1
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Yong J, Song J. CaMKII activity and metabolic imbalance-related neurological diseases: Focus on vascular dysfunction, synaptic plasticity, amyloid beta accumulation, and lipid metabolism. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 175:116688. [PMID: 38692060 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is characterized by insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, excessive fat accumulation and dyslipidemia, and is known to be accompanied by neuropathological symptoms such as memory loss, anxiety, and depression. As the number of MetS patients is rapidly increasing globally, studies on the mechanisms of metabolic imbalance-related neuropathology are emerging as an important issue. Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) is the main Ca2+ sensor and contributes to diverse intracellular signaling in peripheral organs and the central nervous system (CNS). CaMKII exerts diverse functions in cells, related to mechanisms such as RNA splicing, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, cytoskeleton, and protein-protein interactions. In the CNS, CaMKII regulates vascular function, neuronal circuits, neurotransmission, synaptic plasticity, amyloid beta toxicity, lipid metabolism, and mitochondrial function. Here, we review recent evidence for the role of CaMKII in neuropathologic issues associated with metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongsik Yong
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Juhyun Song
- Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Cai M, Wan J, Cai K, Li S, Du X, Song H, Sun W, Hu J. The mitochondrial quality control system: a new target for exercise therapeutic intervention in the treatment of brain insulin resistance-induced neurodegeneration in obesity. Int J Obes (Lond) 2024; 48:749-763. [PMID: 38379083 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-024-01490-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Obesity is a major global health concern because of its strong association with metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases such as diabetes, dementia, and Alzheimer's disease. Unfortunately, brain insulin resistance in obesity is likely to lead to neuroplasticity deficits. Since the evidence shows that insulin resistance in brain regions abundant in insulin receptors significantly alters mitochondrial efficiency and function, strategies targeting the mitochondrial quality control system may be of therapeutic and practical value in obesity-induced cognitive decline. Exercise is considered as a powerful stimulant of mitochondria that improves insulin sensitivity and enhances neuroplasticity. It has great potential as a non-pharmacological intervention against the onset and progression of obesity associated neurodegeneration. Here, we integrate the current knowledge of the mechanisms of neurodegenration in obesity and focus on brain insulin resistance to explain the relationship between the impairment of neuronal plasticity and mitochondrial dysfunction. This knowledge was synthesised to explore the exercise paradigm as a feasible intervention for obese neurodegenration in terms of improving brain insulin signals and regulating the mitochondrial quality control system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Cai
- Jinshan District Central Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201599, China
| | - Jian Wan
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Pudong New Area People's Hospital, Shanghai, 201299, China
| | - Keren Cai
- College of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201318, China
| | - Shuyao Li
- College of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201318, China
| | - Xinlin Du
- College of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201318, China
| | - Haihan Song
- Central Lab, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi Medical Testing, Shanghai Pudong New Area People's Hospital, Shanghai, 201299, China
| | - Wanju Sun
- Central Lab, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi Medical Testing, Shanghai Pudong New Area People's Hospital, Shanghai, 201299, China.
| | - Jingyun Hu
- Central Lab, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi Medical Testing, Shanghai Pudong New Area People's Hospital, Shanghai, 201299, China.
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3
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Albar NY, Hassaballa H, Shikh H, Albar Y, Ibrahim AS, Mousa AH, Alshanberi AM, Elgebaly A, Bahbah EI. The interaction between insulin resistance and Alzheimer's disease: a review article. Postgrad Med 2024; 136:377-395. [PMID: 38804907 DOI: 10.1080/00325481.2024.2360887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Insulin serves multiple functions as a growth-promoting hormone in peripheral tissues. It manages glucose metabolism by promoting glucose uptake into cells and curbing the production of glucose in the liver. Beyond this, insulin fosters cell growth, drives differentiation, aids protein synthesis, and deters degradative processes like glycolysis, lipolysis, and proteolysis. Receptors for insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 are widely expressed in the central nervous system. Their widespread presence in the brain underscores the varied and critical functions of insulin signaling there. Insulin aids in bolstering cognition, promoting neuron extension, adjusting the release and absorption of catecholamines, and controlling the expression and positioning of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Importantly, insulin can effortlessly traverse the blood-brain barrier. Furthermore, insulin resistance (IR)-induced alterations in insulin signaling might hasten brain aging, impacting its plasticity and potentially leading to neurodegeneration. Two primary pathways are responsible for insulin signal transmission: the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) pathway, which oversees metabolic responses, and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, which guides cell growth, survival, and gene transcription. This review aimed to explore the potential shared metabolic traits between Alzheimer's disease (AD) and IR disorders. It delves into the relationship between AD and IR disorders, their overlapping genetic markers, and shared metabolic indicators. Additionally, it addresses existing therapeutic interventions targeting these intersecting pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nezar Y Albar
- Internal Medicine Department, Dr. Samir Abbas Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Hamza Shikh
- Ibn Sina National College for Medical Studies, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yassin Albar
- Fakeeh College of Medical Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ahmed Hafez Mousa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Postgraduate Medical Education, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rashid Hospital, Dubai Academic Health Cooperation, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Asim Muhammed Alshanberi
- Department of Community Medicine and Pilgrims Health Care, Umm Alqura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
- Medicine Program, Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Elgebaly
- Smart Health Academic Unit, University of East London, London, UK
| | - Eshak I Bahbah
- Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Damietta, Egypt
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Feng L, Gao L. The role of neurovascular coupling dysfunction in cognitive decline of diabetes patients. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1375908. [PMID: 38576869 PMCID: PMC10991808 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1375908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurovascular coupling (NVC) is an important mechanism to ensure adequate blood supply to active neurons in the brain. NVC damage can lead to chronic impairment of neuronal function. Diabetes is characterized by high blood sugar and is considered an important risk factor for cognitive impairment. In this review, we provide fMRI evidence of NVC damage in diabetic patients with cognitive decline. Combined with the exploration of the major mechanisms and signaling pathways of NVC, we discuss the effects of chronic hyperglycemia on the cellular structure of NVC signaling, including key receptors, ion channels, and intercellular connections. Studying these diabetes-related changes in cell structure will help us understand the underlying causes behind diabetes-induced NVC damage and early cognitive decline, ultimately helping to identify the most effective drug targets for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ling Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Guarnieri L, Bosco F, Leo A, Citraro R, Palma E, De Sarro G, Mollace V. Impact of micronutrients and nutraceuticals on cognitive function and performance in Alzheimer's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 95:102210. [PMID: 38296163 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a major global health problem today and is the most common form of dementia. AD is characterized by the formation of β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary clusters, leading to decreased brain acetylcholine levels in the brain. Another mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of AD is the abnormal phosphorylation of tau protein that accumulates at the level of neurofibrillary aggregates, and the areas most affected by this pathological process are usually the cholinergic neurons in cortical, subcortical, and hippocampal areas. These effects result in decreased cognitive function, brain atrophy, and neuronal death. Malnutrition and weight loss are the most frequent manifestations of AD, and these are also associated with greater cognitive decline. Several studies have confirmed that a balanced low-calorie diet and proper nutritional intake may be considered important factors in counteracting or slowing the progression of AD, whereas a high-fat or hypercholesterolemic diet predisposes to an increased risk of developing AD. Especially, fruits, vegetables, antioxidants, vitamins, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and micronutrients supplementation exert positive effects on aging-related changes in the brain due to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and radical scavenging properties. The purpose of this review is to summarize some possible nutritional factors that may contribute to the progression or prevention of AD, understand the role that nutrition plays in the formation of Aβ plaques typical of this neurodegenerative disease, to identify some potential therapeutic strategies that may involve some natural compounds, in delaying the progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenza Guarnieri
- Section of Pharmacology, Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Francesca Bosco
- Section of Pharmacology, Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Antonio Leo
- Section of Pharmacology, Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; Research Center FAS@UMG, Department of Health Science, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Rita Citraro
- Section of Pharmacology, Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; Research Center FAS@UMG, Department of Health Science, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Ernesto Palma
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health (IRC-FSH), University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giovambattista De Sarro
- Section of Pharmacology, Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; Research Center FAS@UMG, Department of Health Science, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Mollace
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health (IRC-FSH), University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
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Holzreuter MA, Segerink LI. Innovative electrode and chip designs for transendothelial electrical resistance measurements in organs-on-chips. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:1121-1134. [PMID: 38165817 PMCID: PMC10898416 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00901g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Many different epithelial and endothelial barriers in the human body ensure the proper functioning of our organs by controlling which substances can pass from one side to another. In recent years, organs-on-chips (OoC) have become a popular tool to study such barriers in vitro. To assess the proper functioning of these barriers, we can measure the transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) which indicates how easily ions can cross the cell layer when a current is applied between electrodes on either side. TEER measurements are a convenient method to quantify the barrier properties since it is a non-invasive and label-free technique. Direct integration of electrodes for TEER measurements into OoC allows for continuous monitoring of the barrier, and fixed integration of the electrodes improves the reproducibility of the measurements. In this review, we will give an overview of different electrode and channel designs that have been used to measure the TEER in OoC. After giving some insight into why biological barriers are an important field of study, we will explain the theory and practice behind measuring the TEER in in vitro systems. Next, this review gives an overview of the state of the art in the field of integrated electrodes for TEER measurements in OoC, with a special focus on alternative chip and electrode designs. Finally, we outline some of the remaining challenges and provide some suggestions on how to overcome these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel A Holzreuter
- BIOS Lab on a Chip group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, The Netherlands.
| | - Loes I Segerink
- BIOS Lab on a Chip group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, The Netherlands.
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Davidson TL, Stevenson RJ. Vulnerability of the Hippocampus to Insults: Links to Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1991. [PMID: 38396670 PMCID: PMC10888241 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25041991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus is a critical brain substrate for learning and memory; events that harm the hippocampus can seriously impair mental and behavioral functioning. Hippocampal pathophysiologies have been identified as potential causes and effects of a remarkably diverse array of medical diseases, psychological disorders, and environmental sources of damage. It may be that the hippocampus is more vulnerable than other brain areas to insults that are related to these conditions. One purpose of this review is to assess the vulnerability of the hippocampus to the most prevalent types of insults in multiple biomedical domains (i.e., neuroactive pathogens, neurotoxins, neurological conditions, trauma, aging, neurodegenerative disease, acquired brain injury, mental health conditions, endocrine disorders, developmental disabilities, nutrition) and to evaluate whether these insults affect the hippocampus first and more prominently compared to other brain loci. A second purpose is to consider the role of hippocampal blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown in either causing or worsening the harmful effects of each insult. Recent research suggests that the hippocampal BBB is more fragile compared to other brain areas and may also be more prone to the disruption of the transport mechanisms that act to maintain the internal milieu. Moreover, a compromised BBB could be a factor that is common to many different types of insults. Our analysis indicates that the hippocampus is more vulnerable to insults compared to other parts of the brain, and that developing interventions that protect the hippocampal BBB may help to prevent or ameliorate the harmful effects of many insults on memory and cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry L. Davidson
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, American University, 4400 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20016, USA
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Komorowska J, Wątroba M, Bednarzak M, Grabowska AD, Szukiewicz D. The Role of Glucose Concentration and Resveratrol in Modulating Neuroinflammatory Cytokines: Insights from an In Vitro Blood-Brain Barrier Model. Med Sci Monit 2023; 29:e941044. [PMID: 37817396 PMCID: PMC10578643 DOI: 10.12659/msm.941044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus is rising, presumably because of a coexisting pandemic of obesity. Since diabetic neuropathy and neuroinflammation are frequent and significant complications of both prolonged hyperglycemia and iatrogenic hypoglycemia, the effect of glucose concentration and resveratrol (RSV) supplementation on cytokine profile was assessed in an in vitro model of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). MATERIAL AND METHODS The in vitro model of BBB was formed of endothelial cells and astrocytes, which represented the microvascular and brain compartments (MC and BC, respectively). The BC concentrations of selected cytokines - IL-10, IL-12, IL-17A, TNF-alpha, IFN-γ, GM-CSF in response to different glucose concentrations in the MC were studied. The influence of LPS in the BC and RSV in the MC on the cytokine profile in the BC was examined. RESULTS Low glucose concentration (40 mg/dL) in the MC resulted in increased concentration of all the cytokines in the BC except TNF-alpha, compared to normoglycemia-imitating conditions (90 mg/dL) (P<0.05). High glucose concentration (450 mg/dL) in the MC elevated the concentration of all the cytokines in the BC (P<0.05). RSV decreased the level of all cytokines in the BC after 24 h following its administration for all glucose concentrations in the MC (P<0.02). The greatest decline was observed in normoglycemic conditions (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Both hypo- and hyperglycemia-simulating conditions impair the cytokine profile in BC, while RSV can normalize it, despite relatively poor penetration through the BBB. RSV exhibits anti-neuroinflammatory effects, especially in the group with normoglycemia-simulating conditions.
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Litkowski EM, Logue MW, Zhang R, Charest BR, Lange EM, Hokanson JE, Lynch JA, Vujkovic M, Phillips LS, Hauger RL, Lange LA, Raghavan S. Mendelian randomization study of diabetes and dementia in the Million Veteran Program. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.03.07.23286526. [PMID: 36945581 PMCID: PMC10029030 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.07.23286526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diabetes and dementia are diseases of high healthcare burden worldwide. Individuals with diabetes have 1.4 to 2.2 times higher risk of dementia. Our objective was to evaluate evidence of causality between these two common diseases. METHODS We conducted a one-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis in the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Million Veteran program. The study included 334,672 participants ≥65 years of age with type 2 diabetes and dementia case-control status and genotype data. RESULTS For each standard deviation increase in genetically-predicted diabetes, we found increased odds of three dementia diagnoses in non-Hispanic White participants (all-cause: OR=1.07[1.05-1.08], P =3.40E-18; vascular: OR=1.11[1.07-1.15], P =3.63E-09, Alzheimer's: OR=1.06[1.02-1.09], P =6.84E-04) and non-Hispanic Black participants (all-cause: OR=1.06[1.02-1.10], P =3.66E-03, vascular: OR=1.11[1.04-1.19], P =2.20E-03, Alzheimer's: OR=1.12 [1.02-1.23], P =1.60E-02) but not in Hispanic participants (all P >.05). DISCUSSION We found evidence of causality between diabetes and dementia using a one-sample MR study, with access to individual level data, overcoming limitations of prior studies utilizing two-sample MR techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Litkowski
- VA Eastern Colorado Healthcare System, Aurora, CO, 80045 USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Mark W Logue
- National Center for PTSD, Behavioral Sciences Division, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, 02301, USA
- Boston University Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Rui Zhang
- National Center for PTSD, Behavioral Sciences Division, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, 02301, USA
| | | | - Ethan M Lange
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - John E Hokanson
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Julie A Lynch
- Salt Lake City VA, VA Informatics & Computing Infrastructure, Salt Lake City, UT, 84148, USA
- University of Utah, School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Marijana Vujkovic
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Lawrence S Phillips
- Atlanta VA Health Care System, Decatur, GA, 30033, USA
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30307, USA
| | - Richard L Hauger
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, 92161, USA
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Leslie A Lange
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Sridharan Raghavan
- VA Eastern Colorado Healthcare System, Aurora, CO, 80045 USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
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Litkowski EM, Logue MW, Zhang R, Charest BR, Lange EM, Hokanson JE, Lynch JA, Vujkovic M, Phillips LS, Lange LA, Hauger RL, Raghavan S. A Diabetes Genetic Risk Score Is Associated With All-Cause Dementia and Clinically Diagnosed Vascular Dementia in the Million Veteran Program. Diabetes Care 2022; 45:2544-2552. [PMID: 36041056 PMCID: PMC9679262 DOI: 10.2337/dc22-0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Diabetes and dementia are diseases of high health care burden worldwide, and studies have shown that diabetes is associated with an increased relative risk of dementia. We set out to examine whether type 2 diabetes-associated genetic variants were associated with dementia and whether they differed by race/ethnicity or clinical dementia diagnosis. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We evaluated associations of two type 2 diabetes genetic risk scores (GRS and GRS-nonAPOE: a score without rs429358, a variant associated with Alzheimer disease [AD]) with three classifications of clinical dementia diagnoses in the Million Veteran Program (MVP): all-cause dementia, vascular dementia (VaD), and AD. We conducted our analysis stratified by European (EUR), African (AFR), and Hispanic (HIS) races/ethnicities. RESULTS In EUR, we found associations of the GRS with all-cause dementia (odds ratio [OR] 1.06, P = 1.60e-07) and clinically diagnosed VaD (OR 1.12, P = 5.2e-05) but not with clinically diagnosed AD (OR 1.02, P = 0.43). The GRS was not associated with any dementia outcome in AFR or HIS. When testing with GRS-nonAPOE, we found that effect size estimates in EUR increased and P values decreased for all-cause dementia (OR 1.08, P = 2.6e-12), for VaD (OR 1.14, P = 7.2e-07), and for AD (OR 1.06, P = 0.018). For AFR, the association of GRS-nonAPOE and clinically diagnosed VaD (OR 1.15, P = 0.016) was statistically significant. There were no significant findings for HIS. CONCLUSIONS We found evidence suggesting shared genetic pathogenesis of diabetes with all-cause dementia and clinically diagnosed VaD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M. Litkowski
- VA Eastern Colorado Healthcare System, Aurora, CO
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO
| | - Mark W. Logue
- Behavioral Sciences Division, National Center for PTSD, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston
- Boston University Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Rui Zhang
- Behavioral Sciences Division, National Center for PTSD, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston
| | | | - Ethan M. Lange
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | | | - Julie A. Lynch
- VA Informatics & Computing Infrastructure, VA Salt Lake City Healthcare System, Salt Lake City, UT
- School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Marijana Vujkovic
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Medicine (M.V.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Lawrence S. Phillips
- VA Atlanta Healthcare System, Decatur, GA
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Leslie A. Lange
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO
| | - Richard L. Hauger
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Sridharan Raghavan
- VA Eastern Colorado Healthcare System, Aurora, CO
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
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Remodeling of the Neurovascular Unit Following Cerebral Ischemia and Hemorrhage. Cells 2022; 11:cells11182823. [PMID: 36139398 PMCID: PMC9496956 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Formulated as a group effort of the stroke community, the transforming concept of the neurovascular unit (NVU) depicts the structural and functional relationship between brain cells and the vascular structure. Composed of both neural and vascular elements, the NVU forms the blood-brain barrier that regulates cerebral blood flow to meet the oxygen demand of the brain in normal physiology and maintain brain homeostasis. Conversely, the dysregulation and dysfunction of the NVU is an essential pathological feature that underlies neurological disorders spanning from chronic neurodegeneration to acute cerebrovascular events such as ischemic stroke and cerebral hemorrhage, which were the focus of this review. We also discussed how common vascular risk factors of stroke predispose the NVU to pathological changes. We synthesized existing literature and first provided an overview of the basic structure and function of NVU, followed by knowledge of how these components remodel in response to ischemic stroke and brain hemorrhage. A greater understanding of the NVU dysfunction and remodeling will enable the design of targeted therapies and provide a valuable foundation for relevant research in this area.
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Ghaddar B, Diotel N. Zebrafish: A New Promise to Study the Impact of Metabolic Disorders on the Brain. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105372. [PMID: 35628176 PMCID: PMC9141892 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish has become a popular model to study many physiological and pathophysiological processes in humans. In recent years, it has rapidly emerged in the study of metabolic disorders, namely, obesity and diabetes, as the regulatory mechanisms and metabolic pathways of glucose and lipid homeostasis are highly conserved between fish and mammals. Zebrafish is also widely used in the field of neurosciences to study brain plasticity and regenerative mechanisms due to the high maintenance and activity of neural stem cells during adulthood. Recently, a large body of evidence has established that metabolic disorders can alter brain homeostasis, leading to neuro-inflammation and oxidative stress and causing decreased neurogenesis. To date, these pathological metabolic conditions are also risk factors for the development of cognitive dysfunctions and neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we first aim to describe the main metabolic models established in zebrafish to demonstrate their similarities with their respective mammalian/human counterparts. Then, in the second part, we report the impact of metabolic disorders (obesity and diabetes) on brain homeostasis with a particular focus on the blood-brain barrier, neuro-inflammation, oxidative stress, cognitive functions and brain plasticity. Finally, we propose interesting signaling pathways and regulatory mechanisms to be explored in order to better understand how metabolic disorders can negatively impact neural stem cell activity.
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Rentería I, García-Suárez PC, Moncada-Jiménez J, Machado-Parra JP, Antunes BM, Lira FS, Jiménez-Maldonado A. Unhealthy Dieting During the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Opinion Regarding the Harmful Effects on Brain Health. Front Nutr 2022; 9:876112. [PMID: 35571935 PMCID: PMC9097874 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.876112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2020, the world has been suffering from a pandemic that has affected thousands of people regardless of socio-economic conditions, forcing the population to adopt different strategies to prevent and control the advance of the disease, one of which is social distancing. Even though social distancing is a safe strategy to reduce the spread of COVID-19, it is also the cause of a rising sedentary behavior. This behavior develops an excess of fat tissue that leads to metabolic and inflammatory disruption related to chronic diseases and mental health disorders, such as anxiety, depression, and sleep issues. Furthermore, the adoption of dietary patterns involving the consumption of ultra-processed foods, higher in fats and sugars, and the reduction of fresh and healthy foods may play a role in the progress of the disease. In this perspective, we will discuss how an unhealthy diet can affect brain function and, consequently, be a risk factor for mental health diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Rentería
- Facultad de Deportes, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Ensenada, Mexico
| | - Patricia Concepción García-Suárez
- Facultad de Deportes, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Ensenada, Mexico
- Department of Health, Sports and Exercise Sciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - José Moncada-Jiménez
- Human Movement Sciences Research Center (CIMOHU), University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | | | | | - Fabio Santos Lira
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Paulista State University, UNESP, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
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14
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Micronutrient Improvement of Epithelial Barrier Function in Various Disease States: A Case for Adjuvant Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23062995. [PMID: 35328419 PMCID: PMC8951934 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23062995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The published literature makes a very strong case that a wide range of disease morbidity associates with and may in part be due to epithelial barrier leak. An equally large body of published literature substantiates that a diverse group of micronutrients can reduce barrier leak across a wide array of epithelial tissue types, stemming from both cell culture as well as animal and human tissue models. Conversely, micronutrient deficiencies can exacerbate both barrier leak and morbidity. Focusing on zinc, Vitamin A and Vitamin D, this review shows that at concentrations above RDA levels but well below toxicity limits, these micronutrients can induce cell- and tissue-specific molecular-level changes in tight junctional complexes (and by other mechanisms) that reduce barrier leak. An opportunity now exists in critical care—but also medical prophylactic and therapeutic care in general—to consider implementation of select micronutrients at elevated dosages as adjuvant therapeutics in a variety of disease management. This consideration is particularly pointed amidst the COVID-19 pandemic.
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15
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Li X, Cai Y, Zhang Z, Zhou J. Glial and Vascular Cell Regulation of the Blood-Brain Barrier in Diabetes. Diabetes Metab J 2022; 46:222-238. [PMID: 35299293 PMCID: PMC8987684 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2021.0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As a structural barrier, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is located at the interface between the brain parenchyma and blood, and modulates communication between the brain and blood microenvironment to maintain homeostasis. The BBB is composed of endothelial cells, basement membrane, pericytes, and astrocytic end feet. BBB impairment is a distinguishing and pathogenic factor in diabetic encephalopathy. Diabetes causes leakage of the BBB through downregulation of tight junction proteins, resulting in impaired functioning of endothelial cells, pericytes, astrocytes, microglia, nerve/glial antigen 2-glia, and oligodendrocytes. However, the temporal regulation, mechanisms of molecular and signaling pathways, and consequences of BBB impairment in diabetes are not well understood. Consequently, the efficacy of therapies diabetes targeting BBB leakage still lags behind the requirements. This review summarizes the recent research on the effects of diabetes on BBB composition and the potential roles of glial and vascular cells as therapeutic targets for BBB disruption in diabetic encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Li
- National Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Cai
- National Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zuo Zhang
- National Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiyin Zhou
- National Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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16
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Liu L, Wang N, Kalionis B, Xia S, He Q. HMGB1 plays an important role in pyroptosis induced blood brain barrier breakdown in diabetes-associated cognitive decline. J Neuroimmunol 2022; 362:577763. [PMID: 34844084 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus increases the risk of dementia, and evidence suggests hyperglycemia is a key contributor to neurodegeneration. However, our understanding of diabetes-associated cognitive decline, an important complication of diabetes mellitus, is lacking and the underlying mechanism is unclear. Blood brain barrier (BBB) breakdown is a possible cause of dementia in diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer's disease. Accumulating evidence shows BBB dysfunction caused by hyperglycemia contributes to cognitive decline. A specific type of inflammatory programmed cell death, called pyroptosis, has potential as a therapeutic target for BBB-associated diseases. Potential inducers of pyroptosis include inflammasomes such as NLRP3, whose activation relies on damage-associated molecular patterns. High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a highly conserved, ubiquitous protein found in most cell types, and acts as a damage-associated molecular pattern when released from the nucleus. We propose that HMGB1 influences vascular inflammation by activating the NLRP3 inflammasome and thereby initiating pyroptosis in vascular cells. Moreover, HMGB1 plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus and diabetic complications. Here, we review the role of HMGB1 in BBB dysfunction induced by hyperglycemia and propose that HMGB1 is a promising therapeutic target for countering diabetes-associated cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lumei Liu
- College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, PR China
| | - Neng Wang
- College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, PR China
| | - Bill Kalionis
- Pregnancy Research Centre, Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Australia; University of Melbourne, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Australia
| | - Shijin Xia
- Shanghai Institute of Geriatrics, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China.
| | - Qinghu He
- College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, PR China; Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, PR China.
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17
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Frank CJ, McNay EC. Breakdown of the blood-brain barrier: A mediator of increased Alzheimer's risk in patients with metabolic disorders? J Neuroendocrinol 2022; 34:e13074. [PMID: 34904299 PMCID: PMC8791015 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic disorders (MDs), including type 1 and 2 diabetes and chronic obesity, are among the faster growing diseases globally and are a primary risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). The term "type-3 diabetes" has been proposed for AD due to the interrelated cellular, metabolic, and immune features shared by diabetes, insulin resistance (IR), and the cognitive impairment and neurodegeneration found in AD. Patients with MDs and/or AD commonly exhibit altered glucose homeostasis and IR; systemic chronic inflammation encompassing all of the periphery, blood-brain barrier (BBB), and central nervous system; pathological vascular remodeling; and increased BBB permeability that allows transfusion of neurotoxic molecules from the blood to the brain. This review summarizes the components of the BBB, mechanisms through which MDs alter BBB permeability via immune and metabolic pathways, the contribution of BBB dysfunction to the manifestation and progression of AD, and current avenues of therapeutic research that address BBB permeability. In addition, issues with the translational applicability of current animal models of AD regarding BBB dysfunction and proposals for future directions of research that address the relationship between MDs, BBB dysfunction, and AD are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey J Frank
- Behavioral Neuroscience, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Ewan C McNay
- Behavioral Neuroscience, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, NY, USA
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18
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Extracts from the Leaves of Cissus verticillata Ameliorate High-Fat Diet-Induced Memory Deficits in Mice. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10091814. [PMID: 34579347 PMCID: PMC8468243 DOI: 10.3390/plants10091814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of Cissus verticillata leaf extract (CVE) on a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity and memory deficits. Male mice (5 weeks of age) were fed vehicle (distilled water), or 30, 100, or 300 mg/kg of CVE once a day for 8 weeks with an HFD. Treatment with CVE resulted in lower body weight and glucose levels in a concentration- and feeding time-dependent manner. LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels were significantly lower in the CVE-treated HFD group than in the vehicle-treated HFD group. In contrast, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels did not show any significant changes. Lipid droplets and ballooning were reduced depending on the concentration of CVE treatment compared to the HFD group. Treatment with CVE ameliorated the increase in glucagon and immunoreactivities in the pancreas, and novel object recognition memory was improved by 300 mg/kg CVE treatment compared to the HFD group. More proliferating cells and differentiated neuroblasts were higher in mice treated with CVE than in vehicle-treated HFD-fed mice. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels were significantly decreased in the HFD group, which was facilitated by treatment with 300 mg/kg CVE in hippocampal homogenates. These results suggest that CVE ameliorates HFD-induced obesity and memory deficits in mice, associated with increased BDNF levels in the hippocampus.
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19
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Spronk E, Sykes G, Falcione S, Munsterman D, Joy T, Kamtchum-Tatuene J, Jickling GC. Hemorrhagic Transformation in Ischemic Stroke and the Role of Inflammation. Front Neurol 2021; 12:661955. [PMID: 34054705 PMCID: PMC8160112 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.661955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemorrhagic transformation (HT) is a common complication in patients with acute ischemic stroke. It occurs when peripheral blood extravasates across a disrupted blood brain barrier (BBB) into the brain following ischemic stroke. Preventing HT is important as it worsens stroke outcome and increases mortality. Factors associated with increased risk of HT include stroke severity, reperfusion therapy (thrombolysis and thrombectomy), hypertension, hyperglycemia, and age. Inflammation and the immune system are important contributors to BBB disruption and HT and are associated with many of the risk factors for HT. In this review, we present the relationship of inflammation and immune activation to HT in the context of reperfusion therapy, hypertension, hyperglycemia, and age. Differences in inflammatory pathways relating to HT are discussed. The role of inflammation to stratify the risk of HT and therapies targeting the immune system to reduce the risk of HT are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Spronk
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Gina Sykes
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Sarina Falcione
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Danielle Munsterman
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Twinkle Joy
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Joseph Kamtchum-Tatuene
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Glen C Jickling
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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20
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Maiuolo J, Gliozzi M, Musolino V, Carresi C, Scarano F, Nucera S, Scicchitano M, Bosco F, Ruga S, Zito MC, Macri R, Bulotta R, Muscoli C, Mollace V. From Metabolic Syndrome to Neurological Diseases: Role of Autophagy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:651021. [PMID: 33816502 PMCID: PMC8017166 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.651021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is not a single pathology, but a constellation of cardiovascular disease risk factors including: central and abdominal obesity, systemic hypertension, insulin resistance (or type 2 diabetes mellitus), and atherogenic dyslipidemia. The global incidence of Metabolic syndrome is estimated to be about one quarter of the world population; for this reason, it would be desirable to better understand the underlying mechanisms involved in order to develop treatments that can reduce or eliminate the damage caused. The effects of Metabolic syndrome are multiple and wide ranging; some of which have an impact on the central nervous system and cause neurological and neurodegenerative diseases. Autophagy is a catabolic intracellular process, essential for the recycling of cytoplasmic materials and for the degradation of damaged cellular organelle. Therefore, autophagy is primarily a cytoprotective mechanism; even if excessive cellular degradation can be detrimental. To date, it is known that systemic autophagic insufficiency is able to cause metabolic balance deterioration and facilitate the onset of metabolic syndrome. This review aims to highlight the current state of knowledge regarding the connection between metabolic syndrome and the onset of several neurological diseases related to it. Furthermore, since autophagy has been found to be of particular importance in metabolic disorders, the probable involvement of this degradative process is assumed to be responsible for the attenuation of neurological disorders resulting from metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Maiuolo
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Micaela Gliozzi
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Musolino
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Cristina Carresi
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Federica Scarano
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Saverio Nucera
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Miriam Scicchitano
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Francesca Bosco
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Stefano Ruga
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maria Caterina Zito
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Roberta Macri
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Rosamaria Bulotta
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Carolina Muscoli
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy.,IRCCS San Raffaele, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Mollace
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy.,IRCCS San Raffaele, Rome, Italy
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21
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Sharma VK, Singh TG. Insulin resistance and bioenergetic manifestations: Targets and approaches in Alzheimer's disease. Life Sci 2020; 262:118401. [PMID: 32926928 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIM Insulin has a well-established role in cognition, neuronal detoxification and synaptic plasticity. Insulin transduction affect neurotransmitter functions, influence bioenergetics and regulate neuronal survival through regulating glucose energy metabolism and downward pathways. METHODS A systematic literature review of PubMed, Medline, Bentham, Scopus and EMBASE (Elsevier) databases was carried out with the help of the keywords like "Alzheimer's disease; Hypometabolism; Oxidative stress; energy failure in AD, Insulin; Insulin resistance; Bioenergetics" till June 2020. The review was conducted using the above keywords to collect the latest articles and to understand the nature of the extensive work carried out on insulin resistance and bioenergetic manifestations in Alzheimer's disease. KEY FINDINGS The article sheds light on insulin resistance mediated hypometabolic state on pathological progression of AD. The disrupted insulin signaling has pathological outcome in form of disturbed glucose homeostasis, altered bioenergetic state which increases build-up of senile plaques (Aβ), neurofibrillary tangles (τ), decline in transportation of glucose and activation of inflammatory pathways. The mechanistic link of insulin resistant state with therapeutically explorable potential transduction pathways is the focus of the reviewed work. SIGNIFICANCE The present work opines that the mechanism by which the insulin resistance mediates dysregulation of bioenergetics and progresses to neurodegenerative state holds the tangible potential to succeed in the development of novel dementia therapies. Further, hypometabolic complications and altered insulin signaling may be explored as a mechanistic relation between bioenergetic deficits and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Kumar Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India; Govt. College of Pharmacy, Rohru, District Shimla, Himachal Pradesh 171207, India
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22
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Kang K, Xu P, Wang M, Chunyu J, Sun X, Ren G, Xiao W, Li D. FGF21 attenuates neurodegeneration through modulating neuroinflammation and oxidant-stress. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 129:110439. [PMID: 32768941 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies indicate that FGF21 has ability to repair nerve injury, but the specific mechanism is less studied. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of FGF21 on neurodegeneration changes in aging and diabetic mice and its mechanism. The diabetic and aging mice were used to study the effects of FGF21 on neurodegeneration and possible mechanisms. These mice were administrated with PBS, FGF21 or metformin once daily for 4 or 6 months, then the mechanism was studied in SH-SY5Y cells. The relevant gene expression for neurodegeneration was assessed by Quantitative Real Time-PCR, Western blot, H&E staining, immunohistochemistry and ELISA. The Western blot results of NeuN showed that FGF21 inhibited the loss of neurons in diabetic and aging mice. H&E staining results showed that the karyopyknosis and tissue edema around dentate gyrus and Cornu Amonis 3 (CA3) area of hippocampus were also inhibited by FGF21 in aging and diabetes mice. In vivo results revealed that administration of FGF21 suppressed the aggregation of tau and β-amyloid1-42 in the brains of diabetic and aging mice. The aggregation resulted in apoptosis of neurons. Meanwhile, FGF21 significantly reduced the expression of Iba1, NF-κB, IL6 and IL8 (p < 0.05) and enhanced anti-oxidant enzymes (p < 0.05) in aging and diabetic mice. In addition, the phosphorylation of AKT and AMPKα were increased by FGF21 treatment. In vitro experiment showed that the aggregation of tau and β-amyloid1-42 wereincreased by LPS in SH-SY5Y cells, and FGF21 inhibited the aggregation through inhibiting the expression of NF-κB and promoting the phosphorylation of AKT and AMPKα. In conclusion, FGF21 attenuates neurodegeneration by reducing neuroinflammation and oxidant stress through regulating the NF-κB pathway and AMPKα/AKT pathway, which enhances the protective effect on mitochondria in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Kang
- Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.
| | - Pengfei Xu
- National Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College Fuwai Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | - Mengxia Wang
- Xinke College of Henan Institute of Science and Technology, China.
| | - Jian Chunyu
- Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.
| | - Xu Sun
- Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.
| | - Guiping Ren
- Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.
| | - Wei Xiao
- Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical CO. LTD, State Key Laboratory of New-tech for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process, Jiangsu, Lianyungang, China.
| | - Deshan Li
- Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.
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23
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Huang Y, Mao QY, Shi XJ, Cong X, Zhang Y, Wu LL, Yu GY, Xiang RL. Disruption of tight junctions contributes to hyposalivation of salivary glands in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes. J Anat 2020; 237:556-567. [PMID: 32374057 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tight junction (TJ) plays an important role in regulating paracellular fluid transport in salivary glands; however, little is known about the involvement of TJs in diabetes salivary glands. This study aimed to investigate the alterations of TJs and their possible contribution in diabetes-induced hyposalivation. Here, we observed that the morphologies of submandibular glands (SMGs) were impaired, characterized by enlarged acini accumulation with giant secretory granules, which were significantly reduced in atrophic ducts in SMGs of db/db mice, a spontaneous model of type-2 diabetes. However, the secretory granules were increased and scattered in the acini of diabetes parotid glands (PGs). Other ultrastructural damages including swollen mitochondria, expansive endoplasmic reticulum, and autophagosomes were observed in the diabetes group. The levels of TJ proteins including claudin-1 (Cldn1) and claudin-3 (Cldn3) were increased, whereas those of claudin-4 (Cldn4), occludin (Ocln), and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) were decreased in SMGs of db/db mice. Higher Cldn1 and Cldn3 and lower claudin-10 (Cldn10) and Ocln levels were observed in PGs of diabetes mice. Taken together, the structures of SMGs and PGs were impaired in diabetes mice, and the disruption of TJ integrity in both SMGs and PGs may contribute to diabetes-induced hyposalivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Huang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Qian-Ying Mao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Xi-Jin Shi
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Cong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Ling Wu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing, China
| | - Guang-Yan Yu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Ruo-Lan Xiang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing, China
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24
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Nguyen TT, Ta QTH, Nguyen TTD, Le TT, Vo VG. Role of Insulin Resistance in the Alzheimer's Disease Progression. Neurochem Res 2020; 45:1481-1491. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-03031-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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25
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Liu W, Zhang P, Tan J, Lin Y. Differentiation of Urine-Derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells to Neurons, Astrocytes, and Microvascular Endothelial Cells from a Diabetic Patient. Cell Reprogram 2020; 22:147-155. [PMID: 32207986 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2019.0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Complications of central nervous system in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) often lead to cognitive impairment and seriously affect the quality of life. However, there is no individualized disease model. Urine-derived stem cells can be an ideal source for generating human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) and progenitors, as they are easily accessible, noninvasive, and universally available. In our research, we differentiated urine-derived hiPSCs into neuron (N), astrocyte (A), and microvascular endothelial cells (E) from a T2DM patient. Next step, we intend to coculture these three cells together in a 3D system to create a new disease model in vitro, which may simulate the cerebral microenvironment of DM, for future study of its pathogenesis and precision medical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Liu
- Department of Neurology, the Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian City, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian City, China
| | - Jing Tan
- Department of Neurology, the Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian City, China
| | - Yongzhong Lin
- Department of Neurology, the Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian City, China
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26
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Kornyushin OV, Bakhtyukov AA, Zorina II, Toropova YG, Derkach KV, Berko OM, Todosenko MN, Litvinova LS, Shpakov AO, Galagudza MM. The Effect of Different Types of Bariatric Surgery on Metabolic and Hormonal Parameters in Rats with a Decompensated Form of Type II Diabetes Mellitus. ADVANCES IN GERONTOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s2079057019030081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Toro CA, Zhang L, Cao J, Cai D. Sex differences in Alzheimer's disease: Understanding the molecular impact. Brain Res 2019; 1719:194-207. [PMID: 31129153 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder that presents with cognitive impairment and behavioral disturbance. Approximately 5.5 million people in the United States live with AD, most of whom are over the age of 65 with two-thirds being woman. There have been major advancements over the last decade or so in the understanding of AD neuropathological changes and genetic involvement. However, studies of sex impact in AD have not been adequately integrated into the investigation of disease development and progression. It becomes indispensable to acknowledge in both basic science and clinical research studies the importance of understanding sex-specific differences in AD pathophysiology and pathogenesis, which could guide future effort in the discovery of novel targets for AD. Here, we review the latest and most relevant literature on this topic, highlighting the importance of understanding sex dimorphism from a molecular perspective and its association to clinical trial design and development in AD research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Toro
- National Center for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10468, United States; Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States.
| | - Larry Zhang
- Research and Development, James J Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10468, United States; Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States
| | - Jiqing Cao
- Research and Development, James J Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10468, United States; Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States.
| | - Dongming Cai
- Research and Development, James J Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10468, United States; Neurology Section, James J Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10468, United States; Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States.
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Zhao Q, Zhang F, Yu Z, Guo S, Liu N, Jiang Y, Lo EH, Xu Y, Wang X. HDAC3 inhibition prevents blood-brain barrier permeability through Nrf2 activation in type 2 diabetes male mice. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:103. [PMID: 31101061 PMCID: PMC6525453 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1495-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic dysfunction characterized by progressive insulin resistance and hyperglycaemia. Increased blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability is a critical neurovascular complication of T2DM that adversely affects the central nervous system homeostasis and function. Histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) has been reported to be elevated in T2DM animals and may promote neuroinflammation; however, its involvement in the BBB permeability of T2DM has not been investigated. In this study, we tested our hypothesis that HDAC3 expression and activity are increased in the T2DM mouse brain. Inhibition of HDAC3 may ameliorate T2DM-induced BBB permeability through Nrf2 activation. Methods T2DM (db/db, leptin receptor-deficient), genetic non-hyperglycemic control (db/+), and wild-type male mice at the age of 16 weeks were used in this study. HDAC3 expression and activity, Nrf2 activation, and BBB permeability and junction protein expression were examined. The effects of HDAC3 activity on BBB permeability were tested using highly selective HDAC3 inhibitor RGFP966. In primary cultured human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC), hyperglycemia (25 mM glucose) plus interleukin 1 beta (20 ng/ml) (HG-IL1β) served as T2DM insult in vitro. The effects of HDAC3 on transendothelial permeability were investigated by FITC-Dextran leakage and trans-endothelial electrical resistance, and the underlying molecular mechanisms were investigated using Western blot, q-PCR, co-immunoprecipitation, and immunocytochemistry for junction protein expression, miR-200a/Keap1/Nrf2 pathway regulation. Results HDAC3 expression and activity were significantly increased in the hippocampus and cortex of db/db mice. Specific HDAC3 inhibition significantly ameliorated BBB permeability and junction protein downregulation in db/db mice. In cultured HBMEC, HG-IL1β insult significantly increased transendothelial permeability and reduced junction protein expression. HDAC3 inhibition significantly attenuated the transendothelial permeability and junction protein downregulation. Moreover, we demonstrated the underlying mechanism was at least in part attributed by HDAC3 inhibition-mediated miR-200a/Keap1/Nrf2 signaling pathway and downstream targeting junction protein expression in T2DM db/db mice. Conclusions Our experimental results show that HDAC3 might be a new therapeutic target for BBB damage in T2DM. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-019-1495-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuchen Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Rd, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, China.,Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Room 2401, Charlestown, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Fang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China.,Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Room 2401, Charlestown, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Zhanyang Yu
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Room 2401, Charlestown, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Shuzhen Guo
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Room 2401, Charlestown, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Rd, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, China.,The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Yinghua Jiang
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Room 2401, Charlestown, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Eng H Lo
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Room 2401, Charlestown, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Yun Xu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Rd, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Room 2401, Charlestown, Boston, MA, 02129, USA.
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Brook E, Mamo J, Wong R, Al-Salami H, Falasca M, Lam V, Takechi R. Blood-brain barrier disturbances in diabetes-associated dementia: Therapeutic potential for cannabinoids. Pharmacol Res 2019; 141:291-297. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Davidson TL, Jones S, Roy M, Stevenson RJ. The Cognitive Control of Eating and Body Weight: It's More Than What You "Think". Front Psychol 2019; 10:62. [PMID: 30814963 PMCID: PMC6381074 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, a great deal of research has established the importance of cognitive processes in the control of energy intake and body weight. The present paper begins by identifying several of these cognitive processes. We then summarize evidence from human and nonhuman animal models, which shows how excess intake of obesity-promoting Western diet (WD) may have deleterious effects on these cognitive control processes. Findings that these effects may be manifested as early-life deficits in cognitive functioning and may also be associated with the emergence of serious late-life cognitive impairment are described. Consistent with these possibilities, we review evidence, obtained primarily from rodent models, that consuming a WD is associated with the emergence of pathophysiologies in the hippocampus, an important brain substrate for learning, memory, and cognition. The implications of this research for mechanism are discussed within the context of a “vicious-cycle model,” which describes how eating a WD could impair hippocampal function, producing cognitive deficits that promote increased WD intake and body weight gain, which could contribute to further hippocampal dysfunction, cognitive decline, and excess eating and weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry L Davidson
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, American University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Sabrina Jones
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, American University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Megan Roy
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, American University, Washington, DC, United States
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Salameh TS, Mortell WG, Logsdon AF, Butterfield DA, Banks WA. Disruption of the hippocampal and hypothalamic blood-brain barrier in a diet-induced obese model of type II diabetes: prevention and treatment by the mitochondrial carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, topiramate. Fluids Barriers CNS 2019; 16:1. [PMID: 30616618 PMCID: PMC6323732 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-018-0121-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type II diabetes is a vascular risk factor for cognitive impairment and increased risk of dementia. Disruption of the blood-retinal barrier (BRB) and blood-brain barrier (BBB) are hallmarks of subsequent retinal edema and central nervous system dysfunction. However, the mechanisms by which diet or metabolic syndrome induces dysfunction are not understood. A proposed mechanism is an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress. Inhibition of mitochondrial carbonic anhydrase (mCA) decreases ROS and oxidative stress. In this study, topiramate, a mCA inhibitor, was examined for its ability to protect the BRB and BBB in diet-induced obese type II diabetic mice. METHODS BBB and BRB permeability were assessed using 14C-sucrose and 99mTc-albumin in CD-1 mice fed a low-fat (control) or a high-fat diet. Topiramate administration was compared to saline controls in both preventative and efficacy arms examining BRB and BBB disruption. Body weight and blood glucose were measured weekly and body composition was assessed using EchoMRI. Metabolic activity was measured using a comprehensive laboratory animal monitoring system. Brain tissues collected from the mice were assessed for changes in oxidative stress and tight junction proteins. RESULTS High-fat feeding caused increased entry of 14C-sucrose and 99mTc-albumin into the brains of diet-induced obese type II diabetic mice. Increased permeability to 14C-sucrose was observed in the hypothalamus and hippocampus, and attenuated by topiramate treatment, while increased permeability to 99mTc-albumin occurred in the whole brain and was also attenuated by topiramate. Treatment with topiramate decreased measures of oxidative stress and increased expression of the tight junction proteins ZO-1 and claudin-12. In the retina, we observed increased entry of 99mTc-albumin simultaneously with increased entry into the whole brain during the preventative arm. This occurred prior to increased entry to the retina for 14C-sucrose which occurred during the efficacy arm. Treatment with topiramate had no effect on the retina. CONCLUSIONS Blood-brain barrier and blood-retinal barrier dysfunction were examined in a mouse model of diet-induced obese type II diabetes. These studies demonstrate that there are spatial and temporal differences in 14C-sucrose and 99mTc-albumin permeability in the brain and retina of diet-induced obese type II diabetic mice. Topiramate, a mitochondrial carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, is efficacious at both preventing and treating BBB disruption in this diet-induced obese type II diabetic mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese S. Salameh
- Geriatrics Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 S. Columbian Way, 810A/Bldg 1, Seattle, WA 98108 USA
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - William G. Mortell
- Geriatrics Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 S. Columbian Way, 810A/Bldg 1, Seattle, WA 98108 USA
| | - Aric F. Logsdon
- Geriatrics Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 S. Columbian Way, 810A/Bldg 1, Seattle, WA 98108 USA
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - D. Allan Butterfield
- Department of Chemistry and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY USA
| | - William A. Banks
- Geriatrics Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 S. Columbian Way, 810A/Bldg 1, Seattle, WA 98108 USA
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
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Bello-Chavolla OY, Antonio-Villa NE, Vargas-Vázquez A, Ávila-Funes JA, Aguilar-Salinas CA. Pathophysiological Mechanisms Linking Type 2 Diabetes and Dementia: Review of Evidence from Clinical, Translational and Epidemiological Research. Curr Diabetes Rev 2019; 15:456-470. [PMID: 30648514 DOI: 10.2174/1573399815666190129155654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes represents an increasing health burden world-wide and its prevalence in particularly higher in elderly population. Consistent epidemiological evidence suggests an increased risk of dementia associated to type 2 diabetes; the mechanisms underlying these associations, however, remain unclear. OBJECTIVE The study aims to review epidemiological, clinical and pre-clinical data that weigh on pathophysiological links, mechanisms of disease and associations between type 2 diabetes and dementia to identify areas of opportunity for future research. METHODS We searched the following electronic bibliographic databases: PUBMED, EMBASE, SCIELO, MEDLINE and OVID for clinical, translational and epidemiological research literature that summarize diabetes-related risk factors for dementia, metabolic and neurological changes associated to T2D, evidence of therapeutic approaches in type 2 diabetes and its pathophysiological implications for dementia. RESULTS Type 2 diabetes mellitus increases risk for all-cause dementia, vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease. The most evaluated mechanisms linking both disorders in pre-clinical studies include an increase in neuronal insulin resistance, impaired insulin signaling, pro-inflammatory state, mitochondrial dysfunction and vascular damage which increase deposition of β-amyloid, tau proteins and GSK3β, leading to an earlier onset of dementia in individuals with impairment in the glucose metabolism. Neuroimaging and neuropathology evidence linking cerebrovascular lesions, neurodegeneration and particularly small-vessel disease in the onset of dementia is consistent with the increased risk of incident dementia in type 2 diabetes, but consistent evidence of AD-related pathology is scarce. Epidemiological data shows increased risk of dementia related to hypoglycemic episodes, glycemic control, metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance and genetic predisposition, but the evidence is not consistent and statistical analysis might be affected by inconsistent covariate controlling. Therapeutic approaches for T2D have shown inconsistent result in relation to dementia prevention and delay of cognitive decline; lifestyle intervention, particularly physical activity, is a promising alternative to ameliorate the impact of disability and frailty on T2D-related dementia. CONCLUSION Vascular disease, inflammation and impaired brain insulin signaling might occur in T2D and contribute to dementia risk. Evidence from epidemiological studies has not consistently reported associations that could integrate a unified mechanism of disease in humans. Evaluation of the effect of antidiabetic medications and non-pharmacological interventions in dementia prevention in type 2 diabetes is promising but has thus far offered inconsistent results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Yaxmehen Bello-Chavolla
- Metabolic Disease Research Unit, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Mexico, United States
- Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous, University of Mexico, Mexico, United States
| | - Neftali Eduardo Antonio-Villa
- Metabolic Disease Research Unit, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Mexico, United States
- Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous, University of Mexico, Mexico, United States
| | - Arsenio Vargas-Vázquez
- Metabolic Disease Research Unit, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Mexico, United States
- Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous, University of Mexico, Mexico, United States
| | - José Alberto Ávila-Funes
- Department of Geriatrics, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Mexico, United States
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Carlos Alberto Aguilar-Salinas
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Mexico, United States
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sertoma, 64710 Monterrey, N.L., Mexico, United States
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Van Dyken P, Lacoste B. Impact of Metabolic Syndrome on Neuroinflammation and the Blood-Brain Barrier. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:930. [PMID: 30618559 PMCID: PMC6297847 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome, which includes diabetes and obesity, is one of the most widespread medical conditions. It induces systemic inflammation, causing far reaching effects on the body that are still being uncovered. Neuropathologies triggered by metabolic syndrome often result from increased permeability of the blood-brain-barrier (BBB). The BBB, a system designed to restrict entry of toxins, immune cells, and pathogens to the brain, is vital for proper neuronal function. Local and systemic inflammation induced by obesity or type 2 diabetes mellitus can cause BBB breakdown, decreased removal of waste, and increased infiltration of immune cells. This leads to disruption of glial and neuronal cells, causing hormonal dysregulation, increased immune sensitivity, or cognitive impairment depending on the affected brain region. Inflammatory effects of metabolic syndrome have been linked to neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we discuss the effects of obesity and diabetes-induced inflammation on the BBB, the roles played by leptin and insulin resistance, as well as BBB changes occurring at the molecular level. We explore signaling pathways including VEGF, HIFs, PKC, Rho/ROCK, eNOS, and miRNAs. Finally, we discuss the broader implications of neural inflammation, including its connection to Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, and the gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Van Dyken
- Neuroscience Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Baptiste Lacoste
- Neuroscience Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Nam SM, Kwon HJ, Kim W, Kim JW, Hahn KR, Jung HY, Kim DW, Yoo DY, Seong JK, Hwang IK, Yoon YS. Changes of myelin basic protein in the hippocampus of an animal model of type 2 diabetes. Lab Anim Res 2018; 34:176-184. [PMID: 30671103 PMCID: PMC6333608 DOI: 10.5625/lar.2018.34.4.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we observed chronological changes in the immunoreactivity and expression level of myelin basic protein (MBP), one of the most abundant proteins in the central nervous system, in the hippocampus of Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats and their control littermates (Zucker lean control; ZLC). In the ZLC group, body weight steadily increased with age; the body weight of the ZDF group, however, peaked at 30 weeks of age, and subsequently decreased. Based on the changes of body weight, animals were divided into the following six groups: early (12-week), middle (30-week), and chronic (52-week) diabetic groups and their controls. MBP immunoreactivity was found in the alveus, strata pyramidale, and lacunosum-moleculare of the CA1 region, strata pyramidale and radiatum of the CA3 region, and subgranular zone, polymorphic layer, and molecular layer of the dentate gyrus. MBP immunoreactivity was lowest in the hippocampus of 12-week-old rats in the ZLC group, and highest in 12-week-old rats in the ZDF group. Diabetes increased MBP levels in the 12-week-old group, while MBP immunoreactivity decreased in the 30-week-old group. In the 52-week-old ZLC and ZDF groups, MBP immunoreactivity was detected in the hippocampus, similar to the 30-week-old ZDF group. Western blot results corroborated with immunohistochemical results. These results suggested that changes in the immunoreactivity and expression of MBP in the hippocampus might be a compensatory response to aging, while the sustained levels of MBP in diabetic animals could be attributed to a loss of compensatory responses in oligodendrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Min Nam
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Kwon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Korea
| | - Woosuk Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Whi Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyu Ri Hahn
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyo Young Jung
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dae Won Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Korea
| | - Dae Young Yoo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Je Kyung Seong
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- KMPC (Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center), Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - In Koo Hwang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeo Sung Yoon
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- KMPC (Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center), Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Al Haj Ahmad RM, Al-Domi HA. Thinking about brain insulin resistance. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2018; 12:1091-1094. [PMID: 29778668 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dementia and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are two of the epidemics of our time; in which insulin resistance (IR) is playing the central role. Epidemiological studies found that different types of dementia development may be promoted by the presence of T2DM. OBJECTIVES We aimed in this review to highlight the role of insulin and the IR in the brain as a pathophysiological factor of dementia development and also to expand our understanding of T2DM as a mediator of IR in the brain and to review the possible mechanisms of action that may explain the association. METHODOLOGY A critical review of the relevant published English articles up to 2018, using PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, ADI, and WHO database was carried out. Keywords were included insulin resistance, T3DM, T2DM, dementia, brain insulin resistance were used. CONCLUSION The rapidly increased prevalence of dementia concurrently with T2DM and obesity need urgent action to illustrate guidelines for prevention, modifying, and treatment based on mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem M Al Haj Ahmad
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, The University of Jordan, Queen Rania Street, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Hayder A Al-Domi
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, The University of Jordan, Queen Rania Street, Amman 11942, Jordan.
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Lee HJ, Seo HI, Cha HY, Yang YJ, Kwon SH, Yang SJ. Diabetes and Alzheimer's Disease: Mechanisms and Nutritional Aspects. Clin Nutr Res 2018; 7:229-240. [PMID: 30406052 PMCID: PMC6209735 DOI: 10.7762/cnr.2018.7.4.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood glucose homeostasis is well maintained by coordinated control of various hormones including insulin and glucagon as well as cytokines under normal conditions. However, chronic exposure to diabetic environment with high fat/high sugar diets and physical/mental stress can cause hyperglycemia, one of main characteristics of insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes. Hyperglycemia impairs organogenesis and induces organ abnormalities such as cardiac defect in utero. It is a risk factor for the development of metabolic diseases in adults. Resulting glucotoxicity affects peripheral tissues and vessels, causing pathological complications including diabetic neuropathy, nephropathy, vessel damage, and cardiovascular diseases. Moreover, chronic exposure to hyperglycemia can deteriorate cognitive function and other aspects of mental health. Recent reports have demonstrated that hyperglycemia is closely related to the development of cognitive impairment and dementia, suggesting that there may be a cause-effect relationship between hyperglycemia and dementia. With increasing interests in aging-related diseases and mental health, diabetes-related cognitive impairment is attracting great attention. It has been speculated that glucotoxicity can result in structural damage and functional impairment of brain cells and nerves, hemorrhage of cerebral blood vessel, and increased accumulation of amyloid beta. These are potential mechanisms underlying diabetes-related dementia. Nutrients and natural food components have been investigated as preventive and/or intervention strategy. Among candidate components, resveratrol, curcumin, and their analogues might be beneficial for the prevention of diabetes-related cognitive impairment. The purposes of this review are to discuss recent experimental evidence regarding diabetes and cognitive impairment and to suggest potential nutritional intervention strategies for the prevention and/or treatment of diabetes-related dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Jae Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul Women's University, Seoul 01797, Korea
| | - Hye In Seo
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul Women's University, Seoul 01797, Korea
| | - Hee Yun Cha
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul Women's University, Seoul 01797, Korea
| | - Yun Jung Yang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul Women's University, Seoul 01797, Korea
| | - Soo Hyun Kwon
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul Women's University, Seoul 01797, Korea
| | - Soo Jin Yang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul Women's University, Seoul 01797, Korea
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Brain insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer disease: concepts and conundrums. Nat Rev Neurol 2018; 14:168-181. [PMID: 29377010 DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2017.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 836] [Impact Index Per Article: 139.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Considerable overlap has been identified in the risk factors, comorbidities and putative pathophysiological mechanisms of Alzheimer disease and related dementias (ADRDs) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), two of the most pressing epidemics of our time. Much is known about the biology of each condition, but whether T2DM and ADRDs are parallel phenomena arising from coincidental roots in ageing or synergistic diseases linked by vicious pathophysiological cycles remains unclear. Insulin resistance is a core feature of T2DM and is emerging as a potentially important feature of ADRDs. Here, we review key observations and experimental data on insulin signalling in the brain, highlighting its actions in neurons and glia. In addition, we define the concept of 'brain insulin resistance' and review the growing, although still inconsistent, literature concerning cognitive impairment and neuropathological abnormalities in T2DM, obesity and insulin resistance. Lastly, we review evidence of intrinsic brain insulin resistance in ADRDs. By expanding our understanding of the overlapping mechanisms of these conditions, we hope to accelerate the rational development of preventive, disease-modifying and symptomatic treatments for cognitive dysfunction in T2DM and ADRDs alike.
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Aβ1-42 induces cell damage via RAGE-dependent endoplasmic reticulum stress in bEnd.3 cells. Exp Cell Res 2018; 362:83-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Catanzaro OL, Capponi JA, Di Martino I, Labal ES, Sirois P. Oxidative stress in the optic nerve and cortical visual area of steptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats: Blockade with a selective bradykinin B 1 receptor antagonist. Neuropeptides 2017; 66:97-102. [PMID: 29089149 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The role of bradykinin B1 receptors on the oxidative stress as measured by the levels of Na+/K+ ATPase activity, malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) in male Wistar rat optic nerve and visual cortex area 1 and 4weeks after STZ treatment was studied. Rats were divided into 4 groups (n=6-7): 1. Controls (non-diabetics); 2. Diabetics (65mg/kg streptozotocin, STZ); 3. Diabetics injected with B1 antagonist R-954 (2mg/Kg) during the last 3days of a one week period; 4. Diabetics injected with B1 antagonist R-954 (2mg/Kg) during the last 3days of a 4week period. The results showed that plasma glucose levels increased by up to 4 fold in diabetic rats 1 or 4weeks following the STZ treatment. R-954 treatment did significantly decrease blood glucose levels. Levels of MDA was increased in the plasma of the 1 and 4week diabetic animals whereas the GSH levels were decreased. Both markers returned to normal following R-954 treatment. Na+/K+ ATPase activity significantly decreased in the optic nerve and visual cortex of diabetic rats at 1 and 4weeks but returned to normal following R-954 treatment. MDA levels increased markedly at 1 and 4weeks compared with control levels in the optic nerve but slightly in the visual cortex and returned to control levels in both tissues following R-954 treatment. GSH levels decreased in both tissues at 1 and 4weeks compared with control levels. Following administration of the selective BKB1R antagonist R-954, the levels of GSH returned to normal in both tissues of the 1 and 4week diabetic animals. These results showed that the inducible BKB1 receptors are associated with the oxidative stress in the optic nerve and cortical visual area of diabetic rats and suggested that BKB1-R antagonist R-954 could have a beneficial role in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orlando L Catanzaro
- Departamento de Biología y Bioquímica, Laboratorio de Diabetes Experimental, Universidad Argentina John F Kennedy, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Escuela de Medicina y Odontologia -USAL, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Jorgelina Aira Capponi
- Departamento de Biología y Bioquímica, Laboratorio de Diabetes Experimental, Universidad Argentina John F Kennedy, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Irene Di Martino
- Departamento de Biología y Bioquímica, Laboratorio de Diabetes Experimental, Universidad Argentina John F Kennedy, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Emilio S Labal
- Departamento de Biología y Bioquímica, Laboratorio de Diabetes Experimental, Universidad Argentina John F Kennedy, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pierre Sirois
- CHUL Research Center, Laval University, Québec, Canada
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Sample CH, Davidson TL. Considering sex differences in the cognitive controls of feeding. Physiol Behav 2017; 187:97-107. [PMID: 29174819 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Women are disproportionately affected by obesity, and obesity increases women's risk of developing dementia more so than men. Remarkably little is known about how females make decisions about when and how much to eat. Research in animal models with males supports a framework in which previous experiences with external food cues and internal physiological energy states, and the ability to retrieve memories of the consequences of eating, determines subsequent food intake. Additional evidence indicates that consumption of a high-fat, high-sugar diet interferes with hippocampal-dependent mnemonic processes that operate to suppress eating, such as in situations of satiety. Recent findings also indicate that weakening this form of hippocampal-dependent inhibitory control may also extend to other forms of learning and memory, perpetuating a vicious cycle of increased Western diet intake, hippocampal dysfunction, and further impairments in the suppression of appetitive behavior that may ultimately disrupt other types of memorial interference resolution. How these basic learning and memory processes operate in females to guide food intake has received little attention. Ovarian hormones appear to protect females from obesity and metabolic impairments, as well as modulate learning and memory processes, but little is known about how these hormones modulate learned appetitive behavior. Even less is known about how a sex-specific environmental factor - widespread hormonal contraceptive use - affects associative learning and the regulation of food intake. Extending learned models of food intake to females will require considerably investigation at many levels (e.g., reproductive status, hormonal compound, parity). This work could yield critical insights into the etiology of obesity, and its concomitant cognitive impairment, for both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille H Sample
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, American University, Washington, DC, United States.
| | - Terry L Davidson
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, American University, Washington, DC, United States
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Jiang X, Andjelkovic AV, Zhu L, Yang T, Bennett MVL, Chen J, Keep RF, Shi Y. Blood-brain barrier dysfunction and recovery after ischemic stroke. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 163-164:144-171. [PMID: 28987927 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 530] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays a vital role in regulating the trafficking of fluid, solutes and cells at the blood-brain interface and maintaining the homeostatic microenvironment of the CNS. Under pathological conditions, such as ischemic stroke, the BBB can be disrupted, followed by the extravasation of blood components into the brain and compromise of normal neuronal function. This article reviews recent advances in our knowledge of the mechanisms underlying BBB dysfunction and recovery after ischemic stroke. CNS cells in the neurovascular unit, as well as blood-borne peripheral cells constantly modulate the BBB and influence its breakdown and repair after ischemic stroke. The involvement of stroke risk factors and comorbid conditions further complicate the pathogenesis of neurovascular injury by predisposing the BBB to anatomical and functional changes that can exacerbate BBB dysfunction. Emphasis is also given to the process of long-term structural and functional restoration of the BBB after ischemic injury. With the development of novel research tools, future research on the BBB is likely to reveal promising potential therapeutic targets for protecting the BBB and improving patient outcome after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Jiang
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | | | - Ling Zhu
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Tuo Yang
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Michael V L Bennett
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Jun Chen
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Richard F Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Yejie Shi
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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Bogush M, Heldt NA, Persidsky Y. Blood Brain Barrier Injury in Diabetes: Unrecognized Effects on Brain and Cognition. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2017; 12:593-601. [PMID: 28555373 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-017-9752-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a disorder due to the inability properly to metabolize glucose associated with dysregulation of metabolic pathways of lipids and proteins resulting in structural and functional changes of various organ systems. DM has detrimental effects on the vasculature, resulting in the development of various cardiovascular diseases and stemming from microvascular injury. The blood brain barrier (BBB) is a highly specialized structure protecting the unique microenvironment of the brain. Endothelial cells, connected by junctional complexes and expressing numerous transporters, constitute the main cell type in the BBB. Other components, including pericytes, basement membrane, astrocytes and perivascular macrophages, join endothelial cells to form the neurovascular unit (NVU) and contribute to the proper function and integrity of the BBB. The role of the BBB in the pathogenesis of diabetic encephalopathy and other diabetes-related complications in the central nervous system is apparent. However, the mechanisms, timing and consequences of BBB injury in diabetes are not well understood. The importance of further studies related to barrier dysfunction in diabetes is dictated by its potential involvement in the cognitive demise associated with DM. This review summarizes the impact of DM on BBB/NVU integrity and function leading to neurological and cognitive complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Bogush
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Nathan A Heldt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Yuri Persidsky
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA. .,Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
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Xu Y, Zhou H, Zhu Q. The Impact of Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis on Diabetic Cognition Impairment. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:106. [PMID: 28496408 PMCID: PMC5406474 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive cognitive dysfunction is a central characteristic of diabetic encephalopathy (DE). With an aging population, the incidence of DE is rising and it has become a major threat that seriously affects public health. Studies within this decade have indicated the important role of risk factors such as oxidative stress and inflammation on the development of cognitive impairment. With the recognition of the two-way communication between gut and brain, recent investigation suggests that “microbiota-gut-brain axis” also plays a pivotal role in modulating both cognition function and endocrine stability. This review aims to systemically elucidate the underlying impact of diabetes on cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youhua Xu
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and TechnologyTaipa, Macau.,State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine (Macau University of Science and Technology)Taipa, Macau
| | - Hua Zhou
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and TechnologyTaipa, Macau.,State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine (Macau University of Science and Technology)Taipa, Macau.,Laboratory for Bioassay and Molecular Pharmacology of Chinese Medicines, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and HealthTaipa, Macau
| | - Quan Zhu
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and TechnologyTaipa, Macau.,State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine (Macau University of Science and Technology)Taipa, Macau.,Laboratory for Bioassay and Molecular Pharmacology of Chinese Medicines, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and HealthTaipa, Macau.,Guangdong Consun Pharmaceutical Group, Institute of Consun Co. for Chinese Medicine in Kidney DiseasesGuangzhou, China
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Proteomic approach to detect changes in hippocampal protein levels in an animal model of type 2 diabetes. Neurochem Int 2017; 108:246-253. [PMID: 28434974 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In our previous study, we demonstrated that type 2 diabetes affects blood-brain barrier integrity and ultrastructural morphology in Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats at 40 weeks of age. In the present study, we investigated the possible candidates for diabetes-related proteins in the hippocampus of ZDF rats and their control littermates (Zucker lean control, ZLC), by using two-dimensional fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) followed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF). Approximately 2756 protein spots were detected by 2D-DIGE, and an increase or decrease of more than 1.4-fold was observed for 13 proteins in the hippocampal homogenates of ZDF rats relative to those of ZLC rats. Among these proteins, we found four proteins whose levels were significantly lower in the hippocampi of ZDF rats than in those of ZLC rats: glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), apolipoprotein A-I preprotein (apoAI-P), myelin basic protein (MBP), and rCG39881, isoform CRA_a. Among these proteins, apoAI-P protein levels were decreased most prominently in ZDF rats than in ZLC rats, based on Western blot analysis. In addition, immunohistochemical and Western blot studies demonstrated that MBP, not GFAP, immunoreactivity and protein levels were significantly decreased in the hippocampus of ZDF rats compared to ZLC rats. In addition, ultrastructural analysis showed that ZDF rats showed myelin degeneration and disarrangement in the hippocampal tissue. These results suggest that chronic type 2 diabetes affects hippocampal function via reduction of MBP and apoAI-P levels as well as disarrangement of myelin.
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Effects of the duration of hyperlipidemia on cerebral lipids, vessels and neurons in rats. Lipids Health Dis 2017; 16:26. [PMID: 28143622 PMCID: PMC5282812 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-016-0401-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The present study was designed to investigate the effects of hyperlipidemia on the cerebral lipids, vessels and neurons of rats, and to provide experimental evidence for subsequent intervention. Method One hundred adult SD rats, half of which were male and half of which were female, were randomly divided into five groups on the basis of serum total cholesterol (TC) levels. Four groups were fed a hypercholesterolemic diet (rat chow supplemented with 4% cholesterol, 1% cholic acid and 0.5% thiouracil – this is also called a CCT diet) for periods of 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks and 4 weeks, respectively. A control group was included. The levels of serum lipids, cerebral lipids, free fatty acids (FFA), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1 (IL-1), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), oxidized low density lipoprotein (ox-LDL), A-beta precursor proteins (APP), amyloid beta (Aβ), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and tight junction protein Claudin-5 were measured after the experiment. The pathologic changes and apoptosis of the rat brains were evaluated. Results Compared with the control group, after 1 week of a CCT diet, the levels of serum total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and brain triglycerides had increased by 2.40, 1.29 and 1.75 and 0.3 times, respectively. The serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) had decreased by 0.74 times (P < 0.05) and the expression of IL-1, TNF-α and GFAP in the brains had increased (P < 0.05). In the second week, the expression of FFA and APP in the brains, and the amount of apoptotic neurons, had increased (P < 0.05). In the third week, the levels of VEGF, Ox-LDL and Aβ had increased, and the expression of Claudin-5 had decreased in the brains (P < 0.05). In the fourth week, the levels of TC, LDL-C and the amount of apoptotic neurons had increased (P < 0.05). The correlation analysis showed a positive correlation among FFA, TNF-α, VEGF, ox-LDL, Aβ, GFAP and neuronal apoptosis in the rat brains, and they all were negatively correlated with Claudin-5 (P < 0.05). Conclusion Hyperlipidemia may activate astrocytes by means of high levels of TG that will have direct toxic effects on the cerebral vessels and neurons by causing the secretion of TNF-α and IL-1 in the brains of rats. In the metabolic procession, brain tissue was shown to generate FFA that aggravated the biosynthesis of ox-LDL. With the extension of the duration of hyperlipidemia, high levels of cerebral TC and LDL-C were shown to aggravate the deposition of Aβ, induce the secretion of VEGF, reduce the expression of tight junction protein Claudin-5 and change the permeability of blood–brain barriers to factors that could damage cerebral vessels and neurons.
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Dendropanax morbifera Léveille extract ameliorates memory impairments and inflammatory responses in the hippocampus of streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic rats. Mol Cell Toxicol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-016-0047-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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McArthur S, Loiola RA, Maggioli E, Errede M, Virgintino D, Solito E. The restorative role of annexin A1 at the blood-brain barrier. Fluids Barriers CNS 2016; 13:17. [PMID: 27655189 PMCID: PMC5031267 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-016-0043-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Annexin A1 is a potent anti-inflammatory molecule that has been extensively studied in the peripheral immune system, but has not as yet been exploited as a therapeutic target/agent. In the last decade, we have undertaken the study of this molecule in the central nervous system (CNS), focusing particularly on the primary interface between the peripheral body and CNS: the blood-brain barrier. In this review, we provide an overview of the role of this molecule in the brain, with a particular emphasis on its functions in the endothelium of the blood-brain barrier, and the protective actions the molecule may exert in neuroinflammatory, neurovascular and metabolic disease. We focus on the possible new therapeutic avenues opened up by an increased understanding of the role of annexin A1 in the CNS vasculature, and its potential for repairing blood-brain barrier damage in disease and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon McArthur
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London, UK
| | - Rodrigo Azevedo Loiola
- William Harvey Research Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University, London, UK
| | - Elisa Maggioli
- William Harvey Research Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University, London, UK
| | - Mariella Errede
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, Bari University School of Medicine, Bari, Italy
| | - Daniela Virgintino
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, Bari University School of Medicine, Bari, Italy
| | - Egle Solito
- William Harvey Research Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University, London, UK
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Dorsemans AC, Soulé S, Weger M, Bourdon E, Lefebvre d'Hellencourt C, Meilhac O, Diotel N. Impaired constitutive and regenerative neurogenesis in adult hyperglycemic zebrafish. J Comp Neurol 2016; 525:442-458. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.24065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Claire Dorsemans
- Inserm; UMR 1188 Diabète athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI); plateforme CYROI Sainte-Clotilde F-97490 France
- Université de La Réunion, UMR 1188; Sainte-Clotilde F-97490 France
| | - Stéphanie Soulé
- Inserm; UMR 1188 Diabète athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI); plateforme CYROI Sainte-Clotilde F-97490 France
- Université de La Réunion, UMR 1188; Sainte-Clotilde F-97490 France
| | - Meltem Weger
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences; University of Birmingham; Birmingham B15 2TT UK
| | - Emmanuel Bourdon
- Inserm; UMR 1188 Diabète athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI); plateforme CYROI Sainte-Clotilde F-97490 France
- Université de La Réunion, UMR 1188; Sainte-Clotilde F-97490 France
| | - Christian Lefebvre d'Hellencourt
- Inserm; UMR 1188 Diabète athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI); plateforme CYROI Sainte-Clotilde F-97490 France
- Université de La Réunion, UMR 1188; Sainte-Clotilde F-97490 France
| | - Olivier Meilhac
- Inserm; UMR 1188 Diabète athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI); plateforme CYROI Sainte-Clotilde F-97490 France
- Université de La Réunion, UMR 1188; Sainte-Clotilde F-97490 France
- CHU de La Réunion; F-97400 Saint-Denis France
| | - Nicolas Diotel
- Inserm; UMR 1188 Diabète athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI); plateforme CYROI Sainte-Clotilde F-97490 France
- Université de La Réunion, UMR 1188; Sainte-Clotilde F-97490 France
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