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Cui K, Zhao J, Li R, Gao Y, Gao X. Higher visceral adipose tissue is associated with decreased memory suppression ability on food-related thoughts: A 1-year prospective ERP study. Appetite 2023; 191:107048. [PMID: 37804604 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.107048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Memory about food and eating is crucial in regulating appetite and eating behaviors. Successfully stopping vivid imagination of delicious food could help reduce food craving and thus reduce the possibility of further intake. Memory inhibition is a cognitive process that involves intentional suppression of certain memories coming to consciousness. Successful memory suppression derives from inhibitory control. Although considerable work has consistently observed the impairment in motor or response inhibitory control among individuals with obesity, there has been a lack of investigation into the influence of bodyweight status on memory inhibitory control. To fill this gap, current study investigated behavioral and neurophysiological correlates of memory suppression in young women. Using Think/No-Think task and event-related potentials among 47 females, we found that participants with higher visceral adipose tissue (VAT) showed a tendency towards decreased suppression ability for memories related to food but not memories related to nonfood items. In depth analysis showed that decrease in the differences in P2 amplitudes between suppression vs. retrieval of food-related memories mediated the impairment of suppression ability by high VAT. We then tested whether individual differences in memory suppression ability as well as ERP correlates predicted future BMI or VAT change over 1-year follow-up. Results showed that P2 amplitudes when retrieving food-related memory could predict VAT change at 1-year follow-up among participants with healthy BMI. These observations suggest a hypersensitivity inference hypothesis underlying memory control impairments. To be specific, deficits in memory suppression may be in part resulted from elevated sensitivity to the cues coupling with food-related memory. It extends previous studies of memory suppression with food rewards and provides the first evidence to help understand the relationship between inhibitory control on food-related memory and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Cui
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Jia Zhao
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - RuoNan Li
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Xiao Gao
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
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2
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Luo C, Zhu M, Zhuang X, Ma G. Food word processing in Chinese reading: A study of restrained eaters. Br J Psychol 2023; 114:476-494. [PMID: 36762466 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Food-related attentional bias refers that individuals typically prioritize rewarding food-related cues (e.g. food words and food images) compared with non-food stimuli; however, the findings are inconsistent for restrained eaters. Traditional paradigms used to test food-related attentional bias, such as visual probe tasks and visual search tasks, may not directly and accurately enough to reflect individuals' food-word processing at different cognitive stages. In this study, we introduced the boundary paradigm to investigate food-word attentional bias for both restrained and unrestrained eaters. Eye movements were recorded when they performed a naturalistic sentence-reading task. The results of later-stage analyses showed that food words were fixated on for less time than non-food words, which indicated a superiority of foveal food-word processing for both restrained and unrestrained eaters. The results of early-stage analyses showed that restrained eaters spent more time on pre-target regions in the food-word valid preview conditions, which indicated a parafoveal food-word processing superiority for restrained eaters (i.e. the parafoveal-on-foveal effect). The superiority of foveal food-word processing provides new insights into explaining food-related attentional bias in general groups. Additionally, the enhanced food-word attentional bias in parafoveal processing for restrained eaters illustrates the importance of individual characteristics in studying word recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changlin Luo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Behavior and Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Mengyan Zhu
- School of Psychological Science, Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Xiangling Zhuang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Behavior and Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Guojie Ma
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Behavior and Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
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3
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Parent MB, Higgs S, Cheke LG, Kanoski SE. Memory and eating: A bidirectional relationship implicated in obesity. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 132:110-129. [PMID: 34813827 PMCID: PMC8816841 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
This paper reviews evidence demonstrating a bidirectional relationship between memory and eating in humans and rodents. In humans, amnesia is associated with impaired processing of hunger and satiety cues, disrupted memory of recent meals, and overconsumption. In healthy participants, meal-related memory limits subsequent ingestive behavior and obesity is associated with impaired memory and disturbances in the hippocampus. Evidence from rodents suggests that dorsal hippocampal neural activity contributes to the ability of meal-related memory to control future intake, that endocrine and neuropeptide systems act in the ventral hippocampus to provide cues regarding energy status and regulate learned aspects of eating, and that consumption of hypercaloric diets and obesity disrupt these processes. Collectively, this evidence indicates that diet-induced obesity may be caused and/or maintained, at least in part, by a vicious cycle wherein excess intake disrupts hippocampal functioning, which further increases intake. This perspective may advance our understanding of how the brain controls eating, the neural mechanisms that contribute to eating-related disorders, and identify how to treat diet-induced obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marise B Parent
- Neuroscience Institute & Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Box 5030, Atlanta, GA 30303-5030, United States.
| | - Suzanne Higgs
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, BI5 2TT, United Kingdom.
| | - Lucy G Cheke
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, United Kingdom.
| | - Scott E Kanoski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-0371, United States.
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4
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Do children with overweight respond faster to food-related words? Appetite 2021; 161:105134. [PMID: 33484788 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Overweight in childhood is a risk factor in developing obesity as an adult, thus having severe consequences on the individuals' physical health and psychological well-being. Therefore, studying the cognitive and emotional processes that sustain overweight is essential not only at a theoretical level but also to develop effective interventions. In the present experiment, we examined whether children with overweight respond faster to food-related than non-food-related words in a word recognition task: lexical decision. The participants were 24 children diagnosed with exogenous overweight and 24 children with a healthy weight. The stimulus list included positively valenced food-related words and positively valenced non-food-related words matched in a number of psycholinguistic variables-we also included negatively valenced non-food words. While children with a healthy weight showed similar response times to positively valenced food-related and non-food-related words, children with overweight showed much faster response times to food-related words than to non-food-related words. Furthermore, both children with overweight and children with a healthy weight responded faster to positive than to negative words. These findings suggest a complex interplay of cognitive and emotional factors during word processing that can be used to implement more effective treatments for childhood overweight.
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Leng X, Xiao M, Bian Z, Zhang Y, Shi P, Chen H. Episodic memory for food and non-food cues in females with obesity. Eat Behav 2021; 40:101472. [PMID: 33422906 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2020.101472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Episodic memory is typically thought of as the memory system that makes possible mental time travel through subjective time. This may serve an important function in allowing us to use recent dietary information to predict future food needs and integrate this information with current food availability to adapt motivation accordingly. Growing evidence has suggested that episodic memory influences and is influenced by obesity. However, there is limited available evidence on the characteristics of episodic memory for food and non-food cues in people with obesity. The present study attempts to address this association and apply an episodic memory task to evaluate item memory and source memory for food and non-food cues in females with obesity. Participants were 26 females with obesity and 30 females with healthy weight, who were undergraduate students aged 17-24 years. They completed the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire, hunger visual analog scale, fullness visual analog scale, desire-to-eat visual analog scale, and an episodic memory task including item memory and source memory. Results showed that the episodic memory patterns of females with and without obesity changed according to the type of stimuli. Specifically, females with obesity outperformed females with healthy weight in item memory for food cues, but showed deficits in item memory for non-food cues and source memory for both food and non-food cues. Taken together, based on the obesity and suboptimal food-related decision theoretical model, these findings are of great theoretical and clinical significance to explore episodic memory pattern differences between people with and without obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuechen Leng
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China; Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Mingyue Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China; Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ziming Bian
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China; Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ya Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China; Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Pan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China; Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China; Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Research Center of Psychology and Social Development, Chongqing 400715, China.
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6
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Response inhibition according to the stimulus and food type in exogenous obesity. Appetite 2020; 150:104651. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2020.104651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Zhang R, Yang X, Yang R, Xu Z, Sui N, Gao X. Wanting to eat matters: Negative affect and emotional eating were associated with impaired memory suppression of food cues. Appetite 2020; 150:104660. [PMID: 32171780 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2020.104660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous studies have linked emotional eating with negative affect and decreased inhibitory control. However, studies on inhibitory control have generally focused on motor inhibition. How to stop higher-level cognitive processes, such as food-related memory retrieval or voluntary thoughts, received few direct investigation in field of food intake or food-related decision making. The current study, adopting Anderson and Green's Think/No-Think paradigm, aimed to investigate the relationship between emotional eating, negative affect and food-related memory suppression. METHOD Sixty-one young females participated in the current study, during which they finished food specific Think/No-Think task. Their positive and negative affect and eating style were measured using Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule and Dutch Eating Behavior Question. The reward value of the food item used in the Think/No-Think task was measured using liking and wanting ratings. RESULTS As hypothesized, negative affect and emotional eating were associated with decreased memory suppression of palatable food cues. Further analysis showed that higher emotional eating was associated with greater wanting only among the food items which were previously suppressed however remembered later. DISCUSSION The current study presents the first evidence that negative affect and emotional eating were associated with impaired memory suppression of palatable food cues, and it provided insight into the interaction between reward valuation for the food cues and hippocampal memory mechanisms during retrieval suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruyi Zhang
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Xinmeng Yang
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Runlan Yang
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ziru Xu
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Nan Sui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Gao
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China.
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Food-Related Attentional Bias in Individuals with Normal Weight and Overweight: A Study with a Flicker Task. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12020492. [PMID: 32075079 PMCID: PMC7071261 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary purpose of the present study was to investigate attentional biases for food-related stimuli in individuals with overweight and normal weight using a flicker paradigm. Specifically, it was tested whether attention allocation processes differ between individuals with overweight and normal weight using transient changes of food-related and neutral pictures. Change detection latencies in objects of central interest (CI) or objects of marginal interest (MI) were measured as an index of attention allocation in a sample of fifty-three students with overweight/obesity and sixty students with normal weight during a flicker paradigm with neutral, hypercaloric and hypocaloric food pictures. Both groups of participants showed an attentional bias for food-related pictures as compared to neutral pictures. However, the bias was larger in individuals with overweight than in individuals with normal weight when changes were of marginal interest, suggesting a stronger avoidance of the food-related picture. This study showed that food-related stimuli influence attention allocation processes in both participants with overweight and normal weight. In particular, as compared to individuals with normal weight, those with overweight seem to be characterised by a stronger attentional avoidance of (or smaller attention maintenance on) food-related stimuli that could be considered as a voluntary strategy to resist food consumption.
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Davidson TL, Jones S, Roy M, Stevenson RJ. The Cognitive Control of Eating and Body Weight: It's More Than What You "Think". Front Psychol 2019; 10:62. [PMID: 30814963 PMCID: PMC6381074 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, a great deal of research has established the importance of cognitive processes in the control of energy intake and body weight. The present paper begins by identifying several of these cognitive processes. We then summarize evidence from human and nonhuman animal models, which shows how excess intake of obesity-promoting Western diet (WD) may have deleterious effects on these cognitive control processes. Findings that these effects may be manifested as early-life deficits in cognitive functioning and may also be associated with the emergence of serious late-life cognitive impairment are described. Consistent with these possibilities, we review evidence, obtained primarily from rodent models, that consuming a WD is associated with the emergence of pathophysiologies in the hippocampus, an important brain substrate for learning, memory, and cognition. The implications of this research for mechanism are discussed within the context of a “vicious-cycle model,” which describes how eating a WD could impair hippocampal function, producing cognitive deficits that promote increased WD intake and body weight gain, which could contribute to further hippocampal dysfunction, cognitive decline, and excess eating and weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry L Davidson
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, American University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Sabrina Jones
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, American University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Megan Roy
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, American University, Washington, DC, United States
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10
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Kaisari P, Kumar S, Hattersley J, Dourish CT, Rotshtein P, Higgs S. Top-down guidance of attention to food cues is enhanced in individuals with overweight/obesity and predicts change in weight at one-year follow up. Int J Obes (Lond) 2018; 43:1849-1858. [PMID: 30464229 PMCID: PMC6760610 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-018-0246-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Changing eating behaviour may be challenging for individuals with obesity and this may be related to attentional bias towards food. Previous paradigms used to assess attentional bias to food stimuli have not distinguished between bottom-up processes related to assessment of rewarding stimuli versus top-down processes related to effects of mind-set on attention. We investigated whether attentional bias for food cues varies between individuals with overweight/obesity and healthy weight individuals, due to differential top-down control of attention. We also determined whether top-down biases predict food consumption in the lab and weight change in our sample over one-year. Methods Forty-three participants with overweight/obesity and 49 healthy weight participants between the ages of 18 and 58 participated. Participants completed two attention tasks in a counterbalanced order: (i) a priming task assessing bottom-up control of attention and (ii) a working memory task assessing top-down control of attention. Eating behaviour was assessed by a taste test. At one-year follow-up participants returned to the laboratory to assess changes in their body mass index (BMI). Results The healthy weight and overweight/obese groups did not differ in demographics and baseline measures (appetite, food liking, taste test food intake). Participants with overweight/obesity showed greater top-down attentional bias towards food cues than did healthy weight participants but had no difference in bottom-up attentional bias. Top down attentional bias towards food cues predicted weight change over one-year but did not predict food intake in the taste test. Conclusions The present findings illustrate that the relationship between attentional bias for food, food intake, and body weight is complex. Top-down effects of mind-set on attention, rather than bottom-up control of attention to food may contribute to patterns of eating that result in development and/or maintenance of overweight/obesity. Interventions targeted at top down biases could be effective in facilitating prevention of weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota Kaisari
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Sudhesh Kumar
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.,Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (WISDEM), University Hospitals of Coventry and Warwickshire (UHCW) NHS Trust, Coventry, UK
| | - John Hattersley
- Human Metabolic Research Unit, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK
| | | | - Pia Rotshtein
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Suzanne Higgs
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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11
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Hayes JF, Eichen DM, Barch DM, Wilfley DE. Executive function in childhood obesity: Promising intervention strategies to optimize treatment outcomes. Appetite 2018; 124:10-23. [PMID: 28554851 PMCID: PMC5702584 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Executive functions (EFs) are hypothesized to play a role in the development and maintenance of obesity due to their role in self-regulatory processes that manage energy-balance behaviors. Children with obesity have well-documented deficits in EF, which may impede effectiveness of current, evidence-based treatments. This review examines top-down EF processes (e.g., inhibitory control, working memory, cognitive flexibility), as well as bottom-up automatic processes that interact with EFs (e.g., attentional bias, delay discounting) and their relation to weight-loss treatment success in children. It then evaluates EF-related interventions that may improve treatment response. Empirical studies that included an intervention purported to affect EF processes as well as pre-post measurements of EF and/or relative weight in populations ages 19 or younger with overweight/obesity were reviewed. Findings indicate that poorer EF may hinder treatment response. Moreover, there is preliminary evidence that behavioral weight loss intervention and physical activity may positively affect EF and that improvements in EF are related to enhanced weight loss. Finally, novel intervention strategies, such as computer training of core EFs, attention modification programs, and episodic future thinking, show promise in influencing both EFs and EF-related skills and weight. Further research is needed to provide more conclusive evidence of the efficacy of these interventions and additional applications and settings should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline F Hayes
- Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, United States.
| | - Dawn M Eichen
- University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive #0874, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Deanna M Barch
- Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, United States
| | - Denise E Wilfley
- Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, United States
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12
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Hippocampal insulin resistance and altered food decision-making as players on obesity risk. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 77:165-176. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Martin AA, Davidson TL, McCrory MA. Deficits in episodic memory are related to uncontrolled eating in a sample of healthy adults. Appetite 2017; 124:33-42. [PMID: 28479407 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite a substantial amount of animal data linking deficits in memory inhibition to the development of overeating and obesity, few studies have investigated the relevance of memory inhibition to uncontrolled eating in humans. Further, although memory for recent eating has been implicated as an important contributor to satiety and energy intake, the possibility that variations in episodic memory relate to individual differences in food intake control has been largely neglected. To examine these relationships, we recruited ninety-three adult subjects to attend a single lab session where we assessed body composition, dietary intake, memory performance, and eating behaviors (Three Factor Eating Questionnaire). Episodic recall and memory inhibition were assessed using a well-established measure of memory interference (Retrieval Practice Paradigm). Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that memory inhibition was largely unrelated to participants' eating behaviors; however, episodic recall was reliably predicted by restrained vs. uncontrolled eating: recall was positively associated with strategic dieting (β = 2.45, p = 0.02), avoidance of fatty foods (β = 3.41, p = 0.004), and cognitive restraint (β = 1.55, p = 0.04). In contrast, recall was negatively associated with uncontrolled eating (β = -1.15, p = 0.03) and emotional eating (β = -2.46, p = 0.04). These findings suggest that episodic memory processing is related to uncontrolled eating in humans. The possibility that deficits in episodic memory may contribute to uncontrolled eating by disrupting memory for recent eating is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Martin
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
| | - T L Davidson
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, American University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - M A McCrory
- Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States; Boston Nutrition Obesity Research Center, Boston, MA, United States
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14
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Cause or consequence? Investigating attention bias and self-regulation skills in children at risk for obesity. J Exp Child Psychol 2017; 155:113-127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Abstract
Food decisions determine energy intake. Since overconsumption is the main driver of obesity, the effects of weight status on food decision-making are of increasing interest. An additional factor of interest is age, given the rise in childhood obesity, weight gain with aging, and the increased chance of type 2 diabetes in the elderly. The effects of weight status and age on food preference, food cue sensitivity, and self-control are discussed, as these are important components of food decision-making. Furthermore, the neural correlates of food anticipation and choice and how these are affected by weight status and age are discussed. Behavioral studies show that in particular, poor self-control may have an adverse effect on food choice in children and adults with overweight and obesity. Neuroimaging studies show that overweight and obese individuals have altered neural responses to food in brain areas related to reward, self-control, and interoception. Longitudinal studies across the lifespan will be invaluable to unravel the causal factors driving (changes in) food choice, overconsumption, and weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floor van Meer
- Image Sciences Institute, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, room Q02.445, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lisette Charbonnier
- Image Sciences Institute, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, room Q02.445, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Paul A. M. Smeets
- Image Sciences Institute, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, room Q02.445, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University & Research Centre (Bode 62), 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands
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16
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Fearnbach SN, Silvert L, Keller KL, Genin PM, Morio B, Pereira B, Duclos M, Boirie Y, Thivel D. Reduced neural response to food cues following exercise is accompanied by decreased energy intake in obese adolescents. Int J Obes (Lond) 2015; 40:77-83. [PMID: 26449418 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2015.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute exercise has been found to favor a transient anorexigenic effect in obese adolescents. Although the role of some gastro-peptides has been suggested as an explanation for this observed reduced energy intake after exercise, it is unknown whether neural pathways involved in the regulation of food intake are modulated in youth. METHODS Body composition (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) and aerobic capacities were assessed in 19 obese adolescent boys. Participants were randomized to remain at rest in a sitting position (CON condition) or to exercise 45 min at 65% of their maximal capacities (EX condition) by the end of the morning. An attentional computer task with electroencephalography recording was completed immediately after the exercise or sitting period to measure an event-related component (P3b) reflecting the level of cognitive engagement in the processing of food cues. A lunch test-meal was offered ad libitum and appetite feelings assessed at regular intervals using visual analog scales. RESULTS The 45-min cycling exercise set at 65% VO2max induced a mean energy expenditure of 399±75 kcal. Both absolute (P<0.05) and relative (P<0.001) subsequent energy intake were significantly reduced after EX (1037±260 and 639±256 kcal, respectively) compared with CON (1116±243 and 1011±239 kcal, respectively). The energy ingested derived from each macronutrient and self-reported appetite remained unchanged. Although the amplitudes of the P3b component evoked by food and non-food visual stimuli were not significantly different during CON, the response to food cues was significantly reduced compared with non-food stimuli after exercise (P<0.01). DISCUSSION An acute exercise favors decreased neural response to food cues compared with non-food ones in obese adolescents that may contribute to their subsequently reduced energy intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Fearnbach
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - L Silvert
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Laboratoire de Psychologie Sociale et Cognitive, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,CNRS, UMR 6024, LAPSCO, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - K L Keller
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.,Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - P M Genin
- Clermont Auvergne University, EA 3533, Laboratory of the Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - B Morio
- INRA, UMR 1397, Laboratoire CarMeN, INSERM U1060, Université Lyon 1, INSA de Lyon, Université Lyon-Sud Rockefeller et Charles Merieux, Lyon, France
| | - B Pereira
- Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Biostatistics unit (DRCI), Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - M Duclos
- Department of Sport Medicine and Functional Explorations, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, G. Montpied Hospital, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,INRA, UMR 1019, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,CRNH-Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Y Boirie
- INRA, UMR 1019, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,CRNH-Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Department of Human Nutriton, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, G. Montpied Hospital, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,University Clermont 1, UFR Medicine, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - D Thivel
- Clermont Auvergne University, EA 3533, Laboratory of the Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), Clermont-Ferrand, France.,CRNH-Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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17
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Reward sensitivity predicts ice cream-related attentional bias assessed by inattentional blindness. Appetite 2015; 89:258-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2015.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Shank LM, Tanofsky-Kraff M, Nelson EE, Shomaker LB, Ranzenhofer LM, Hannallah LM, Field SE, Vannucci A, Bongiorno DM, Brady SM, Condarco T, Demidowich A, Kelly NR, Cassidy O, Simmons WK, Engel SG, Pine DS, Yanovski JA. Attentional bias to food cues in youth with loss of control eating. Appetite 2015; 87:68-75. [PMID: 25435490 PMCID: PMC4333006 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2014.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Emerging data indicate that adults with binge eating may exhibit an attentional bias toward highly palatable foods, which may promote obesogenic eating patterns and excess weight gain. However, it is unknown to what extent youth with loss of control (LOC) eating display a similar bias. We therefore studied 76 youth (14.5 ± 2.3 years; 86.8% female; BMI-z 1.7 ± .73) with (n = 47) and without (n = 29) reported LOC eating. Following a breakfast to reduce hunger, youth participated in a computerized visual probe task of sustained attention that assessed reaction time to pairs of pictures consisting of high palatable foods, low palatable foods, and neutral household objects. Although sustained attentional bias did not differ by LOC eating presence and was unrelated to body weight, a two-way interaction between BMI-z and LOC eating was observed (p = .01), such that only among youth with LOC eating, attentional bias toward high palatable foods versus neutral objects was positively associated with BMI-z. These findings suggest that LOC eating and body weight interact in their association with attentional bias to highly palatable foods cues, and may partially explain the mixed literature linking attentional bias to food cues with excess body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Shank
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), DoD, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), DHHS, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Marian Tanofsky-Kraff
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), DoD, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), DHHS, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Eric E Nelson
- Section on Development and Affective Neuroscience of the National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, DHHS, 15K North Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lauren B Shomaker
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), DHHS, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Colorado State University, 303 Behavioral Sciences Building, Campus Delivery 1570, 410 Pitkin Street, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Lisa M Ranzenhofer
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), DoD, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), DHHS, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Louise M Hannallah
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), DoD, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), DHHS, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sara E Field
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), DoD, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), DHHS, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Anna Vannucci
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), DoD, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), DHHS, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Diana M Bongiorno
- Section on Development and Affective Neuroscience of the National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, DHHS, 15K North Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sheila M Brady
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), DHHS, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tania Condarco
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), DHHS, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Andrew Demidowich
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), DHHS, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nichole R Kelly
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), DoD, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), DHHS, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Omni Cassidy
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), DoD, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), DHHS, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - W Kyle Simmons
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, 6655 S Yale Ave, Tulsa, OK 74136, USA; Faculty of Community Medicine, The University of Tulsa, 4502 E. 41st Street, Tulsa, OK 74135, USA
| | - Scott G Engel
- Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, 700 1st Ave S, Fargo, ND 58103, USA
| | - Daniel S Pine
- Section on Development and Affective Neuroscience of the National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, DHHS, 15K North Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jack A Yanovski
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), DHHS, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Boutelle KN, Liang J, Knatz S, Matheson B, Risbrough V, Strong D, Rhee KE, Craske MG, Zucker N, Bouton ME. Design and implementation of a study evaluating extinction processes to food cues in obese children: the Intervention for Regulations of Cues Trial (iROC). Contemp Clin Trials 2015; 40:95-104. [PMID: 25461494 PMCID: PMC4314468 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2014.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and its health sequelae affect a significant portion of children in the United States. Yet, the current gold-standard family-based behavioral weight-loss treatments are only effective for one-third of children long-term. Therefore, we developed iROC (Intervention for Regulation of Cues) to specifically target a method to decrease overeating in overweight children, based on learning theory, to inform and enhance interventions targeting diet and obesity in youth. This study will rigorously test extinction processes as a method of decreasing physiological and psychological responses to food cues in overweight and obese children. Through exposing children to their highly craved foods, and 'training the brain and body' to decrease overeating, we are hoping to produce longer-lasting weight loss or weight-gain prevention over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerri N Boutelle
- University of California San Diego, Department of Pediatrics, United States; University of California San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, United States.
| | - June Liang
- University of California San Diego, Department of Pediatrics, United States
| | - Stephanie Knatz
- University of California San Diego, Department of Pediatrics, United States
| | - Brittany Matheson
- University of California San Diego, Department of Pediatrics, United States
| | - Victoria Risbrough
- University of California San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, United States
| | - David Strong
- University of California San Diego, Department of Family and Preventative Medicine, United States
| | - Kyung E Rhee
- University of California San Diego, Department of Pediatrics, United States
| | - Michelle G Craske
- University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Psychology, United States
| | - Nancy Zucker
- Duke University, Department of Psychiatry, United States
| | - Mark E Bouton
- University of Vermont, Department of Psychology, United States
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20
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Werthmann J, Jansen A, Havermans R, Nederkoorn C, Kremers S, Roefs A. Bits and pieces. Food texture influences food acceptance in young children. Appetite 2014; 84:181-7. [PMID: 25312750 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2014.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Picky or fussy eating is common in early childhood and associated with a decreased preference for a variety of foods. The aim of the current study was to test experimentally which sensory food feature influences food acceptance, which, in turn is an indication for fussy eating, in young children (32 - 48 months). Another aim was to evaluate if the behavioural measurement of food acceptance is related to parental reports of their child's fussy eating behaviour, parental feeding styles and children's BMI. METHOD In a repeated-measures-design, three sensory features were manipulated separately (i.e., colour, texture and taste) while keeping the other two features constant. The baseline measurement consisted of a well-liked yoghurt, which was presented before each manipulation variant. The number of spoons that children (N = 32) consumed from each variant were registered as behavioural indication for food acceptance. Parental reports of children's eating behaviour and parental feeding styles; and children's BMI were also measured. RESULTS The manipulation of food texture caused a significant decrease in intake. Colour and taste manipulations of the yoghurt did not affect children's intake. Parental reports of children's fussy eating behaviour and parental feeding styles were not related to the behavioural observation of food acceptance. The behavioural measurement of food acceptance and parental accounts of fussy eating were not related to children's BMI. CONCLUSION Food texture but not taste or colour alternations affected food acceptance, at least when consuming variations of a well-liked yoghurt. This knowledge is important for further research on picky-eating interventions. Parental reports of fussy eating did not concur with the behavioural observation of food acceptance. Further research is warranted to test whether these findings generalize to other food types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Werthmann
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.
| | - Anita Jansen
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Remco Havermans
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Chantal Nederkoorn
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Stef Kremers
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Science, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Anne Roefs
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
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21
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Soetens B, Roets A, Raes F. “Food for Memory”: Pictorial Food-Related Memory Bias and the Role of Thought Suppression in High and Low Restrained Eaters. PSYCHOLOGICAL RECORD 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s40732-014-0016-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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22
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Martin AA, Davidson TL. Human cognitive function and the obesogenic environment. Physiol Behav 2014; 136:185-93. [PMID: 24631299 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.02.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Evidence is accumulating which suggests that, in addition to leading to unprecedented rates of obesity, the current food environment is contributing to the development of cognitive impairment and dementia. Recent experimental research indicates that many of the cognitive deficits associated with obesity involve fundamental inhibitory processes that have important roles in the control of food intake, implicating these cognitive impairments as a risk factor for weight gain. Here, we review experiments that link obesity with deficits in memory, attentional, and behavioral control and contemplate how these deficits may predispose individuals to overeat. Specifically, we discuss how deficits in inhibitory control may reduce one's ability to resist eating when confronted with the variety of foods and food cues that are ubiquitous in today's environment. Special attention is given to the importance of memory inhibition to the control of eating and appetitive behavior, and the role of the hippocampus in this process. We also discuss the potential etiology of both obesity and obesity-related cognitive impairment, highlighting non-human animal research which links both of these effects to the consumption of the modern "Western" diet that is high in saturated fats and simple carbohydrates. We conclude that part of what makes the current food environment "obesogenic" is the increased presence of food cues and the increased consumption of a diet which compromises our ability to resist those cues. Improving control over food-related cognitive processing may be useful not only for combating the obesity epidemic but also for minimizing the risk of serious cognitive disorder later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley A Martin
- School of Experimental Psychology, Nutrition and Behaviour Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | - Terry L Davidson
- Department of Psychology and Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, American University, Washington, DC, United States
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23
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Boutelle KN, Kuckertz JM, Carlson J, Amir N. A pilot study evaluating a one-session attention modification training to decrease overeating in obese children. Appetite 2014; 76:180-5. [PMID: 24512975 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2014.01.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
There are a number of neurocognitive and behavioral mechanisms that contribute to overeating and obesity, including an attentional bias to food cues. Attention modification programs, which implicitly train attention away from specific cues, have been used in anxiety and substance abuse, and could logically be applied to food cues. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the initial efficacy of a single session attention modification training for food cues (AMP) on overeating in overweight and obese children. Twenty-four obese children who eat in the absence of hunger participated in two visits and were assigned to an attention modification program (AMP) or attentional control program (ACC). The AMP program trained attention away 100% of the time from food words to neutral words. The ACC program trained attention 50% of the time to neutral and 50% of the time to food. Outcome measures included the eating in the absence of hunger free access session, and measures of craving, liking and salivation. Results revealed significant treatment effects for EAH percent and EAH kcal (group by time interactions p<.05). Children in the ACC condition showed a significant increase over time in the number of calories consumed in the free access session (within group t=3.09, p=.009) as well as the percent of daily caloric needs consumed in free access (within group t=3.37, p=.006), whereas children in the AMP group demonstrated slight decreases in these variables (within group t=-0.75 and -0.63, respectively). There was a trend suggesting a beneficial effect of AMP as compared to ACC for attentional bias (group by time interaction p=.073). Changes in craving, liking and saliva were not significantly different between groups (ps=.178-.527). This is the first study to demonstrate that an AMP program can influence eating in obese children. Larger studies are needed to replicate and extend these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerri N Boutelle
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0874, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States.
| | - Jennie M Kuckertz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States; Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Jordan Carlson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0874, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States; Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Nader Amir
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States
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24
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Barnes RD, Masheb RM, White MA, Grilo CM. Examining the relationship between food thought suppression and binge eating disorder. Compr Psychiatry 2013; 54:1077-81. [PMID: 23751246 PMCID: PMC3779532 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2013.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Food thought suppression, or purposely attempting to avoid thoughts of food, is related to a number of unwanted eating- and weight-related consequences, particularly in dieting and obese individuals. Little is known about the possible significance of food thought suppression in clinical samples, particularly obese patients who binge eat. This study examined food thought suppression in 150 obese patients seeking treatment for binge eating disorder (BED). Food thought suppression was not associated with binge eating frequency or body mass index but was significantly associated with higher current levels of eating disorder psychopathology and variables pertaining to obesity, dieting, and binge eating.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robin M. Masheb
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine
| | - Marney A. White
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine,Department of Psychology, Yale University,Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Yale University
| | - Carlos M. Grilo
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine,Department of Psychology, Yale University
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25
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Carnell S, Benson L, Pryor K, Driggin E. Appetitive traits from infancy to adolescence: using behavioral and neural measures to investigate obesity risk. Physiol Behav 2013; 121:79-88. [PMID: 23458627 PMCID: PMC3725261 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We come into the world with enduring predispositions towards food, which interact with environmental factors to influence our eating behaviors and weight trajectories. But our fates are not sealed - by learning more about this process we can identify ways to intervene. To advance this goal this we need to be able to assess appetitive traits such as food cue responsiveness and satiety sensitivity at different developmental stages. Assessment methods might include behavioral measures (e.g. eating behavior tests, psychometric questionnaires), but also biomarkers such as brain responses to food cues measured using fMRI. Evidence from infants, children and adolescents suggests that these indices of appetite differ not only with body weight, but also with familial obesity risk as assessed by parent weight, which reflects both genetic and environmental influences, and may provide a useful predictor of obesity development. Behavioral and neural approaches have great potential to inform each other: examining eating behavior can help us identify meaningful appetitive endophenotypes whose neural bases can be probed, while increasing knowledge of the shared neurobiology underlying appetite, obesity, and related behaviors and disorders may ultimately lead to innovative generalized interventions. Another challenge will be to combine comprehensive behavioral and neural assessments of appetitive traits with measures of relevant genetic and environmental factors within long-term prospective studies. This approach may help to identify the biobehavioral precursors of obesity, and lay the foundations for targeted neurobehavioral interventions that can interrupt the pathway to excess weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Carnell
- New York Obesity Nutrition Research Center, St Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, Babcock Building, Suite 10A, 1111 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10025, USA.
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26
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Neurocognitive correlates of obesity and obesity-related behaviors in children and adolescents. Int J Obes (Lond) 2013; 38:494-506. [PMID: 23913029 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2013.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Childhood obesity rates have risen dramatically over the past few decades. Although obesity has been linked to poorer neurocognitive functioning in adults, much less is known about this relationship in children and adolescents. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review to examine the relationship between obesity and obesity-related behaviors with neurocognitive functioning in youth. We reviewed articles from 1976 to 2013 using PsycInfo, PubMed, Medline and Google Scholar. Search terms included cognitive function, neurocognitive function/performance, executive function, impulsivity, self-regulation, effortful control, cognitive control, inhibition, delayed gratification, memory, attention, language, motor, visuo-spatial, academic achievement, obesity, overweight, body mass index, waist-hip ratio, adiposity and body fat. Articles were excluded if participants had health problems known to affect cognitive functioning, the study used imaging as the only outcome measure, they were non-peer-reviewed dissertations, theses, review papers, commentaries, or they were non-English articles. Sixty-seven studies met inclusion criteria for this review. Overall, we found data that support a negative relationship between obesity and various aspects of neurocognitive functioning, such as executive functioning, attention, visuo-spatial performance, and motor skill. The existing literature is mixed on the effects among obesity, general cognitive functioning, language, learning, memory, and academic achievement. Executive dysfunction is associated with obesity-related behaviors, such as increased intake, disinhibited eating, and less physical activity. Physical activity is positively linked with motor skill. More longitudinal research is needed to determine the directionality of such relationships, to point towards crucial intervention time periods in the development of children, and to inform effective treatment programs.
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27
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Hill C, Wu J, Crowley MJ, Fearon P. Restrictive feeding practices and adiposity are differentially related to P3b cortical responses to food stimuli in children. Appetite 2013; 63:7-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2012.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Revised: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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28
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Barnes RD, Sawaoka T, White MA, Masheb RM, Grilo CM. Factor structure and clinical correlates of the Food Thought Suppression Inventory within treatment seeking obese women with binge eating disorder. Eat Behav 2013; 14:35-9. [PMID: 23265399 PMCID: PMC3670144 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2012.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Prior research on the relations among eating behaviors and thought suppression is limited to a measure of general thought suppression, the White Bear Suppression Inventory. To address this limitation, researchers recently validated the Food Thought Suppression Inventory (FTSI). Analyses using this measure suggest that food thought suppression is distinct from and is more predictive of eating disorder psychopathology than is general thought suppression. The FTSI, however, has not yet been validated in clinical samples. The purpose of the current study is to examine the factor structure and clinical correlates of the FTSI within treatment seeking obese women with binge eating disorder (BED; N=128). Analyses revealed a valid and reliable one-factor measure of food thought suppression that was related to higher levels of eating and general psychopathology. The findings provide evidence for the use of the FTSI with obese women with BED. Future research should examine the psychometric properties of the FTSI within larger and more diverse samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel D. Barnes
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, USA,Corresponding author at: Yale University School of Medicine, Program for Obesity, Weight, and Eating Research, P.O. Box 208098, New Haven, CT 06520-8098, USA. Tel.:+1 203 785 6395; fax: +1 203 785 7855
| | | | - Marney A. White
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, USA,Department of Psychology, Yale University, USA,Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, USA
| | - Robin M. Masheb
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Carlos M. Grilo
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, USA,Department of Psychology, Yale University, USA
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Higgs S, Rutters F, Thomas JM, Naish K, Humphreys GW. Top down modulation of attention to food cues via working memory. Appetite 2012; 59:71-5. [PMID: 22450523 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2012.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Revised: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Attentional biases towards food cues may be linked to the development of obesity. The present study investigated the mechanisms underlying attentional biases to food cues by assessing the role of top down influences, such as working memory (WM). We assessed whether attention in normal-weight, sated participants was drawn to food items specifically when that food item was held in WM. Twenty-three participants (15 f/8 m, age 23.4±5 year, BMI 23.5±4 kg/m(2)) took part in a laboratory based study assessing reaction times to food and non-food stimuli. Participants were presented with an initial cue stimulus to either hold in WM or to merely attend to, and then searched for the target (a circle) in a two-item display. On valid trials the target was flanked by a picture matching the cue, on neutral trials the display did not contain a picture matching the cue, and on invalid trials the distractor (a square) was flanked by a picture matching the cue. Cues were food, cars or stationery items. We observed that, relative to the effects with non-food stimuli, food items in WM strongly affected attention when the memorised cue re-appeared in the search display. In particular there was an enhanced response on valid trials, when the re-appearance of the memorised cue coincided with the search target. There were no effects of cue category on attentional guidance when the cues were merely attended to but not held in WM. These data point towards food having a strong effect on top-down guidance of search from working memory, and suggest a mechanism whereby individuals who are preoccupied with thoughts of food, for example obese individuals, show facilitated detection of food cues in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Higgs
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
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Aspen VA, Stein RI, Wilfley DE. An exploration of salivation patterns in normal weight and obese children. Appetite 2011; 58:539-42. [PMID: 22172456 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2011.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We examined whether children's changes in salivary habituation to food vary based on weight status and/or allocating attention to a task. Children (31 non-overweight and 26 obese, ages 9-12 year) were presented with nine trials of a food stimulus and either listened to an audiobook (attention-demanding) or white noise (no-attention control). The salivary pattern differed significantly by weight status but not by condition or a condition by weight status interaction. This is the first study of salivary habituation in obese children; findings dovetail with an emerging set of evidence that obese individuals display distinctive biological responses to food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandana A Aspen
- Department of Psychiatry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Yokum S, Ng J, Stice E. Attentional bias to food images associated with elevated weight and future weight gain: an fMRI study. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2011; 19:1775-83. [PMID: 21681221 PMCID: PMC4007087 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2011.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral studies reveal that obese vs. lean individuals show attentional bias to food stimuli. Yet research has not investigated this relation using objective brain imaging or tested whether attentional bias to food stimuli predicts future weight gain, which are important aims given the prominence of food cues in the environment. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine attentional bias in 35 adolescent girls ranging from lean to obese using an attention network task involving food and neutral stimuli. BMI correlated positively with speed of behavioral response to both appetizing food stimuli and unappetizing food stimuli, but not to neutral stimuli. BMI correlated positively with activation in brain regions related to attention and food reward, including the anterior insula/frontal operculum, lateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC), and superior parietal lobe, during initial orientation to food cues. BMI also correlated with greater activation in the anterior insula/frontal operculum during reallocation of attention to appetizing food images and with weaker activation in the medial OFC and ventral pallidum during reallocation of attention to unappetizing food images. Greater lateral OFC activation during initial orientation to appetizing food cues predicted future increases in BMI. Results indicate that overweight is related to greater attentional bias to food cues and that youth who show elevated reward circuitry responsivity during food cue exposure are at increased risk for weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Yokum
- Oregon Research Institute, Eugene, Oregon, USA.
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Danner UN, Ouwehand C, van Haastert NL, Hornsveld H, de Ridder DTD. Decision-making impairments in women with binge eating disorder in comparison with obese and normal weight women. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2011; 20:e56-62. [PMID: 21308871 DOI: 10.1002/erv.1098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of the current study was to examine decision making in female patients with binge eating disorder (BED) in comparison with obese and normal weight women. METHOD In the study, 20 patients with BED, 21 obese women without BED and 34 healthy women participated. Decision making was assessed using the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). Several questionnaires were administered measuring binge eating severity, sensitivity for punishment and reward, and self-control. RESULTS The findings indicated that the BED and obese group performed poorly on the IGT. Participants who have BED and are obese did not improve their choice behaviour over time, whereas participants with normal weight showed a learning effect. An association between IGT performance and binge eating severity was found. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that patients with BED display decision-making deficits on the IGT comparable with other forms of disordered eating. Future research should focus on unravelling the processes underlying the deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Unna N Danner
- Altrecht Eating Disorders Rintveld, Altrecht Mental Health Institute, Zeist, The Netherlands.
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Brooks S, Prince A, Stahl D, Campbell IC, Treasure J. A systematic review and meta-analysis of cognitive bias to food stimuli in people with disordered eating behaviour. Clin Psychol Rev 2011; 31:37-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2010.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2010] [Revised: 08/23/2010] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Nijs IMT, Franken IHA, Muris P. Food-related Stroop interference in obese and normal-weight individuals: behavioral and electrophysiological indices. Eat Behav 2010; 11:258-65. [PMID: 20850061 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2010.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Revised: 06/04/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The primary objective of the present study was to investigate differences in the attentional processing of food-related words in a Stroop task, as assessed by means of behavioral (reaction times) and electrophysiological (P200 and P300 amplitudes) indices, between obese and normal-weight individuals. Results revealed a P200 bias to food-related words in obese participants, which was not seen in normal-weight participants. This indicates that, in an early, automatic stage of information processing, obese participants already tend to engage more attention towards food-related stimuli than to neutral stimuli. With respect to reaction times and P300 scores, as alleged indices of more conscious maintained attention, a general food-related bias was observed, with no between-group differences. Further, in the obese group, significant positive correlations were observed between the food-related reaction time bias, food craving, and external eating, whereas in the normal-weight group, food craving scores correlated positively with P200/P300 amplitude biases. It can be concluded that obese individuals display an enhanced automatic, preconscious attentional processing of food-related stimuli, and this can be regarded as an initial expression of a greater responsiveness to food cues. In the current food-abundant environment, such a heightened food cue-responsiveness might contribute substantially to the tendency to overeat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse M T Nijs
- Institute of Psychology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Calitri R, Pothos EM, Tapper K, Brunstrom JM, Rogers PJ. Cognitive biases to healthy and unhealthy food words predict change in BMI. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2010; 18:2282-7. [PMID: 20379149 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2010.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The current study explored the predictive value of cognitive biases to food cues (assessed by emotional Stroop and dot probe tasks) on weight change over a 1-year period. This was a longitudinal study with undergraduate students (N = 102) living in shared student accommodation. After controlling for the effects of variables associated with weight (e.g., physical activity, stress, restrained eating, external eating, and emotional eating), no effects of cognitive bias were found with the dot probe. However, for the emotional Stroop, cognitive bias to unhealthy foods predicted an increase in BMI whereas cognitive bias to healthy foods was associated with a decrease in BMI. Results parallel findings in substance abuse research; cognitive biases appear to predict behavior change. Accordingly, future research should consider strategies for attentional retraining, encouraging individuals to reorient attention away from unhealthy eating cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raff Calitri
- Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom.
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Food for thought: examining the relationship between food thought suppression and weight-related outcomes. Eat Behav 2010; 11:175-9. [PMID: 20434065 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2010.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2009] [Revised: 02/10/2010] [Accepted: 03/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The current study sought to extend previous eating behaviors and thought suppression literature by assessing the relationship between food thought suppression and weight-related outcomes. Three hundred and twelve overweight/obese community men and women completed self-report measures of thought suppression, weight history, and eating behaviors. Women were more likely than men to endorse food thought suppression, as were individuals who currently were dieting, when compared with those nondieters. Food thought suppression also predicted binge eating, food cravings, and other eating disordered symptoms. Results have implications for obesity and support further exploration of third wave interventions, such as Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Mindfulness, in the treatment of obesity.
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Bowker JC, Spencer SV, Salvy SJ. Examining How Overweight Adolescents Process Social Information: The Significance of Friendship Quality. JOURNAL OF APPLIED DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2010; 31:231-237. [PMID: 20514345 DOI: 10.1016/j.appdev.2010.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The current study examines the social information processing and coping styles (SIP) of overweight and average weight adolescents, and whether the associations between friendship quality and SIP differ for these two groups (N = 156, M age = 12.79). On the basis of height and weight assessments, overweight (n = 70) and average weight (n = 86) adolescents were identified. Participants reported on positive and conflictual qualities of their friendships, and their attributions, emotional reactions, and coping strategies in response to hypothetical negative peer events. Results revealed that for overweight adolescents, positive friendship quality was negatively associated with emotion-focused coping, and friendship conflict was positively associated with internal blame attributions, but the associations between these variables were not significant for average weight adolescents. Findings suggest that positive friendships may represent protective factors in the lives of overweight adolescents whereas highly conflictual friendships may increase risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie C Bowker
- 224 Park Hall, Psychology Department, University at Buffalo, SUNY, Buffalo, NY 14260-4110;
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Nijs IM, Muris P, Euser AS, Franken IH. Differences in attention to food and food intake between overweight/obese and normal-weight females under conditions of hunger and satiety. Appetite 2010; 54:243-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2009.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2009] [Revised: 11/02/2009] [Accepted: 11/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard H Epstein
- Department of Pediatrics, University at Buffalo School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA.
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40
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Abstract
Research has shown that animals and humans habituate on a variety of behavioral and physiological responses to repeated presentations of food cues, and habituation is related to amount of food consumed and cessation of eating. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of experimental paradigms used to study habituation, integrate a theoretical approach to habituation to food based on memory and associative conditioning models, and review research on factors that influence habituation. Individual differences in habituation as they relate to obesity and eating disorders are reviewed, along with research on how individual differences in memory can influence habituation. Other associative conditioning approaches to ingestive behavior are reviewed, as well as how habituation provides novel approaches to preventing or treating obesity. Finally, new directions for habituation research are presented. Habituation provides a novel theoretical framework from which to understand factors that regulate ingestive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard H Epstein
- Department of Pediatrics, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214-3000, USA.
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Moens E, Braet C. Predictors of disinhibited eating in children with and without overweight. Behav Res Ther 2007; 45:1357-68. [PMID: 17101117 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2006.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2005] [Revised: 09/29/2006] [Accepted: 10/03/2006] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined how 7-13-year-old children with and without overweight respond to free access to snack food in the absence of hunger and whether this eating behaviour could be predicted by parental feeding strategies and child's characteristics. METHODS A total of 52 children (26 normal weight and 26 overweight children) were exposed to snack food after consuming a typical meal. Parental feeding practices and child's variables were assessed via self-report. RESULTS Two-third of the sample ate of the presented snacks and consumed an average of 68 g. Overweight boys consumed twice as much than the normal weight boys. Parental feeding strategies did not contribute to the prediction of this eating behaviour. Regardless of the children's weight status, the child's eating style strongly predicted snack intake. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence that overweight boys show difficulties in regulating their eating behaviour. Inconsistent with previous work, no evidence for parental contribution of snack intake was found. The present findings suggest that in older children especially children's own eating style account for the variance in snack eating behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Moens
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, H. Dunantlaan 2, Ghent, Belgium.
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