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Saivish MV, Nogueira ML, Rossi SL, Vasilakis N. Exploring Iguape Virus-A Lesser-Known Orthoflavivirus. Viruses 2024; 16:960. [PMID: 38932252 PMCID: PMC11209261 DOI: 10.3390/v16060960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Brazil has earned the moniker "arbovirus hotspot", providing an ideal breeding ground for a multitude of arboviruses thriving in various zoonotic and urban cycles. As the planet warms and vectors expand their habitat range, a nuanced understanding of lesser-known arboviruses and the factors that could drive their emergence becomes imperative. Among these viruses is the Iguape virus (IGUV), a member of the Orthoflavivirus aroaense species, which was first isolated in 1979 from a sentinel mouse in the municipality of Iguape, within the Vale do Ribeira region of São Paulo State. While evidence suggests that IGUV circulates among birds, wild rodents, marsupials, bats, and domestic birds, there is no information available on its pathogenesis in both humans and animals. The existing literature on IGUV spans decades, is outdated, and is often challenging to access. In this review, we have curated information from the known literature, clarifying its elusive nature and investigating the factors that may influence its emergence. As an orthoflavivirus, IGUV poses a potential threat, which demands our attention and vigilance, considering the serious outbreaks that the Zika virus, another neglected orthoflavivirus, has unleashed in the recent past.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marielena V. Saivish
- Laboratórios de Pesquisas em Virologia, Departamento de Doenças Dermatológicas, Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto 15090-000, SP, Brazil; (M.V.S.); (M.L.N.)
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Campinas 13083-100, SP, Brazil
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA;
| | - Maurício L. Nogueira
- Laboratórios de Pesquisas em Virologia, Departamento de Doenças Dermatológicas, Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto 15090-000, SP, Brazil; (M.V.S.); (M.L.N.)
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA;
| | - Shannan L. Rossi
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA;
- Center for Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA
- Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0610, USA
| | - Nikos Vasilakis
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA;
- Center for Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA
- Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0610, USA
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Saivish MV, Nogueira ML, Rossi SL, Vasilakis N. Beyond Borders: Investigating the Mysteries of Cacipacoré, a Lesser-Studied Arbovirus in Brazil. Viruses 2024; 16:336. [PMID: 38543701 PMCID: PMC10975354 DOI: 10.3390/v16030336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Cacipacoré virus (CPCV) was discovered in 1977 deep in the Amazon rainforest from the blood of a black-faced ant thrush (Formicarius analis). As a member of the family Flaviviridae and genus orthoflavivirus, CPCV's intricate ecological association with vectors and hosts raises profound questions. CPCV's transmission cycle may involve birds, rodents, equids, bovines, marsupials, non-human primates, and bats as potential vertebrate hosts, whereas Culex and Aedes spp. mosquitoes have been implicated as potential vectors of transmission. The virus' isolation across diverse biomes, including urban settings, suggests its adaptability, as well as presents challenges for its accurate diagnosis, and thus its impact on veterinary and human health. With no specific treatment or vaccine, its prevention hinges on traditional arbovirus control measures. Here, we provide an overview of its ecology, transmission cycles, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and prevention, aiming at improving our ability to better understand this neglected arbovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marielena V. Saivish
- Laboratórios de Pesquisas em Virologia, Departamento de Doenças Dermatológicas, Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, Sao Jose do Rio Preto 15090-000, SP, Brazil; (M.V.S.); (M.L.N.)
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Campinas 13083-100, SP, Brazil
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA;
| | - Maurício L. Nogueira
- Laboratórios de Pesquisas em Virologia, Departamento de Doenças Dermatológicas, Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, Sao Jose do Rio Preto 15090-000, SP, Brazil; (M.V.S.); (M.L.N.)
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA;
| | - Shannan L. Rossi
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA;
| | - Nikos Vasilakis
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA;
- Center for Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA
- Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0610, USA
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Jacob-Nascimento LC, Portilho MM, Anjos RO, Moreira PSS, Stauber C, Weaver SC, Kitron U, Reis MG, Ribeiro GS. Detection of Chikungunya Virus RNA in Oral Fluid and Urine: An Alternative Approach to Diagnosis? Viruses 2024; 16:235. [PMID: 38400011 PMCID: PMC10891727 DOI: 10.3390/v16020235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
To evaluate whether oral fluids (OF) and urine can serve as alternative, non-invasive samples to diagnose chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection via RT-qPCR, we employed the same RNA extraction and RT-qPCR protocols on paired serum, OF and urine samples collected from 51 patients with chikungunya during the acute phase of the illness. Chikungunya patients were confirmed through RT-qPCR in acute-phase sera (N = 19), IgM seroconversion between acute- and convalescent-phase sera (N = 12), or IgM detection in acute-phase sera (N = 20). The controls included paired serum, OF and urine samples from patients with non-arbovirus acute febrile illness (N = 28) and RT-PCR-confirmed dengue (N = 16). Nine (47%) of the patients with positive RT-qPCR for CHIKV in sera and two (17%) of those with CHIKV infection confirmed solely via IgM seroconversion had OF positive for CHIKV in RT-qPCR. One (5%) patient with CHIKV infection confirmed via serum RT-qPCR was positive in the RT-qPCR performed on urine. None of the negative control group samples were positive. Although OF may serve as an alternative sample for diagnosing acute chikungunya in specific settings, a negative result cannot rule out an infection. Further research is needed to investigate whether OF and urine collected later in the disease course when serum becomes RT-qPCR-negative may be helpful in CHIKV diagnosis and surveillance, as well as to determine whether urine and OF pose any risk of CHIKV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leile Camila Jacob-Nascimento
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador 40296-710, Brazil; (L.C.J.-N.); (M.M.P.); (R.O.A.); (P.S.S.M.); (M.G.R.)
- Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador 40026-010, Brazil
| | - Moyra M. Portilho
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador 40296-710, Brazil; (L.C.J.-N.); (M.M.P.); (R.O.A.); (P.S.S.M.); (M.G.R.)
| | - Rosângela O. Anjos
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador 40296-710, Brazil; (L.C.J.-N.); (M.M.P.); (R.O.A.); (P.S.S.M.); (M.G.R.)
| | - Patrícia S. S. Moreira
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador 40296-710, Brazil; (L.C.J.-N.); (M.M.P.); (R.O.A.); (P.S.S.M.); (M.G.R.)
| | - Christine Stauber
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA;
| | - Scott C. Weaver
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA;
| | - Uriel Kitron
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
| | - Mitermayer G. Reis
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador 40296-710, Brazil; (L.C.J.-N.); (M.M.P.); (R.O.A.); (P.S.S.M.); (M.G.R.)
- Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador 40026-010, Brazil
- Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8034, USA
| | - Guilherme S. Ribeiro
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador 40296-710, Brazil; (L.C.J.-N.); (M.M.P.); (R.O.A.); (P.S.S.M.); (M.G.R.)
- Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador 40026-010, Brazil
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de Souza WM, Ribeiro GS, de Lima ST, de Jesus R, Moreira FR, Whittaker C, Sallum MAM, Carrington CV, Sabino EC, Kitron U, Faria NR, Weaver SC. Chikungunya: a decade of burden in the Americas. LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. AMERICAS 2024; 30:100673. [PMID: 38283942 PMCID: PMC10820659 DOI: 10.1016/j.lana.2023.100673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
In the Americas, one decade following its emergence in 2013, chikungunya virus (CHIKV) continues to spread and cause epidemics across the region. To date, 3.7 million suspected and laboratory-confirmed chikungunya cases have been reported in 50 countries or territories in the Americas. Here, we outline the current status and epidemiological aspects of chikungunya in the Americas and discuss prospects for future research and public health strategies to combat CHIKV in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M. de Souza
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Global Virus Network, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Guilherme S. Ribeiro
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Shirlene T.S. de Lima
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo de Jesus
- Coordenação Geral dos Laboratórios de Saúde Pública, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Brasília, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Filipe R.R. Moreira
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Charles Whittaker
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Maria Anice M. Sallum
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Christine V.F. Carrington
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Republic of Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Ester C. Sabino
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento de Moléstias Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Uriel Kitron
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nuno R. Faria
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Scott C. Weaver
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Global Virus Network, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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da Silva Duarte G, Jones AD, de Goes Cavalcanti LP, de Melo Rêgo MJB, Ribeiro GS, Boyton RJ, Pereira DB, Croda JHR, Costa FTM, Duarte AP, Consolaro MEL, Stabeli RG, Negrão FJ, Proenca-Modena JL, Villalobos-Salcedo JM, da Rocha Castelar Pinheiro G, de Barros Albuquerque AP, de Almeida Barreto FK, Moreira J, Ferrari IC, Évora PM, da Silva VRS, Lacerda MVG, Altmann DM, Siqueira AM. Multicenter study of the natural history and therapeutic responses of patients with chikungunya, focusing on acute and chronic musculoskeletal manifestations - a study protocol from the clinical and applied research in Chikungunya (REPLICK network). BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:499. [PMID: 37507666 PMCID: PMC10386654 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08292-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chikungunya is associated with high morbidity and the natural history of symptomatic infection has been divided into three phases (acute, post-acute, and chronic) according to the duration of musculoskeletal symptoms. Although this classification has been designed to help guide therapeutic decisions, it does not encompass the complexity of the clinical expression of the disease and does not assist in the evaluation of the prognosis of severity nor chronic disease. Thus, the current challenge is to identify and diagnose musculoskeletal disorders and to provide the optimal treatment in order to prevent perpetuation or progression to a potentially destructive disease course. METHODS The study is the first product of the Clinical and Applied Research Network in Chikungunya (REPLICK). This is a prospective, outpatient department-based, multicenter cohort study in Brazil. Four work packages were defined: i. Clinical research; ii) Translational Science - comprising immunology and virology streams; iii) Epidemiology and Economics; iv) Therapeutic Response and clinical trials design. Scheduled appointments on days 21 (D21) ± 7 after enrollment, D90 ± 15, D120 ± 30, D180 ± 30; D360 ± 30; D720 ± 60, and D1080 ± 60 days. On these visits a panel of blood tests are collected in addition to the clinical report forms to obtain data on socio-demographic, medical history, physical examination and questionnaires devoted to the evaluation of musculoskeletal manifestations and overall health are performed. Participants are asked to consent for their specimens to be maintained in a biobank. Aliquots of blood, serum, saliva, PAXgene, and when clinically indicated to be examined, synovial fluid, are stored at -80° C. The study protocol was submitted and approved to the National IRB and local IRB at each study site. DISCUSSION Standardized and harmonized patient cohorts are needed to provide better estimates of chronic arthralgia development, the clinical spectra of acute and chronic disease and investigation of associated risk factors. This study is the largest evaluation of the long-term sequelae of individuals infected with CHIKV in the Brazilian population focusing on musculoskeletal manifestations, mental health, quality of life, and chronic pain. This information will both define disease burden and costs associated with CHIKV infection, and better inform therapeutic guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giselle da Silva Duarte
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica Em Doenças Febris Agudas, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jose Moreira
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica Em Doenças Febris Agudas, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - André M Siqueira
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica Em Doenças Febris Agudas, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Genomic Epidemiology Reveals the Circulation of the Chikungunya Virus East/Central/South African Lineage in Tocantins State, North Brazil. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102311. [PMID: 36298867 PMCID: PMC9611869 DOI: 10.3390/v14102311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-borne virus of the family Togaviridae transmitted to humans by Aedes spp. mosquitoes. In Brazil, imported cases have been reported since June 2014 through two independent introductions, one caused by Asian Lineage in Oiapoque, Amapá state, North Region, and another caused by East/Central/South African (ECSA) in Feira de Santana, Bahia state, Northeast Region. Moreover, there is still limited information about the genomic epidemiology of the CHIKV from surveillance studies. The Tocantins state, located in Northern Brazil, reported an increase in the number of CHIKV cases at the end of 2021 and the beginning of 2022. Thus, to better understand the dispersion dynamics of this viral pathogen in the state, we generated 27 near-complete CHIKV genome sequences from four cities, obtained from clinical samples. Our results showed that the newly CHIKV genomes from Tocantins belonged to the ECSA lineage. Phylogenetic reconstruction revealed that Tocantins' strains formed a single well-supported clade, which appear to be closely related to isolates from the Rio Grande do Norte state (Northeast Brazil) and the Rio de Janeiro state (Southeast Brazil), that experienced an explosive ECSA epidemic between 2016-2019. Mutation analyses showed eleven frequent non-synonymous mutations in the structural and non-structural proteins, indicating the autochthonous transmission of the CHIKV in the state. None of the genomes recovered within the Tocantins samples carry the A226V mutation in the E1 protein associated with increased transmission in A. albopictus. The study presented here highlights the importance of continued genomic surveillance to provide information not only on recording mutations along the viral genome but as a molecular surveillance tool to trace virus spread within the country, to predict events of likely occurrence of new infections, and, as such, contribute to an improved public health service.
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Updating the Insecticide Resistance Status of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in Asia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:tropicalmed7100306. [PMID: 36288047 PMCID: PMC9607256 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7100306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus are two important vectors of several important arboviruses, including the dengue, chikungunya, and Zika viruses. Insecticide application is an important approach to reduce vector abundance during Aedes spp.-borne outbreaks in the absence of effective vaccines and treatments. However, insecticide overuse can result in the development of resistance, and careful monitoring of resistance markers is required. Methods: This meta-analysis and systematic review explored the spatial and temporal patterns of insecticide resistance in Asia from 2000 to 2021. PubMed, Scopus, EbscoHost, and Embase were used to enhance the search capability. The random-effects model was applied for the 94 studies that met our inclusion criteria for qualitative synthesis and meta-analysis. Results: Four major insecticides were studied (malathion, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, permethrin, and deltamethrin). Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane resistance rates were high in both Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus (68% and 64%, respectively). Conversely, malathion resistance was less prevalent in Ae. aegypti (3%), and deltamethrin resistance was less common in Ae. albopictus (2%). Ae. aegypti displayed consistently high resistance rates (35%) throughout the study period, whereas the rate of insecticide resistance in Ae. albopictus increased from 5% to 12%. The rates of the major kdr mutations F1534C, V1016G, and S989P were 29%, 26%, and 22%, respectively. Conclusions: Insecticide resistance in both Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus is widespread in Asia, although the rates vary by country. Continuous monitoring of the resistance markers and modification of the control strategies will be important for preventing unexpected outbreaks. This systematic review and meta-analysis provided up-to-date information on insecticide resistance in dengue-endemic countries in Asia.
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The Antifungal Itraconazole Is a Potent Inhibitor of Chikungunya Virus Replication. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071351. [PMID: 35891332 PMCID: PMC9317443 DOI: 10.3390/v14071351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is the causative agent of chikungunya fever, a disabling disease that can cause long-term severe arthritis. Since the last large CHIKV outbreak in 2015, the reemergence of the virus represents a serious public health concern. The morbidity associated with viral infection emphasizes the need for the development of specific anti-CHIKV drugs. Herein, we describe the development and characterization of a CHIKV reporter replicon cell line and its use in replicon-based screenings. We tested 960 compounds from MMV/DNDi Open Box libraries and identified four candidates with interesting antiviral activities, which were confirmed in viral infection assays employing CHIKV-nanoluc and BHK-21 cells. The most noteworthy compound identified was itraconazole (ITZ), an orally available, safe, and cheap antifungal, that showed high selectivity indexes of >312 and >294 in both replicon-based and viral infection assays, respectively. The antiviral activity of this molecule has been described against positive-sense single stranded RNA viruses (+ssRNA) and was related to cholesterol metabolism that could affect the formation of the replication organelles. Although its precise mechanism of action against CHIKV still needs to be elucidated, our results demonstrate that ITZ is a potent inhibitor of the viral replication that could be repurposed as a broad-spectrum antiviral.
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The triple epidemics of arboviruses in Feira de Santana, Brazilian Northeast: Epidemiological characteristics and diffusion patterns. Epidemics 2022; 38:100541. [PMID: 35123281 DOI: 10.1016/j.epidem.2022.100541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Arboviruses are diseases of worldwide importance in the field of communicable diseases. In Brazil, the reemergence of dengue and the emergence of chikungunya and Zika since 2014 have led to epidemic waves of great magnitude and rapid spread. However, their diffusion patterns vary and change over time. This study analyzes the spatial diffusion of the simultaneous circulation of three arboviruses transmitted by the same vector in a large urban space over two epidemic waves in consecutive years. An ecological study of spatial and temporal aggregates on the occurrence of dengue, chikungunya, and Zika, from 2014 to 2019, in Feira de Santana, Bahia State, was carried out using data of cases reported to the national surveillance system. Four different methods were used to analyze the spatial diffusion: Kernel Estimation with sequential maps, cumulative nearest-neighbor ratios (NNI) over time, spatial correlograms and local autocorrelation changes (LISA) over time. From 2014-2019, there were 21,723 confirmed cases of arboviruses. The highest incidences were among women (496.9, 220.2, and 91.0 cases/100,000 women for dengue, chikungunya and Zika respectively). By age group, the highest incidences were from ages 10-19 years old (609.3 dengue cases/100,000), from 60 and more (306.7 chikungunya cases/100,000), and from 0-9 years old (124.1 Zika cases/100,000 inhabitants). The temporal distribution demonstrated two epidemic waves of simultaneous circulation in 2014 and 2015. Kernel maps indicate that arboviruses spread to neighboring areas near the first hotspots, suggesting an expansion diffusion pattern. The NNI, spatial correlograms and LISA changes results suggest expansion patterns for the three arboviruses in all periods. The spatial diffusion pattern of dengue, Zika, and chikungunya in the 2014-2015 epidemics in Feira de Santana was expansion. These findings are useful to guide prevention measures and reduce occurrence in other areas.
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Manzoor KN, Javed F, Ejaz M, Ali M, Mujaddadi N, Khan AA, Khattak AA, Zaib A, Ahmad I, Saeed WK, Manzoor S. The global emergence of Chikungunya infection: An integrated view. Rev Med Virol 2021; 32:e2287. [PMID: 34428335 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is one of the emerging viruses around the globe. It belongs to the family Togaviridae and genus Alphavirus and is an arthropod borne virus that transmits by the bite of an infected mosquito, mainly through Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopcitus. It is a spherical, enveloped virus with positive single stranded RNA genome. It was first discovered during 1952-53 in Tanganyika, after which outbreaks were documented in many regions of the world. CHIKV has two transmission cycles; an enzootic sylvatic cycle and an urban cycle. CHIKV genome contains 11,900 nucleotides and two open reading frames and shows great sequence variability. Molecular mechanisms of virus host-cell interactions and the pathogenesis of disease are not fully understood. The disease involves three phases; acute, post-acute and chronic with symptoms including high-grade fever, arthralgia, macupapular rashes and headache. There is no licensed vaccine or specific treatment for CHIKV infection. This lack of specific interventions combined with difficulties in making a precise diagnosis together make the disease difficult to manage. In this review we aim to present the current knowledge of global epidemiology, transmission, structure, various aspects of diagnosis as well as highlight potential antiviral drugs and vaccines against CHIKV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Farakh Javed
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Pak-Autria Fachhochschule: Institute of Applied Sciences & Technology, Haripur, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ejaz
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan
| | - Mubashar Ali
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan
| | - Neelam Mujaddadi
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan
| | - Abid Ali Khan
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Hochschule Furtwangen University, Furtwangen im Schwarzwald, Germany
| | - Aamer Ali Khattak
- Department of Medical Lab Technology, The University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan
| | - Assad Zaib
- Department of Medical Lab Technology, The University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan
| | - Ibrar Ahmad
- Center for Human Genetics, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan
| | - Waqar Khalid Saeed
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Pak-Autria Fachhochschule: Institute of Applied Sciences & Technology, Haripur, Pakistan
| | - Sobia Manzoor
- Atta-ur-Rehman school of applied biosciences, National University of science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
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11
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Clancy IL, Jones RT, Power GM, Logan JG, Iriart JAB, Massad E, Kinsman J. Public health messages on arboviruses transmitted by Aedes aegypti in Brazil. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:1362. [PMID: 34243740 PMCID: PMC8272386 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-11339-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The outbreak of Zika virus in Brazil in 2015 followed the arrival of chikungunya in 2014 and a long history of dengue circulation. Vital to the response to these outbreaks of mosquito-borne pathogens has been the dissemination of public health messages, including those promoted through risk communication posters. This study explores the content of a sample of posters circulated in Brazil towards the end of the Zika epidemic in 2017 and analyses their potential effectiveness in inducing behaviour change. METHODS A content analysis was performed on 37 posters produced in Brazil to address outbreaks of mosquito-borne pathogens. The six variables of the Health Belief Model were used to assess the potential effectiveness of the posters to induce behaviour change. RESULTS Three overarching key messages emerged from the posters. These included (i) the arboviruses and their outcomes, (ii) a battle against the mosquito, and (iii) a responsibility to protect and prevent. Among the six variables utilised through the Health Belief Model, cues to action were most commonly featured, whilst the perceived benefits of engaging in behaviours to prevent arbovirus transmission were the least commonly featured. CONCLUSIONS The posters largely focused on mosquito-borne transmission and the need to eliminate breeding sites, and neglected the risk of the sexual and congenital transmission of Zika and the importance of alternative preventive actions. This, we argue, may have limited the potential effectiveness of these posters to induce behaviour change.
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Affiliation(s)
- India L Clancy
- Department of Public Health, Environments & Society, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Robert T Jones
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Grace M Power
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - James G Logan
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | | | - Eduardo Massad
- School of Applied Mathematics, Fundacao Getulio Vargas, Rua Praia de Botafogo 190, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 22250-900, Brazil
| | - John Kinsman
- Department of Epidemiology and Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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12
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Sharif N, Sarkar MK, Ferdous RN, Ahmed SN, Billah MB, Talukder AA, Zhang M, Dey SK. Molecular Epidemiology, Evolution and Reemergence of Chikungunya Virus in South Asia. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:689979. [PMID: 34163459 PMCID: PMC8215147 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.689979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a vector (mosquito)-transmitted alphavirus (family Togaviridae). CHIKV can cause fever and febrile illness associated with severe arthralgia and rash. Genotypic and phylogenetic analysis are important to understand the spread of CHIKV during epidemics and the diversity of circulating strains for the prediction of effective control measures. Molecular epidemiologic analysis of CHIKV is necessary to understand the complex interaction of vectors, hosts and environment that influences the genotypic evolution of epidemic strains. In this study, different works published during 1950s to 2020 concerning CHIKV evolution, epidemiology, vectors, phylogeny, and clinical outcomes were analyzed. Outbreaks of CHIKV have been reported from Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, and Maldives in South Asia during 2007–2020. Three lineages- Asian, East/Central/South African (ECSA), and Indian Ocean Lineage (IOL) are circulating in South Asia. Lineage, ECSA and IOL became predominant over Asian lineage in South Asian countries during 2011–2020 epidemics. Further, the mutant E1-A226V is circulating in abundance with Aedes albopictus in India, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Bhutan. CHIKV is underestimated as clinical symptoms of CHIKV infection merges with the symptoms of dengue fever in South Asia. Failure to inhibit vector mediated transmission and predict epidemics of CHIKV increase the risk of larger global epidemics in future. To understand geographical spread of CHIKV, most of the studies focused on CHIKV outbreak, biology, pathogenesis, infection, transmission, and treatment. This updated study will reveal the collective epidemiology, evolution and phylogenies of CHIKV, supporting the necessity to investigate the circulating strains and vectors in South Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadim Sharif
- Department of Microbiology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Bangladesh
| | | | - Rabeya Nahar Ferdous
- Department of Microbiology, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Md Baki Billah
- Department of Zoology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Bangladesh
| | - Ali Azam Talukder
- Department of Microbiology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Bangladesh
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Shuvra Kanti Dey
- Department of Microbiology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Bangladesh
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13
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Engelbrecht S, Delaney K, Kleinhans B, Wilkinson E, Tegally H, Stander T, van Zyl G, Preiser W, de Oliveira T. Multiple Early Introductions of SARS-CoV-2 to Cape Town, South Africa. Viruses 2021; 13:v13030526. [PMID: 33810168 PMCID: PMC8005015 DOI: 10.3390/v13030526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cape Town was the first city in South Africa to experience the full impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. We acquired samples from all suspected cases and their contacts during the first month of the pandemic from Tygerberg Hospital. Nanopore sequencing generated SARS-CoV-2 whole genomes. Phylogenetic inference with maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods were used to determine lineages that seeded the local epidemic. Three patients were known to have travelled internationally and an outbreak was detected in a nearby supermarket. Sequencing of 50 samples produced 46 high-quality genomes. The sequences were classified as lineages: B, B.1, B.1.1.1, B.1.1.161, B.1.1.29, B.1.8, B.39, and B.40. All the sequences from persons under investigation (PUIs) in the supermarket outbreak (lineage B.1.8) fall within a clade from the Netherlands with good support (p > 0.9). In addition, a new mutation, 5209A>G, emerged within the Cape Town cluster. The molecular clock analysis suggests that this occurred around 13 March 2020 (95% confidence interval: 9-17 March). The phylogenetic reconstruction suggests at least nine early introductions of SARS-CoV-2 into Cape Town and an early localized transmission in a shopping environment. Genomic surveillance was successfully used to investigate and track the spread of early introductions of SARS-CoV-2 in Cape Town.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Engelbrecht
- Division of Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town 8000, South Africa; (K.D.); (B.K.); (G.v.Z.); (W.P.)
- Tygerberg Business Unit, National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Cape Town 8000, South Africa;
- Correspondence: (S.E.); (T.d.O.); Tel.: +27-21-9389357 (S.E.)
| | - Kayla Delaney
- Division of Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town 8000, South Africa; (K.D.); (B.K.); (G.v.Z.); (W.P.)
| | - Bronwyn Kleinhans
- Division of Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town 8000, South Africa; (K.D.); (B.K.); (G.v.Z.); (W.P.)
| | - Eduan Wilkinson
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; (E.W.); (H.T.)
| | - Houriiyah Tegally
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; (E.W.); (H.T.)
| | - Tania Stander
- Tygerberg Business Unit, National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Cape Town 8000, South Africa;
| | - Gert van Zyl
- Division of Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town 8000, South Africa; (K.D.); (B.K.); (G.v.Z.); (W.P.)
- Tygerberg Business Unit, National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Cape Town 8000, South Africa;
| | - Wolfgang Preiser
- Division of Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town 8000, South Africa; (K.D.); (B.K.); (G.v.Z.); (W.P.)
- Tygerberg Business Unit, National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Cape Town 8000, South Africa;
| | - Tulio de Oliveira
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; (E.W.); (H.T.)
- Centre for Aids Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban 4000, South Africa
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Correspondence: (S.E.); (T.d.O.); Tel.: +27-21-9389357 (S.E.)
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14
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Abstract
Throughout the last decade, chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and Zika virus (ZIKV) infections have spread globally, causing a spectrum of disease that ranges from self-limited febrile illness to permanent severe disability, congenital anomalies, and early death. Nevertheless, estimates of their aggregate health impact are absent from the literature and are currently omitted from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) reports. We systematically reviewed published literature and surveillance records to evaluate the global burden caused by CHIKV and ZIKV between 2010 and 2019, to calculate estimates of their disability-adjusted life year (DALY) impact. Extracted data on acute, chronic, and perinatal outcomes were used to create annualized DALY estimates, following techniques outlined in the GBD framework. This study is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020192502). Of 7,877 studies identified, 916 were screened in detail, and 21 were selected for inclusion. Available data indicate that CHIKV and ZIKV caused the average yearly loss of over 106,000 and 44,000 DALYs, respectively, between 2010 and 2019. Both viruses caused substantially more burden in the Americas than in any other World Health Organization (WHO) region. This unequal distribution is likely due to a combination of limited active surveillance reporting in other regions and the lack of immunity that left the previously unexposed populations of the Americas susceptible to severe outbreaks during the last decade. Long-term rheumatic sequelae provided the largest DALY component for CHIKV, whereas congenital Zika syndrome (CZS) contributed most significantly for ZIKV. Acute symptoms and early mortality accounted for relatively less of the overall burden. Suboptimal reporting and inconsistent diagnostics limit precision when determining arbovirus incidence and frequency of complications. Despite these limitations, it is clear from our assessment that CHIKV and ZIKV represent a significant cause of morbidity that is not included in current disease burden reports. These results suggest that transmission-blocking strategies, including vector control and vaccine development, remain crucial priorities in reducing global disease burden through prevention of potentially devastating arboviral outbreaks. Chikungunya and Zika are 2 mosquito-borne viral diseases that can cause both acute symptoms and long-term, debilitating complications in infected individuals. Chikungunya is best known as a cause of persistent arthritis in otherwise recovered patients and Zika as a cause of cognitive, motor, and sensory anomalies in newborn children. Both diseases emerged in the Americas within the last decade and have since spread rapidly throughout the region. Despite their widespread transmission there and throughout much of the world, chikungunya and Zika remain neglected diseases. One of the most significant obstacles to address their spread is a lack of data involving their burden. We searched the published literature and surveillance reports to collect information about the incidence, mortality, and morbidity associated with each of these diseases to estimate their regional and global burden during the last decade. Our estimates confirm that chikungunya and Zika caused substantial burden throughout this time frame and place them among the most problematic mosquito-borne viral diseases worldwide. We found that the largest proportion of global burden linked to each disease between 2010 and 2019 occurred in the Americas, although this observation is likely due to limited reporting in other regions.
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15
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Lourenço J, Thompson RN, Thézé J, Obolski U. Characterising West Nile virus epidemiology in Israel using a transmission suitability index. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 25. [PMID: 33213688 PMCID: PMC7678037 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2020.25.46.1900629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Climate is a major factor in the epidemiology of West Nile virus (WNV), a pathogen increasingly pervasive worldwide. Cases increased during 2018 in Israel, the United States and Europe. Aim We set to retrospectively understand the spatial and temporal determinants of WNV transmission in Israel, as a case study for the possible effects of climate on virus spread. Methods We employed a suitability index to WNV, parameterising it with prior knowledge pertaining to a bird reservoir and Culex species, using local time series of temperature and humidity as inputs. The predicted suitability index was compared with confirmed WNV cases in Israel (2016–2018). Results The suitability index was highly associated with WNV cases in Israel, with correlation coefficients of 0.91 (p value = 4 × 10− 5), 0.68 (p = 0.016) and 0.9 (p = 2 × 10− 4) in 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively. The fluctuations in the number of WNV cases between the years were explained by higher area under the index curve. A new WNV seasonal mode was identified in the south-east of Israel, along the Great Rift Valley, characterised by two yearly peaks (spring and autumn), distinct from the already known single summer peak in the rest of Israel. Conclusions By producing a detailed geotemporal estimate of transmission potential and its determinants in Israel, our study promotes a better understanding of WNV epidemiology and has the potential to inform future public health responses. The proposed approach further provides opportunities for retrospective and prospective mechanistic modelling of WNV epidemiology and its associated climatic drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Lourenço
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Robin N Thompson
- Christ Church, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Julien Thézé
- Joint Research Unit Epidemiology of Animal and Zoonotic Diseases (EPIA), INRA, VetAgro Sup, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Uri Obolski
- Porter School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,School of Public Health, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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16
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Sjögren's Syndrome Associated with Chikungunya Infection: A Case Report. Rheumatol Ther 2021; 8:631-637. [PMID: 33527325 PMCID: PMC7991050 DOI: 10.1007/s40744-021-00281-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection is caused by an arbovirus prevalent in various parts of the world. The virus can induce autoantibodies and rheumatic diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and spondylarthritis. However, until now, no case of Sjögren syndrome (SS) was described associated with CHIKV. In this article, we describe a 49-year-old female with polyarthralgia and a temporary rash on her trunk and arms. Her physical examination showed polyarthritis of her ankles and wrists. Serologies for CHIKV were interpreted as positive with IgM 6.5 (normal range < 0.8) and negative for IgG. Antinuclear antibodies were positive at a titer of 1:640 as well as anti-Ro/SS-A. The diagnosis of subacute CHIKV infection was determined. The Schirmer test, Rose Bengal, and salivary scintigraphy were positive and the diagnosis of SS was confirmed. She was treated with hydroxychloroquine, methotrexate, and a single dose of betamethasone depot. This is the first report on CHIKV associated with SS. Sequence analysis of the CHIKV proteome versus SS autoantigens showed an extensive peptide sharing between the virus and numerous SS autoantigens, thus supporting the hypothesis that autoimmune cross-reactivity might causally link CHIKV to SS.
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17
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Scott ML, Hribar LJ, Leal AL, McAllister JC. Characterization of Pyrethroid Resistance Mechanisms in Aedes aegypti from the Florida Keys. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2021; 104:1111-1122. [PMID: 33432904 PMCID: PMC7941856 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The status of insecticide resistance in Aedes aegypti is of concern in areas where Aedes-borne arboviruses like chikungunya, dengue, and Zika occur. In recent years, outbreaks involving these arboviruses have occurred, for which vaccines do not exist; therefore, disease prevention is only through vector control and personal protection. Aedes aegypti are present on every inhabited island within the Florida Keys. The resistance status of Ae. aegypti in the Florida Keys was assessed to guide knowledge of the best choice of chemical for use during an outbreak. Mosquito eggs were collected using ovitraps placed on Key West, Stock Island, Vaca Key, Upper Matecumbe Key, Plantation Key, and Key Largo. Bottle bioassays were conducted at the Florida Keys Mosquito Control District using Biomist® 30+30 (Clarke Mosquito Control Products, Inc., Roselle, IL). Further bottle testing using malathion and permethrin occurred at the CDC, Fort Collins, CO, in addition to molecular and biochemical assays. Levels of resistance varied between islands with different underlying mechanisms present. Resistance was seen to Biomist® 30+30 but not to permethrin, indicating that piperonyl butoxide (PBO) or the inert ingredients may be involved in resistance. No study has been conducted to date examining the role of PBO in resistance. Key Largo was treated the most with adulticides and expressed the highest levels of alpha and beta esterases, oxidases, glutathione-S-transferases, and frequency of the V1016I knockdown mutation from all sites tested. Knowledge of localized resistance and underlying mechanisms helps in making rational decisions in selection of appropriate and effective insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariah L. Scott
- Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | | | - Andrea L. Leal
- Florida Keys Mosquito Control District, Key West, Florida
| | - Janet C. McAllister
- Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado
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18
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Petrone ME, Earnest R, Lourenço J, Kraemer MUG, Paulino-Ramirez R, Grubaugh ND, Tapia L. Asynchronicity of endemic and emerging mosquito-borne disease outbreaks in the Dominican Republic. Nat Commun 2021; 12:151. [PMID: 33420058 PMCID: PMC7794562 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20391-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquito-borne viruses threaten the Caribbean due to the region's tropical climate and seasonal reception of international tourists. Outbreaks of chikungunya and Zika have demonstrated the rapidity with which these viruses can spread. Concurrently, dengue fever cases have climbed over the past decade. Sustainable disease control measures are urgently needed to quell virus transmission and prevent future outbreaks. Here, to improve upon current control methods, we analyze temporal and spatial patterns of chikungunya, Zika, and dengue outbreaks reported in the Dominican Republic between 2012 and 2018. The viruses that cause these outbreaks are transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, which are sensitive to seasonal climatological variability. We evaluate whether climate and the spatio-temporal dynamics of dengue outbreaks could explain patterns of emerging disease outbreaks. We find that emerging disease outbreaks were robust to the climatological and spatio-temporal constraints defining seasonal dengue outbreak dynamics, indicating that constant surveillance is required to prevent future health crises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E Petrone
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
| | - Rebecca Earnest
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - José Lourenço
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Robert Paulino-Ramirez
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical & Salud Global, Universidad Iberoamericana, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
| | - Nathan D Grubaugh
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Leandro Tapia
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical & Salud Global, Universidad Iberoamericana, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.
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19
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Brito Ferreira ML, Militão de Albuquerque MDFP, de Brito CAA, de Oliveira França RF, Porto Moreira ÁJ, de Morais Machado MÍ, da Paz Melo R, Medialdea-Carrera R, Dornelas Mesquita S, Lopes Santos M, Mehta R, Ramos E Silva R, Leonhard SE, Ellul M, Rosala-Hallas A, Burnside G, Turtle L, Griffiths MJ, Jacobs BC, Bhojak M, Willison HJ, Pena LJ, Pardo CA, Ximenes RAA, Martelli CMT, Brown DWG, Cordeiro MT, Lant S, Solomon T. Neurological disease in adults with Zika and chikungunya virus infection in Northeast Brazil: a prospective observational study. Lancet Neurol 2020; 19:826-839. [PMID: 32949543 PMCID: PMC7494308 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(20)30232-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since 2015, the arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) Zika and chikungunya have spread across the Americas causing outbreaks, accompanied by increases in immune-mediated and infectious neurological disease. The spectrum of neurological manifestations linked to these viruses, and the importance of dual infection, are not known fully. We aimed to investigate whether neurological presentations differed according to the infecting arbovirus, and whether patients with dual infection had a different disease spectrum or severity. METHODS We report a prospective observational study done during epidemics of Zika and chikungunya viruses in Recife, Pernambuco, a dengue-endemic area of Brazil. We recruited adults aged 18 years or older referred to Hospital da Restauração, a secondary-level and tertiary-level hospital, with suspected acute neurological disease and a history of suspected arboviral infection. We looked for evidence of Zika, chikungunya, or dengue infection by viral RNA or specific IgM antibodies in serum or CSF. We grouped patients according to their arbovirus laboratory diagnosis and then compared demographic and clinical characteristics. FINDINGS Between Dec 4, 2014, and Dec 4, 2016, 1410 patients were admitted to the hospital neurology service; 201 (14%) had symptoms consistent with arbovirus infection and sufficient samples for diagnostic testing and were included in the study. The median age was 48 years (IQR 34-60), and 106 (53%) were women. 148 (74%) of 201 patients had laboratory evidence of arboviral infection. 98 (49%) of them had a single viral infection (41 [20%] had Zika, 55 [27%] had chikungunya, and two [1%] had dengue infection), whereas 50 (25%) had evidence of dual infection, mostly with Zika and chikungunya viruses (46 [23%] patients). Patients positive for arbovirus infection presented with a broad range of CNS and peripheral nervous system (PNS) disease. Chikungunya infection was more often associated with CNS disease (26 [47%] of 55 patients with chikungunya infection vs six [15%] of 41 with Zika infection; p=0·0008), especially myelitis (12 [22%] patients). Zika infection was more often associated with PNS disease (26 [63%] of 41 patients with Zika infection vs nine [16%] of 55 with chikungunya infection; p≤0·0001), particularly Guillain-Barré syndrome (25 [61%] patients). Patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome who had Zika and chikungunya dual infection had more aggressive disease, requiring intensive care support and longer hospital stays, than those with mono-infection (median 24 days [IQR 20-30] vs 17 days [10-20]; p=0·0028). Eight (17%) of 46 patients with Zika and chikungunya dual infection had a stroke or transient ischaemic attack, compared with five (6%) of 96 patients with Zika or chikungunya mono-infection (p=0·047). INTERPRETATION There is a wide and overlapping spectrum of neurological manifestations caused by Zika or chikungunya mono-infection and by dual infections. The possible increased risk of acute cerebrovascular disease in patients with dual infection merits further investigation. FUNDING Fundação do Amparo a Ciência e Tecnologia de Pernambuco (FACEPE), EU's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme, National Institute for Health Research. TRANSLATIONS For the Portuguese and Spanish translations of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Raquel Medialdea-Carrera
- National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit on Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Marcela Lopes Santos
- Department of Collective Health, Institute Aggeu Magalhães, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Recife, Brazil
| | - Ravi Mehta
- National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit on Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Sonja E Leonhard
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mark Ellul
- National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit on Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Girvan Burnside
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Lance Turtle
- National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit on Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospitals NHS Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Michael J Griffiths
- National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit on Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Bart C Jacobs
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Hugh J Willison
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Lindomar José Pena
- Department of Virology, Institute Aggeu Magalhães, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Recife, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Pardo
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroimmunology and Neuroinfectious Disorders, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ricardo A A Ximenes
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | | | - David W G Brown
- Blood Borne Virus Unit, Virus Reference Department, Public Health England, London, England; Flavivirus Reference Laboratory, Evandro Chagas National Infectious Disease Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marli Tenório Cordeiro
- Department of Virology, Institute Aggeu Magalhães, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Recife, Brazil
| | - Suzannah Lant
- National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit on Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Tom Solomon
- National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit on Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK; Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospitals NHS Trust, Liverpool, UK.
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20
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de Moraes L, Cerqueira-Silva T, Nobrega V, Akrami K, Santos LA, Orge C, Casais P, Cambui L, Rampazzo RDCP, Trinta KS, Montalbano CA, Teixeira MJ, Cavalcante LP, Andrade BB, da Cunha RV, Krieger MA, Barral-Netto M, Barral A, Khouri R, Boaventura VS. A clinical scoring system to predict long-term arthralgia in Chikungunya disease: A cohort study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008467. [PMID: 32693402 PMCID: PMC7373495 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) has caused worldwide epidemics that impose a major burden on health systems. Approximately half of infected individuals develop chronic debilitating arthralgia, affecting their quality of life. Here, we identified the relevant clinical and demographic variables in the acute phase of CHIKV infection prospectively linked to chronic arthralgia to elaborate a prognostic scoring system. METHODS Acute CHIKV infection cases (n = 134) confirmed by serology or molecular test were examined <10 days of disease onset and followed for one year to evaluate for disease progression. Potential risk factors for chronic arthralgia were evaluated by multivariate analysis to develop a prognostic scoring system, which was subsequently tested in an independent validation cohort consisting of 42 individuals. RESULTS A total of 107 out of 134 (80%) acute CHIKV-confirmed cases from the derivation cohort were re-examined one year after enrollment. Chronic arthralgia post-CHIKV infection was diagnosed in 64 (60%). Five of the 12 parameters evaluated in the acute phase were statistically associated with persistent arthralgia and were further tested by Bayesian analysis. These variables were weighted to yield a prognosis score denominated SHERA (Sex, Hypertension, Edema, Retroocular pain, Age), which exhibited 81.3% accuracy in predicting long-term arthralgia post-CHIKV infection in the derivation cohort, and 76.5% accuracy in the validation cohort. CONCLUSIONS The simplified and externally validated prognostic scoring system, SHERA, is a useful method to screen acutely CHIKV-infected patients at elevated risk of chronic arthralgia who will benefit from specific interventions. This tool could guide public health policies, particularly in resource-constrained settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laise de Moraes
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz (IGM)—Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz) Bahia
- Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia—Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador-BA, Brazil
| | - Thiago Cerqueira-Silva
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz (IGM)—Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz) Bahia
- Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia—Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador-BA, Brazil
| | - Victor Nobrega
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz (IGM)—Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz) Bahia
- Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia—Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador-BA, Brazil
| | - Kevan Akrami
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz (IGM)—Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz) Bahia
- University of California, San Diego, Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medi- cine, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | | | - Cibele Orge
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz (IGM)—Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz) Bahia
- Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia—Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador-BA, Brazil
| | - Paula Casais
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz (IGM)—Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz) Bahia
- Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia—Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador-BA, Brazil
| | - Lais Cambui
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz (IGM)—Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz) Bahia
- Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia—Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador-BA, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Bruno B. Andrade
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz (IGM)—Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz) Bahia
| | - Rivaldo Venâncio da Cunha
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande- MS, Brazil
- Fiocruz, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurélio Krieger
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
- Instituto Carlos Chagas—ICC/Fiocruz, Curitiba-PR, Brazil
| | - Manoel Barral-Netto
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz (IGM)—Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz) Bahia
- Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia—Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador-BA, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Investigação em Imunologia, São Paulo- SP, Brazil
| | - Aldina Barral
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz (IGM)—Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz) Bahia
- Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia—Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador-BA, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Investigação em Imunologia, São Paulo- SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Khouri
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz (IGM)—Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz) Bahia
- Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia—Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador-BA, Brazil
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Viviane Sampaio Boaventura
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz (IGM)—Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz) Bahia
- Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia—Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador-BA, Brazil
- Serviço de Otorrinolaringologia do Hospital Santa Izabel/Santa Casa de Misericórdia da Bahia (HIS/SCMBa), Salvador, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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21
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Abstract
Introduction: Immunotherapy has been introduced as a modern alternative for the treatment of various cancers, including the stimulation of the immune system by introduction of immunostimulatory molecules. Application of viral and non-viral vectors have provided a substantial contribution to improved delivery and expression of these immunostimulators.Areas covered: Alphavirus vectors, based on Semliki Forest virus, have allowed immunization with self-replicating RNA, recombinant virus particles, and layered DNA/RNA vectors. The attractive features of alphaviruses comprise their broad host range and extreme RNA replication in infected cells resulting in very high recombinant protein expression levels providing enhanced immune responses and an excellent basis for immunotherapy.Expert opinion: Immunization studies in animal tumor models have elicited strong humoral and cellular immune response, have provided prophylactic protection against tumor challenges, and have generated therapeutic efficacy in tumor-bearing animals. Clinical trials have indicated safe use of alphavirus vectors, making them attractive for cancer immunotherapy.
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22
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Goes de Jesus J, da Luz Wallau G, Lima Maia M, Xavier J, Oliveira Lima MA, Fonseca V, Salgado de Abreu A, Fraga de Oliveira Tosta S, Ramos do Amaral H, Andrade Barbosa Lima I, Viana Silva P, Carlos dos Santos D, Sousa de Oliveira A, Campos de Souza S, Barreto Falcão M, Cerqueira E, Ceschini Machado L, Sobral MC, Teodoro Rezende TM, Ribeiro Pereira M, Mota Pereira F, Pereira Gusmão Maia Z, Freitas de Oliveira França R, Luiz de Abreu A, Campelo de Albuquerque e Melo CF, Rodrigues Faria N, Venâncio da Cunha R, Giovanetti M, Alcantara LCJ. Persistence of chikungunya ECSA genotype and local outbreak in an upper medium class neighborhood in Northeast Brazil. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0226098. [PMID: 31914137 PMCID: PMC6948741 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The chikungunya East/Central/South/Africa virus lineage (CHIKV-ECSA) was first detected in Brazil in the municipality of Feira de Santana (FS) by mid 2014. Following that, a large number of CHIKV cases have been notified in FS, which is the second-most populous city in Bahia state, northeastern Brazil, and plays an important role on the spread to other Brazilian states due to climate conditions and the abundance of competent vectors. To better understand CHIKV dynamics in Bahia state, we generated 5 complete genome sequences from a local outbreak raised in Serraria Brasil, a neighbourhood in FS, by next-generation sequencing using Illumina approach. Phylogenetic reconstructions revealed that the new FS genomes belongs to the ECSA genotype and falls within a single strongly supported monophyletic clade that includes other older CHIKV sequences from the same location, suggesting the persistence of the virus during distinct epidemic seasons. We also performed minor variants analysis and found a small number of SNPs per sample (b_29L and e_45SR = 16 SNPs, c_29SR = 29 and d_45PL and f_45FL = 21 SNPs). Out of the 93 SNPs found, 71 are synonymous, 21 are non-synonymous and one generated a stop codon. Although those mutations are not related to the increase of virus replication and/or infectivity, some SNPs were found in non-structural proteins which may have an effect on viral evasion from the mammal immunological system. These findings reinforce the needing of further studies on those variants and of continued genomic surveillance strategies to track viral adaptations and to monitor CHIKV epidemics for improved public health control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaqueline Goes de Jesus
- Laboratório de Patologia Experimental, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Gabriel da Luz Wallau
- Departamento de Entomologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Brazil
| | - Maricelia Lima Maia
- Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil
- Secretaria de Saúde de Feira de Santana, Ministério da Saúde, Feira de Santana, Brazil
| | - Joilson Xavier
- Laboratório de Genética Celular e Molecular, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Vagner Fonseca
- Laboratório de Genética Celular e Molecular, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Alvaro Salgado de Abreu
- Laboratório de Genética Celular e Molecular, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Paloma Viana Silva
- Laboratório de Patologia Experimental, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Daiana Carlos dos Santos
- Laboratório de Patologia Experimental, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Aline Sousa de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Patologia Experimental, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Siane Campos de Souza
- Laboratório de Patologia Experimental, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | | | - Laís Ceschini Machado
- Departamento de Entomologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Brazil
| | - Mariana Carolina Sobral
- Departamento de Entomologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Brazil
| | | | - Mylena Ribeiro Pereira
- Departamento de Virologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhaes, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - André Luiz de Abreu
- Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Coordenação Geral de Laboratórios de Saúde Pública, Ministério da Saúde, Brasília, Brazil
| | | | | | - Rivaldo Venâncio da Cunha
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marta Giovanetti
- Laboratório de Genética Celular e Molecular, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luiz Carlos Junior Alcantara
- Laboratório de Genética Celular e Molecular, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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23
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Distinct rates and patterns of spread of the major HIV-1 subtypes in Central and East Africa. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007976. [PMID: 31809523 PMCID: PMC6897401 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the ignition of the HIV-1 group M pandemic in the beginning of the 20th century, group M lineages have spread heterogeneously throughout the world. Subtype C spread rapidly through sub-Saharan Africa and is currently the dominant HIV lineage worldwide. Yet the epidemiological and evolutionary circumstances that contributed to its epidemiological expansion remain poorly understood. Here, we analyse 346 novel pol sequences from the DRC to compare the evolutionary dynamics of the main HIV-1 lineages, subtypes A1, C and D. Our results place the origins of subtype C in the 1950s in Mbuji-Mayi, the mining city of southern DRC, while subtypes A1 and D emerged in the capital city of Kinshasa, and subtypes H and J in the less accessible port city of Matadi. Following a 15-year period of local transmission in southern DRC, we find that subtype C spread at least three-fold faster than other subtypes circulating in Central and East Africa. In conclusion, our results shed light on the origins of HIV-1 main lineages and suggest that socio-historical rather than evolutionary factors may have determined the epidemiological fate of subtype C in sub-Saharan Africa.
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24
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Freitas LP, Cruz OG, Lowe R, Sá Carvalho M. Space-time dynamics of a triple epidemic: dengue, chikungunya and Zika clusters in the city of Rio de Janeiro. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20191867. [PMID: 31594497 PMCID: PMC6790786 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.1867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue, an arboviral disease transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, has been endemic in Brazil for decades. However, vector-control strategies have not led to a significant reduction in the disease burden and have not been sufficient to prevent chikungunya and Zika entry and establishment in the country. In Rio de Janeiro city, the first Zika and chikungunya epidemics were detected between 2015 and 2016, coinciding with a dengue epidemic. Understanding the behaviour of these diseases in a triple epidemic scenario is a necessary step for devising better interventions for prevention and outbreak response. We applied scan statistics analysis to detect spatio-temporal clustering for each disease separately and for all three simultaneously. In general, clusters were not detected in the same locations and time periods, possibly owing to competition between viruses for host resources, depletion of susceptible population, different introduction times and change in behaviour of the human population (e.g. intensified vector-control activities in response to increasing cases of a particular arbovirus). Simultaneous clusters of the three diseases usually included neighbourhoods with high population density and low socioeconomic status, particularly in the North region of the city. The use of space–time cluster detection can guide intensive interventions to high-risk locations in a timely manner, to improve clinical diagnosis and management, and pinpoint vector-control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laís Picinini Freitas
- Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca (ENSP), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Oswaldo Gonçalves Cruz
- Programa de Computação Científica (PROCC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rachel Lowe
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marilia Sá Carvalho
- Programa de Computação Científica (PROCC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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25
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Naveca FG, Claro I, Giovanetti M, de Jesus JG, Xavier J, Iani FCDM, do Nascimento VA, de Souza VC, Silveira PP, Lourenço J, Santillana M, Kraemer MUG, Quick J, Hill SC, Thézé J, Carvalho RDDO, Azevedo V, Salles FCDS, Nunes MRT, Lemos PDS, Candido DDS, Pereira GDC, Oliveira MAA, Meneses CAR, Maito RM, Cunha CRSB, Campos DPDS, Castilho MDC, Siqueira TCDS, Terra TM, de Albuquerque CFC, da Cruz LN, de Abreu AL, Martins DV, Simoes DSDMV, de Aguiar RS, Luz SLB, Loman N, Pybus OG, Sabino EC, Okumoto O, Alcantara LCJ, Faria NR. Genomic, epidemiological and digital surveillance of Chikungunya virus in the Brazilian Amazon. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007065. [PMID: 30845267 PMCID: PMC6424459 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since its first detection in the Caribbean in late 2013, chikungunya virus (CHIKV) has affected 51 countries in the Americas. The CHIKV epidemic in the Americas was caused by the CHIKV-Asian genotype. In August 2014, local transmission of the CHIKV-Asian genotype was detected in the Brazilian Amazon region. However, a distinct lineage, the CHIKV-East-Central-South-America (ECSA)-genotype, was detected nearly simultaneously in Feira de Santana, Bahia state, northeast Brazil. The genomic diversity and the dynamics of CHIKV in the Brazilian Amazon region remains poorly understood despite its importance to better understand the epidemiological spread and public health impact of CHIKV in the country. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We report a large CHIKV outbreak (5,928 notified cases between August 2014 and August 2018) in Boa vista municipality, capital city of Roraima's state, located in the Brazilian Amazon region. We generated 20 novel CHIKV-ECSA genomes from the Brazilian Amazon region using MinION portable genome sequencing. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that despite an early introduction of the Asian genotype in 2015 in Roraima, the large CHIKV outbreak in 2017 in Boa Vista was caused by an ECSA-lineage most likely introduced from northeastern Brazil. Epidemiological analyses suggest a basic reproductive number of R0 of 1.66, which translates in an estimated 39 (95% CI: 36 to 45) % of Roraima's population infected with CHIKV-ECSA. Finally, we find a strong association between Google search activity and the local laboratory-confirmed CHIKV cases in Roraima. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This study highlights the potential of combining traditional surveillance with portable genome sequencing technologies and digital epidemiology to inform public health surveillance in the Amazon region. Our data reveal a large CHIKV-ECSA outbreak in Boa Vista, limited potential for future CHIKV outbreaks, and indicate a replacement of the Asian genotype by the ECSA genotype in the Amazon region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Gomes Naveca
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, FIOCRUZ, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Ingra Claro
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical e Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marta Giovanetti
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Genética Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Goes de Jesus
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Patologia Experimental, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Joilson Xavier
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Patologia Experimental, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Felipe Campos de Melo Iani
- Laboratório de Genética Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública, Instituto Octávio Magalhães, FUNED, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Valdinete Alves do Nascimento
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, FIOCRUZ, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Victor Costa de Souza
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, FIOCRUZ, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Paola Paz Silveira
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - José Lourenço
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mauricio Santillana
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Pediatrics, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Moritz U. G. Kraemer
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Computational Epidemiology Lab, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Josh Quick
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah C. Hill
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Julien Thézé
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rodrigo Dias de Oliveira Carvalho
- Laboratório de Genética Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Vasco Azevedo
- Laboratório de Genética Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Glauco de Carvalho Pereira
- Laboratório de Genética Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marluce Aparecida Assunção Oliveira
- Laboratório de Genética Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Marcia da Costa Castilho
- Departamento de Virologia, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | | | - Tiza Matos Terra
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | | | | | - André Luis de Abreu
- Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde (SVS/MS), Brasília-DF, Brazil
| | | | | | - Renato Santana de Aguiar
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Luiz Bessa Luz
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, FIOCRUZ, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Nicholas Loman
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver G. Pybus
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ester C. Sabino
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical e Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Osnei Okumoto
- Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde (SVS/MS), Brasília-DF, Brazil
| | - Luiz Carlos Junior Alcantara
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Genética Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Nuno Rodrigues Faria
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, United Kingdom
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26
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Dias JP, Costa MDCN, Campos GS, Paixão ES, Natividade MS, Barreto FR, Itaparica MSC, Goes C, Oliveira FLS, Santana EB, Silva NSJ, Brito CAA, Rodrigues LC, Sardi SI, Saavedra RC, Teixeira MG. Seroprevalence of Chikungunya Virus after Its Emergence in Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 24:617-624. [PMID: 29553317 PMCID: PMC5875253 DOI: 10.3201/eid2404.171370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya has had a substantial impact on public health because of the magnitude of its epidemics and its highly debilitating symptoms. We estimated the seroprevalence, proportion of symptomatic cases, and proportion of chronic form of disease after introduction of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) in 2 cities in Brazil. We conducted the population-based study through household interviews and serologic surveys during October-December 2015. In Feira de Santana, we conducted a serologic survey of 385 persons; 57.1% were CHIKV-positive. Among them, 32.7% reported symptoms, and 68.1% contracted chronic chikungunya disease. A similar survey in Riachão do Jacuípe included 446 persons; 45.7% were CHIKV-positive, 41.2% reported symptoms, and 75.0% contracted the chronic form. Our data confirm intense CHIKV transmission during the continuing epidemic. Chronic pain developed in a high proportion of patients. We recommend training health professionals in management of chronic pain, which will improve the quality of life of chikungunya-affected persons.
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27
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Mascarenhas M, Garasia S, Berthiaume P, Corrin T, Greig J, Ng V, Young I, Waddell L. A scoping review of published literature on chikungunya virus. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207554. [PMID: 30496207 PMCID: PMC6264817 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) has caused several major epidemics globally over the last two decades and is quickly expanding into new areas. Although this mosquito-borne disease is self-limiting and is not associated with high mortality, it can lead to severe, chronic and disabling arthritis, thereby posing a heavy burden to healthcare systems. The two main vectors for CHIKV are Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Asian tiger mosquito); however, many other mosquito species have been described as competent CHIKV vectors in scientific literature. With climate change, globalization and unfettered urban planning affecting many areas, CHIKV poses a significant public health risk to many countries. A scoping review was conducted to collate and categorize all pertinent information gleaned from published scientific literature on a priori defined aspects of CHIKV and its competent vectors. After developing a sensitive and specific search algorithm for the research question, seven databases were searched and data was extracted from 1920 relevant articles. Results show that CHIKV research is reported predominantly in areas after major epidemics have occurred. There has been an upsurge in CHIKV publications since 2011, especially after first reports of CHIKV emergence in the Americas. A list of hosts and vectors that could potentially be involved in the sylvatic and urban transmission cycles of CHIKV has been compiled in this scoping review. In addition, a repository of CHIKV mutations associated with evolutionary fitness and adaptation has been created by compiling and characterizing these genetic variants as reported in scientific literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariola Mascarenhas
- National Microbiology Laboratory at Guelph, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sophiya Garasia
- National Microbiology Laboratory at Guelph, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Philippe Berthiaume
- National Microbiology Laboratory at St. Hyacinthe, Public Health Agency of Canada, St. Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tricia Corrin
- National Microbiology Laboratory at Guelph, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Judy Greig
- National Microbiology Laboratory at Guelph, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Victoria Ng
- National Microbiology Laboratory at Guelph, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ian Young
- School of Occupational and Public Health, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lisa Waddell
- National Microbiology Laboratory at Guelph, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Sharma V, Kaushik S, Pandit P, Dhull D, Yadav JP, Kaushik S. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from medicinal plants and evaluation of their antiviral potential against chikungunya virus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 103:881-891. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9488-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Faria NR, Kraemer MUG, Hill SC, Goes de Jesus J, Aguiar RS, Iani FCM, Xavier J, Quick J, du Plessis L, Dellicour S, Thézé J, Carvalho RDO, Baele G, Wu CH, Silveira PP, Arruda MB, Pereira MA, Pereira GC, Lourenço J, Obolski U, Abade L, Vasylyeva TI, Giovanetti M, Yi D, Weiss DJ, Wint GRW, Shearer FM, Funk S, Nikolay B, Fonseca V, Adelino TER, Oliveira MAA, Silva MVF, Sacchetto L, Figueiredo PO, Rezende IM, Mello EM, Said RFC, Santos DA, Ferraz ML, Brito MG, Santana LF, Menezes MT, Brindeiro RM, Tanuri A, Dos Santos FCP, Cunha MS, Nogueira JS, Rocco IM, da Costa AC, Komninakis SCV, Azevedo V, Chieppe AO, Araujo ESM, Mendonça MCL, Dos Santos CC, Dos Santos CD, Mares-Guia AM, Nogueira RMR, Sequeira PC, Abreu RG, Garcia MHO, Abreu AL, Okumoto O, Kroon EG, de Albuquerque CFC, Lewandowski K, Pullan ST, Carroll M, de Oliveira T, Sabino EC, Souza RP, Suchard MA, Lemey P, Trindade GS, Drumond BP, Filippis AMB, Loman NJ, Cauchemez S, Alcantara LCJ, Pybus OG. Genomic and epidemiological monitoring of yellow fever virus transmission potential. Science 2018; 361:894-899. [PMID: 30139911 PMCID: PMC6874500 DOI: 10.1126/science.aat7115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The yellow fever virus (YFV) epidemic in Brazil is the largest in decades. The recent discovery of YFV in Brazilian Aedes species mosquitos highlights a need to monitor the risk of reestablishment of urban YFV transmission in the Americas. We use a suite of epidemiological, spatial, and genomic approaches to characterize YFV transmission. We show that the age and sex distribution of human cases is characteristic of sylvatic transmission. Analysis of YFV cases combined with genomes generated locally reveals an early phase of sylvatic YFV transmission and spatial expansion toward previously YFV-free areas, followed by a rise in viral spillover to humans in late 2016. Our results establish a framework for monitoring YFV transmission in real time that will contribute to a global strategy to eliminate future YFV epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- N R Faria
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - M U G Kraemer
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Computational Epidemiology Lab, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S C Hill
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - J Goes de Jesus
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - R S Aguiar
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - F C M Iani
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública, Instituto Octávio Magalhães, FUNED, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - J Xavier
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - J Quick
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - L du Plessis
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - S Dellicour
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - J Thézé
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - R D O Carvalho
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - G Baele
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - C-H Wu
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - P P Silveira
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - M B Arruda
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - M A Pereira
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública, Instituto Octávio Magalhães, FUNED, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - G C Pereira
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública, Instituto Octávio Magalhães, FUNED, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - J Lourenço
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - U Obolski
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - L Abade
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- The Global Health Network, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - T I Vasylyeva
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - M Giovanetti
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - D Yi
- Department of Statistics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - D J Weiss
- Malaria Atlas Project, Big Data Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - G R W Wint
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - F M Shearer
- Malaria Atlas Project, Big Data Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - S Funk
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - B Nikolay
- Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases and Center of Bioinformatics, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR2000: Génomique Évolutive, Modélisation et Santé, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - V Fonseca
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- KwaZulu-Natal Research, Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - T E R Adelino
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública, Instituto Octávio Magalhães, FUNED, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - M A A Oliveira
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública, Instituto Octávio Magalhães, FUNED, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - M V F Silva
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública, Instituto Octávio Magalhães, FUNED, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - L Sacchetto
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - P O Figueiredo
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - I M Rezende
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - E M Mello
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - R F C Said
- Secretaria de Estado de Saúde de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - D A Santos
- Secretaria de Estado de Saúde de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - M L Ferraz
- Secretaria de Estado de Saúde de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - M G Brito
- Secretaria de Estado de Saúde de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - L F Santana
- Secretaria de Estado de Saúde de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - M T Menezes
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - R M Brindeiro
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - A Tanuri
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - F C P Dos Santos
- Núcleo de Doenças de Transmissão Vetorial, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M S Cunha
- Núcleo de Doenças de Transmissão Vetorial, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - J S Nogueira
- Núcleo de Doenças de Transmissão Vetorial, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - I M Rocco
- Núcleo de Doenças de Transmissão Vetorial, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A C da Costa
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical e Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - S C V Komninakis
- Retrovirology Laboratory, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- School of Medicine of ABC (FMABC), Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - V Azevedo
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - A O Chieppe
- Coordenação de Vigilância Epidemiológica do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - E S M Araujo
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - M C L Mendonça
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - C C Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - C D Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - A M Mares-Guia
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - R M R Nogueira
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - P C Sequeira
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - R G Abreu
- Departamento de Vigilância das Doenças Transmissíveis da Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Brasília-DF, Brazil
| | - M H O Garcia
- Departamento de Vigilância das Doenças Transmissíveis da Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Brasília-DF, Brazil
| | - A L Abreu
- Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Coordenação Geral de Laboratórios de Saúde Pública, Ministério da Saúde, Brasília-DF, Brazil
| | - O Okumoto
- Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Coordenação Geral de Laboratórios de Saúde Pública, Ministério da Saúde, Brasília-DF, Brazil
| | - E G Kroon
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - C F C de Albuquerque
- Organização Pan - Americana da Saúde/Organização Mundial da Saúde - (OPAS/OMS), Brasília-DF, Brazil
| | - K Lewandowski
- Public Health England, National Infections Service, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - S T Pullan
- Public Health England, National Infections Service, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - M Carroll
- NIHR HPRU in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - T de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- KwaZulu-Natal Research, Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa
| | - E C Sabino
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical e Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R P Souza
- Núcleo de Doenças de Transmissão Vetorial, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M A Suchard
- Department of Biostatistics, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biomathematics and Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - P Lemey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - G S Trindade
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - B P Drumond
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - A M B Filippis
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - N J Loman
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - S Cauchemez
- Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases and Center of Bioinformatics, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR2000: Génomique Évolutive, Modélisation et Santé, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - L C J Alcantara
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - O G Pybus
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Contopoulos-Ioannidis D, Newman-Lindsay S, Chow C, LaBeaud AD. Mother-to-child transmission of Chikungunya virus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006510. [PMID: 29897898 PMCID: PMC6075784 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an emerging arboviral infection with a global distribution and may cause fetal and neonatal infections after maternal CHIKV-infections during gestation. METHODOLOGY We performed a systematic review to evaluate the risk for: a) mother-to-child transmission (MTCT), b) antepartum fetal deaths (APFD), c) symptomatic neonatal disease, and d) neonatal deaths from maternal CHIKV-infections during gestation. We also recorded the neonatal clinical manifestations after such maternal infections (qualitative data synthesis). We searched PubMed (last search 3/2017) for articles, of any study design, with any of the above outcomes. We calculated the overall risk of MTCT, APFDs and risk of symptomatic neonatal disease by simple pooling. For endpoints with ≥5 events in more than one study, we also synthesized the data by random-effect-model (REM) meta-analysis. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Among 563 identified articles, 13 articles from 8 cohorts were included in the quantitative data synthesis and 33 articles in the qualitative data synthesis. Most cohorts reported data only on symptomatic rather than on all neonatal infections. By extrapolation also of these data, the overall pooled-MTCT-risk across cohorts was at least 15.5% (206/1331), (12.6% by REMs). The pooled APFD-risk was 1.7% (20/1203); while the risk of CHIKV-confirmed-APFDs was 0.3% (3/1203). Overall, the pooled-risk of symptomatic neonatal disease was 15.3% (203/1331), (11.9% by REMs). The pooled risk of symptomatic disease was 50.0% (23/46) among intrapartum vs 0% (0/712) among antepartum/peripartum maternal infections. Infected newborns, from maternal infections during gestation were either asymptomatic or presented within their first week of life, but not at birth, with fever, irritability, hyperalgesia, diffuse limb edema, rashes and occasionally sepsis-like illness and meningoencephalitis. The pooled-risk of neonatal death was 0.6% (5/832) among maternal infections and 2.8% (5/182) among neonatal infections; long-term neurodevelopmental delays occurred in 50% of symptomatic neonatal infections. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Published cohorts with data on the risk to the fetus and/or newborn from maternal CHIKV-infections during gestation were sparse compared to the number of recently reported CHIKV-infection outbreaks worldwide; however perinatal infections do occur, at high rates during intrapartum period, and can be related to neonatal death and long-term disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Despina Contopoulos-Ioannidis
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Shoshana Newman-Lindsay
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Richmond, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States of America
| | - Camille Chow
- Department of Internal Medicine, St. Agnes Medical Center, Fresno, CA, United States of America
| | - A. Desiree LaBeaud
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
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Charlys da Costa A, Thézé J, Komninakis SCV, Sanz-Duro RL, Felinto MRL, Moura LCC, Barroso IMDO, Santos LEC, Nunes MADL, Moura AA, Lourenço J, Deng X, Delwart EL, Guimarães MRDAS, Pybus OG, Sabino EC, Faria NR. Spread of Chikungunya Virus East/Central/South African Genotype in Northeast Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 23:1742-1744. [PMID: 28930031 PMCID: PMC5621546 DOI: 10.3201/eid2310.170307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated an outbreak of exanthematous illness in Maceió by using molecular surveillance; 76% of samples tested positive for chikungunya virus. Genetic analysis of 23 newly generated genomes identified the East/Central/South African genotype, suggesting that this lineage has persisted since mid-2014 in Brazil and may spread in the Americas and beyond.
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Lourenço J, Tennant W, Faria NR, Walker A, Gupta S, Recker M. Challenges in dengue research: A computational perspective. Evol Appl 2018; 11:516-533. [PMID: 29636803 PMCID: PMC5891037 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The dengue virus is now the most widespread arbovirus affecting human populations, causing significant economic and social impact in South America and South-East Asia. Increasing urbanization and globalization, coupled with insufficient resources for control, misguided policies or lack of political will, and expansion of its mosquito vectors are some of the reasons why interventions have so far failed to curb this major public health problem. Computational approaches have elucidated on dengue's population dynamics with the aim to provide not only a better understanding of the evolution and epidemiology of the virus but also robust intervention strategies. It is clear, however, that these have been insufficient to address key aspects of dengue's biology, many of which will play a crucial role for the success of future control programmes, including vaccination. Within a multiscale perspective on this biological system, with the aim of linking evolutionary, ecological and epidemiological thinking, as well as to expand on classic modelling assumptions, we here propose, discuss and exemplify a few major computational avenues-real-time computational analysis of genetic data, phylodynamic modelling frameworks, within-host model frameworks and GPU-accelerated computing. We argue that these emerging approaches should offer valuable research opportunities over the coming years, as previously applied and demonstrated in the context of other pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Warren Tennant
- Centre for Mathematics and the EnvironmentUniversity of ExeterPenrynUK
| | | | | | | | - Mario Recker
- Centre for Mathematics and the EnvironmentUniversity of ExeterPenrynUK
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Darrigo LG, de Sant'Anna Carvalho AM, Machado CM. Chikungunya, Dengue, and Zika in Immunocompromised Hosts. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2018; 20:5. [PMID: 29551005 PMCID: PMC5857271 DOI: 10.1007/s11908-018-0612-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Describe the characteristics of chikungunya, dengue, and Zika in transplant recipients and immunocompromised hosts. RECENT FINDINGS Stem cell/bone marrow grafts, organs, and blood transfusions can transmit CHIKV/DENV/ZIKV infections, which are clinically similar, resembling influenza-like illness. Laboratory confirmation is necessary. In the acute phase, RT-PCR is preferred. DENV and ZIKV serology may cross-react. Delayed engraftment and extended viruria is observed in ZIKV+/HSCT recipients, while longer viremia is observed in DENV+/HSCT patients. Arbovirus persistence in organ tissues is generally unknown. Vaccine development is in early stages for CHIKV/ZIKV. No data is available to recommend the licensed DENV vaccine in transplant recipients. In endemic areas, the assessment of epidemiological risk is mandatory. Donor deferral for 120 days in suspected or confirmed ZIKV+ has been recommended, while CHIKV+ donors should wait 30 days. No deferral is recommended for DENV+ donors. CHIKV/DENV/ZIKV tests should be included in the differential of febrile neutropenia and other transplant syndromes. Reassessment of DENV serology is urgently needed. Prospective studies are necessary to determine the impact of CHIKV/DENV/ZIKV in this special population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Guilherme Darrigo
- Bone Marrow Transplant Unit - Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Machado de Sant'Anna Carvalho
- Virology Laboratory - Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 470 - 2nd floor, São Paulo, SP, 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Clarisse Martins Machado
- Virology Laboratory - Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 470 - 2nd floor, São Paulo, SP, 05403-000, Brazil.
- HSCT Program, Amaral Carvalho Foundation, Jahu, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Kraemer MUG, Bisanzio D, Reiner RC, Zakar R, Hawkins JB, Freifeld CC, Smith DL, Hay SI, Brownstein JS, Perkins TA. Inferences about spatiotemporal variation in dengue virus transmission are sensitive to assumptions about human mobility: a case study using geolocated tweets from Lahore, Pakistan. EPJ DATA SCIENCE 2018; 7:16. [PMID: 30854281 PMCID: PMC6404370 DOI: 10.1140/epjds/s13688-018-0144-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Billions of users of mobile phones, social media platforms, and other technologies generate an increasingly large volume of data that has the potential to be leveraged towards solving public health challenges. These and other big data resources tend to be most successful in epidemiological applications when utilized within an appropriate conceptual framework. Here, we demonstrate the importance of assumptions about host mobility in a framework for dynamic modeling of infectious disease spread among districts within a large urban area. Our analysis focused on spatial and temporal variation in the transmission of dengue virus (DENV) during a series of large seasonal epidemics in Lahore, Pakistan during 2011-2014. Similar to many directly transmitted diseases, DENV transmission occurs primarily where people spend time during daytime hours, given that DENV is transmitted by a day-biting mosquito. We inferred spatiotemporal variation in DENV transmission under five different assumptions about mobility patterns among ten districts of Lahore: no movement among districts, movement following patterns of geo-located tweets, movement proportional to district population size, and movement following the commonly used gravity and radiation models. Overall, we found that inferences about spatiotemporal variation in DENV transmission were highly sensitive to this range of assumptions about intra-urban human mobility patterns, although the three assumptions that allowed for a modest degree of intra-urban mobility all performed similarly in key respects. Differing inferences about transmission patterns based on our analysis are significant from an epidemiological perspective, as they have different implications for where control efforts should be targeted and whether conditions for transmission became more or less favorable over time. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL The online version of this article (10.1140/epjds/s13688-018-0144-x) contains supplementary material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz U. G. Kraemer
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
- Computational Epidemiology Lab, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, USA
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - D. Bisanzio
- RTI International, Washington, USA
- Center for Tropical Diseases, Sacro Cuore-Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar, Italy
| | - R. C. Reiner
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - R. Zakar
- Department of Public Health, University of Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - J. B. Hawkins
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
- Computational Epidemiology Lab, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - C. C. Freifeld
- Computational Epidemiology Lab, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, USA
- College of Computer and Information Science, Northeastern University, Boston, USA
| | - D. L. Smith
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- Sanaria Institute for Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Rockville, USA
| | - S. I. Hay
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - J. S. Brownstein
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
- Computational Epidemiology Lab, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - T. Alex Perkins
- Department of Biological Sciences and Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, USA
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Netto EM, Moreira-Soto A, Pedroso C, Höser C, Funk S, Kucharski AJ, Rockstroh A, Kümmerer BM, Sampaio GS, Luz E, Vaz SN, Dias JP, Bastos FA, Cabral R, Kistemann T, Ulbert S, de Lamballerie X, Jaenisch T, Brady OJ, Drosten C, Sarno M, Brites C, Drexler JF. High Zika Virus Seroprevalence in Salvador, Northeastern Brazil Limits the Potential for Further Outbreaks. mBio 2017; 8:e01390-17. [PMID: 29138300 PMCID: PMC5686533 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01390-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
During 2015 to 2016, Brazil reported more Zika virus (ZIKV) cases than any other country, yet population exposure remains unknown. Serological studies of ZIKV are hampered by cross-reactive immune responses against heterologous viruses. We conducted serosurveys for ZIKV, dengue virus (DENV), and Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) in 633 individuals prospectively sampled during 2015 to 2016, including microcephaly and non-microcephaly pregnancies, HIV-infected patients, tuberculosis patients, and university staff in Salvador in northeastern Brazil using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and plaque reduction neutralization tests. Sera sampled retrospectively during 2013 to 2015 from 277 HIV-infected patients were used to assess the spread of ZIKV over time. Individuals were georeferenced, and sociodemographic indicators were compared between ZIKV-positive and -negative areas and areas with and without microcephaly cases. Epidemiological key parameters were modeled in a Bayesian framework. ZIKV seroprevalence increased rapidly during 2015 to 2016, reaching 63.3% by 2016 (95% confidence interval [CI], 59.4 to 66.8%), comparable to the seroprevalence of DENV (75.7%; CI, 69.4 to 81.1%) and higher than that of CHIKV (7.4%; CI, 5.6 to 9.8%). Of 19 microcephaly pregnancies, 94.7% showed ZIKV IgG antibodies, compared to 69.3% of 257 non-microcephaly pregnancies (P = 0.017). Analyses of sociodemographic data revealed a higher ZIKV burden in low socioeconomic status (SES) areas. High seroprevalence, combined with case data dynamics allowed estimates of the basic reproduction number R0 of 2.1 (CI, 1.8 to 2.5) at the onset of the outbreak and an effective reproductive number Reff of <1 in subsequent years. Our data corroborate ZIKV-associated congenital disease and an association of low SES and ZIKV infection and suggest that population immunity caused cessation of the outbreak. Similar studies from other areas will be required to determine the fate of the American ZIKV outbreak.IMPORTANCE The ongoing American Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreak involves millions of cases and has a major impact on maternal and child health. Knowledge of infection rates is crucial to project future epidemic patterns and determine the absolute risk of microcephaly upon maternal ZIKV infection during pregnancy. For unknown reasons, the vast majority of ZIKV-associated microcephaly cases are concentrated in northeastern Brazil. We analyzed different subpopulations from Salvador, a Brazilian metropolis representing one of the most affected areas during the American ZIKV outbreak. We demonstrate rapid spread of ZIKV in Salvador, Brazil, and infection rates exceeding 60%. We provide evidence for the link between ZIKV and microcephaly, report that ZIKV predominantly affects geographic areas with low socioeconomic status, and show that population immunity likely caused cessation of the outbreak. Our results enable stakeholders to identify target populations for vaccination and for trials on vaccine efficacy and allow refocusing of research efforts and intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Martins Netto
- Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal de Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Instituto Brasileiro para a Investigação da Tuberculose/Fundação José Silveira (IBIT/FJS), Salvador, Brazil
| | | | - Celia Pedroso
- Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal de Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Christoph Höser
- Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, GeoHealth Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Health Promoting Water Management & Risk Communication, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sebastian Funk
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adam J Kucharski
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra Rockstroh
- Department of Immunology, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Beate M Kümmerer
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Germany
| | - Gilmara Souza Sampaio
- Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal de Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Estela Luz
- Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal de Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Sara Nunes Vaz
- Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal de Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Juarez Pereira Dias
- Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal de Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | - Renata Cabral
- Maternidade Climério de Oliveira, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Thomas Kistemann
- Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, GeoHealth Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Health Promoting Water Management & Risk Communication, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sebastian Ulbert
- Department of Immunology, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Xavier de Lamballerie
- Aix Marseille Université, IRD French Institute of Research for Development, EHESP French 19 School of Public Health, EPV UMR_D 190 "Emergence des Pathologies Virales," Marseille, France
- IHU Institute hospitalo-universitaire Méditerranée Infection, APHM Public Hospitals of Marseille 21, Marseille, France
| | - Thomas Jaenisch
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Germany
- Section Clinical Tropical Medicine, Department for Infectious Diseases, INF 324, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oliver J Brady
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Drosten
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Manoel Sarno
- Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal de Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Maternidade Climério de Oliveira, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Carlos Brites
- Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal de Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Jan Felix Drexler
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Berlin, Germany
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Faria NR, da Costa AC, Lourenço J, Loureiro P, Lopes ME, Ribeiro R, Alencar CS, Kraemer MUG, Villabona-Arenas CJ, Wu CH, Thézé J, Khan K, Brent SE, Romano C, Delwart E, Custer B, Busch MP, Pybus OG, Sabino EC. Genomic and epidemiological characterisation of a dengue virus outbreak among blood donors in Brazil. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15216. [PMID: 29123142 PMCID: PMC5680240 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15152-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks caused by Dengue, Zika and Chikungunya viruses can spread rapidly in immunologically naïve populations. By analysing 92 newly generated viral genome sequences from blood donors and recipients, we assess the dynamics of dengue virus serotype 4 during the 2012 outbreak in Rio de Janeiro. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that the outbreak was caused by genotype II, although two isolates of genotype I were also detected for the first time in Rio de Janeiro. Evolutionary analysis and modelling estimates are congruent, indicating a reproduction number above 1 between January and June, and at least two thirds of infections being unnoticed. Modelling analysis suggests that viral transmission started in early January, which is consistent with multiple introductions, most likely from the northern states of Brazil, and with an increase in within-country air travel to Rio de Janeiro. The combination of genetic and epidemiological data from blood donor banks may be useful to anticipate epidemic spread of arboviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno R Faria
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Antonio Charlys da Costa
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. .,LIM46, Departamento de Moléstias Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - José Lourenço
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Paula Loureiro
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Fundação Hemope, Recife, Brazil
| | | | - Roberto Ribeiro
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,LIM46, Departamento de Moléstias Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Chieh-Hsi Wu
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Julien Thézé
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kamran Khan
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shannon E Brent
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Camila Romano
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eric Delwart
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA.,University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Brian Custer
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA.,University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Michael P Busch
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA.,University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Oliver G Pybus
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ester C Sabino
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. .,LIM46, Departamento de Moléstias Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Toledo ME, Vanlerberghe V, Rosales JP, Mirabal M, Cabrera P, Fonseca V, Gómez Padrón T, Pérez Menzies M, Montada D, Van der Stuyft P. The additional benefit of residual spraying and insecticide-treated curtains for dengue control over current best practice in Cuba: Evaluation of disease incidence in a cluster randomized trial in a low burden setting with intensive routine control. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0006031. [PMID: 29117180 PMCID: PMC5695847 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aedes control interventions are considered the cornerstone of dengue control programmes, but there is scarce evidence on their effect on disease. We set-up a cluster randomized controlled trial in Santiago de Cuba to evaluate the entomological and epidemiological effectiveness of periodical intra- and peri-domiciliary residual insecticide (deltamethrin) treatment (RIT) and long lasting insecticide treated curtains (ITC). METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Sixty three clusters (around 250 households each) were randomly allocated to two intervention (RIT and ITC) and one control arm. Routine Aedes control activities (entomological surveillance, source reduction, selective adulticiding, health education) were applied in the whole study area. The outcome measures were clinical dengue case incidence and immature Aedes infestation. Effectiveness of tools was evaluated using a generalized linear regression model with a negative binomial link function. Despite significant reduction in Aedes indices (Rate Ratio (RR) 0.54 (95%CI 0.32-0.89) in the first month after RIT, the effect faded out over time and dengue incidence was not reduced. Overall, in this setting there was no protective effect of RIT or ITC over routine in the 17months intervention period, with for house index RR of 1.16 (95%CI 0.96-1.40) and 1.25 (95%CI 1.03-1.50) and for dengue incidence RR of 1.43 (95%CI 1.08-1.90) and 0.96 (95%CI 0.72-1.28) respectively. The monthly dengue incidence rate (IR) at cluster level was best explained by epidemic periods (Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) 5.50 (95%CI 4.14-7.31)), the IR in bordering houseblocks (IRR 1.03 (95%CI 1.02-1.04)) and the IR pre-intervention (IRR 1.02 (95%CI 1.00-1.04)). CONCLUSIONS Adding RIT to an intensive routine Aedes control programme has a transient effect on the already moderate low entomological infestation levels, while ITC did not have any effect. For both interventions, we didn't evidence impact on disease incidence. Further studies are needed to evaluate impact in settings with high Aedes infestation and arbovirus case load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Eugenia Toledo
- Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine “Pedro Kourí”, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Veerle Vanlerberghe
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Julio Popa Rosales
- Provincial Center of Surveillance and Vector Control, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba
| | - Mayelin Mirabal
- Finlay Institute - Center for Vaccines Research and Production, Habana, Cuba
| | - Pedro Cabrera
- Provincial Center of Surveillance and Vector Control, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba
| | - Viviana Fonseca
- Provincial Center of Surveillance and Vector Control, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba
| | | | | | - Domingo Montada
- Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine “Pedro Kourí”, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Patrick Van der Stuyft
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
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Lourenço J, Maia de Lima M, Faria NR, Walker A, Kraemer MU, Villabona-Arenas CJ, Lambert B, Marques de Cerqueira E, Pybus OG, Alcantara LC, Recker M. Epidemiological and ecological determinants of Zika virus transmission in an urban setting. eLife 2017; 6:29820. [PMID: 28887877 PMCID: PMC5638629 DOI: 10.7554/elife.29820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Zika virus has emerged as a global public health concern. Its rapid geographic expansion is attributed to the success of Aedes mosquito vectors, but local epidemiological drivers are still poorly understood. Feira de Santana played a pivotal role in the Chikungunya epidemic in Brazil and was one of the first urban centres to report Zika infections. Using a climate-driven transmission model and notified Zika case data, we show that a low observation rate and high vectorial capacity translated into a significant attack rate during the 2015 outbreak, with a subsequent decline in 2016 and fade-out in 2017 due to herd-immunity. We find a potential Zika-related, low risk for microcephaly per pregnancy, but with significant public health impact given high attack rates. The balance between the loss of herd-immunity and viral re-importation will dictate future transmission potential of Zika in this urban setting. Mosquitoes can transmit viruses that cause Zika, dengue and several other tropical diseases that affect humans. Zika virus usually causes mild symptoms, but it is thought that infection during pregnancy can lead to brain abnormalities, including microcephaly, where babies are born with an abnormally small head. Recent studies have shed light on how the Zika virus spread from Africa to reach South America, the Caribbean and North America. However, much less is known about the ecological factors that contribute to the spread of the virus within towns, cities and other local areas. In 2015, Brazil was struck by an outbreak of the Zika virus that led to an international public health emergency. Lourenço et al. used a mathematical model to explore the local conditions within Feira de Santana (a major urban center in Brazil) that contributed to the outbreak. The model took into account numerous factors, including temperature, humidity, rainfall and the mosquito life-cycle, which made it possible to reconstruct the history of the virus over the past three years and to make projections for the next decades. It revealed that most of the infections occured during 2015, with approximately 65% of the population infected. The incidences of new infections declined in 2016, as increasing numbers of local people had already been exposed to the virus and became immune. Temperature and humidity appeared to have played a critical role in sustaining the mosquito population carrying the Zika virus. Further analysis suggests that the risk of Zika virus causing microcephaly is very low – only 0.3–0.5% of the pregnant women in Feira de Santana who were infected with Zika gave birth to a baby with the condition. What therefore makes Zika a public health concern is the combination of a low risk with very high infection rates, which can affect a large number of pregnancies. This study will help researchers and policy makers to predict how the Zika virus will behave in the coming years. It also highlights the limitations and successes of the current system of surveillance. Moreover, it will help to identify critical time periods in the year when mosquito control strategies should be implemented to limit the spread of this virus. In future, this could help shape new local strategies to control Zika virus, dengue and other diseases carried by mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Lourenço
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Maricelia Maia de Lima
- Laboratory of Haematology, Genetics and Computational Biology, FIOCRUZ, SalvadorBahia, Brazil
| | | | - Andrew Walker
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Christian Julian Villabona-Arenas
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMI 233, INSERM U1175 and Institut de Biologie Computationnelle, LIRMM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Ben Lambert
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Erenilde Marques de Cerqueira
- Centre of PostGraduation in Collective Health, Department of Health, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de SantanaBahia, Brazil
| | - Oliver G Pybus
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Luiz Cj Alcantara
- Laboratory of Haematology, Genetics and Computational Biology, FIOCRUZ, SalvadorBahia, Brazil
| | - Mario Recker
- Centre for Mathematics and the Environment, University of Exeter, Penryn, United Kingdom
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Doughty CT, Yawetz S, Lyons J. Emerging Causes of Arbovirus Encephalitis in North America: Powassan, Chikungunya, and Zika Viruses. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2017; 17:12. [PMID: 28229397 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-017-0724-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Arboviruses are arthropod-borne viruses transmitted by the bite of mosquitoes, ticks, or other arthropods. Arboviruses are a common and an increasing cause of human illness in North America. Powassan virus, Chikungunya virus, and Zika virus are arboviruses that have all recently emerged as increasing causes of neurologic illness. Powassan virus almost exclusively causes encephalitis, but cases are rare, sporadic, and restricted to portions of North America and Russia. Chikungunya virus has spread widely across the world, causing millions of infections. Encephalitis is a rare manifestation of illness but is more common and severe in neonates and older adults. Zika virus has recently spread through much of the Americas and has been associated mostly with microcephaly and other congenital neurologic complications. Encephalitis occurring in infected adults has also been recently reported. This review will discuss the neuropathogenesis of these viruses, their transmission and geographic distribution, the spectrum of their neurologic manifestations, and the appropriate method of diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T Doughty
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Neurological Infections and Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 45 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sigal Yawetz
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer Lyons
- Division of Neurological Infections and Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 45 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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40
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Marcondes CB, Contigiani M, Gleiser RM. Emergent and Reemergent Arboviruses in South America and the Caribbean: Why So Many and Why Now? JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 54:509-532. [PMID: 28399216 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjw209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Varios arbovirus han emergido y/o reemergido en el Nuevo Mundo en las últimas décadas. Los virus Zika y chikungunya, anteriormente restringidos a África y quizás Asia, invadieron el continente, causando gran preocupación; además siguen ocurriendo brotes causados por el virus dengue en casi todos los países, con millones de casos por año. El virus West Nile invadió rápidamente América del Norte, y ya se han encontrado casos en América Central y del Sur. Otros arbovirus, como Mayaro y el virus de la encefalitis equina del este han aumentado su actividad y se han encontrado en nuevas regiones. Se han documentado cambios en la patogenicidad de algunos virus que conducen a enfermedades inesperadas. Una fauna diversa de mosquitos, cambios climáticos y en la vegetación, aumento de los viajes, y urbanizaciones no planificadas que generan condiciones adecuadas para la proliferación de Aedes aegypti (L.), Culex quinquefasciatus Say y otros mosquitos vectores, se han combinado para influir fuertemente en los cambios en la distribución y la incidencia de varios arbovirus. Se enfatiza la necesidad de realizar estudios exhaustivos de la fauna de mosquitos y modificaciones de las condiciones ambientales, sobre todo en las zonas urbanas fuertemente influenciadas por factores sociales, políticos y económicos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Brisola Marcondes
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Marta Contigiani
- Emeritus Professor, Instituto de Virologia "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Enfermera Gordillo Gomez s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, National University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Raquel Miranda Gleiser
- Centro de Relevamiento y Evaluación de Recursos Agrícolas y Naturales (CREAN) - Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC) and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
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41
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Oncolytic Alphaviruses in Cancer Immunotherapy. Vaccines (Basel) 2017; 5:vaccines5020009. [PMID: 28417936 PMCID: PMC5492006 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines5020009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses show specific targeting and killing of tumor cells and therefore provide attractive assets for cancer immunotherapy. In parallel to oncolytic viral vectors based on adenoviruses and herpes simplex viruses, oncolytic RNA viruses and particularly alphaviruses have been evaluated as delivery vehicles. Immunization studies in experimental rodent models for various cancers including glioblastoma, hematologic, hepatocellular, colon, cervix, and lung cancer as well as melanoma have been conducted with naturally occurring oncolytic alphavirus strains such as M1 and Sindbis AR339. Moreover, animals were vaccinated with engineered oncolytic replication-deficient and -competent Semliki Forest virus, Sindbis virus and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus vectors expressing various antigens. Vaccinations elicited strong antibody responses and resulted in tumor growth inhibition, tumor regression and even complete tumor eradication. Vaccination also led to prolonged survival in several animal models. Furthermore, preclinical evaluation demonstrated both prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy of oncolytic alphavirus administration. Clinical trials in humans have mainly been limited to safety studies so far.
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Wahid B, Ali A, Rafique S, Idrees M. Global expansion of chikungunya virus: mapping the 64-year history. Int J Infect Dis 2017; 58:69-76. [PMID: 28288924 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-transmitted alphavirus that is emerging as a global threat because of the highly debilitating nature of the associated disease and unprecedented magnitude of its spread. Chikungunya originated in Africa and has since spread across the entire globe causing large numbers of epidemics that have infected millions of people in Asia, the Indian subcontinent, Europe, the Americas, and Pacific Islands. Phylogenetic analysis has identified four different genotypes of CHIKV: Asian, West African, East/Central/South African (ECSA), and Indian Ocean Lineage (IOL). In the absence of well-designed epidemiological studies, the aim of this review article was to summarize the global epidemiology of CHIKV and to provide baseline data for future research on the treatment, prevention, and control of this life-threatening disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braira Wahid
- Centre for Applied Molecular Biology, 87 West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Amjad Ali
- Centre for Applied Molecular Biology, 87 West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Shazia Rafique
- Centre for Applied Molecular Biology, 87 West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Idrees
- Centre for Applied Molecular Biology, 87 West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan; Vice Chancellor Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan.
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Kumar A, Best C, Benskin G. Epidemiology, Clinical and Laboratory Features and Course of Chikungunya among a Cohort of Children during the First Caribbean Epidemic. J Trop Pediatr 2017; 63:43-49. [PMID: 27516419 DOI: 10.1093/tropej/fmw051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the epidemiology, the clinical features and the course of confirmed chikungunya among a cohort of children. It is a prospective audit of chikungunya cases among children registered for routine medical care at a primary care center. Children presenting with suspected chikungunya were confirmed using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. There were 203 suspected cases of chikungunya; of these, 115 samples were tested and 69 (59.0%) were confirmed. The attack rate of chikungunya was 10.2% and 3.5% for the suspected and confirmed cases, respectively. Only six (8.7%) of the children with confirmed chikungunya required hospitalization. Joint pain was a clinical feature in 68 of 69 (98.6%) and skin rash was seen in 32 (46.4%) confirmed cases. The duration of illness was <2 weeks in 89.9% and less than a week in 62.3% of cases. In conclusion, most children had mild clinical manifestations and recovered fully within 2 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Kumar
- Faculty of Medical Science, The University of the West Indies, Cave Hill, Barbados .,The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Barbados.,We Care Medical Center, 30 A, George Street, St. Michael, Barbados
| | - Christine Best
- Faculty of Medical Science, The University of the West Indies, Cave Hill, Barbados.,The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Barbados
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Waldman EA, Sato APS. Path of infectious diseases in Brazil in the last 50 years: an ongoing challenge. Rev Saude Publica 2016; 50:68. [PMID: 28099652 PMCID: PMC5152805 DOI: 10.1590/s1518-8787.2016050000232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article, we comment on the main features of infectious diseases in Brazil in the last 50 years, highlighting how much of this path Revista de Saúde Pública could portray. From 1967 to 2016, 1,335 articles focusing on infectious diseases were published in Revista de Saúde Pública. Although the proportion of articles on the topic have decreased from about 50.0% to 15.0%, its notability remained and reflected the growing complexity of the research required for its control. It is noteworthy that studies design and analysis strategies progressively became more sophisticated, following the great development of epidemiology in Brazil in the recent decades. Thus, the journal has followed the success of public health interventions that permitted to control or eliminate numerous infectious diseases - which were responsible, in the past, for high rates of morbidity and mortality -, and also followed the reemergence of diseases already controlled and the emergence of until then unknown diseases, with a strong impact on the Brazilian population, establishing a little predictable and very challenging path. RESUMO Neste artigo, comentamos as principais características das doenças infecciosas no Brasil, nos últimos 50 anos, destacando o quanto a Revista de Saúde Pública conseguiu capturar essa trajetória. De 1967 a 2016, foram publicados 1.335 artigos na Revista de Saúde Pública com foco em doenças infecciosas. Ainda que a proporção de artigos sobre esse tema tenha declinado de cerca de 50,0% para 15,0%, seu destaque se manteve e refletiu a crescente complexidade das pesquisas necessárias para o seu controle. Nota-se que os desenhos dos estudos e as estratégias de análise ganharam progressivamente maior sofisticação, acompanhando o grande desenvolvimento da epidemiologia no Brasil, nas últimas décadas. Assim, foi registrado não apenas o sucesso de intervenções de saúde pública que permitiram o controle ou a eliminação de inúmeras doenças infecciosas responsáveis, no passado, por elevadas taxas de morbimortalidade, como também a reemergência de males já controlados e o surgimento de doenças até então desconhecidas, com forte impacto na população brasileira, desenhando uma trajetória pouco previsível e muito desafiadora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliseu Alves Waldman
- Departamento de Epidemiologia. Faculdade de Saúde Pública. Universidade de São Paulo. São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Ana Paula Sayuri Sato
- Departamento de Epidemiologia. Faculdade de Saúde Pública. Universidade de São Paulo. São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Chalaem P, Chusri S, Fernandez S, Chotigeat W, Anguita J, Pal U, Promnares K. Characterization of a Chikungunya virus strain isolated from banked patients' sera. Virol J 2016; 13:150. [PMID: 27590311 PMCID: PMC5009685 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0606-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a prevalent mosquito-borne pathogen that is emerging in many parts of the globe causing significant human morbidity. Here, we report the isolation and characterization of an infectious CHIKV from banked serum specimens of suspected patients from the 2009 epidemic in Thailand. METHODS Standard plaque assay was used for CHIKV isolation from the banked serum specimens. Isolated CHIKV was identified base on E1 structural gene sequence. Growth kinetic, infectivity, cell viability and cytokine gene expression throughout CHIKV infection in a permissive cell line, 293T cells, was performed using several approaches, including standard plaque assay, immunofluorescence assay, classical MTT assay, and quantitative real-time PCR. Two tailed Student's t test was used for evaluation statistically significance between the mean values of the groups. RESULTS Based on the E1 structural gene sequence and phylogenetic analysis, we identified the virus as the CHIK/SBY8/10 isolate from Indonesia. Assessment of the growth kinetics, cytopathic effects as well as its ability to induce cellular immune responses suggested that the currently isolated CHIK/SBY8/10 virus is relatively more virulent than a known CHIKV vaccine strain, which also induces more dramatic proinflammatory responses. CONCLUSIONS Our studies further add to the infectivity of a less-studied yet infectious CHIKV isolate as well as underscored the importance and utility of 293T cells as an excellent cell culture model for studying viral growth, CHIKV-induced inflammatory cellular responses and cell death. Together, these studies provide novel information on the CHIKV biology, infectivity and virus-cell interaction, which would help develop novel interventions against the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pattra Chalaem
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla 90112 Thailand
| | - Sarunyou Chusri
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla 90112 Thailand
| | - Stefan Fernandez
- Department of Virology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wilaiwan Chotigeat
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla 90112 Thailand
| | - Juan Anguita
- CIC bioGUNE, 48160 Derio, Bizkaia Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011 Bilbao, Bizkaia Spain
| | - Utpal Pal
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - Kamoltip Promnares
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla 90112 Thailand
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Conteville LC, Zanella L, Marín MA, Filippis AMBD, Nogueira RMR, Vicente ACP, Mendonça MCLD. Phylogenetic analyses of chikungunya virus among travelers in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2014-2015. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2016; 111:347-8. [PMID: 27120007 PMCID: PMC4878304 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760160004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-borne pathogen that emerged in Brazil by late
2014. In the country, two CHIKV foci characterized by the East/Central/South Africa
and Asian genotypes, were established in North and Northeast regions. We
characterized, by phylogenetic analyses of full and partial genomes, CHIKV from Rio
de Janeiro state (2014-2015). These CHIKV strains belong to the Asian genotype, which
is the determinant of the current Northern Brazilian focus, even though the genome
sequence presents particular single nucleotide variations. This study provides the
first genetic characterisation of CHIKV in Rio de Janeiro and highlights the
potential impact of human mobility in the spread of an arthropod-borne virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliane Costa Conteville
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular de Microrganismos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Louise Zanella
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular de Microrganismos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Michel Abanto Marín
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular de Microrganismos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | | | | | - Ana Carolina Paulo Vicente
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular de Microrganismos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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