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Crispo M, Muñoz MC, Lacroix F, Kheyi MR, Delverdier M, Croville G, Dirat M, Gaide N, Guerin JL, Le Loc'h G. Pathological investigation of high pathogenicity avian influenza H5N8 in captive houbara bustards (Chlamydotis undulata), the United Arab Emirates 2020. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4235. [PMID: 38378877 PMCID: PMC10879111 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54884-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
At the end of 2020, an outbreak of HPAI H5N8 was registered in captive African houbara bustards (Chlamydotis undulata) in the United Arab Emirates. In order to better understand the pathobiology of this viral infection in bustards, a comprehensive pathological characterization was performed. A total of six birds were selected for necropsy, histopathology, immunohistochemistry, RNAscope in situ hybridization and RT-qPCR and nanopore sequencing on formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue blocks. Gross lesions included mottled and/or hemorrhagic pancreas, spleen and liver and fibrinous deposits on air sacs and intestine. Necrotizing pancreatitis, splenitis and concurrent vasculitis, hepatitis and fibrino-heterophilic peritonitis were identified, microscopically. Viral antigens (nucleoprotein) and RNAs (matrix gene) were both detected within necro-inflammatory foci, parenchymal cells, stromal cells and endothelial cells of affected organs, including the myenteric plexus. Molecular analysis of FFPE blocks successfully detected HPAI H5N8, further confirming its involvement in the lesions observed. In conclusion, HPAI H5N8 in African houbara bustards results in hyperacute/acute forms exhibiting marked pantropism, endotheliotropism and neurotropism. In addition, our findings support the use of FFPE tissues for molecular studies of poorly characterized pathogens in exotic and endangered species, when availability of samples is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Crispo
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076, Toulouse Cedex 3, France.
| | - Mar Carrasco Muñoz
- Reneco International Wildlife Consultants LLC, PO Box 61741, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Frédéric Lacroix
- Reneco International Wildlife Consultants LLC, PO Box 61741, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohamed-Reda Kheyi
- Reneco International Wildlife Consultants LLC, PO Box 61741, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Maxence Delverdier
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076, Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - Guillaume Croville
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076, Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - Malorie Dirat
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076, Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - Nicolas Gaide
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076, Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - Jean Luc Guerin
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076, Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - Guillaume Le Loc'h
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076, Toulouse Cedex 3, France
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Rashid MU, Coombs KM. Chloride Intracellular Channel Protein 1 (CLIC1) Is a Critical Host Cellular Factor for Influenza A Virus Replication. Viruses 2024; 16:129. [PMID: 38257829 PMCID: PMC10819074 DOI: 10.3390/v16010129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Influenza A Virus (IAV) uses host cellular proteins during replication in host cells. IAV infection causes elevated expression of chloride intracellular channel protein 1 (CLIC1) in lung epithelial cells, but the importance of this protein in IAV replication is unknown. (2) In this study, we determined the role of CLIC1 in IAV replication by investigating the effects of CLIC1 knockdown (KD) on IAV viral protein translation, genomic RNA transcription, and host cellular proteome dysregulation. (3) Results: CLIC1 KD in A549 human lung epithelial cells resulted in a significant decrease in progeny supernatant IAV, but virus protein expression was unaffected. However, a significantly larger number of viral RNAs accumulated in CLIC1 KD cells. Treatment with a CLIC1 inhibitor also caused a significant reduction in IAV replication, suggesting that CLIC1 is an important host factor in IAV replication. SomaScan®, which measures 1322 proteins, identified IAV-induced dysregulated proteins in wild-type cells and in CLIC1 KD cells. The expression of 116 and 149 proteins was significantly altered in wild-type and in CLIC1 KD cells, respectively. A large number of the dysregulated proteins in CLIC1 KD cells were associated with cellular transcription and predicted to be inhibited during IAV replication. (4) Conclusions: This study suggests that CLIC1 is involved in later stages of IAV replication. Further investigation should clarify mechanism(s) for the development of anti-IAV drugs targeting CLIC1 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahamud-ur Rashid
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Room 543 Basic Medical Sciences Building, 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E OJ9, Canada
- Manitoba Centre for Proteomics and Systems Biology, Room 799, 715 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
| | - Kevin M. Coombs
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Room 543 Basic Medical Sciences Building, 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E OJ9, Canada
- Manitoba Centre for Proteomics and Systems Biology, Room 799, 715 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
- Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Room 513, John Buhler Research Centre, 715 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
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3
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Herfst S, Begeman L, Spronken MI, Poen MJ, Eggink D, de Meulder D, Lexmond P, Bestebroer TM, Koopmans MPG, Kuiken T, Richard M, Fouchier RAM. A Dutch highly pathogenic H5N6 avian influenza virus showed remarkable tropism for extra-respiratory organs and caused severe disease but was not transmissible via air in the ferret model. mSphere 2023; 8:e0020023. [PMID: 37428085 PMCID: PMC10449504 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00200-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Continued circulation of A/H5N1 influenza viruses of the A/goose/Guangdong/1/96 lineage in poultry has resulted in the diversification in multiple genetic and antigenic clades. Since 2009, clade 2.3.4.4 hemagglutinin (HA) containing viruses harboring the internal and neuraminidase (NA) genes of other avian influenza A viruses have been detected. As a result, various HA-NA combinations, such as A/H5N1, A/H5N2, A/H5N3, A/H5N5, A/H5N6, and A/H5N8 have been identified. As of January 2023, 83 humans have been infected with A/H5N6 viruses, thereby posing an apparent risk for public health. Here, as part of a risk assessment, the in vitro and in vivo characterization of A/H5N6 A/black-headed gull/Netherlands/29/2017 is described. This A/H5N6 virus was not transmitted between ferrets via the air but was of unexpectedly high pathogenicity compared to other described A/H5N6 viruses. The virus replicated and caused severe lesions not only in respiratory tissues but also in multiple extra-respiratory tissues, including brain, liver, pancreas, spleen, lymph nodes, and adrenal gland. Sequence analyses demonstrated that the well-known mammalian adaptation substitution D701N was positively selected in almost all ferrets. In the in vitro experiments, no other known viral phenotypic properties associated with mammalian adaptation or increased pathogenicity were identified. The lack of transmission via the air and the absence of mammalian adaptation markers suggest that the public health risk of this virus is low. The high pathogenicity of this virus in ferrets could not be explained by the known mammalian pathogenicity factors and should be further studied. IMPORTANCE Avian influenza A/H5 viruses can cross the species barrier and infect humans. These infections can have a fatal outcome, but fortunately these influenza A/H5 viruses do not spread between humans. However, the extensive circulation and reassortment of A/H5N6 viruses in poultry and wild birds warrant risk assessments of circulating strains. Here an in-depth characterization of the properties of an avian A/H5N6 influenza virus isolated from a black-headed gull in the Netherlands was performed in vitro and in vivo, in ferrets. The virus was not transmissible via the air but caused severe disease and spread to extra-respiratory organs. Apart from the detection in ferrets of a mutation that increased virus replication, no other mammalian adaptation phenotypes were identified. Our results suggest that the risk of this avian A/H5N6 virus for public health is low. The underlying reasons for the high pathogenicity of this virus are unexplained and should be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander Herfst
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lineke Begeman
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Monique I. Spronken
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marjolein J. Poen
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dirk Eggink
- Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dennis de Meulder
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Pascal Lexmond
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Theo M. Bestebroer
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marion P. G. Koopmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Thijs Kuiken
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mathilde Richard
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ron A. M. Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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4
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Djurdjević B, Polaček V, Pajić M, Petrović T, Vučićević I, Vidanović D, Aleksić-Kovačević S. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N8 Outbreak in Backyard Chickens in Serbia. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13040700. [PMID: 36830487 PMCID: PMC9952722 DOI: 10.3390/ani13040700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In winter 2016/2017, the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N8 was detected in backyard poultry in Serbia for the first time. The second HPAI outbreak case in backyard poultry was reported in 2022, caused by subtype H5N1. This is the first study that documents the laboratory identification and pathology associated with highly pathogenic avian influenza in poultry in Serbia during the first and second introduction waves. In both cases, the diagnosis was based on real-time reverse transcriptase PCR. The most common observed lesions included subepicardial hemorrhages, congestion and hemorrhages in the lungs, and petechial hemorrhages in coelomic and epicardial adipose tissue. Histologically, the observed lesions were mostly nonpurulent encephalitis accompanied by encephalomalacia, multifocal necrosis in the spleen, pancreas, and kidneys, pulmonary congestion, and myocardial and pulmonary hemorrhages. In H5N8-infected chickens, immunohistochemical examination revealed strong positive IHC staining in the brain and lungs. Following these outbreaks, strict control measures were implemented on farms and backyard holdings to prevent the occurrence and spread of the disease. Extensive surveillance of birds for avian influenza virus did not detect any additional cases in poultry. These outbreaks highlight the importance of a rapid detection and response system in order to quickly suppress outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biljana Djurdjević
- Department of Epizootiology, Clinical diagnostics and DDD, Scientific Veterinary Institute “Novi Sad”, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
- Correspondence:
| | - Vladimir Polaček
- Department of Epizootiology, Clinical diagnostics and DDD, Scientific Veterinary Institute “Novi Sad”, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Marko Pajić
- Department of Epizootiology, Clinical diagnostics and DDD, Scientific Veterinary Institute “Novi Sad”, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Tamaš Petrović
- Department of Virology, Scientific Veterinary Institute “Novi Sad”, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Ivana Vučićević
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dejan Vidanović
- Veterinary Specialized Institute Kraljevo, 36000 Kraljevo, Serbia
| | - Sanja Aleksić-Kovačević
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
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5
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Dinev I, Zarkov I, Goujgoulova GV, Stoimenov GM, Georgiev G, Kanakov D. Pathologic Evaluation of Influenza A H5N8 Infection Outbreaks in Mule Ducks in Bulgaria. Avian Dis 2020; 64:203-209. [PMID: 32550621 DOI: 10.1637/0005-2086-64.2.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This article outlines pathomorphologic findings of a study involving commercial mule ducks with confirmed influenza A H5N8 infections after a series of outbreaks in Bulgaria. Examinations were carried out after performing necropsy on dead birds from three different age groups (up to 15, 20 to 30, and 40+ days of age) fattened on different farms. Among birds of all ages, gross lesions were present as lesions affecting the heart. Histologically, the myocardium exhibited severe intermyofibrillar edema, moderate to massive hemorrhages, and degenerative changes. All lesions resulted in single or multiple and small to massive myocardial infarctions. Other affected organs included the brain, lungs, liver, spleen, and pancreas. Nonpurulent lymphocytic encephalitis was found postmortem in ducks that had shown prior clinical nervous signs. Among ducks of all ages, a viral antigen in the cardiomyocytes and the epithelium of air capillaries was found through immunohistochemical detection methods. The results of the present study allowed us to conclude that the highly pathogenic avian influenza A H5N8 viral infection may manifest itself as a systemic illness in commercial mule ducks with septicemic lesions, resulting in high morbidity and mortality rates of up to 100%. Pathomorphologic lesions were somewhat different from those previously reported in wild waterfowl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Dinev
- Department of General and Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria,
| | - Ivan Zarkov
- Department of Microbiology, Infection and Parasite Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | | | - Georgi M Stoimenov
- Department of Infectious Pathology and Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Forestry, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Georgi Georgiev
- Risk Assessment Center on Food Chain, Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Forestry, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Dian Kanakov
- Department of Internal Noninfectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
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6
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Caliendo V, Leijten L, Begeman L, Poen MJ, Fouchier RAM, Beerens N, Kuiken T. Enterotropism of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N8 from the 2016/2017 epidemic in some wild bird species. Vet Res 2020; 51:117. [PMID: 32928280 PMCID: PMC7491185 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00841-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2016/2017, H5N8 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus of the Goose/Guangdong lineage spread from Asia to Europe, causing the biggest and most widespread HPAI epidemic on record in wild and domestic birds in Europe. We hypothesized that the wide dissemination of the 2016 H5N8 virus resulted at least partly from a change in tissue tropism from the respiratory tract, as in older HPAIV viruses, to the intestinal tract, as in low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses, allowing more efficient faecal-oral transmission. Therefore, we determined the tissue tropism and associated lesions in wild birds found dead during the 2016 H5N8 epidemic, as well as the pattern of attachment of 2016 H5N8 virus to respiratory and intestinal tissues of four key wild duck species. We found that, out of 39 H5N8-infected wild birds of 12 species, four species expressed virus antigen in both respiratory and intestinal epithelium, one species only in respiratory epithelium, and one species only in intestinal epithelium. Virus antigen expression was association with inflammation and necrosis in multiple tissues. The level of attachment to wild duck intestinal epithelia of 2016 H5N8 virus was comparable to that of LPAI H4N5 virus, and higher than that of 2005 H5N1 virus for two of the four duck species and chicken tested. Overall, these results indicate that 2016 H5N8 may have acquired a similar enterotropism to LPAI viruses, without having lost the respirotropism of older HPAI viruses of the Goose/Guangdong lineage. The increased enterotropism of 2016 H5N8 implies that this virus had an increased chance to persist long term in the wild waterbird reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Caliendo
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lonneke Leijten
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lineke Begeman
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein J Poen
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nancy Beerens
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Thijs Kuiken
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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7
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Kabiljo J, Laengle J, Bergmann M. From threat to cure: understanding of virus-induced cell death leads to highly immunogenic oncolytic influenza viruses. Cell Death Discov 2020; 6:48. [PMID: 32542113 PMCID: PMC7288254 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-020-0284-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses constitute an emerging strategy in immunomodulatory cancer treatment. The first oncolytic virus, Talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC), based on herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA) in 2015. The field of oncolytic virotherapy is still in its beginnings, since many promising viruses remain only superficially explored. Influenza A virus causes a highly immunogenic acute infection but never leads to a chronic disease. While oncolytic influenza A viruses are in preclinical development, they have not made the transition into clinical practice yet. Recent insights into different types of cell death caused by influenza A virus infection illuminate novel possibilities of enhancing its therapeutic effect. Genetic engineering and experience in influenza A virus vaccine development allow safe application of the virus in patients. In this review we give a summary of efforts undertaken to develop oncolytic influenza A viruses. We discuss strategies for targeting viral replication to cancerous lesions and arming them with immunogenic transgenes. We furthermore describe which modes of cell death are induced by influenza A virus infection and how these insights may be utilized to optimize influenza A virus-based oncolytic virus design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julijan Kabiljo
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Laengle
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute Applied Diagnostics, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Bergmann
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute Applied Diagnostics, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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8
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Nikolov S, H. Marinova M, Murad B, Tsachev I. A review of wild and synantropic birds recorded as reservoirs of avian influenza viruses in Bulgaria. BULGARIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.15547/bjvm.2248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present review is to summarise the information about the species diversity of wild and synanthropic birds, which have been recorded as reservoirs of influenza in Bulgaria until 2018. A total of 17 species of wild and synantropic birds were reported. They belong to 16 genera, 11 families and 10 orders of the class Aves. A list of wild and synantropic birds – potential reservoirs of influenza in Bulgaria is also presented.
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9
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Usui T, Soda K, Sumi K, Ozaki H, Tomioka Y, Ito H, Murase T, Kawamoto T, Miura M, Komatsu M, Imanishi T, Kurobe M, Ito T, Yamaguchi T. Outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza in zoo birds caused by HA clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 subtype viruses in Japan in winter 2016. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 67:686-697. [PMID: 31605424 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In late 2016, two zoos, one in northern Japan and the other in central Japan, experienced highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) outbreaks, in which multiple zoo birds were infected with H5N6 subtype HPAI virus (HPAIV). Here, we report an overview of these HPAI outbreaks. HPAIV infections were confirmed by virus isolation in three black swans (Cygnus atratus) and three snowy owls (Bubo scandiacus) kept in the Omoriyama Zoo hospital. At Higashiyama Zoo and Botanical Gardens, following the death of a black swan at a zoo pond, nine waterfowl, including two black swans, four cackling geese (Branta hutchinsii leucopareia), two mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), and a wigeon (Anas penelope), died after HPAIV infection in isolation facilities. Based on the presence of H5-specific antibodies in their sera, two surviving black swans and a surviving mallard at Higashiyama Zoo appeared to have HPAIV infection, although the virus was not isolated. The detectable levels of antibodies (≥10 HI) were maintained for at least 5-9 months, as determined by haemagglutinin inhibition test. Isolation of two H5N6 subtype HPAIVs from an open-air pond where affected zoo birds were previously housed at Higashiyama Zoo strongly indicates that wild waterfowl associated with aquatic environments brought the virus to the zoo. The phylogenetic relationships of the 18 isolates indicated direct viral transmission among birds within each zoo. In both zoos, containment of suspected birds in isolation facilities might have allowed the virus spread among birds inside the facility. However, maintaining containment measures and strict sanitation procedures could facilitate successful physical containment and clearance of HPAIV in both zoos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsufumi Usui
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Kosuke Soda
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Kanae Sumi
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Hiroichi Ozaki
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Yukiko Tomioka
- Laboratory of Experimental Animal, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ito
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Murase
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Masami Kurobe
- Nagoya Higashiyama Zoo and Botanical Gardens, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Ito
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
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10
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Abstract
Leptospirosis is an occupational risk for military personnel and many cases have been reported worldwide. Rodents are the most important maintenance hosts for Leptospira spp. and may infect both animals and humans. To determine the occurrence and identity of pathogenic Leptospira spp. in rodent and shrew populations in German military camps in Afghanistan, we examined 751 animals ( Mus musculus, Cricetulus migratorius, Meriones libycus, Rattus tanezumi, Crocidura cf. suaveolens, and Suncus etruscus) from four military camps in Northern Afghanistan from 2009-12. Leptospiral DNA was found in 1.1% of the animals and only in Mus musculus. Partial secY sequencing identified Leptospira borgpetersenii and Leptospira kirschneri as infecting genomospecies. Multilocus sequence typing was successful in the L. borgpetersenii samples, which were identified as sequence type 155. The low prevalence we observed suggested that the exposure risk of military personnel to infectious Leptospira spp. in the region is low.
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11
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Atkin-Smith GK, Duan M, Chen W, Poon IKH. The induction and consequences of Influenza A virus-induced cell death. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:1002. [PMID: 30254192 PMCID: PMC6156503 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1035-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Infection with Influenza A virus (IAV) causes significant cell death within the upper and lower respiratory tract and lung parenchyma. In severe infections, high levels of cell death can exacerbate inflammation and comprise the integrity of the epithelial cell barrier leading to respiratory failure. IAV infection of airway and alveolar epithelial cells promotes immune cell infiltration into the lung and therefore, immune cell types such as macrophages, monocytes and neutrophils are readily exposed to IAV and infection-induced death. Although the induction of cell death through apoptosis and necrosis following IAV infection is a well-known phenomenon, the molecular determinants responsible for inducing cell death is not fully understood. Here, we review the current understanding of IAV-induced cell death and critically evaluate the consequences of cell death in aiding either the restoration of lung homoeostasis or the progression of IAV-induced lung pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia K Atkin-Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia.
| | - Mubing Duan
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia.
| | - Weisan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Ivan K H Poon
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia.
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12
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Morphological Differences of Pancreatic Lesions in Mute Swans and Hens Naturally Infected with Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus H5N8. ACTA VET-BEOGRAD 2018. [DOI: 10.2478/acve-2018-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
During the epizootic of highly pathogenic avian influenza subtype H5N8 in Serbia in the winter of 2016-2017, the highest percent of mortality due to this infection was recorded in mute swans (Cygnus olor). Besides mute swans, avian influenza virus subtype H5N8 was also diagnosed in a small number of hens in rural households. Pancreatic tissues from avian influenza H5N8 positive mute swans and hens that died during this outbreak were collected to determine the character of morphological lesions and the distribution of the viral antigen in this organ. Macroscopic examination of the pancreas of mute swans revealed hemorrhages as well as necrosis, while there were no macroscopic visible lesions in the pancreas of infected hens. Despite the different macroscopic finding, microscopic examination of the pancreas of both infected bird species revealed lesions in the form of acute pancreatitis and multifocal acinar necrosis. The viral antigen was abundantly expressed in the cytoplasm and nucleus of necrotic cells, as well as in macrophages in both examined bird species. Immunohistochemical expression of the viral antigen in the pancreas was strongly consistent with histological lesions. According to the above described findings, it could be concluded that highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N8 has a high affinity to pancreatic tissue in both mute swans and hens and the distribution and the character of the lesions in the pancreas are similar in both bird species.
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13
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Zhao N, Wang S, Li H, Liu S, Li M, Luo J, Su W, He H. Influence of Novel Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A (H5N1) Virus Infection on Migrating Whooper Swans Fecal Microbiota. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018. [PMID: 29520341 PMCID: PMC5827414 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The migration of wild birds plays an important role in the transmission and spread of H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus, posing a severe risk to animal and human health. Substantial evidence suggests that altered gut microbial community is implicated in the infection of respiratory influenza virus. However, the influence of H5N1 infection in gut microbiota of migratory birds remains unknown. In January 2015, a novel recombinant H5N1 virus emerged and killed about 100 migratory birds, mainly including whooper swans in Sanmenxia Reservoir Area of China. Here, we describe the first fecal microbiome diversity study of H5N1-infected migratory birds. By investigating the influence of H5N1 infection on fecal bacterial communities in infected and uninfected individuals, we found that H5N1 infection shaped the gut microbiota composition by a difference in the dominance of some genera, such as Aeromonas and Lactobacillus. We also found a decreased α diversity and increased β diversity in infectious individuals. Our results highlight that increases in changes in pathogen-containing gut communities occur when individuals become infected with H5N1. Our study may provide the first evidence that there are statistical association among H5N1 presence and fecal microbiota compositional shifts, and properties of the fecal microbiota may serve as the risk of gut-linked disease in migrates with H5N1 and further aggravate the disease transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhao
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Supen Wang
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyi Li
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shelan Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meng Li
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Luo
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Su
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongxuan He
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Zhao H, Wang Y, Shao Y, Liu J, Li J, Zong H, Xing M. Characterization of Whooper Swan (Cygnus cygnus) Interferon α: Prokaryotic Expression, Biological Activities, and Physicochemical Characteristics. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2018; 38:20-28. [DOI: 10.1089/jir.2017.0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hongjing Zhao
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Wang
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yizhi Shao
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Juanjuan Liu
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinglun Li
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Zong
- Guangdong Vocational College of Science and Trade, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingwei Xing
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
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15
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Pantin-Jackwood MJ, Costa-Hurtado M, Bertran K, DeJesus E, Smith D, Swayne DE. Infectivity, transmission and pathogenicity of H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza clade 2.3.4.4 (H5N8 and H5N2) United States index viruses in Pekin ducks and Chinese geese. Vet Res 2017; 48:33. [PMID: 28592320 PMCID: PMC5463389 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-017-0435-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In late 2014, a H5N8 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus, clade 2.3.4.4, spread by migratory waterfowl into North America reassorting with low pathogenicity AI viruses to produce a H5N2 HPAI virus. Since domestic waterfowl are common backyard poultry frequently in contact with wild waterfowl, the infectivity, transmissibility, and pathogenicity of the United States H5 HPAI index viruses (H5N8 and H5N2) was investigated in domestic ducks and geese. Ducks infected with the viruses had an increase in body temperature but no or mild clinical signs. Infected geese did not show increase in body temperature and most only had mild clinical signs; however, some geese presented severe neurological signs. Ducks became infected and transmitted the viruses to contacts when inoculated with high virus doses [(104 and 106 50% embryo infective dose (EID50)], but not with a lower dose (102 EID50). Geese inoculated with the H5N8 virus became infected regardless of the virus dose given, and transmitted the virus to direct contacts. Only geese inoculated with the higher doses of the H5N2 and their contacts became infected, indicating differences in infectivity between the two viruses and the two waterfowl species. Geese shed higher titers of virus and for a longer period of time than ducks. In conclusion, the H5 HPAI viruses can infect domestic waterfowl and easily transmit to contact birds, with geese being more susceptible to infection and disease than ducks. The disease is mostly asymptomatic, but infected birds shed virus for several days representing a risk to other poultry species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary J. Pantin-Jackwood
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA
| | - Mar Costa-Hurtado
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA
| | - Kateri Bertran
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA
| | - Eric DeJesus
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA
| | - Diane Smith
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA
| | - David E. Swayne
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA
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Preskenis LA, Ladman BS, Gelb J. Identification of Type A Influenza Viruses from Wild Birds on the Delmarva Peninsula, 2007–10. Avian Dis 2017; 61:83-89. [DOI: 10.1637/11461-062716-reg] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A. Preskenis
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Avian Biosciences Center, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
| | - Brian S. Ladman
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Avian Biosciences Center, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
| | - Jack Gelb
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Avian Biosciences Center, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
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Cavicchioli L, Zappulli V, Beffagna G, Caliari D, Zanetti R, Nordio L, Mainenti M, Frezza F, Bonfante F, Patrono LV, Capua I, Terregino C. Histopathological and immunohistochemical study of exocrine and endocrine pancreatic lesions in avian influenza A experimentally infected turkeys showing evidence of pancreatic regeneration. Avian Pathol 2016; 44:498-508. [PMID: 26365055 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2015.1087640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In order to investigate the pancreatic lesions caused by the infection with either H7N1 or H7N3 low-pathogenicity avian influenza viruses, 28 experimentally infected turkeys were submitted for histopathology, immunohistochemistry, haematobiochemistry and real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction after different days post-infection (DPI). The localization of viral antigen and the measurement of insulin and glucagon expression in the pancreas were assessed to verify the progression from pancreatitis to metabolic disorders, such as diabetes. At the early infection phase (4-7 DPI), a severe acute necrotizing pancreatitis was recognized. During the intermediate phase (8-17 DPI), a mixed acute/chronic change associated with regenerative ductular proliferation was observed. A loss of pancreatic islets was detected in most severe cases and viral antigen was found in the pancreas of 11/28 turkeys (4-10 DPI) with the most severe histological damage. In turkeys euthanized at 39 DPI (late phase), a chronic fibrosing pancreatitis was observed with the reestablishment of both the exocrine and the endocrine pancreas. Insulin and glucagon expression manifested a progressive decrease with subsequent ductular positivity. Haematobiochemistry revealed increased lipasemia in the first week post-infection and hyperglycaemia in the second, with a progressive normalization within 21 DPI. This study allowed the identification of progressive virus-associated exocrine and endocrine pancreatic damage, suggesting that influenza virus might be responsible for metabolic derangements. Moreover, it highlighted a remarkable post-damage hyperplastic and reparative process from a presumptive common exocrine/endocrine precursor. This potential regeneration deserves further investigation for its relevance in a therapeutic perspective to replace lost and non-functional cells in diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cavicchioli
- a Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science , University of Padova , Padova , Italy
| | - Valentina Zappulli
- a Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science , University of Padova , Padova , Italy
| | - Giorgia Beffagna
- a Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science , University of Padova , Padova , Italy.,b Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences , Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie , Legnaro , Italy
| | - Diego Caliari
- a Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science , University of Padova , Padova , Italy
| | - Rossella Zanetti
- a Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science , University of Padova , Padova , Italy
| | - Laura Nordio
- a Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science , University of Padova , Padova , Italy
| | - Marta Mainenti
- a Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science , University of Padova , Padova , Italy
| | - Federica Frezza
- a Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science , University of Padova , Padova , Italy
| | - Francesco Bonfante
- b Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences , Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie , Legnaro , Italy
| | - Livia Victoria Patrono
- b Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences , Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie , Legnaro , Italy
| | - Ilaria Capua
- b Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences , Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie , Legnaro , Italy
| | - Calogero Terregino
- b Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences , Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie , Legnaro , Italy
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18
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Dolka B, Żbikowski A, Dolka I, Szeleszczuk P. The response of mute swans (Cygnus olor, Gm. 1789) to vaccination against avian influenza with an inactivated H5N2 vaccine. Acta Vet Scand 2016; 58:74. [PMID: 27770803 PMCID: PMC5075189 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-016-0255-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent epidemics of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) produced an unprecedented number of cases in mute swans (Cygnus olor) in European countries, which indicates that these birds are very sensitive to the H5N1 virus. The HPAI outbreaks stirred a debate on the controversial stamping-out policy in populations of protected bird species. After preventive vaccination had been approved in the European Union, several countries have introduced vaccination schemes to protect poultry, captive wild birds or exotic birds in zoos against HPAI. The aim of this study was to investigate the immune response of wild mute swans to immunization with an inactivated AI H5N2 vaccine approved for use in poultry. The serological responses of mute swans were assessed by comparison with racing pigeons (Columba livia), a species which is characterized by different susceptibility to infection with the H5N1 HPAI virus and plays a questionable role in the ecology of influenza (H5N1) viruses. Results Swans were vaccinated once or twice at an interval of 4 weeks. The humoral immune response was evaluated by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and NP-ELISA. The lymphocyte blast transformation test was used to determine the cell-mediated immune response. Higher values of the geometric mean titer (GMT) and 100 % seroconversion (HI ≥32) were noted in double vaccinated swans (1448.2) than in single vaccinated swans (128.0) or in double vaccinated pigeons (215.3). Significant differences in HI titers were observed between swans and pigeons, but no variations in ELISA scores were noted after the booster dose. Immunization of swans had no effect on the proliferative activity of lymphocytes. Conclusions The inactivated H5N2 vaccine was safe and immunogenic for mute swans and pigeons. Vaccination may have practical implications for swans kept in zoos, wildlife parks or rehabilitation centers. However, challenge studies are needed to prove the efficacy of the H5N2 AI vaccine.
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19
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Gulyaeva MA, Sharshov KA, Zaykovskaia AV, Shestopalova LV, Shestopalov AM. Experimental infection and pathology of clade 2.2 H5N1 virus in gulls. J Vet Sci 2016; 17:179-88. [PMID: 26243601 PMCID: PMC4921666 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2016.17.2.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During 2006, H5N1 HPAI caused an epizootic in wild birds, resulting in a die-off of Laridae in the Novosibirsk region at Chany Lake. In the present study, we infected common gulls (Larus canus) with a high dose of the H5N1 HPAI virus isolated from a common gull to determine if severe disease could be induced over the 28 day experimental period. Moderate clinical signs including diarrhea, conjunctivitis, respiratory distress and neurological signs were observed in virus-inoculated birds, and 50% died. The most common microscopic lesions observed were necrosis of the pancreas, mild encephalitis, mild myocarditis, liver parenchymal hemorrhages, lymphocytic hepatitis, parabronchi lumen hemorrhages and interstitial pneumonia. High viral titers were shed from the oropharyngeal route and virus was still detected in one bird at 25 days after infection. In the cloaca, the virus was detected sporadically in lower titers. The virus was transmitted to direct contact gulls. Thus, infected gulls can pose a significant risk of H5N1 HPAIV transmission to other wild migratory waterfowl and pose a risk to more susceptible poultry species. These findings have important implications regarding the mode of transmission and potential risks of H5N1 HPAI spread by gulls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina A Gulyaeva
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Kirill A Sharshov
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.,Institute of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630117, Russia
| | - Anna V Zaykovskaia
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Novosibirsk 630559, Russia
| | - Lidia V Shestopalova
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Aleksander M Shestopalov
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.,Institute of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630117, Russia
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20
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Kim HR, Kwon YK, Jang I, Lee YJ, Kang HM, Lee EK, Song BM, Lee HS, Joo YS, Lee KH, Lee HK, Baek KH, Bae YC. Pathologic Changes in Wild Birds Infected with Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N8) Viruses, South Korea, 2014. Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 21:775-80. [PMID: 25897841 PMCID: PMC4412241 DOI: 10.3201/eid2105.141967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Susceptibility to infection varies by species, and asymptomatic birds could be carriers. In January 2014, an outbreak of infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N8) virus began on a duck farm in South Korea and spread to other poultry farms nearby. During this outbreak, many sick or dead wild birds were found around habitats frequented by migratory birds. To determine the causes of death, we examined 771 wild bird carcasses and identified HPAI A(H5N8) virus in 167. Gross and histologic lesions were observed in pancreas, lung, brain, and kidney of Baikal teals, bean geese, and whooper swans but not mallard ducks. Such lesions are consistent with lethal HPAI A(H5N8) virus infection. However, some HPAI-positive birds had died of gunshot wounds, peritonitis, or agrochemical poisoning rather than virus infection. These findings suggest that susceptibility to HPAI A(H5N8) virus varies among species of migratory birds and that asymptomatic migratory birds could be carriers of this virus.
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21
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Bröjer C, van Amerongen G, van de Bildt M, van Run P, Osterhaus A, Gavier-Widén D, Kuiken T. Pathogenicity and tissue tropism of currently circulating highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus (H5N1; clade 2.3.2) in tufted ducks (Aythya fuligula). Vet Microbiol 2015; 180:273-80. [PMID: 26441012 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Reports describing the isolation of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus (H5N1) clade 2.3.2 in feces from apparently healthy wild birds and the seemingly lower pathogenicity of this clade compared to clade 2.2 in several experimentally infected species, caused concern that the new clade might be maintained in the wild bird population. To investigate whether the pathogenicity of a clade 2.3.2 virus was lower than that of clades previously occurring in free-living wild birds in Europe, four tufted ducks were inoculated with influenza A/duck/HongKong/1091/2011 (H5N1) clade 2.3.2 virus. The ducks were monitored and sampled for virus excretion daily during 4 days, followed by pathologic, immunohistochemical, and virological investigations. The virus produced severe disease as evidenced by clinical signs, presence of marked lesions and abundant viral antigen in several tissues, especially the central nervous system. The study shows that HPAI-H5N1 virus clade 2.3.2 is highly pathogenic for tufted ducks and thus, they are unlikely to maintain this clade in the free-living population or serve as long-distance vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Bröjer
- Section of Pathology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7028, SE750 07 Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Pathology and Wildlife Disease, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), 751 89 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Geert van Amerongen
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marco van de Bildt
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter van Run
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Osterhaus
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Artemis Research Institute for One Health in Europe, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dolores Gavier-Widén
- Section of Pathology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7028, SE750 07 Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Pathology and Wildlife Disease, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), 751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Thijs Kuiken
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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22
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van den Brand JM, Krone O, Wolf PU, van de Bildt MWG, van Amerongen G, Osterhaus ADME, Kuiken T. Host-specific exposure and fatal neurologic disease in wild raptors from highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 during the 2006 outbreak in Germany. Vet Res 2015; 46:24. [PMID: 25879698 PMCID: PMC4349770 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-015-0148-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Raptors may contract highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 by hunting or scavenging infected prey. However, natural H5N1 infection in raptors is rarely reported. Therefore, we tested raptors found dead during an H5N1 outbreak in wild waterbirds in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany, in 2006 for H5N1-associated disease. We tested 624 raptors of nine species—common buzzard (385), Eurasian sparrowhawk (111), common kestrel (38), undetermined species of buzzard (36), white-tailed sea eagle (19), undetermined species of raptor (12), northern goshawk (10), peregrine falcon (6), red kite (3), rough-legged buzzard (3), and western marsh-harrier (1)—for H5N1 infection in tracheal or combined tracheal/cloacal swabs of all birds, and on major tissues of all white-tailed sea eagles. H5N1 infection was detected in two species: common buzzard (12 positive, 3.1%) and peregrine falcon (2 positive, 33.3%). In all necropsied birds (both peregrine falcons and the six freshest common buzzards), H5N1 was found most consistently and at the highest concentration in the brain, and the main H5N1-associated lesion was marked non-suppurative encephalitis. Other H5N1-associated lesions occurred in air sac, lung, oviduct, heart, pancreas, coelomic ganglion, and adrenal gland. Our results show that the main cause of death in H5N1-positive raptors was encephalitis. Our results imply that H5N1 outbreaks in wild waterbirds are more likely to lead to exposure to and mortality from H5N1 in raptors that hunt or scavenge medium-sized birds, such as common buzzards and peregrine falcons, than in raptors that hunt small birds and do not scavenge, such as Eurasian sparrowhawks and common kestrels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Ma van den Brand
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Oliver Krone
- Department Wildlife Diseases, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Straße 17, 10315, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Peter U Wolf
- Department for Diagnostic Investigation of Epizootics (LALLF), State Office for Agriculture, Food Safety, and Fishery, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Rostock, Germany.
| | - Marco W G van de Bildt
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Geert van Amerongen
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Albert D M E Osterhaus
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Thijs Kuiken
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
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23
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Mosavi SZ, Shahsavandi S, Ebrahimi MM, Hatami AR, Sadeghi K, Shahivandi H. Necrotic Response to Low Pathogenic H9N2 Influenza Virus in Chicken Hepatoma Cells. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2015; 8:e13770. [PMID: 25789133 PMCID: PMC4350051 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.13770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 09/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Limited knowledge about the molecular mechanism of avian influenza H9N2 virus pathogenicity in birds as well as human hosts has limited the development of effective control against the disease. To overcome this issue detailed understanding of the infectious characteristics of the virus in host cells should be obtained. Objectives: In this study we examined the replication kinetics of H9N2 virus in a chicken hepatoma cell line to obtain insight into the pathogenesis of H9N2 viruses. Materials and Methods: The kinetic replication of H9N2 influenza virus in chicken hepatoma and fibroblastic cells was studied in the presence and absence of supplemental trypsin. High viral titers observed in liver cells in a short time correlated with the degree of cytopathic effects. To determine whether the ultimate outcome of infection results in programmed cell death, the infected cells were observed by the cell viability assay, DNA fragmentation, caspase cascade activation, and quantified lactate dehydrogenase release. Results: The degree of viability was significantly reduced in infected hepatoma cells. Observations of caspase activation and cell DNA laddering in infected cells were not indicative of apoptosis. The infected hepatoma cells released lactate dehydrogenase, which is consistent with cell death by necrosis. Conclusions: Taken together, these data reveal that cellular protease of chicken liver cells allows the replication of high yields of H9N2 virus in the absence of trypsin and also cell death in the infected cells is due to necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shahla Shahsavandi
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Karaj, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Shahla Shahsavandi, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Karaj, IR Iran. Tel: +98-2634570038, E-mail:
| | | | | | - Kaveh Sadeghi
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Karaj, IR Iran
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Phylogenetic and pathogenic analyses of three H5N1 avian influenza viruses (clade 2.3.2.1) isolated from wild birds in Northeast China. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 29:138-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Short KR, Veldhuis Kroeze EJB, Reperant LA, Richard M, Kuiken T. Influenza virus and endothelial cells: a species specific relationship. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:653. [PMID: 25520707 PMCID: PMC4251441 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) infection is an important cause of respiratory disease in humans. The original reservoirs of IAV are wild waterfowl and shorebirds, where virus infection causes limited, if any, disease. Both in humans and in wild waterbirds, epithelial cells are the main target of infection. However, influenza virus can spread from wild bird species to terrestrial poultry. Here, the virus can evolve into highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). Part of this evolution involves increased viral tropism for endothelial cells. HPAI virus infections not only cause severe disease in chickens and other terrestrial poultry species but can also spread to humans and back to wild bird populations. Here, we review the role of the endothelium in the pathogenesis of influenza virus infection in wild birds, terrestrial poultry and humans with a particular focus on HPAI viruses. We demonstrate that whilst the endothelium is an important target of virus infection in terrestrial poultry and some wild bird species, in humans the endothelium is more important in controlling the local inflammatory milieu. Thus, the endothelium plays an important, but species-specific, role in the pathogenesis of influenza virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty R Short
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, Netherlands ; School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Leslie A Reperant
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mathilde Richard
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Thijs Kuiken
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, Netherlands
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Kasloff SB, Pizzuto MS, Silic-Benussi M, Pavone S, Ciminale V, Capua I. Oncolytic activity of avian influenza virus in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cell lines. J Virol 2014; 88:9321-34. [PMID: 24899201 PMCID: PMC4136238 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00929-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is the most lethal form of human cancer, with dismal survival rates due to late-stage diagnoses and a lack of efficacious therapies. Building on the observation that avian influenza A viruses (IAVs) have a tropism for the pancreas in vivo, the present study was aimed at testing the efficacy of IAVs as oncolytic agents for killing human PDA cell lines. Receptor characterization confirmed that human PDA cell lines express the alpha-2,3- and the alpha-2,6-linked glycan receptor for avian and human IAVs, respectively. PDA cell lines were sensitive to infection by human and avian IAV isolates, which is consistent with this finding. Growth kinetic experiments showed preferential virus replication in PDA cells over that in a nontransformed pancreatic ductal cell line. Finally, at early time points posttreatment, infection with IAVs caused higher levels of apoptosis in PDA cells than gemcitabine and cisplatin, which are the cornerstone of current therapies for PDA. In the BxPC-3 PDA cell line, apoptosis resulted from the engagement of the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway. Importantly, IAVs did not induce apoptosis in nontransformed pancreatic ductal HPDE6 cells. Using a model based on the growth of a PDA cell line as a xenograft in SCID mice, we also show that a slightly pathogenic avian IAV significantly inhibited tumor growth following intratumoral injection. Taken together, these results are the first to suggest that IAVs may hold promise as future agents of oncolytic virotherapy against pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas. IMPORTANCE Despite intensive studies aimed at designing new therapeutic approaches, PDA still retains the most dismal prognosis among human cancers. In the present study, we provide the first evidence indicating that avian IAVs of low pathogenicity display a tropism for human PDA cells, resulting in viral RNA replication and a potent induction of apoptosis in vitro and antitumor effects in vivo. These results suggest that slightly pathogenic IAVs may prove to be effective for oncolytic virotherapy of PDA and provide grounds for further studies to develop specific and targeted viruses, with the aim of testing their efficacy in clinical contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha B Kasloff
- Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Matteo S Pizzuto
- Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy Imperial College of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Micol Silic-Benussi
- Department of Surgery, Oncology, and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Silvia Pavone
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Ciminale
- Department of Surgery, Oncology, and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Ilaria Capua
- Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
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Abdo W, Haridy M, Katou Y, Goto M, Mizoguchi T, Sakoda Y, Sakai H, Yanai T. Pathological and immunohistochemical findings of natural highly pathogenic avian influenza infection in tufted ducks during 2010-2011 outbreaks in Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2014; 76:1285-90. [PMID: 24881650 PMCID: PMC4197160 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.14-0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the winter of 2010-2011, an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) infection occurred in wild and domestic birds in Japan. Tufted ducks were found dead in an urban area of Toyota City, Koriyama, Fukushima Prefecture. Two tufted ducks were examined histopathologically, immunohistochemically and molecularly. Gross findings included marked dark-red clotted blood in the pectoral muscles and multifocal hemorrhages on the serous membranes. Microscopically, non-suppurative meningoencephalitis, multifocal to coalescing pancreatic necrosis and severe pulmonary congestion were observed. HPAIV antigen was detected in the malacic areas, neuronal, glial and ependymal cells, pulmonary capillary endothelial cells and epithelium of pulmonary bronchioles, necrotic pancreatic acini and degenerated cardiac myocytes. The HPAIV isolate was genetically classified into clade 2.3.2.1 group A. The broad distribution of virus antigen in brain and pulmonary tissues associated with HPAIV spontaneous infection in tufted ducks might be useful in understanding its pathogenesis in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walied Abdo
- Department of Pathogenetic Veterinary Sciences, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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Abstract
Although not well described, occasional reports of avian exocrine and endocrine pancreatic disease are available. This article describes the lesions associated with common diseases of the avian pancreas reported in the literature and/or seen by the authors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Schmidt
- Zoo/Exotic Pathology Service, 7647 Wachtel Way, Citrus Heights, CA 95610, USA.
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Gale P, Goddard A, Breed AC, Irvine RM, Kelly L, Snary EL. Entry of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus into Europe through migratory wild birds: a qualitative release assessment at the species level. J Appl Microbiol 2014; 116:1405-17. [PMID: 24592908 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To estimate qualitatively the probabilities of release (or entry) of Eurasian lineage H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus into Great Britain (GB), the Netherlands and Italy through selected higher risk species of migratory water bird. METHODS AND RESULTS The probabilities of one or more release events of H5N1 HPAI per year (Pre(lease)) were estimated qualitatively for 15 avian species, including swans, geese, ducks and gulls, by assessing the prevalence of H5N1 HPAI in different regions of the world (weighted to 2009) and estimates of the total numbers of birds migrating from each of those regions. The release assessment accommodated the migration times for each species in relation to the probabilities of their surviving infection and shedding virus on arrival. Although the predicted probabilities of release of H5N1 per individual bird per year were low, very low or negligible, Pre(lease) was high for a few species reflecting the high numbers of birds migrating from some regions. Values of Pre(lease) were generally higher for the Netherlands than for GB, while ducks and gulls from Africa presented higher probabilities to Italy compared to the Netherlands and GB. CONCLUSIONS Bird species with high values of Pre(lease) in GB, the Netherlands and Italy generally originate from within Europe based on data for global prevalence of H5N1 between 2003 and 2009 weighted to 2009. Potential long-distance transfer of H5N1 HPAI from North Asia and Eurasia to GB, the Netherlands and Italy is limited to a few species and does not occur from South-East Asia, an area where H5N1 is endemic. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The approach accommodates biogeographical conditions and variability in the estimated worldwide prevalence of the virus. The outputs of this release assessment can be used to inform surveillance activities through focusing on certain species and migratory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Gale
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Weybridge, UK
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30
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Pedersen K, Marks DR, Arsnoe DM, Afonso CL, Bevins SN, Miller PJ, Randall AR, DeLiberto TJ. Avian Paramyxovirus Serotype 1 (Newcastle Disease Virus), Avian Influenza Virus, andSalmonellaspp. in Mute Swans (Cygnus olor) in the Great Lakes Region and Atlantic Coast of the United States. Avian Dis 2014; 58:129-36. [DOI: 10.1637/10638-081413-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Influenza A viruses grow in human pancreatic cells and cause pancreatitis and diabetes in an animal model. J Virol 2012; 87:597-610. [PMID: 23097451 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00714-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses commonly cause pancreatitis in naturally and experimentally infected animals. In this study, we report the results of in vivo investigations carried out to establish whether influenza virus infection could cause metabolic disorders linked to pancreatic infection. In addition, in vitro tests in human pancreatic islets and in human pancreatic cell lines were performed to evaluate viral growth and cell damage. Infection of an avian model with two low-pathogenicity avian influenza isolates caused pancreatic damage resulting in hyperlipasemia in over 50% of subjects, which evolved into hyperglycemia and subsequently diabetes. Histopathology of the pancreas showed signs of an acute infection resulting in severe fibrosis and disruption of the structure of the organ. Influenza virus nucleoprotein was detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in the acinar tissue. Human seasonal H1N1 and H3N2 viruses and avian H7N1 and H7N3 influenza virus isolates were able to infect a selection of human pancreatic cell lines. Human viruses were also shown to be able to infect human pancreatic islets. In situ hybridization assays indicated that viral nucleoprotein could be detected in beta cells. The cytokine activation profile indicated a significant increase of MIG/CXCL9, IP-10/CXCL10, RANTES/CCL5, MIP1b/CCL4, Groa/CXCL1, interleukin 8 (IL-8)/CXCL8, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and IL-6. Our findings indicate that influenza virus infection may play a role as a causative agent of pancreatitis and diabetes in humans and other mammals.
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Peng BH, Yun N, Chumakova O, Zacks M, Campbell G, Smith J, Smith J, Linde S, Linde J, Paessler S. Neuropathology of H5N1 virus infection in ferrets. Vet Microbiol 2012; 156:294-304. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Revised: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Bröjer C, Ågren EO, Uhlhorn H, Bernodt K, Jansson DS, Gavier-Widén D. Characterization of Encephalitis in Wild Birds Naturally Infected by Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1. Avian Dis 2012; 56:144-52. [DOI: 10.1637/9826-060111-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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34
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SAC C vs disease surveillance report: Further cases of jejunal haemorrhage syndrome in cattle. Vet Rec 2012; 170:13-6. [PMID: 22338699 DOI: 10.1136/vr.e21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Reperant LA, Kuiken T, Osterhaus ADME. Influenza viruses: from birds to humans. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2012; 8:7-16. [PMID: 22251997 DOI: 10.4161/hv.8.1.18672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses are the precursors of human influenza A viruses. They may be transmitted directly from avian reservoirs, or infect other mammalian species before subsequent transmission to their human host. So far, avian influenza viruses have caused sporadic-yet increasingly more frequently recognized-cases of infection in humans. They have to adapt to and circulate efficiently in human populations, before they may trigger a worldwide human influenza outbreak or pandemic. Cross-species transmission of avian influenza viruses from their reservoir hosts-wild waterbirds-to terrestrial poultry and to humans is based on different modes of transmission and results in distinctive pathogenetic manifestations, which are reviewed in this paper.
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36
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Reperant LA, van de Bildt MWG, van Amerongen G, Buehler DM, Osterhaus ADME, Jenni-Eiermann S, Piersma T, Kuiken T. Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 infection in a long-distance migrant shorebird under migratory and non-migratory states. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27814. [PMID: 22132150 PMCID: PMC3222657 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Corticosterone regulates physiological changes preparing wild birds for migration. It also modulates the immune system and may lead to increased susceptibility to infection, with implications for the spread of pathogens, including highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5N1. The red knot (Calidris canutus islandica) displays migratory changes in captivity and was used as a model to assess the effect of high plasma concentration of corticosterone on HPAIV H5N1 infection. We inoculated knots during pre-migration (N = 6), fueling (N = 5), migration (N = 9) and post-migration periods (N = 6). Knots from all groups shed similar viral titers for up to 5 days post-inoculation (dpi), peaking at 1 to 3 dpi. Lesions of acute encephalitis, associated with virus replication in neurons, were seen in 1 to 2 knots per group, leading to neurological disease and death at 5 to 11 dpi. Therefore, the risk of HPAIV H5N1 infection in wild birds and of potential transmission between wild birds and poultry may be similar at different times of the year, irrespective of wild birds' migratory status. However, in knots inoculated during the migration period, viral shedding levels positively correlated with pre-inoculation plasma concentration of corticosterone. Of these, knots that did not become productively infected had lower plasma concentration of corticosterone. Conversely, elevated plasma concentration of corticosterone did not result in an increased probability to develop clinical disease. These results suggest that birds with elevated plasma concentration of corticosterone at the time of migration (ready to migrate) may be more susceptible to acquisition of infection and shed higher viral titers--before the onset of clinical disease--than birds with low concentration of corticosterone (not ready for take-off). Yet, they may not be more prone to the development of clinical disease. Therefore, assuming no effect of sub-clinical infection on the likelihood of migratory take-off, this may favor the spread of HPAIV H5N1 by migratory birds over long distances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie A. Reperant
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Debbie M. Buehler
- Animal Ecology Group, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Theunis Piersma
- Animal Ecology Group, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Texel, The Netherlands
| | - Thijs Kuiken
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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37
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Chaves AJ, Busquets N, Campos N, Ramis A, Dolz R, Rivas R, Valle R, Abad FX, Darji A, Majo N. Pathogenesis of highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus (H7N1) infection in chickens inoculated with three different doses. Avian Pathol 2011; 40:163-72. [PMID: 21500036 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2011.551874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
To study the pathogenesis of a H7N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus strain, specific pathogen free chickens were inoculated with decreasing concentrations of virus: 10(5.5) median embryo lethal dose (ELD(50)) (G1), 10(3.5) ELD(50) (G2) and 10(1.5) ELD(50) (G3). Disease progression was monitored over a period of 16 days and sequential necropsies and tissue samples were collected for histological and immunohistochemical examination. Viral RNA loads were also quantified in different tissues, blood, oropharyngeal swabs, and cloacal swabs using quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Clinical signs of depression, apathy, listlessness, huddling and ruffled feathers were recorded in G1 and a few G2 birds, whilst neurological signs were only observed in chickens inoculated with the highest dose. Gross lesions of haemorrhages were observed in the unfeathered skin of the comb and legs, and skeletal muscle, lung, pancreas and kidneys of birds inoculated with 10(5.5) ELD(50) and 10(3.5) ELD(50) doses. Microscopic lesions and viral antigen were demonstrated in cells of the nasal cavity, lung, heart, skeletal muscle, brain, spinal cord, gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, liver, bone marrow, thymus, bursa of Fabricius, spleen, kidney, adrenal gland and skin. Viral RNA was detected by RT-qPCR in kidney, lung, intestine, and brain samples of G1 and G2 birds. However, in birds infected with the lowest dose, viral RNA was detected only in brain and lung samples in low amounts at 5 and 7 days post infection. Interestingly, viral shedding was observed in oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs with proportionate decrease with the inoculation dose. We conclude that although an adequate infectious dose is critical in reproducing the clinical infection, chickens exposed to lower doses can be infected and shed virus representing a risk for the dissemination of the viral agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida J Chaves
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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38
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Sun R, Luo J, Gao Y, He H. Different infection routes of avian influenza A (H5N1) virus in mice. Integr Zool 2011; 4:402-8. [PMID: 21392312 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-4877.2009.00178.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The continuing outbreaks of avian influenza A H5N1 virus infection in Asia and Africa have caused worldwide concern because of the high mortality rates in poultry, suggesting its potential to become a pandemic influenza virus in humans. The transmission route of the virus among either the same species or different species is not yet clear. Broilers and BABL/c mice were inoculated with the H5N1 strain of influenza A virus isolated from birds. The animals were inoculated with 0.1 mL 10(6.83) TCID(50) of H5N1 virus oronasally, intraperitoneally and using eye drops. The viruses were examined by virological and pathological assays. In addition, to detect horizontal transmission, in each group, healthy chicks and mice were mixed with those infected. Viruses were detected in homogenates of the heart, liver, spleen, kidney and blood of the infected mice and chickens. Virus antigen was not detected in the spleen, kidney or gastrointestinal tract, but detected by Plaque Forming Unit (PFU) assay in the brain, liver and lung without degenerative change in these organs (in the group inoculated using eye drops. The detection results for mice inoculated using eye drops suggest that this virus might have a different tissue tropism from other influenza viruses mainly restricted to the respiratory tract in mice. All chicken samples tested positive for the virus, regardless of the method of inoculation. Avian influenza A H5N1 viruses are highly pathogenic to chickens, but its virulence in other animals is not yet known. To sum up, the results suggest that the virus replicates not only in different animal species but also through different routes of infection. In addition, the virus was detection not only in the respiratory tract but also in multiple extra-respiratory tissues. This study demonstrates that H5N1 virus infection in mice can cause systemic disease and spread through potentially novel routes within and between mammalian hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqin Sun
- National Research Center For Wildlife Born Diseases and Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Lebarbenchon C, Feare CJ, Renaud F, Thomas F, Gauthier-Clerc M. Persistence of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in natural ecosystems. Emerg Infect Dis 2010; 16:1057-62. [PMID: 20587174 PMCID: PMC3321889 DOI: 10.3201/eid1607.090389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Differences in virus evolution may explain virulence heterogeneity. Understanding of ecologic factors favoring emergence and maintenance of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses is limited. Although low pathogenic avian influenza viruses persist and evolve in wild populations, HPAI viruses evolve in domestic birds and cause economically serious epizootics that only occasionally infect wild populations. We propose that evolutionary ecology considerations can explain this apparent paradox. Host structure and transmission possibilities differ considerably between wild and domestic birds and are likely to be major determinants of virulence. Because viral fitness is highly dependent on host survival and dispersal in nature, virulent forms are unlikely to persist in wild populations if they kill hosts quickly or affect predation risk or migratory performance. Interhost transmission in water has evolved in low pathogenic influenza viruses in wild waterfowl populations. However, oropharyngeal shedding and transmission by aerosols appear more efficient for HPAI viruses among domestic birds.
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40
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Antigenic, genetic, and pathogenic characterization of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses isolated from dead whooper swans (Cygnus cygnus) found in northern Japan in 2008. Virus Genes 2010; 41:351-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-010-0530-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2010] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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41
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Kuiken T, van den Brand J, van Riel D, Pantin-Jackwood M, Swayne DE. Comparative pathology of select agent influenza a virus infections. Vet Pathol 2010; 47:893-914. [PMID: 20682805 DOI: 10.1177/0300985810378651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A virus infections may spread rapidly in human populations and cause variable mortality. Two of these influenza viruses have been designated as select agents: 1918 H1N1 virus and highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus. Knowledge of the pathology of these virus infections in humans, other naturally infected species, and experimental animals is important to understand the pathogenesis of influenza, to design appropriate models for evaluation of medical countermeasures, and to make correct diagnoses. The most important complication of influenza in humans is viral pneumonia, which often occurs with or is followed by bacterial pneumonia. Viremia and extrarespiratory disease are uncommon. HPAI viruses, including HPAI H5N1 virus, cause severe systemic disease in galliform species as well as in anseriform species and bird species of other orders. HPAI H5N1 virus infection also causes severe disease in humans and several species of carnivores. Experimental animals are used to model different aspects of influenza in humans, including uncomplicated influenza, pneumonia, and virus transmission. The most commonly used experimental animal species are laboratory mouse, domestic ferret, and cynomolgus macaque. Experimental influenza virus infections are performed in various other species, including domestic pig, guinea pig, and domestic cat. Each of these species has advantages and disadvantages that need to be assessed before choosing the most appropriate model to reach a particular goal. Such animal models may be applied for the development of more effective antiviral drugs and vaccines to protect humans from the threat of these virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kuiken
- Erasmus MC, Department of Virology, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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42
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Feare CJ. Role of wild birds in the spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 and implications for global surveillance. Avian Dis 2010; 54:201-12. [PMID: 20521633 DOI: 10.1637/8766-033109-resnote.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews outbreaks of Asian-lineage highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5N1 in wild birds since June 2006, surveillance strategies, and research on virus epidemiology in wild birds to summarize advances in understanding the role of wild birds in the spread of HPAIV H5N1 and the risk that infected wild birds pose for the poultry industry and for public health. Surveillance of apparently healthy wild birds ("active" surveillance) has not provided early warning of likely infection for the poultry industry, whereas searches for and reports of dead birds ("passive" surveillance) have provided evidence of environmental presence of the virus, but not necessarily its source. Most outbreaks in wild birds have occurred during periods when they are experiencing environmental, physiologic, and possibly psychological stress, including adverse winter weather and molt, but not, apparently, long-distance migration. Examination of carcasses of infected birds and experimental challenge with strains of HPAIV H5N1 have provided insight into the course of infection, the extent of virus shedding, and the relative importance of cloacal vs. oropharyngeal excretion. Satellite telemetry of migrating birds is now providing data on the routes taken by individual birds, their speed of migration, and the duration of stopovers. It is still not clear how virus shedding during the apparently clinically silent phase of infection relates to the distance travelled by infected birds. Mounting an immune response and undertaking strenuous exercise associated with long migratory flights may be competitive. This is an area where further research should be directed in order to discover whether wild birds infected with HPAIV H5N1 are able or willing to embark on migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris J Feare
- WildWings Bird Management, 2 North View Cottages, Grayswood Common, Haslemere, Surrey GU27 2DN, United Kingdom.
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43
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Kwon YK, Kwon KY, Joh SJ, Kim MC, Kang MS, Lee YJ, Kwon JH, Kim JH. The susceptibility of magpies to a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype H5N1. Poult Sci 2010; 89:1156-61. [PMID: 20460661 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2009-00549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Korean wild magpies (Pica pica sericea) were intranasally inoculated with highly pathogenic avian influenza (A/Chicken/Korea/ES/03 virus) (H5N1), which was classified as clade 2.5. We estimated viral replication, death after infection, and histology and immunohistochemistry. This species was highly susceptible to severe infection; 100% of birds died within 5 to 8 d. The virus was detected from oropharyngeal (1 to 5 d postinfection) and cloacal (3 to 5 d postinfection) swabs from infected magpies. At necropsy, the prominent lesions were coalescing necrosis of the pancreas with enlargement of livers and spleens. Microscopically, pancreas, brain, heart, adrenal gland, and kidney were most consistently affected with necrotic and inflammatory changes, and viral antigen was frequently demonstrated in the parenchyma of these organs. As a result, Korean wild magpies were very susceptible to avian influenza (H5N1) virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y K Kwon
- National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service, Anyang, Kyeonggi 430-824, Korea.
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44
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Kwon YK, Thomas C, Swayne DE. Variability in pathobiology of South Korean H5N1 high-pathogenicity avian influenza virus infection for 5 species of migratory waterfowl. Vet Pathol 2010; 47:495-506. [PMID: 20382820 DOI: 10.1177/0300985809359602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The pathobiology of H5N1 high-pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) virus infection in wild waterfowl is poorly understood. This study examined the pathobiology of A/chicken/Korea/IS/06 (H5N1) HPAI in 5 migratory waterfowl species--mute swans (Cygnus olor), greylag geese (Anser anser), ruddy shelducks (Tadorna ferruginea), mandarin ducks (Aix galericulata), and mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos)--following intranasal inoculation or contact exposure, from which all birds became infected. In mute swans, this virus had strong vascular endothelial cell tropism, producing acute severe disease and 100% mortality; the virus was detected in various parenchymal cells; and necrotic and inflammatory changes were noted in a range of organs, including pancreas, brain, spleen, heart, oral cavity, adrenal gland, lung, and liver. The ruddy shelducks had 100% mortality, but time to death was delayed, and the lesions were primarily restricted to the brain, heart, pancreas, and spleen. The mandarin ducks had only a single mortality, with lesions similar to those in ruddy shelducks. The greylag geese became infected, developed neurological signs, and had residual meningoencephalitis when examined at termination but lacked mortality. The mallards had asymptomatic infection. These results indicate variation in the pathobiology of H5N1 virus infections in different species of wild waterfowl, ranging from severe, acute systemic disease with 100% mortality to asymptomatic infection of respiratory and gastrointestinal systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y K Kwon
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia, USA
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45
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Szeredi L, Dán Á, Pálmai N, Ursu K, Bálint Á, Szeleczky Z, Ivanics É, Erdélyi K, Rigó D, Tekes L, Glávits R. Tissue tropism of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype H5N1 in naturally infected mute swans (Cygnus Olor ), domestic geese (Aser Anser var. domestica), pekin ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) and mulard ducks ( Cairina moschata x anas platyrhynchos). Acta Vet Hung 2010; 58:133-45. [PMID: 20514747 DOI: 10.1556/avet.58.2010.1.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The 2006 epidemic due to highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) subtype H5N1 in Hungary caused the most severe losses in waterfowl which were, according to the literature at the time, supposed to be the most resistant to this pathogen. The presence of pathological lesions and the amount of viral antigen were quantified by gross pathology, histopathology and immunohistochemistry (IHC) in the organs of four waterfowl species [mute swans (n = 10), domestic geese (n = 6), mulard ducks (n = 6) and Pekin ducks (n = 5)] collected during the epidemic. H5N1 subtype HPAIV was isolated from all birds examined. Quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRRT-PCR) was also applied on a subset of samples [domestic geese (n = 3), mulard (n = 4) and Pekin duck (n = 4)] in order to compare its sensitivity with IHC. Viral antigen was detected by IHC in all cases. However, the overall presence of viral antigen in tissue samples was quite variable: virus antigen was present in 56/81 (69%) swan, 22/38 (58%) goose, 28/46 (61%) mulard duck and 5/43 (12%) Pekin duck tissue samples. HPAIV subtype H5N1 was detected by qRRT-PCR in all birds examined, in 19/19 (100%) goose, 7/28 (25%) mulard duck and 12/28 (43%) Pekin duck tissue samples. As compared to qRRTPCR, the IHC was less sensitive in geese and Pekin ducks but more sensitive in mulard ducks. The IHC was consistently positive above 4.31 log10 copies/reaction but it gave very variable results below that level. Neurotropism of the isolated virus strains was demonstrated by finding the largest amount of viral antigen and the highest average RNA load in the brain in all four waterfowl species examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levente Szeredi
- 1 Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate Central Agricultural Office Tábornok u. 2 H-1149 Budapest Hungary
| | - Ádám Dán
- 1 Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate Central Agricultural Office Tábornok u. 2 H-1149 Budapest Hungary
| | - Nimród Pálmai
- 1 Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate Central Agricultural Office Tábornok u. 2 H-1149 Budapest Hungary
| | - Krisztina Ursu
- 1 Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate Central Agricultural Office Tábornok u. 2 H-1149 Budapest Hungary
| | - Ádám Bálint
- 1 Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate Central Agricultural Office Tábornok u. 2 H-1149 Budapest Hungary
| | - Zsófia Szeleczky
- 1 Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate Central Agricultural Office Tábornok u. 2 H-1149 Budapest Hungary
| | - Éva Ivanics
- 1 Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate Central Agricultural Office Tábornok u. 2 H-1149 Budapest Hungary
| | - Károly Erdélyi
- 1 Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate Central Agricultural Office Tábornok u. 2 H-1149 Budapest Hungary
| | - Dóra Rigó
- 1 Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate Central Agricultural Office Tábornok u. 2 H-1149 Budapest Hungary
| | - Lajos Tekes
- 1 Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate Central Agricultural Office Tábornok u. 2 H-1149 Budapest Hungary
| | - Róbert Glávits
- 1 Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate Central Agricultural Office Tábornok u. 2 H-1149 Budapest Hungary
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46
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Maurizi CP. Influenza caused epidemic encephalitis (encephalitis lethargica): the circumstantial evidence and a challenge to the nonbelievers. Med Hypotheses 2010; 74:798-801. [PMID: 20060230 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2009.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2009] [Accepted: 12/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Twenty years ago, circumstantial evidence was compiled to link the 1918 pandemic influenza virus to a CNS disorder called epidemic encephalitis or encephalitis lethargica. A challenge was issued to naysayers. During the past two decades, the knowledge about the influenza virus and the 1918 pandemic virus in particular has had dramatic advancement. The 1918 virus has been resurrected and reconstructed. Experimental studies of mice inoculated with a neurovirulent avian virus have delineated the neuropathology of influenza encephalitis. Review of autopsy cases of encephalitis lethargica revealed that the neuropathology during and shortly after the pandemic was unique. Surprisingly two different viruses were involved with the great pandemic. A single amino acid difference in the hemagglutinin of the two viruses changed the preferred receptor of the virus in the host cell. One virus has qualities that suggest that it is neurovirulent. Circumstantial evidence suggests that the cause of death in some influenza patients was neurogenic congestive heart failure with pulmonary edema. Theories about the pathophysiology of encephalitis lethargica and postencephalitic Parkinson's disease are offered.
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47
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YAMAMOTO Y, NAKAMURA K, YAMADA M, ITO T. Zoonotic risk for influenza A (H5N1) infection in wild swan feathers. J Vet Med Sci 2010; 71:1549-51. [PMID: 19959912 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.001549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined whooper swans naturally infected with avian influenza virus (H5N1) to evaluate the possible zoonotic risk of swan feathers. Viruses were isolated from feather calami. Immunohistochemical testing revealed that virus antigens were present in the feather epidermis and feather follicle wall epidermis of some feathers. RT-PCR and genetic sequencing using paraffin sections of swan feathers confirmed the presence of avian influenza virus (H5N1) in the feather tissue. These results indicate that the feathers could have the risk for zoonotic infection from infected wild swans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu YAMAMOTO
- National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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48
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Bröjer C, Agren EO, Uhlhorn H, Bernodt K, Mörner T, Jansson DS, Mattsson R, Zohari S, Thorén P, Berg M, Gavier-Widén D. Pathology of natural highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 infection in wild tufted ducks (Aythya fuligula). J Vet Diagn Invest 2009; 21:579-87. [PMID: 19737752 DOI: 10.1177/104063870902100501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) subtype H5N1 is an infectious systemic viral disease that results in high morbidity and mortality in poultry, and has been reported in a wide range of wild bird species during the last few years. An outbreak of HPAI H5N1 occurred in wild birds in Sweden in 2006 that affected several duck species, geese, swans, gulls, and raptors. Tufted ducks (Aythya fuligula) accounted for the largest number of positive cases and, therefore, were selected for more in-depth histologic and immunohistochemical evaluations. The main histologic lesions associated with the presence of avian influenza antigen were found in the brain, pancreas, and upper respiratory tract. Other tissues in which influenza antigen was variably found included liver, lung, adrenal glands, kidneys, and peripheral nerve ganglia. The current study describes the pathology and viral tissue targeting of H5N1 by using histology, polymerase chain reaction, and immunohistochemistry, and highlights the range and variation in the presentation of the natural disease in tufted ducks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Bröjer
- Department of Pathology and Wildlife Diseases, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), SE75189, Uppsala, Sweden.
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49
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Song X, Huang Y, Xiao H, Liu D, Gao GF. Stable non-synonymous substitutions on NS gene (NS1 and NS2 proteins) of Qinghai Lake H5N1 influenza virus (Clade 2.2) after successive passages in Muscovy ducks. SCIENCE IN CHINA. SERIES C, LIFE SCIENCES 2009; 52:847-53. [PMID: 19802744 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-009-0115-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2009] [Accepted: 06/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although worldwide concern has been raised since the large-scale outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza in wild birds at Qinghai Lake, China in 2005, the factors responsible for the ability to kill waterfowl remain unclear. The why and how questions of the H5N1 virus species-jump into its reservoir host need to be answered. In this report we test the pathogenicity and adaptation of Qinghai Lake (Clade 2.2) isolate to Muscovy ducks for further understanding of this virus. The isolate was highly pathogenic in ducks and retained its high pathogenicity even after 20 generations of passage in ducks. During the process of serial passages, only the NS gene developed non-synonymous substitutions, which caused two mutations in NS1 protein (Val23Ala and Leu207Pro) and one in NS2 (Phe55Leu). These mutations persisted immutably through all subsequent passages and the pathogenicity remained high, implying that highly pathogenic H5N1 virus remains stable in aquatic birds through oral transmission. Although the exact functions of these mutations are not known, our results provide an important foundation for further understanding the characteristics of the Qinghai Lake isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- XiaoHui Song
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology of CAS, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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50
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Lebarbenchon C, Albespy F, Brochet AL, Grandhomme V, Renaud F, Fritz H, Green AJ, Thomas F, van der Werf S, Aubry P, Guillemain M, Gauthier-Clerc M. Spread of avian influenza viruses by common teal (Anas crecca) in Europe. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7289. [PMID: 19802387 PMCID: PMC2750755 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Accepted: 09/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the recent spread of highly pathogenic (HP) H5N1 subtypes, avian influenza virus (AIV) dispersal has become an increasing focus of research. As for any other bird-borne pathogen, dispersal of these viruses is related to local and migratory movements of their hosts. In this study, we investigated potential AIV spread by Common Teal (Anas crecca) from the Camargue area, in the South of France, across Europe. Based on bird-ring recoveries, local duck population sizes and prevalence of infection with these viruses, we built an individual-based spatially explicit model describing bird movements, both locally (between wintering areas) and at the flyway scale. We investigated the effects of viral excretion duration and inactivation rate in water by simulating AIV spread with varying values for these two parameters. The results indicate that an efficient AIV dispersal in space is possible only for excretion durations longer than 7 days. Virus inactivation rate in the environment appears as a key parameter in the model because it allows local persistence of AIV over several months, the interval between two migratory periods. Virus persistence in water thus represents an important component of contamination risk as ducks migrate along their flyway. Based on the present modelling exercise, we also argue that HP H5N1 AIV is unlikely to be efficiently spread by Common Teal dispersal only.
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