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35
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Lang T, Wosniok W, Barsiene J, Broeg K, Kopecka J, Parkkonen J. Liver histopathology in Baltic flounder (Platichthys flesus) as indicator of biological effects of contaminants. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2006; 53:488-96. [PMID: 16423373 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2005.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Results are presented of a study on liver histopathology in Baltic flounder (Platichthys flesus) carried out in 2001 and 2002 in four coastal sampling areas of the Baltic Sea: Kvädöfjärden (Swedish east coast, reference area), Klaipeda-Butinge (Lithuanian coast), Gulf of Gdansk (Polish coast), and Wismar Bay (German coast) within the framework of the EU-funded BEEP project. Liver lesions were diagnosed and categorised using standardised methodologies and, for a spatial and temporal assessment of the prevalence and types of lesions detected, a scoring system was applied, involving the calculation of mean histopathology lesion scores. 83.0% of the 436 female flounder examined (size range: 20-43 cm total length, age range: 2-8 years) were affected by liver lesions, out of which 74.3% were assigned to the category of non-specific, 3.4% to the category of early toxicopathic non-neoplastic, 4.6% to the category of pre-neoplastic and 0.7% to the category of neoplastic lesions. Mean lesions scores were highest in the areas at the Lithuanian and Swedish coast and there is indication of an impact of the age structure of the flounder populations studied, the sampling season as well as of contaminant effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lang
- Federal Research Centre for Fisheries, Institute of Fishery Ecology, Deichstrasse 12, 27472 Cuxhaven, Germany.
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36
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Chen G, White PA. The mutagenic hazards of aquatic sediments: a review. Mutat Res 2005; 567:151-225. [PMID: 15572285 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2004.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2004] [Revised: 08/26/2004] [Accepted: 08/26/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Sediments are the sink for particle-sorbed contaminants in aquatic systems and can serve as a reservoir of toxic contaminants that continually threaten the health and viability of aquatic biota. This work is a comprehensive review of published studies that investigated the genotoxicity of sediments in rivers, lakes and marine habitats. The Salmonella mutagenicity test is the most frequently used assay and accounts for 41.1% of the available data. The Salmonella data revealed mutagenic potency values for sediment extracts (in revertants per gram dry weight) that spans over seven orders of magnitude from not detectable to highly potent (10(5) rev/g). Analyses of the Salmonella data (n=510) showed significant differences between rural, urban/industrial, and heavily contaminated (e.g., dump) sites assessed using TA98 and TA100 with S9 activation. Additional analyses showed a significant positive correlation between Salmonella mutagenic potency (TA98 and TA100 with S9) and PAH contamination (r2=0.19-0.68). The second and third most commonly used assays for the analysis of sediments and sediment extracts are the SOS Chromotest (9.2%) and the Mutatox assays (7.8%), respectively. These assays are frequently used for rapid initial screening of collected samples. A variety of other in vitro endpoints employing cultured fish and mammalian cells have been used to investigate sediment genotoxic activity. Endpoints investigated include sister chromatid exchange frequency, micronucleus frequency, chromosome aberration frequency, gene mutation at tk and hprt loci, unscheduled DNA synthesis, DNA adduct frequency, and DNA strand break frequency. More complex in vivo assays have documented a wide range of effects including neoplasms and preneoplastic lesions in fish and invertebrate exposed ex situ. Although costly and time consuming, these assays have provided definitive evidence linking sediment contamination and a variety of genotoxic and carcinogenic effects observed in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guosheng Chen
- Mutagenesis Section, Safe Environments Program, Health Canada, Tunney's Pasture 0803A, Ottawa, Ont., Canada K1A 0L2
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Hinton DE, Kullman SW, Hardman RC, Volz DC, Chen PJ, Carney M, Bencic DC. Resolving mechanisms of toxicity while pursuing ecotoxicological relevance? MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2005; 51:635-48. [PMID: 16154600 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2005.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In this age of modern biology, aquatic toxicological research has pursued mechanisms of action of toxicants. This has provided potential tools for ecotoxicologic investigations. However, problems of biocomplexity and issues at higher levels of biological organization remain a challenge. In the 1980s and 1990s and continuing to a lesser extent today, organisms residing in highly contaminated field sites or exposed in the laboratory to calibrated concentrations of individual compounds were carefully analyzed for their responses to priority pollutants. Correlation of biochemical and structural analyses in cultured cells and tissues, as well as the in vivo exposures led to the production and application of biomarkers of exposure and effect and to our awareness of genotoxicity and its chronic manifestations, such as neoplasms, in wild fishes. To gain acceptance of these findings in the greater environmental toxicology community, "validation of the model" versus other, better-established often rodent models, was necessary and became a major focus. Resultant biomarkers were applied to heavily contaminated and reference field sites as part of effects assessment and with investigations following large-scale disasters such as oil spills or industrial accidents. Over the past 15 years, in the laboratory, small aquarium fish models such as medaka (Oryzias latipes), zebrafish (Danio rerio), platyfish (Xiphophorus species), fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas), and sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus) were increasingly used establishing mechanisms of toxicants. Today, the same organisms provide reliable information at higher levels of biological organization relevant to ecotoxicology. We review studies resolving mechanisms of toxicity and discuss ways to address biocomplexity, mixtures of contaminants, and the need to relate individual level responses to populations and communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Hinton
- Laboratory of Molecular Aquatic Toxicology, Division of Environmental Sciences and Policy, Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Duke University Durham, NC 277-8-0328, USA.
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Arufe MI, Arellano J, Moreno MJ, Sarasquete C. Comparative toxic effects of formulated simazine on Vibrio fischeri and gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) larvae. CHEMOSPHERE 2004; 57:1725-1732. [PMID: 15519419 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2003] [Revised: 06/29/2004] [Accepted: 09/07/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The use of Early Life Stage (ELS) tests is a useful tool in risk assessment. The purpose of this study was to compare the sensitivity of the seabream (Sparus aurata) larvae with the extensively used Microtox test on a commercial formulation containing simazine, an s-triazine herbicide. To this end, survival, growth and histopathological changes displayed by seabream yolk sac larvae exposed during 72 h post-hatching to nominal concentrations of the commercial preparation up to its saturating concentration in water, and bioluminescence of the marine bacteria Vibrio fischeri (Microtox) were studied. Survival of larvae after three days of exposure was significantly reduced in the highest (4.5 mg/l) concentration, but no effects on growth were found in any of the simazine treatments. The 72 h LC50 value for yolk sac larvae was estimated as 4.19 mg/l. Commercial grade simazine did not exert any significant toxicity to the marine bacterium V. fischeri at the concentrations tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Arufe
- Department of Toxicology, Medicine Faculty, University of Cádiz, Plaza Fragela 9, 11003 Cádiz, Spain.
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Ohe T, Watanabe T, Wakabayashi K. Mutagens in surface waters: a review. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2004; 567:109-49. [PMID: 15572284 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2004.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2004] [Revised: 08/24/2004] [Accepted: 08/25/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A review of the literature on the mutagenicity/genotoxicity of surface waters is presented in this article. Subheadings of this article include a description of sample concentration methods, mutagenic/genotoxic bioassay data, and suspected or identified mutagens in surface waters published in the literature since 1990. Much of the published surface water mutagenicity/genotoxicity studies employed the Salmonella/mutagenicity test with strains TA98 and/or TA100 with and/or without metabolic activation. Among all data analyzed, the percentage of positive samples toward TA98 was approximately 15%, both in the absence and the presence of S9 mix. Those positive toward TA100 were 7%, both with and without S9 mix. The percentage classified as highly mutagenic (2500-5000 revertants per liter) or extremely mutagenic (more than 5000 revertants per liter) was approximately 3-5% both towards TA98 and TA100, regardless of the absence or the presence of S9 mix. This analysis demonstrates that some rivers in the world, especially in Europe, Asia and South America, are contaminated with potent direct-acting and indirect-acting frameshift-type and base substitution-type mutagens. These rivers are reported to be contaminated by either partially treated or untreated discharges from chemical industries, petrochemical industries, oil refineries, oil spills, rolling steel mills, untreated domestic sludges and pesticides runoff. Aquatic organisms such as teleosts and bivalves have also been used as sentinels to monitor contamination of surface water with genotoxic chemicals. DNA modifications were analyzed for this purpose. Many studies indicate that the 32P-postlabeling assay, the single cell gel electrophoresis (comet) assay and the micronucleus test are sensitive enough to monitor genotoxic responses of indigenous aquatic organisms to environmental pollution. In order to efficiently assess the presence of mutagens in the water, in addition to the chemical analysis, mutagenicity/genotoxicity assays should be included as additional parameters in water quality monitoring programs. This is because according to this review they proved to be sensitive and reliable tools in the detection of mutagenic activity in aquatic environment. Many attempts to identify the chemicals responsible for the mutagenicity/genotoxicity of surface waters have been reported. Among these reports, researchers identified heavy metals, PAHs, heterocyclic amines, pesticides and so on. By combining the blue cotton hanging method as an adsorbent and the O-acetyltransferase-overproducing strain as a sensitive strain for aminoarenes, Japanese researchers identified two new type of potent frameshift-type mutagens, formed unintentionally, in several surface waters. One group has a 2-phenylbenzotriazole (PBTA) structure, and seven analogues, PBTA-type mutagens, were identified in surface waters collected at sites below textile dyeing factories and municipal wastewater treatment plants treating domestic wastes and effluents. The other one has a polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) skelton with nitro and amino substitution group and it was revealed to be 4-amino-3,3'-dichloro-5,4'-dinitrobiphenyl derived from chemical plants treating polymers and dye intermediates. However, the identification of major putative mutagenic/genotoxic compounds in most surface waters with high mutagenic/genotoxic activity in the world have not been performed. Further efforts on chemical isolation and identification by bioassay-directed chemical analysis should be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Ohe
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyoto Women's University, 35 Kitahiyoshi-cho, Imakumano, Higashiyama-ku, Kyoto 605-8501, Japan.
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Maertens RM, Bailey J, White PA. The mutagenic hazards of settled house dust: a review. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2004; 567:401-25. [PMID: 15572288 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2004.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2004] [Revised: 08/24/2004] [Accepted: 08/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Given the large proportion of time people spend indoors, the potential health risks posed by chemical contaminants in the indoor environment are of concern. Research suggests that settled house dust (SHD) may be a significant source for indoor exposure to hazardous substances including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Here, we summarize the literature on the mutagenic hazards of SHD and the presence of PAHs in dust. We assess the extent to which PAHs are estimated to contribute to the mutagenicity of SHD, and evaluate the carcinogenic risks associated with exposures to PAHs in SHD. Research demonstrates that SHD has a Salmonella TA98 mutagenic potency of 1000-7000 revertants/g, and contains between 0.5 and 500 microg/g of PAHs. Although they only account for a small proportion of the variability, analyses of pooled datasets suggest that cigarette smoking and an urban location contribute to higher levels of PAHs. Despite their presence, our calculations show that PAHs likely account for less than 25% of the overall mutagenic potency of dust. Nevertheless, carcinogenic PAHs in dust can pose potential health risks, particularly for children who play and crawl on dusty floors, and exhibit hand-to-mouth behaviour. Risk assessment calculations performed in this study reveal that the excess cancer risks from non-dietary ingestion of carcinogenic PAHs in SHD by preschool aged children is generally in the range of what is considered acceptable (1 x 10(-6) to 2 x 10(-6)). Substantially elevated risk estimates in the range 1.5 x 10(-4) to 2.5 x 10(-4) correspond only to situations where the PAH content is at or beyond the 95th percentile, and the risk estimates are adjusted for enhanced susceptibility at early life stages. Analyses of SHD and its contaminants provide an indication of indoor pollution and present important information for human exposure assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Maertens
- Mutagenesis Section, Safe Environments Program, Health Canada, Tunney's Pasture 0803A, Ottawa, Ont., Canada K1A 0L2
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Bolton JL, Stehr CM, Boyd DT, Burrows DG, Tkalin AV, Lishavskaya TS. Organic and trace metal contaminants in sediments and English sole tissues from Vancouver Harbour, Canada. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2004; 57:19-36. [PMID: 12962644 DOI: 10.1016/s0141-1136(03)00058-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
As part of a multinational workshop on marine environmental quality, sediments were collected from seven sites in Vancouver Harbour and analyzed for polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and organochlorines (OCs), and for trace metals. English sole were collected from five sites, and muscle was analyzed for trace metals and liver for OCs. As expected, sediment PAH and OC concentrations and tissue OC concentrations were higher at sites east of the First Narrows, compared to the outer harbor and reference sites. Sediment PAH concentrations east of the First Narrows were similar to concentrations at moderately contaminated sites in Puget Sound, south of Vancouver Harbour. In contrast, concentrations of OCs in sediments and tissue were low to moderate, even at relatively contaminated sites within Vancouver Harbour. Although several trace metals in sediments were higher than in contaminated sediments from Puget Sound, trace metals measured in fish muscle were lower.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennie L Bolton
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Boulevard East, Seattle, WA 98112, USA.
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Miller KA, Addison RF, Bandiera SM. Hepatic CYP1A levels and EROD activity in English sole: biomonitoring of marine contaminants in Vancouver Harbour. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2004; 57:37-54. [PMID: 12962645 DOI: 10.1016/s0141-1136(03)00059-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
To assess chemical contaminant stress in the marine environment, ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity and cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) expression were measured in 88 English Sole (Pleuronectes vetulus) collected during May and June 1999 from four sites in Vancouver Harbour and at an expected reference site outside the harbour. Hepatic microsomes were prepared from the fish and analyzed for total CYP content, EROD activity, and CYP1A protein levels. Hepatic EROD activity and CYP1A protein levels were elevated in fish from two sites in the inner harbour. A comparison with sediment chemistry data showed that fish with increased EROD activity and CYP1A levels came from sites containing relatively high levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls. Unexpectedly high levels of EROD activity and CYP1A protein were also found in fish from a reference site near Gibsons, in Howe Sound. The elevated EROD activity and CYP1A expression in fish from this site cannot be explained by the chemical analysis data collected.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Miller
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2146 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
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Roy LA, Steinert S, Bay SM, Greenstein D, Sapozhnikova Y, Bawardi O, Leifer I, Schlenk D. Biochemical effects of petroleum exposure in hornyhead turbot (Pleuronichthys verticalis) exposed to a gradient of sediments collected from a natural petroleum seep in CA, USA. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2003; 65:159-169. [PMID: 12946616 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-445x(03)00135-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of serum/plasma estradiol, biliary fluorescent aromatic compounds (FACs), levels of hepatic CYP1A expression, and DNA damage were measured in sexually mature hornyhead turbot (Pleuronichthys verticalis) exposed in the laboratory for 7 days to a gradient of sediments collected from a natural petroleum seep in the Santa Barbara Channel. Coal oil point (COP) sediments were homogenized and divided into four treatments containing 0 (sediment from the Orange County Sanitation District's reference location), 33, 66, and 100% (COP) sediments. Sediment concentrations of 20 PAHs ranged from below the detection limit for the 0% COP sediment treatments to 105 microg/g in the 100% treatments with lower molecular weight compounds predominating. Concentrations of biliary FACs were not linear with COP treatment but levels of hepatic DNA damage increased linearly with increasing concentrations of high molecular weight PAHs. Hepatic CYP1A expression was elevated only in the 100% treatments. A reduction of plasma estradiol in male and female fish was observed in all COP exposures. These results demonstrate that acute sediment-only exposure of flatfish to naturally-derived PAHs elicits alterations in biochemical endpoints indicative of PAH bioavailability and adverse effects with different sensitivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke A Roy
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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Stentiford GD, Longshaw M, Lyons BP, Jones G, Green M, Feist SW. Histopathological biomarkers in estuarine fish species for the assessment of biological effects of contaminants. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2003; 55:137-59. [PMID: 12502035 DOI: 10.1016/s0141-1136(02)00212-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The increasing emphasis on the assessment and monitoring of estuarine ecosystems has highlighted the need to deploy appropriate biological indices for these locations. Fish diseases and histopathology, with a broad range of causes, are increasingly being used as indicators of environmental stress since they provide a definite biological end-point of historical exposure. This study reports on the histopathological alterations observed in selected organs and tissues of three species of estuarine fish (Platichthys flesus, Pomatoschistus minutus and Zoarces viviparus), captured from four British estuaries (the Tyne, Tees, Mersey and Alde), differently impacted by contaminants, including PAHs. A biannual sampling regime was used to identify the important seasonal variations that occur in terms of the observed biological effects. Inflammatory lesions and hepatocellular fibrillar inclusions attained their highest prevalence in P. flesus captured from the Tyne, Tees and Mersey. The presence of pre-neoplastic and neoplastic toxicopathic lesions was highest in P. flesus captured from these sites, when compared to fish from the Aide reference site. In particular, the prevalence of hepatic foci of cellular alteration (up to 43.3%) and hepatocellular adenoma (up to 10%) were highest in P. flesus captured from the Mersey estuary. Intersex (ovotestis) was only recorded in male P.flesus captured from the Mersey estuary (up to 8.3%) and from male Z. viviparous captured from the Tyne estuary (25%). Pathologies associated with the gill and the kidney were also most prevalent in fish captured from the Tyne, Tees and Mersey estuaries. This study has successfully applied histopathology to an estuarine monitoring program, both for the recording of toxicopathic lesions in the liver and other organs, and for the detection of the endpoint of endocrine disruption, intersex. As such, it provides a powerful integrative tool for the assessment of biological effects of contaminants in these environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Stentiford
- CEFAS Weymouth Laboratory, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK
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van der Oost R, Beyer J, Vermeulen NPE. Fish bioaccumulation and biomarkers in environmental risk assessment: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2003; 13:57-149. [PMID: 21782649 DOI: 10.1016/s1382-6689(02)00126-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2744] [Impact Index Per Article: 130.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2002] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In this review, a wide array of bioaccumulation markers and biomarkers, used to demonstrate exposure to and effects of environmental contaminants, has been discussed in relation to their feasibility in environmental risk assessment (ERA). Fish bioaccumulation markers may be applied in order to elucidate the aquatic behavior of environmental contaminants, as bioconcentrators to identify certain substances with low water levels and to assess exposure of aquatic organisms. Since it is virtually impossible to predict the fate of xenobiotic substances with simple partitioning models, the complexity of bioaccumulation should be considered, including toxicokinetics, metabolism, biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs), organ-specific bioaccumulation and bound residues. Since it remains hard to accurately predict bioaccumulation in fish, even with highly sophisticated models, analyses of tissue levels are required. The most promising fish bioaccumulation markers are body burdens of persistent organic pollutants, like PCBs and DDTs. Since PCDD and PCDF levels in fish tissues are very low as compared with the sediment levels, their value as bioaccumulation markers remains questionable. Easily biodegradable compounds, such as PAHs and chlorinated phenols, do not tend to accumulate in fish tissues in quantities that reflect the exposure. Semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) have been successfully used to mimic bioaccumulation of hydrophobic organic substances in aquatic organisms. In order to assess exposure to or effects of environmental pollutants on aquatic ecosystems, the following suite of fish biomarkers may be examined: biotransformation enzymes (phase I and II), oxidative stress parameters, biotransformation products, stress proteins, metallothioneins (MTs), MXR proteins, hematological parameters, immunological parameters, reproductive and endocrine parameters, genotoxic parameters, neuromuscular parameters, physiological, histological and morphological parameters. All fish biomarkers are evaluated for their potential use in ERA programs, based upon six criteria that have been proposed in the present paper. This evaluation demonstrates that phase I enzymes (e.g. hepatic EROD and CYP1A), biotransformation products (e.g. biliary PAH metabolites), reproductive parameters (e.g. plasma VTG) and genotoxic parameters (e.g. hepatic DNA adducts) are currently the most valuable fish biomarkers for ERA. The use of biomonitoring methods in the control strategies for chemical pollution has several advantages over chemical monitoring. Many of the biological measurements form the only way of integrating effects on a large number of individual and interactive processes in aquatic organisms. Moreover, biological and biochemical effects may link the bioavailability of the compounds of interest with their concentration at target organs and intrinsic toxicity. The limitations of biomonitoring, such as confounding factors that are not related to pollution, should be carefully considered when interpreting biomarker data. Based upon this overview there is little doubt that measurements of bioaccumulation and biomarker responses in fish from contaminated sites offer great promises for providing information that can contribute to environmental monitoring programs designed for various aspects of ERA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron van der Oost
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, OMEGAM Environmental Research Institute, PO Box 94685, 1090 GR Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Akcha F, Vincent Hubert F, Pfhol-Leszkowicz A. Potential value of the comet assay and DNA adduct measurement in dab (Limanda limanda) for assessment of in situ exposure to genotoxic compounds. Mutat Res 2003; 534:21-32. [PMID: 12504752 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5718(02)00244-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An in situ study of the relationship between marine contamination and genotoxic effects was performed on female dab (Limanda limanda) collected from different sites in the eastern English Channel (France) known to be contaminated by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs). DNA adducts in liver and DNA strand breaks in blood cells were determined respectively by the nuclease P1-enhanced post-labelling technique and an alkaline version of the comet assay. The extent of DNA base oxidation was also assessed for three of the six sampling sites in the study, using a comet assay in combination with a specific DNA repair enzyme, formamidopyrimidine glycosylase (Fpg).With Comet data, two groups of sites that seem in accordance with the pollution level have been distinguished. The extent of DNA strand breaks was higher in adult than juvenile female dab. From a technical point of view, comet assay sensitivity was affected by high intra-individual variability that accounted for nearly 70% of total variance (the site factor represented no more than 26%). The combined use of the comet assay and Fpg showed the presence of DNA oxidised bases in environmentally exposed dab.Although qualitative differences between the sampling sites were observed in DNA adduct profiles, no significant differences were found for total DNA adduct levels. DNA adducts did not appear to be associated with PAH exposure. Histopathological studies showed hepatic steatosis in most of the animals examined. Only one pre-cancerous lesion (an early stage of hyperplasia) was detected (associated frequency of 0.8%).
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Affiliation(s)
- F Akcha
- IFREMER, Département des Polluants Chimiques, Nantes, France.
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Moore MJ, Mitrofanov IV, Valentini SS, Volkov VV, Kurbskiy AV, Zhimbey EN, Eglinton LB, Stegeman JJ. Cytochrome P4501A expression, chemical contaminants and histopathology in roach, goby and sturgeon and chemical contaminants in sediments from the Caspian Sea, Lake Balkhash and the Ily River Delta, Kazakhstan. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2003; 46:107-119. [PMID: 12535976 DOI: 10.1016/s0025-326x(02)00325-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Roach, goby and sturgeon were examined for cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) expression and histopathology, in relation to contaminant burdens in fish and sediment. Gradients of induction of CYP1A were observed. Roach from the Ural and Ily River Deltas and roach and goby from the two stations nearest the Caspian Sea oil fields displayed higher levels of CYP1A expression in several organs than was observed in fish from further offshore. Great sturgeon and Russian sturgeon showed higher levels of CYP1A expression than was seen in starred sturgeon and gobies in the Ural delta. No fish showed evidence of contaminant-related histopathologies in the organs examined, despite the elevated CYP1A levels. Low levels of polychlorinated biphenyls and elevated levels of inshore and riverine petroleum hydrocarbons from these habitats suggest that this ongoing hydrocarbon exposure, and that from natural sources and long-term oil exploration on the Northeastern Caspian shore, contributed to the CYP1A induction observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Moore
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.
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Lai KM, Scrimshaw MD, Lester JN. The effects of natural and synthetic steroid estrogens in relation to their environmental occurrence. Crit Rev Toxicol 2002; 32:113-32. [PMID: 11951992 DOI: 10.1080/20024091064192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Laboratory-based acute toxicity data and physiological studies relating to natural and synthetic steroid estrogens in a range of animals and plants are reviewed. Steroid estrogens may induce adverse effects in animals that do or do not express the estrogen receptor, and in plants, and they may mimic other hormones or induce nonestrogenic effects. Although the findings of such studies should be treated with caution when extrapolated to possible environmental effects, the available data indicate that a wide range of effects may be manifested in a diversity of species. The environmental occurrence of the compounds and possible environmental exposure routes are also reviewed and discussed in relation to the laboratory-based acute toxicity data. While there are likely to be difficulties in relating some of the observed laboratory data to possible environmental effects, studies undertaken on fish are directly relevant because exposure pathways and concentrations were related to those occurring in the environment. Effects that may occur in the environment are discussed in relation to their significance to the individual and at the species level.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Lai
- Environmental Processes and Water Technology Group, T. H. Huxley School of the Environment, Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, UK
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Bogovski S, Muzyka V, Sergeyev B, Karlova S. Biomarkers of carcinogenic contaminants in Baltic flounder (Platichthys flesus): temporal changes in urban and non-urban sites in Tallinn bay. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2002; Spec No 1:15-18. [PMID: 12638743 DOI: 10.1007/bf02987420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In order to study effects of environmental contamination, a suite of biomarkers were measured over the period 1996 to 1999 in livers of flounder (Platichthys flesus) from two urban embayments and one non-urban reference site of the Gulf of Finland in the vicinity of Tallinn, Estonia. Total cytochrome P450 (CYP) level, aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH), 5-aminolevulinic acid synthetase (ALA-S), and heme synthetase (HEM-S) activities were quantified by means of spectrophotometry. These data were compared to results obtained in 1994 for the same biomarkers at one of the urban embayments and the non-urban site, as measured by the same protocols. For the flounder collected from the non-urban site, changes occurred in AHH activity and the total CYP level, which were significantly lower in 1996 and 1999 compared with 1994 (p < 0.05). Activity of ALA-S decreased slightly over this same period. The activity of HEM-S increased between 1996 and 1999. In the urban site first investigated in 1994, the activities of AHH and ALA-S, as well as the total level of CYP in flounder liver were significantly higher compared with 1999 (p < 0.05). HEM-S activities did not show any significant changes over this time period. AHH activities of flounder collected in another urban site decreased slightly between 1996 and 1999, in contrast to data on the total CYP level which diminished drastically over these years (p < 0.05). Activities of HEM-S increased significantly (p < 0.05) during the period investigated, while activities of ALA-S remained unchanged. These findings suggest that contamination of the marine environments by PAHs has gone down everywhere in the Tallinn area during the last 3 to 5 years. However, the results indicate that the area is still contaminated, as indicated by elevated heme synthesis enzymes and the total CYP content, and that monitoring of contaminants and their effects should be continued in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei Bogovski
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Hiiu Str. 42, EE-11619 Tallinn, Estonia
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Arellano JM, Ortiz JB, González de Canales ML, Sarasquete C. Histopathological alterations and induction of cytochrome P-450 1A in the liver and gills of the gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. THE HISTOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 2001; 33:663-74. [PMID: 12197675 DOI: 10.1023/a:1016358518743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) has been demonstrated in the seabream Sparus aurata specimens. Liver presented hepatocytic alterations, with an increase of lipid droplets and glycogen granules. Ultrastructural modifications of hepatocytes included RER fractionation, glycogen augmentation, as well as a rise in the number of lipid droplets, vacuoles and secondary lysosomes. In the gills, secondary lamellar epithelium showed hyperplasia, hypertrophy and lamellar fusion on the edge of the filaments. At the end of the exposure period (1 pg1(-1) TCDD for 20 days), some organelles in epithelial cells of the secondary lamellae and the tubular system of the chloride cells appeared altered. In the liver of TCDD-exposed specimens, immunoreactive cytochrome P-450 1A was concentrated close to the cytoplasmic and nuclear membranes, and positive granules were also evident throughout cytoplasm of the hepatocytes. Significant cytochrome P-450 staining was especially evident in endothelium of the hepatic vascular system. At the beginning of the exposure (1 pg 1(-1) TCDD, for 5 and 10 days), cytochrome P-450 immunostaining was observed in the cytoplasm of scarce hepatic cells and after 20 days of treatment, specific immunostained cytoplasmic granules were detected in most hepatocytes. In gills of TCDD-treated specimens, pillar-endothelial cells showed a cytochrome P-450 1A immunostaining concentrated close to the base of gill filaments and dispersed through the gill lamellae. There was also significant cytochrome staining of the endothelium of the branchial vascular system. However, no cytochrome immunoreactivity was observed in epithelial-respiratory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Arellano
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cádiz, Spain
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