1
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Su Q, Xu B, Chen X, Rokita SE. Misregulation of bromotyrosine compromises fertility in male Drosophila. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2322501121. [PMID: 38748578 PMCID: PMC11126969 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2322501121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Biological regulation often depends on reversible reactions such as phosphorylation, acylation, methylation, and glycosylation, but rarely halogenation. A notable exception is the iodination and deiodination of thyroid hormones. Here, we report detection of bromotyrosine and its subsequent debromination during Drosophila spermatogenesis. Bromotyrosine is not evident when Drosophila express a native flavin-dependent dehalogenase that is homologous to the enzyme responsible for iodide salvage from iodotyrosine in mammals. Deletion or suppression of the dehalogenase-encoding condet (cdt) gene in Drosophila allows bromotyrosine to accumulate with no detectable chloro- or iodotyrosine. The presence of bromotyrosine in the cdt mutant males disrupts sperm individualization and results in decreased fertility. Transgenic expression of the cdt gene in late-staged germ cells rescues this defect and enhances tolerance of male flies to bromotyrosine. These results are consistent with reversible halogenation affecting Drosophila spermatogenesis in a process that had previously eluded metabolomic, proteomic, and genomic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Su
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD21218
| | - Bing Xu
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD21218
| | - Xin Chen
- HHMI, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD21218
- Department of Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD21218
| | - Steven E. Rokita
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD21218
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2
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Verma D, Singh A, Singh J, Mutsuddi M, Mukherjee A. Regulation of Notch signaling by non-muscle myosin II Zipper in Drosophila. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:195. [PMID: 38653877 PMCID: PMC11039529 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05142-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The Notch pathway is an evolutionarily conserved signaling system that is intricately regulated at multiple levels and it influences different aspects of development. In an effort to identify novel components involved in Notch signaling and its regulation, we carried out protein interaction screens which identified non-muscle myosin II Zipper (Zip) as an interacting partner of Notch. Physical interaction between Notch and Zip was further validated by co-immunoprecipitation studies. Immunocytochemical analyses revealed that Notch and Zip co-localize within same cytoplasmic compartment. Different alleles of zip also showed strong genetic interactions with Notch pathway components. Downregulation of Zip resulted in wing phenotypes that were reminiscent of Notch loss-of-function phenotypes and a perturbed expression of Notch downstream targets, Cut and Deadpan. Further, synergistic interaction between Notch and Zip resulted in highly ectopic expression of these Notch targets. Activated Notch-induced tumorous phenotype of larval tissues was enhanced by over-expression of Zip. Notch-Zip synergy resulted in the activation of JNK pathway that consequently lead to MMP activation and proliferation. Taken together, our results suggest that Zip may play an important role in regulation of Notch signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipti Verma
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Ankita Singh
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Jyoti Singh
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Mousumi Mutsuddi
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Ashim Mukherjee
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India.
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3
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Kloc M, Tworzydło W, Szklarzewicz T. Germline and Somatic Cell Syncytia in Insects. Results Probl Cell Differ 2024; 71:47-63. [PMID: 37996672 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-37936-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Syncytia are common in the animal and plant kingdoms both under normal and pathological conditions. They form through cell fusion or division of a founder cell without cytokinesis. A particular type of syncytia occurs in invertebrate and vertebrate gametogenesis when the founder cell divides several times with partial cytokinesis producing a cyst (nest) of germ line cells connected by cytoplasmic bridges. The ultimate destiny of the cyst's cells differs between animal groups. Either all cells of the cyst become the gametes or some cells endoreplicate or polyploidize to become the nurse cells (trophocytes). Although many types of syncytia are permanent, the germ cell syncytium is temporary, and eventually, it separates into individual gametes. In this chapter, we give an overview of syncytium types and focus on the germline and somatic cell syncytia in various groups of insects. We also describe the multinuclear giant cells, which form through repetitive nuclear divisions and cytoplasm hypertrophy, but without cell fusion, and the accessory nuclei, which bud off the oocyte nucleus, migrate to its cortex and become included in the early embryonic syncytium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Kloc
- The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA.
- The Houston Methodist Hospital, Department of Surgery, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Genetics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Wacław Tworzydło
- Department of Developmental Biology and Invertebrate Morphology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Teresa Szklarzewicz
- Department of Developmental Biology and Invertebrate Morphology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
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4
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Stromberg KA, Spain T, Tomlin SA, Powell J, Amarillo KD, Schroeder CM. Evolutionary diversification reveals distinct somatic versus germline cytoskeletal functions of the Arp2 branched actin nucleator protein. Curr Biol 2023; 33:5326-5339.e7. [PMID: 37977138 PMCID: PMC10785674 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.10.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Branched actin networks are critical in many cellular processes, including cell motility and division. Arp2, a protein within the seven-membered Arp2/3 complex, is responsible for generating branched actin. Given its essential roles, Arp2 evolves under stringent sequence conservation throughout eukaryotic evolution. We unexpectedly discovered recurrent evolutionary diversification of Arp2 in Drosophila, yielding independently arising paralogs Arp2D in obscura species and Arp2D2 in montium species. Both paralogs are unusually testis-enriched in expression relative to Arp2. We investigated whether their sequence divergence from canonical Arp2 led to functional specialization by replacing Arp2 in D. melanogaster with either Arp2D or Arp2D2. Despite their divergence, we surprisingly found that both complement Arp2's essential function in somatic tissue, suggesting they have preserved the ability to polymerize branched actin even in a non-native species. However, we found that Arp2D- and Arp2D2-expressing males display defects throughout sperm development, with Arp2D resulting in more pronounced deficiencies and subfertility, suggesting the Arp2 paralogs are cross-species incompatible in the testis. We focused on Arp2D and pinpointed two highly diverged structural regions-the D-loop and C terminus-and found that they contribute to germline defects in D. melanogaster sperm development. However, while the Arp2D C terminus is suboptimal in the D. melanogaster testis, it is essential for Arp2D somatic function. Testis cytology of the paralogs' native species revealed striking differences in germline actin structures, indicating unique cytoskeletal requirements. Our findings suggest canonical Arp2 function differs between somatic versus germline contexts, and Arp2 paralogs may have recurrently evolved for species-specialized actin branching in the testis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin A Stromberg
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Road, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Tristan Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Road, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Sarah A Tomlin
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jordan Powell
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Road, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Kristen Dominique Amarillo
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Road, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Courtney M Schroeder
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Road, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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5
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Huang Q, Chen X, Yu H, Ji L, Shi Y, Cheng X, Chen H, Yu J. Structure and molecular basis of spermatid elongation in the Drosophila testis. Open Biol 2023; 13:230136. [PMID: 37935354 PMCID: PMC10645079 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.230136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Spermatid elongation is a crucial event in the late stage of spermatogenesis in the Drosophila testis, eventually leading to the formation of mature sperm after meiosis. During spermatogenesis, significant structural and morphological changes take place in a cluster of post-meiotic germ cells, which are enclosed in a microenvironment surrounded by somatic cyst cells. Microtubule-based axoneme assembly, formation of individualization complexes and mitochondria maintenance are key processes involved in the differentiation of elongated spermatids. They provide important structural foundations for accessing male fertility. How these structures are constructed and maintained are basic questions in the Drosophila testis. Although the roles of several genes in different structures during the development of elongated spermatids have been elucidated, the relationships between them have not been widely studied. In addition, the genetic basis of spermatid elongation and the regulatory mechanisms involved have not been thoroughly investigated. In the present review, we focus on current knowledge with regard to spermatid axoneme assembly, individualization complex and mitochondria maintenance. We also touch upon promising directions for future research to unravel the underlying mechanisms of spermatid elongation in the Drosophila testis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuru Huang
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong First People's Hospital, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Yu
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Ji
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Shi
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinmeng Cheng
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Chen
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Yu
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, People's Republic of China
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6
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François CM, Pihl T, Dunoyer de Segonzac M, Hérault C, Hudry B. Metabolic regulation of proteome stability via N-terminal acetylation controls male germline stem cell differentiation and reproduction. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6737. [PMID: 37872135 PMCID: PMC10593830 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42496-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms connecting cellular metabolism with differentiation remain poorly understood. Here, we find that metabolic signals contribute to stem cell differentiation and germline homeostasis during Drosophila melanogaster spermatogenesis. We discovered that external citrate, originating outside the gonad, fuels the production of Acetyl-coenzyme A by germline ATP-citrate lyase (dACLY). We show that this pathway is essential during the final spermatogenic stages, where a high Acetyl-coenzyme A level promotes NatB-dependent N-terminal protein acetylation. Using genetic and biochemical experiments, we establish that N-terminal acetylation shields key target proteins, essential for spermatid differentiation, from proteasomal degradation by the ubiquitin ligase dUBR1. Our work uncovers crosstalk between metabolism and proteome stability that is mediated via protein post-translational modification. We propose that this system coordinates the metabolic state of the organism with gamete production. More broadly, modulation of proteome turnover by circulating metabolites may be a conserved regulatory mechanism to control cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte M François
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, Institut de Biologie Valrose, Nice, 06108, France
| | - Thomas Pihl
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, Institut de Biologie Valrose, Nice, 06108, France
| | | | - Chloé Hérault
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, Institut de Biologie Valrose, Nice, 06108, France
| | - Bruno Hudry
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, Institut de Biologie Valrose, Nice, 06108, France.
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7
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Ryniawec JM, Hannaford MR, Zibrat ME, Fagerstrom CJ, Galletta BJ, Aguirre SE, Guice BA, Dean SM, Rusan NM, Rogers GC. Cep104 is a component of the centriole distal tip complex that regulates centriole growth and contributes to Drosophila spermiogenesis. Curr Biol 2023; 33:4202-4216.e9. [PMID: 37729913 PMCID: PMC10591971 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.08.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Proper centrosome number and function relies on the accurate assembly of centrioles, barrel-shaped structures that form the core duplicating elements of the organelle. The growth of centrioles is regulated in a cell cycle-dependent manner; while new daughter centrioles elongate during the S/G2/M phase, mature mother centrioles maintain their length throughout the cell cycle. Centriole length is controlled by the synchronized growth of the microtubules that ensheathe the centriole barrel. Although proteins exist that target the growing distal tips of centrioles, such as CP110 and Cep97, these proteins are generally thought to suppress centriolar microtubule growth, suggesting that distal tips may also contain unidentified counteracting factors that facilitate microtubule polymerization. Currently, a mechanistic understanding of how distal tip proteins balance microtubule growth and shrinkage to either promote daughter centriole elongation or maintain centriole length is lacking. Using a proximity-labeling screen in Drosophila cells, we identified Cep104 as a novel component of a group of evolutionarily conserved proteins that we collectively refer to as the distal tip complex (DTC). We found that Cep104 regulates centriole growth and promotes centriole elongation through its microtubule-binding TOG domain. Furthermore, analysis of Cep104 null flies revealed that Cep104 and Cep97 cooperate during spermiogenesis to align spermatids and coordinate individualization. Lastly, we mapped the complete DTC interactome and showed that Cep97 is the central scaffolding unit required to recruit DTC components to the distal tip of centrioles.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Ryniawec
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Matthew R Hannaford
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Melanie E Zibrat
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Carey J Fagerstrom
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Brian J Galletta
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sophia E Aguirre
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Bethany A Guice
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Spencer M Dean
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Nasser M Rusan
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Gregory C Rogers
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
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8
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Yu J, Li Z, Fu Y, Sun F, Chen X, Huang Q, He L, Yu H, Ji L, Cheng X, Shi Y, Shen C, Zheng B, Sun F. Single-cell RNA-sequencing reveals the transcriptional landscape of ND-42 mediated spermatid elongation via mitochondrial derivative maintenance in Drosophila testes. Redox Biol 2023; 62:102671. [PMID: 36933391 PMCID: PMC10036812 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
During spermatogenesis, mitochondria extend along the whole length of spermatid tail and offer a structural platform for microtubule reorganization and synchronized spermatid individualization, that eventually helps to generate mature sperm in Drosophila. However, the regulatory mechanism of spermatid mitochondria during elongation remains largely unknown. Herein, we demonstrated that NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 42 kDa subunit (ND-42) was essential for male fertility and spermatid elongation in Drosophila. Moreover, ND-42 depletion led to mitochondrial disorders in Drosophila testes. Based on single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq), we identified 15 distinct cell clusters, including several unanticipated transitional subpopulations or differentiative stages for testicular germ cell complexity in Drosophila testes. Enrichments of the transcriptional regulatory network in the late-stage cell populations revealed key roles of ND-42 in mitochondria and its related biological processes during spermatid elongation. Notably, we demonstrated that ND-42 depletion led to maintenance defects of the major mitochondrial derivative and the minor mitochondrial derivative by affecting mitochondrial membrane potential and mitochondrial-encoded genes. Our study proposes a novel regulatory mechanism of ND-42 for spermatid mitochondrial derivative maintenance, contributing to a better understanding of spermatid elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yu
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
| | - Zhiran Li
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Yangbo Fu
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Feiteng Sun
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Xia Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University and First People's Hospital of Nantong City, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China
| | - Qiuru Huang
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Lei He
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Hao Yu
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Li Ji
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Xinmeng Cheng
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Yi Shi
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Cong Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Reproduction and Genetics, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, 215002, China
| | - Bo Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Reproduction and Genetics, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, 215002, China.
| | - Fei Sun
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
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9
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Stromberg KA, Spain T, Tomlin SA, Amarillo KD, Schroeder CM. Evolutionary diversification reveals distinct somatic versus germline cytoskeletal functions of the Arp2 branched actin nucleator protein. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.25.530036. [PMID: 36909544 PMCID: PMC10002617 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.25.530036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Branched actin networks are critical in many cellular processes, including cell motility and division. Arp2, a protein within the 7-membered Arp2/3 complex, is responsible for generating branched actin. Given its essential roles, Arp2 evolves under stringent sequence conservation throughout eukaryotic evolution. We unexpectedly discovered recurrent evolutionary diversification of Arp2 in Drosophila, yielding independently arising paralogs Arp2D in obscura species and Arp2D2 in montium species. Both paralogs are unusually testis-enriched in expression relative to Arp2. We investigated whether their sequence divergence from canonical Arp2 led to functional specialization by replacing Arp2 in D. melanogaster with either Arp2D or Arp2D2. Despite their divergence, we surprisingly found both complement Arp2's essential function in the soma, suggesting they have preserved the ability to polymerize branched actin even in a non-native species. However, we found that Arp2D-expressing males are subfertile and display many defects throughout sperm development. We pinpointed two highly diverged structural regions in Arp2D that contribute to these defects: subdomain 2 and the C-terminus. We expected that germline function would be rescued by replacing Arp2D's long and charged C-terminus with Arp2's short C-terminus, yet surprisingly, the essential somatic function of Arp2D was lost. Therefore, while Arp2D's structural divergence is incompatible with D. melanogaster sperm development, its unique C-terminus has evolved a critical role in actin polymerization. Our findings suggest canonical Arp2's function differs between somatic versus germline contexts, and Arp2 paralogs have recurrently evolved and specialized for actin branching in the testis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tristan Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Sarah A. Tomlin
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
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10
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Shao L, Fingerhut JM, Falk BL, Han H, Maldonado G, Qiao Y, Lee V, Hall E, Chen L, Polevoy G, Hernández G, Lasko P, Brill JA. Eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF4E-5 is required for spermiogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster. Development 2023; 150:286752. [PMID: 36695474 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Drosophila sperm development is characterized by extensive post-transcriptional regulation whereby thousands of transcripts are preserved for translation during later stages. A key step in translation initiation is the binding of eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) to the 5' mRNA cap. In addition to canonical eIF4E-1, Drosophila has multiple eIF4E paralogs, including four (eIF4E-3, -4, -5, and -7) that are highly expressed in the testis. Among these, only eIF4E-3 has been characterized genetically. Here, using CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis, we determined that eIF4E-5 is essential for male fertility. eIF4E-5 protein localizes to the distal ends of elongated spermatid cysts, and eIF4E-5 mutants exhibit defects during post-meiotic stages, including a mild defect in spermatid cyst polarization. eIF4E-5 mutants also have a fully penetrant defect in individualization, resulting in failure to produce mature sperm. Indeed, our data indicate that eIF4E-5 regulates non-apoptotic caspase activity during individualization by promoting local accumulation of the E3 ubiquitin ligase inhibitor Soti. Our results further extend the diversity of non-canonical eIF4Es that carry out distinct spatiotemporal roles during spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Shao
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, PGCRL Building, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Jaclyn M Fingerhut
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Brook L Falk
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, PGCRL Building, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Hong Han
- Department of Biology, McGill University, 3649 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montréal, Quebec, H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Giovanna Maldonado
- Laboratory of Translation and Cancer, Unit of Biomedical Research on Cancer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan), Av San Fernando 22, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Yuemeng Qiao
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, PGCRL Building, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 0A4, Canada
- Human Biology Program, University of Toronto, 300 Huron Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3J6, Canada
| | - Vincent Lee
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, PGCRL Building, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Hall
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, PGCRL Building, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Biology, McGill University, 3649 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montréal, Quebec, H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Gordon Polevoy
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, PGCRL Building, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Greco Hernández
- Laboratory of Translation and Cancer, Unit of Biomedical Research on Cancer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan), Av San Fernando 22, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Paul Lasko
- Department of Biology, McGill University, 3649 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montréal, Quebec, H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Julie A Brill
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, PGCRL Building, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
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11
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Chen MY, Duan X, Wang Q, Ran MJ, Ai H, Zheng Y, Wang YF. Cytochrome c1-like is required for mitochondrial morphogenesis and individualization during spermatogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster. J Exp Biol 2023; 226:286665. [PMID: 36645102 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.245277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The Drosophila testis is an excellent system for studying the process from germ stem cells to motile sperm, including the proliferation of male germ cells, meiosis of primary spermatocytes, mitochondrial morphogenesis, and spermatid individualization. We previously demonstrated that ocnus (ocn) plays an essential role in male germ cell development. Among those genes and proteins whose expression levels were changed as a result of ocn knockdown, cytochrome c1-like (cyt-c1L) was downregulated significantly. Here, we show that cyt-c1L is highly expressed in the testis of D. melanogaster. Knockdown or mutation of cyt-c1L in early germ cells of flies resulted in male sterility. Immunofluorescence staining showed that cyt-c1L knockdown testes had no defects in early spermatogenesis; however, in late stages, in contrast to many individualization complexes (ICs) composed of F-actin cones that appeared at different positions in control testes, no actin cones or ICs were observed in cyt-c1L knockdown testes. Furthermore, no mature sperm were found in the seminal vesicle of cyt-c1L knockdown testes whereas the control seminal vesicle was full of mature sperm with needle-like nuclei. cyt-c1L knockdown also caused abnormal mitochondrial morphogenesis during spermatid elongation. Excessive apoptotic signals accumulated in the base of cyt-c1L knockdown fly testes. These results suggest that cyt-c1L may play an important role in spermatogenesis by affecting the mitochondrial morphogenesis and individualization of sperm in D. melanogaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Yan Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Xin Duan
- School of Life Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Qian Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Mao-Jiu Ran
- School of Life Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Hui Ai
- School of Life Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Ya Zheng
- School of Life Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Yu-Feng Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
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12
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Downs KM. The mouse allantois: new insights at the embryonic-extraembryonic interface. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20210251. [PMID: 36252214 PMCID: PMC9574631 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
During the early development of Placentalia, a distinctive projection emerges at the posterior embryonic-extraembryonic interface of the conceptus; its fingerlike shape presages maturation into the placental umbilical cord, whose major role is to shuttle fetal blood to and from the chorion for exchange with the mother during pregnancy. Until recently, the biology of the cord's vital vascular anlage, called the body stalk/allantois in humans and simply the allantois in rodents, has been largely unknown. Here, new insights into the development of the mouse allantois are featured, from its origin and mechanism of arterial patterning through its union with the chorion. Key to generating the allantois and its critical functions are the primitive streak and visceral endoderm, which together are sufficient to create the entire fetal-placental connection. Their newly discovered roles at the embryonic-extraembryonic interface challenge conventional wisdom, including the physical limits of the primitive streak, its function as sole purveyor of mesoderm in the mouse, potency of visceral endoderm, and the putative role of the allantois in the germ line. With this working model of allantois development, understanding a plethora of hitherto poorly understood orphan diseases in humans is now within reach. This article is part of the theme issue 'Extraembryonic tissues: exploring concepts, definitions and functions across the animal kingdom'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M. Downs
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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13
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Asadzadeh J, Ruchti E, Jiao W, Limoni G, MacLachlan C, Small SA, Knott G, Santa-Maria I, McCabe BD. Retromer deficiency in Tauopathy models enhances the truncation and toxicity of Tau. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5049. [PMID: 36030267 PMCID: PMC9420134 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32683-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Alteration of the levels, localization or post-translational processing of the microtubule associated protein Tau is associated with many neurodegenerative disorders. Here we develop adult-onset models for human Tau (hTau) toxicity in Drosophila that enable age-dependent quantitative measurement of central nervous system synapse loss and axonal degeneration, in addition to effects upon lifespan, to facilitate evaluation of factors that may contribute to Tau-dependent neurodegeneration. Using these models, we interrogate the interaction of hTau with the retromer complex, an evolutionarily conserved cargo-sorting protein assembly, whose reduced activity has been associated with both Parkinson’s and late onset Alzheimer’s disease. We reveal that reduction of retromer activity induces a potent enhancement of hTau toxicity upon synapse loss, axon retraction and lifespan through a specific increase in the production of a C-terminal truncated isoform of hTau. Our data establish a molecular and subcellular mechanism necessary and sufficient for the depletion of retromer activity to exacerbate Tau-dependent neurodegeneration. Tau and the Retromer complex are both linked to Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease. Using Drosophila neurodegeneration models, this study finds that low retromer activity induces a specific increase of a highly toxic truncated form of human Tau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamshid Asadzadeh
- Brain Mind Institute, EPFL - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Evelyne Ruchti
- Brain Mind Institute, EPFL - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Wei Jiao
- Brain Mind Institute, EPFL - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Greta Limoni
- Brain Mind Institute, EPFL - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Catherine MacLachlan
- BioEM Facility, EPFL - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Scott A Small
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, USA.,Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Graham Knott
- Brain Mind Institute, EPFL - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,BioEM Facility, EPFL - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ismael Santa-Maria
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, USA.,Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, USA.,Facultad Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Brian D McCabe
- Brain Mind Institute, EPFL - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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14
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Maaroufi HO, Pauchova L, Lin YH, Wu BCH, Rouhova L, Kucerova L, Vieira LC, Renner M, Sehadova H, Hradilova M, Zurovec M. Mutation in Drosophila concentrative nucleoside transporter 1 alters spermatid maturation and mating behavior. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:945572. [PMID: 36105362 PMCID: PMC9467524 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.945572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Concentrative nucleoside transporters (Cnts) are unidirectional carriers that mediate the energy-costly influx of nucleosides driven by the transmembrane sodium gradient. Cnts are transmembrane proteins that share a common structural organization and are found in all phyla. Although there have been studies on Cnts from a biochemical perspective, no deep research has examined their role at the organismal level. Here, we investigated the role of the Drosophila melanogaster cnt1 gene, which is specifically expressed in the testes. We used the CRISPR/Cas9 system to generate a mutation in the cnt1 gene. The cnt1 mutants exhibited defects in the duration of copulation and spermatid maturation, which significantly impaired male fertility. The most striking effect of the cnt1 mutation in spermatid maturation was an abnormal structure of the sperm tail, in which the formation of major and minor mitochondrial derivatives was disrupted. Our results demonstrate the importance of cnt1 in male fertility and suggest that the observed defects in mating behavior and spermatogenesis are due to alterations in nucleoside transport and associated metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houda Ouns Maaroufi
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia
| | - Lucie Pauchova
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia
| | - Yu-Hsien Lin
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia
| | - Bulah Chia-Hsiang Wu
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia
| | - Lenka Rouhova
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia
| | - Lucie Kucerova
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia
| | - Ligia Cota Vieira
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia
| | - Marek Renner
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia
| | - Hana Sehadova
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia
| | - Miluse Hradilova
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Michal Zurovec
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Michal Zurovec,
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15
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Dehkordi MH, Munn RGK, Fearnhead HO. Non-Canonical Roles of Apoptotic Caspases in the Nervous System. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:840023. [PMID: 35281082 PMCID: PMC8904960 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.840023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Caspases are a family of cysteine proteases that predominantly cleave their substrates after aspartic acid residues. Much of what we know of caspases emerged from investigation a highly conserved form of programmed cell death called apoptosis. This form of cell death is regulated by several caspases, including caspase-2, caspase-3, caspase-7, caspase-8 and caspase-9. However, these “killer” apoptotic caspases have emerged as versatile enzymes that play key roles in a wide range of non-apoptotic processes. Much of what we understand about these non-apoptotic roles is built on work investigating how “killer” caspases control a range of neuronal cell behaviors. This review will attempt to provide an up to date synopsis of these roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahshid H. Dehkordi
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | | | - Howard O. Fearnhead
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
- *Correspondence: Howard O. Fearnhead,
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16
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Lowe DD, Montell DJ. Unconventional translation initiation factor EIF2A is required for Drosophila spermatogenesis. Dev Dyn 2022; 251:377-389. [PMID: 34278643 PMCID: PMC10885012 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND EIF2A is an unconventional translation factor required for initiation of protein synthesis from non-AUG codons from a variety of transcripts, including oncogenes and stress related transcripts in mammalian cells. Its function in multicellular organisms has not been reported. RESULTS Here, we identify and characterize mutant alleles of the CG7414 gene, which encodes the Drosophila EIF2A ortholog. We identified that CG7414 undergoes sex-specific splicing that regulates its male-specific expression. We characterized a Mi{Mic} transposon insertion that disrupts the coding regions of all predicted isoforms and is a likely null allele, and a PBac transposon insertion into an intron, which is a hypomorph. The Mi{Mic} allele is homozygous lethal, while the viable progeny from the hypomorphic PiggyBac allele are male sterile and female fertile. In dEIF2A mutant flies, sperm failed to individualize due to defects in F-actin cones and failure to form and maintain cystic bulges, ultimately leading to sterility. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that EIF2A is essential in a multicellular organism, both for normal development and spermatogenesis, and provide an entrée into the elucidation of the role of EIF2A and unconventional translation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- David D Lowe
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - Denise J Montell
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA
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17
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Kiyozumi D, Ikawa M. Proteolysis in Reproduction: Lessons From Gene-Modified Organism Studies. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:876370. [PMID: 35600599 PMCID: PMC9114714 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.876370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological roles of proteolysis are not limited to degrading unnecessary proteins. Proteolysis plays pivotal roles in various biological processes through cleaving peptide bonds to activate and inactivate proteins including enzymes, transcription factors, and receptors. As a wide range of cellular processes is regulated by proteolysis, abnormalities or dysregulation of such proteolytic processes therefore often cause diseases. Recent genetic studies have clarified the inclusion of proteases and protease inhibitors in various reproductive processes such as development of gonads, generation and activation of gametes, and physical interaction between gametes in various species including yeast, animals, and plants. Such studies not only clarify proteolysis-related factors but the biological processes regulated by proteolysis for successful reproduction. Here the physiological roles of proteases and proteolysis in reproduction will be reviewed based on findings using gene-modified organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiji Kiyozumi
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Japan
| | - Masahito Ikawa
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Japan
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18
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Vedelek V, Kovács AL, Juhász G, Alzyoud E, Sinka R. The tumor suppressor archipelago E3 ligase is required for spermatid differentiation in Drosophila testis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8422. [PMID: 33875704 PMCID: PMC8055871 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87656-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The human orthologue of the tumor suppressor protein FBW7 is encoded by the Drosophila archipelago (ago) gene. Ago is an F-box protein that gives substrate specificity to its SCF ubiquitin ligase complex. It has a central role in multiple biological processes in a tissue-specific manner such as cell proliferation, cellular differentiation, hypoxia-induced gene expression. Here we present a previously unknown tissue-specific role of Ago in spermatid differentiation. We identified a classical mutant of ago which is semi-lethal and male-sterile. During the characterization of ago function in testis, we found that ago plays role in spermatid development, following meiosis. We confirmed spermatogenesis defects by silencing ago by RNAi in testes. The ago mutants show multiple abnormalities in elongating and elongated spermatids, including aberration of the cyst morphology, malformed mitochondrial structures, and individualization defects. Additionally, we determined the subcellular localization of Ago protein with mCherry-Ago transgene in spermatids. Our findings highlight the potential roles of Ago in different cellular processes of spermatogenesis, like spermatid individualization, and regulation of mitochondrial morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Vedelek
- Department of Genetics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Attila L Kovács
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Lóránd University of Science, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Juhász
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Lóránd University of Science, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Elham Alzyoud
- Department of Genetics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Rita Sinka
- Department of Genetics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.
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19
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Arama E, Baena-Lopez LA, Fearnhead HO. Non-lethal message from the Holy Land: The first international conference on nonapoptotic roles of apoptotic proteins. FEBS J 2021; 288:2166-2183. [PMID: 32885609 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis is a major form of programmed cell death (PCD) that eliminates unnecessary and potentially dangerous cells in all metazoan organisms, thus ensuring tissue homeostasis and many developmental processes. Accordingly, defects in the activation of the apoptotic pathway often pave the way to disease. After several decades of intensive research, the molecular details controlling the apoptosis program have largely been unraveled, as well as the regulatory mechanisms of caspase activation during apoptosis. Nevertheless, an ever-growing list of studies is suggesting the essential role of caspases and other apoptotic proteins in ensuring nonlethal cellular functions during normal development, tissue repair, and regeneration. Moreover, if deregulated, these novel nonapoptotic functions can also instigate diseases. The difficulty of identifying and manipulating the caspase-dependent nonlethal cellular processes (CDPs), as well as the nonlethal functions of other cell death proteins (NLF-CDPs), meant that CDPs and NLF-CDPs have been only curiosities within the apoptotic field; however, the recent technical advancements and the latest biological findings are assigning an unanticipated biological significance to these nonapoptotic functions. Here, we summarize the various talks presented in the first international conference fully dedicated to discuss CDPs and NFL-CDPs and named 'The Batsheva de Rothschild Seminar on Non-Apoptotic Roles of Apoptotic Proteins'. The conference was organized between September 22, 2019, and 25, 2019, by Eli Arama (Weizmann Institute of Science), Luis Alberto Baena-Lopez (University of Oxford), and Howard O. Fearnhead (NUI Galway) at the Weizmann Institute of Science in Israel, and hosted a large international group of researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli Arama
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Howard O Fearnhead
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Biomedical Sciences, Dangan, NUI Galway, Ireland
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20
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Sun G, Ding XA, Argaw Y, Guo X, Montell DJ. Akt1 and dCIZ1 promote cell survival from apoptotic caspase activation during regeneration and oncogenic overgrowth. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5726. [PMID: 33184261 PMCID: PMC7664998 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19068-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is an ancient and evolutionarily conserved cell suicide program. During apoptosis, executioner caspase enzyme activation has been considered a point of no return. However, emerging evidence suggests that some cells can survive caspase activation following exposure to apoptosis-inducing stresses, raising questions as to the physiological significance and underlying molecular mechanisms of this unexpected phenomenon. Here, we show that, following severe tissue injury, Drosophila wing disc cells that survive executioner caspase activation contribute to tissue regeneration. Through RNAi screening, we identify akt1 and a previously uncharacterized Drosophila gene CG8108, which is homologous to the human gene CIZ1, as essential for survival from the executioner caspase activation. We also show that cells expressing activated oncogenes experience apoptotic caspase activation, and that Akt1 and dCIZ1 are required for their survival and overgrowth. Thus, survival following executioner caspase activation is a normal tissue repair mechanism usurped to promote oncogene-driven overgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongping Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education and Department of Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA.
| | - Xun Austin Ding
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Yewubdar Argaw
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Xiaoran Guo
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Denise J Montell
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA.
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21
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Intertwined Functions of Separase and Caspase in Cell Division and Programmed Cell Death. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6159. [PMID: 32273538 PMCID: PMC7145830 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63081-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Timely sister chromatid separation, promoted by separase, is essential for faithful chromosome segregation. Separase is a member of the CD clan of cysteine proteases, which also includes the pro-apoptotic enzymes known as caspases. We report a role for the C. elegans separase SEP-1, primarily known for its essential activity in cell division and cortical granule exocytosis, in developmentally programmed cell death when the predominant pro-apoptotic caspase CED-3 is compromised. Loss of SEP-1 results in extra surviving cells in a weak ced-3(-) mutant, and suppresses the embryonic lethality of a mutant defective for the apoptotic suppressor ced-9/Bcl-2 implicating SEP-1 in execution of apoptosis. We also report apparent non-apoptotic roles for CED-3 in promoting germ cell proliferation, meiotic chromosome disjunction, egg shell formation, and the normal rate of embryonic development. Moreover, loss of the soma-specific (CSP-3) and germline-specific (CSP-2) caspase inhibitors result in CED-3-dependent suppression of embryonic lethality and meiotic chromosome non-disjunction respectively, when separase function is compromised. Thus, while caspases and separases have evolved different substrate specificities associated with their specialized functions in apoptosis and cell division respectively, they appear to have retained the residual ability to participate in both processes, supporting the view that co-option of components in cell division may have led to the innovation of programmed cell suicide early in metazoan evolution.
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22
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Dronc-independent basal executioner caspase activity sustains Drosophila imaginal tissue growth. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:20539-20544. [PMID: 31548372 PMCID: PMC6789915 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1904647116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Caspase is the enzyme involved in cell death, and its activation via the apoptosome is thought to represent irreversible cellular destruction. Furthermore, accumulating evidence suggests increasingly diverse functions of caspase beyond apoptosis. Here, using Drosophila wing as a model, we reveal that the specific executioner caspases, Dcp-1 and Decay, promote, rather than suppress by inducing apoptosis, tissue growth. These executioner caspases act independently of initiator caspase Dronc and apoptosis. We further show that the caspase-mediated cleavage of Acinus is important for sustaining tissue growth. Our research highlights the importance of executioner caspase-mediated basal proteolytic cleavage of substrates during tissue growth, and the findings hint at the original function of caspase—not apoptosis, but basal proteolytic cleavages for cell vigor. Caspase is best known as an enzyme involved in programmed cell death, which is conserved among multicellular organisms. In addition to its role in cell death, caspase is emerging as an indispensable enzyme in a wide range of cellular functions, which have recently been termed caspase-dependent nonlethal cellular processes (CDPs). In this study, we examined the involvement of cell death signaling in tissue-size determination using Drosophila wing as a model. We found that the Drosophila executioner caspases Dcp-1 and Decay, but not Drice, promoted wing growth independently of apoptosis. Most of the reports on CDPs argue the importance of the spatiotemporal regulation of the initiator caspase, Dronc; however, this sublethal caspase function was independent of Dronc, suggesting a more diverse array of CDP regulatory mechanisms. Tagging of TurboID, an improved promiscuous biotin ligase that biotinylates neighboring proteins, to the C terminus of caspases revealed the differences among the neighbors of executioner caspases. Furthermore, we found that the cleavage of Acinus, a substrate of the executioner caspase, was important in promoting wing growth. These results demonstrate the importance of executioner caspase-mediated basal proteolytic cleavage of substrates in sustaining tissue growth. Given the existence of caspase-like DEVDase activity in a unicellular alga, our results likely highlight the original function of caspase—not cell death, but basal proteolytic cleavages for cell vigor.
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23
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Wang G, Sun L, Reina CP, Song I, Gabel CV, Driscoll M. CED-4 CARD domain residues can modulate non-apoptotic neuronal regeneration functions independently from apoptosis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13315. [PMID: 31527664 PMCID: PMC6746752 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49633-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A major challenge in regenerative medicine is the repair of injured neurons. Regeneration of laser-cut C. elegans neurons requires early action of core apoptosis activator CED-4/Apaf1 and CED-3/caspase. While testing models for CED-4 as a candidate calcium-sensitive activator of repair, we unexpectedly discovered that amino acid substitutions affecting alpha-helix-6 within the CED-4 caspase recruitment domain (CARD) confer a CED-4 gain-of-function (gf) activity that increases axonal regrowth without disrupting CED-4 apoptosis activity. The in vivo caspase reporter CA-GFP reveals a rapid localized increase in caspase activity upon axotomy, which is absent in ced-4 and ced-3 loss-of-function mutants but present in the ced-4(gf) mutant. The ced-3 loss-of-function mutation can significantly suppress the axonal regrowth of the ced-4(gf) mutant, indicating that CED-4(gf) regeneration depends on CED-3 caspase. Thus, we identified a subdomain within the CED-4 CARD that regulates the dynamic and controlled caspase activity required for efficient regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Christopher P Reina
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Isaac Song
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Christopher V Gabel
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Monica Driscoll
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
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Steinhauer J, Statman B, Fagan JK, Borck J, Surabhi S, Yarikipati P, Edelman D, Jenny A. Combover interacts with the axonemal component Rsp3 and is required for Drosophila sperm individualization. Development 2019; 146:dev179275. [PMID: 31391193 PMCID: PMC6765124 DOI: 10.1242/dev.179275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Gamete formation is key to survival of higher organisms. In male animals, spermatogenesis gives rise to interconnected spermatids that differentiate and individualize into mature sperm, each tightly enclosed by a plasma membrane. In Drosophila melanogaster, individualization of sister spermatids requires the formation of specialized actin cones that synchronously move along the sperm tails, removing inter-spermatid bridges and most of the cytoplasm. Here, we show that Combover (Cmb), originally identified as an effector of planar cell polarity (PCP) under control of Rho kinase, is essential for sperm individualization. cmb mutants are male sterile, with actin cones that fail to move in a synchronized manner along the flagella, despite being correctly formed and polarized initially. These defects are germline autonomous, independent of PCP genes, and can be rescued by wild-type Cmb, but not by a version of Cmb in which known Rho kinase phosphorylation sites are mutated. Furthermore, Cmb binds to the axonemal component Radial spoke protein 3, knockdown of which causes similar individualization defects, suggesting that Cmb coordinates the individualization machinery with the microtubular axonemes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin Statman
- Department of Biology, Yeshiva University, New York, NY 10033, USA
| | - Jeremy K Fagan
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology and Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Jacob Borck
- Department of Biology, Yeshiva University, New York, NY 10033, USA
| | - Satya Surabhi
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology and Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Prathibha Yarikipati
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology and Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Daniel Edelman
- Department of Biology, Yeshiva University, New York, NY 10033, USA
| | - Andreas Jenny
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology and Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
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25
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Park YE, Kim TO. Sexual Dysfunction and Fertility Problems in Men with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. World J Mens Health 2019; 38:285-297. [PMID: 30929327 PMCID: PMC7308231 DOI: 10.5534/wjmh.190007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal tract that is usually diagnosed in young individuals. Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are the 2 principal forms of IBD. Patients with IBD demonstrate varying degrees of disease activity and sometimes need to undergo bowel surgery such as proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis that involves removal of the entire colon and rectum with consequent sexual dysfunction. Several studies have shown that sulfasalazine, affects male fertility. Additionally, many men with IBD are unable to control their smoking, drinking, and eating habits, which can cause worsening of disease activity and fertility. Therefore, infertility and sexual dysfunction are important issues in young patients diagnosed with IBD because they are related to optimal management of the disease and patients' quality of life. Only a few studies have reported sexual dysfunction and infertility in men with IBD. Therefore, this study reviewed the current literature describing male sexual dysfunction scales and evaluated the causes of sexual dysfunction and infertility in men with IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Eun Park
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Tae Oh Kim
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea.
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26
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Drosophila Pif1A is essential for spermatogenesis and is the homolog of human CCDC157, a gene associated with idiopathic NOA. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:125. [PMID: 30741974 PMCID: PMC6370830 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1398-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The dynamic process of spermatogenesis shows little variation between invertebrate models such as Drosophila, and vertebrate models such as mice and rats. In each case, germ stem cells undergo mitotic division to proliferate and then continue, via meiosis, through various stages of elongation and individualization from spermatogonia to spermatid to finally to form mature sperm. Mature sperm are then stored in the seminal vesicles for fertilization. Errors in any of these stages can lead to male infertility. Here, we identify that Drosophila Pif1A acts as a key regulator for sperm individualization. Loss of Pif1A leads to male sterility associated with irregular individualization complex and empty seminal vesicles without mature sperm. Pif1A is highly expressed in the testes of mated male adult flies and the Pif1A protein is expressed at a higher level in male than in female flies. Pif1A is homologous to mammalian coiled-coil domain-containing protein 157 (CCDC157), which is also enriched in the testes of humans and mice. Human CCDC157, with unknown function, was identified to be downregulated in men with idiopathic non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA). We map the function of Drosophila Pif1A during spermatogenesis, showing that Pif1A is essential for spermatide individualization and involved in the regulation of the lipid metabolism genes. Our findings might be applicable for studying the function of CCDC157 in spermatogenesis and other aspects of human male fertility.
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Laurinyecz B, Vedelek V, Kovács AL, Szilasi K, Lipinszki Z, Slezák C, Darula Z, Juhász G, Sinka R. Sperm-Leucylaminopeptidases are required for male fertility as structural components of mitochondrial paracrystalline material in Drosophila melanogaster sperm. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1007987. [PMID: 30802236 PMCID: PMC6388916 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster sperm reach an extraordinary long size, 1.8 mm, by the end of spermatogenesis. The mitochondrial derivatives run along the entire flagellum and provide structural rigidity for flagellar movement, but its precise function and organization is incompletely understood. The two mitochondrial derivatives differentiate and by the end of spermatogenesis the minor one reduces its size and the major one accumulates paracrystalline material inside it. The molecular constituents and precise function of the paracrystalline material have not yet been revealed. Here we purified the paracrystalline material from mature sperm and identified by mass spectrometry Sperm-Leucylaminopeptidase (S-Lap) family members as important constituents of it. To study the function of S-Lap proteins we show the characterization of classical mutants and RNAi lines affecting of the S-Lap genes and the analysis of their mutant phenotypes. We show that the male sterile phenotype of the S-Lap mutants is caused by defects in paracrystalline material accumulation and abnormal structure of the elongated major mitochondrial derivatives. Our work shows that S-Lap proteins localize and accumulate in the paracrystalline material of the major mitochondrial derivative. Therefore, we propose that S-Lap proteins are important constituents of the paracrystalline material of Drosophila melanogaster sperm.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Viktor Vedelek
- Department of Genetics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Attila L. Kovács
- Department of Anatomy, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kinga Szilasi
- Department of Genetics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Lipinszki
- Institute of Biochemistry and MTA SZBK Lendület Laboratory of Cell Cycle Regulation, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Csilla Slezák
- Department of Genetics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Darula
- Laboratory of Proteomics Research, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Juhász
- Department of Anatomy, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Rita Sinka
- Department of Genetics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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28
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Keiper BD. Cap-Independent mRNA Translation in Germ Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20010173. [PMID: 30621249 PMCID: PMC6337596 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular mRNAs in plants and animals have a 5'-cap structure that is accepted as the recognition point to initiate translation by ribosomes. Consequently, it was long assumed that the translation initiation apparatus was built solely for a cap-dependent (CD) mechanism. Exceptions that emerged invoke structural damage (proteolytic cleavage) to eukaryotic initiation factor 4 (eIF4) factors that disable cap recognition. The residual eIF4 complex is thought to be crippled, but capable of cap-independent (CI) translation to recruit viral or death-associated mRNAs begrudgingly when cells are in great distress. However, situations where CI translation coexists with CD translation are now known. In such cases, CI translation is still a minor mechanism in the major background of CD synthesis. In this review, I propose that germ cells do not fit this mold. Using observations from various animal models of oogenesis and spermatogenesis, I suggest that CI translation is a robust partner to CD translation to carry out the translational control that is so prevalent in germ cell development. Evidence suggests that CI translation provides surveillance of germ cell homeostasis, while CD translation governs the regulated protein synthesis that ushers these meiotic cells through the remarkable steps in sperm/oocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett D Keiper
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA.
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29
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Su TT. Cellular plasticity, caspases and autophagy; that which does not kill us, well, makes us different. Open Biol 2018; 8:rsob.180157. [PMID: 30487302 PMCID: PMC6282069 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.180157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to regenerate is a fundamental requirement for tissue homeostasis. Regeneration draws on three sources of cells. First and best-studied are dedicated stem/progenitor cells. Second, existing cells may proliferate to compensate for the lost cells of the same type. Third, a different cell type may change fate to compensate for the lost cells. This review focuses on regeneration of the third type and will discuss the contributions by post-transcriptional mechanisms including the emerging evidence for cell-autonomous and non-lethal roles of cell death pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tin Tin Su
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, 347 UCB, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0347, USA .,University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, Anschutz Medical Campus, 13001 E. 17th Pl., Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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30
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The Role of Apoptotic Signaling in Axon Guidance. J Dev Biol 2018; 6:jdb6040024. [PMID: 30340315 PMCID: PMC6316149 DOI: 10.3390/jdb6040024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Navigating growth cones are exposed to multiple signals simultaneously and have to integrate competing cues into a coherent navigational response. Integration of guidance cues is traditionally thought to occur at the level of cytoskeletal dynamics. Drosophila studies indicate that cells exhibit a low level of continuous caspase protease activation, and that axon guidance cues can activate or suppress caspase activity. We base a model for axon guidance on these observations. By analogy with other systems in which caspase signaling has non-apoptotic functions, we propose that caspase signaling can either reinforce repulsion or negate attraction in response to external guidance cues by cleaving cytoskeletal proteins. Over the course of an entire trajectory, incorrectly navigating axons may pass the threshold for apoptosis and be eliminated, whereas axons making correct decisions will survive. These observations would also explain why neurotrophic factors can act as axon guidance cues and why axon guidance systems such as Slit/Robo signaling may act as tumor suppressors in cancer.
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31
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Zhai Z, Huang X, Yin Y. Beyond immunity: The Imd pathway as a coordinator of host defense, organismal physiology and behavior. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 83:51-59. [PMID: 29146454 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The humoral arm of host defense in Drosophila relies on two evolutionarily conserved NFκB signaling cascades, the Toll and the immune deficiency (Imd) pathways. The Imd signaling pathway senses and neutralizes Gram-negative bacteria. Its activity is tightly adjusted, allowing the host to simultaneously prevent infection by pathogenic bacteria and tolerate beneficial gut microbiota. Over-activation of Imd signaling is detrimental at least in part by causing gut dysbiosis that further exacerbates intestinal pathologies. Furthermore, it is increasingly recognized that the Imd pathway or its components also play non-immune roles. In this review, we summarize recent advances in Imd signal transduction, discuss the gut-microbiota interactions mediated by Imd signaling, and finally elaborate on its diverse physiological functions beyond immunity. Understanding the multifaceted physiological outputs of Imd activation will help integrate its immune role into the regulation of whole organismal physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongzhao Zhai
- Changsha Medical University, 410125 Changsha, China; Animal Nutrition and Human Health Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, 410081 Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | | | - Yulong Yin
- Changsha Medical University, 410125 Changsha, China; Animal Nutrition and Human Health Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, 410081 Changsha, Hunan, China
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32
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Rodriguez AM, Downs KM. Visceral endoderm and the primitive streak interact to build the fetal-placental interface of the mouse gastrula. Dev Biol 2017; 432:98-124. [PMID: 28882402 PMCID: PMC5980994 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Hypoblast/visceral endoderm assists in amniote nutrition, axial positioning and formation of the gut. Here, we provide evidence, currently limited to humans and non-human primates, that hypoblast is a purveyor of extraembryonic mesoderm in the mouse gastrula. Fate mapping a unique segment of axial extraembryonic visceral endoderm associated with the allantoic component of the primitive streak, and referred to as the "AX", revealed that visceral endoderm supplies the placentae with extraembryonic mesoderm. Exfoliation of the AX was dependent upon contact with the primitive streak, which modulated Hedgehog signaling. Resolution of the AX's epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by Hedgehog shaped the allantois into its characteristic projectile and individualized placental arterial vessels. A unique border cell separated the delaminating AX from the yolk sac blood islands which, situated beyond the limit of the streak, were not formed by an EMT. Over time, the AX became the hindgut lip, which contributed extensively to the posterior interface, including both embryonic and extraembryonic tissues. The AX, in turn, imparted antero-posterior (A-P) polarity on the primitive streak and promoted its elongation and differentiation into definitive endoderm. Results of heterotopic grafting supported mutually interactive functions of the AX and primitive streak, showing that together, they self-organized into a complete version of the fetal-placental interface, forming an elongated structure that exhibited A-P polarity and was composed of the allantois, an AX-derived rod-like axial extension reminiscent of the embryonic notochord, the placental arterial vasculature and visceral endoderm/hindgut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana M Rodriguez
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Karen M Downs
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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Napoletano F, Gibert B, Yacobi-Sharon K, Vincent S, Favrot C, Mehlen P, Girard V, Teil M, Chatelain G, Walter L, Arama E, Mollereau B. p53-dependent programmed necrosis controls germ cell homeostasis during spermatogenesis. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1007024. [PMID: 28945745 PMCID: PMC5629030 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of regulated necrosis in pathologies such as cerebral stroke and myocardial infarction is now fully recognized. However, the physiological relevance of regulated necrosis remains unclear. Here, we report a conserved role for p53 in regulating necrosis in Drosophila and mammalian spermatogenesis. We found that Drosophila p53 is required for the programmed necrosis that occurs spontaneously in mitotic germ cells during spermatogenesis. This form of necrosis involved an atypical function of the initiator caspase Dronc/Caspase 9, independent of its catalytic activity. Prevention of p53-dependent necrosis resulted in testicular hyperplasia, which was reversed by restoring necrosis in spermatogonia. In mouse testes, p53 was required for heat-induced germ cell necrosis, indicating that regulation of necrosis is a primordial function of p53 conserved from invertebrates to vertebrates. Drosophila and mouse spermatogenesis will thus be useful models to identify inducers of necrosis to treat cancers that are refractory to apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Napoletano
- Laboratory of Biology and Modelling of the Cell, UMR5239 CNRS/Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, INSERM U1210, UMS 3444 Biosciences Lyon Gerland, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Benjamin Gibert
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory- Equipe labellisée ‘La Ligue’, LabEx DEVweCAN, Centre de Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Keren Yacobi-Sharon
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Stéphane Vincent
- Laboratory of Biology and Modelling of the Cell, UMR5239 CNRS/Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, INSERM U1210, UMS 3444 Biosciences Lyon Gerland, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Clémentine Favrot
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory- Equipe labellisée ‘La Ligue’, LabEx DEVweCAN, Centre de Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Patrick Mehlen
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory- Equipe labellisée ‘La Ligue’, LabEx DEVweCAN, Centre de Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Victor Girard
- Laboratory of Biology and Modelling of the Cell, UMR5239 CNRS/Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, INSERM U1210, UMS 3444 Biosciences Lyon Gerland, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Margaux Teil
- Laboratory of Biology and Modelling of the Cell, UMR5239 CNRS/Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, INSERM U1210, UMS 3444 Biosciences Lyon Gerland, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Gilles Chatelain
- Laboratory of Biology and Modelling of the Cell, UMR5239 CNRS/Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, INSERM U1210, UMS 3444 Biosciences Lyon Gerland, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Ludivine Walter
- Laboratory of Biology and Modelling of the Cell, UMR5239 CNRS/Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, INSERM U1210, UMS 3444 Biosciences Lyon Gerland, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Eli Arama
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Bertrand Mollereau
- Laboratory of Biology and Modelling of the Cell, UMR5239 CNRS/Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, INSERM U1210, UMS 3444 Biosciences Lyon Gerland, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- * E-mail:
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34
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Tango7 regulates cortical activity of caspases during reaper-triggered changes in tissue elasticity. Nat Commun 2017; 8:603. [PMID: 28928435 PMCID: PMC5605750 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00693-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Caspases perform critical functions in both living and dying cells; however, how caspases perform physiological functions without killing the cell remains unclear. Here we identify a novel physiological function of caspases at the cortex of Drosophila salivary glands. In living glands, activation of the initiator caspase dronc triggers cortical F-actin dismantling, enabling the glands to stretch as they accumulate secreted products in the lumen. We demonstrate that tango7, not the canonical Apaf-1-adaptor dark, regulates dronc activity at the cortex; in contrast, dark is required for cytoplasmic activity of dronc during salivary gland death. Therefore, tango7 and dark define distinct subcellular domains of caspase activity. Furthermore, tango7-dependent cortical dronc activity is initiated by a sublethal pulse of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) antagonist reaper. Our results support a model in which biological outcomes of caspase activation are regulated by differential amplification of IAP antagonists, unique caspase adaptor proteins, and mutually exclusive subcellular domains of caspase activity. Caspases are known for their role in cell death, but they can also participate in other physiological functions without killing the cells. Here the authors show that unique caspase adaptor proteins can regulate caspase activity within mutually-exclusive and independently regulated subcellular domains.
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35
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Mukherjee A, Williams DW. More alive than dead: non-apoptotic roles for caspases in neuronal development, plasticity and disease. Cell Death Differ 2017. [PMID: 28644437 PMCID: PMC5520460 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2017.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nervous systems are arguably the most fascinating and complex structures in the known universe. How they are built, changed by experience and then degenerate are some of the biggest questions in biology. Regressive phenomena, such as neuron pruning and programmed cell death, have a key role in the building and maintenance of the nervous systems. Both of these cellular mechanisms deploy the caspase family of protease enzymes. In this review, we highlight the non-apoptotic function of caspases during nervous system development, plasticity and disease, particularly focussing on their role in structural remodelling. We have classified pruning as either macropruning, where complete branches are removed, or micropruning, where individual synapses or dendritic spines are eliminated. Finally we discuss open questions and possible future directions within the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Mukherjee
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Darren W Williams
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, UK
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36
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Caspase-dependent non-apoptotic processes in development. Cell Death Differ 2017; 24:1422-1430. [PMID: 28524858 PMCID: PMC5520453 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2017.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Caspases are at the core of executing apoptosis by orchestrating cellular destruction with proteolytic cascades. Caspase-mediated proteolysis also controls diverse nonlethal cellular activities such as proliferation, differentiation, cell fate decision, and cytoskeletal reorganization. During the last decade or so, genetic studies of Drosophila have contributed to our understanding of the in vivo mechanism of the non-apoptotic cellular responses in developmental contexts. Furthermore, recent studies using C. elegans suggest that apoptotic signaling may play unexpected roles, which influence ageing and normal development at the organism level. In this review, we describe how the caspase activity is elaborately controlled during vital cellular processes at the level of subcellular localization, the duration and timing to avoid full apoptotic consequences, and also discuss the novel roles of non-apoptotic caspase signaling in adult homeostasis and physiology.
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37
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Jo J, Im SH, Babcock DT, Iyer SC, Gunawan F, Cox DN, Galko MJ. Drosophila caspase activity is required independently of apoptosis to produce active TNF/Eiger during nociceptive sensitization. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2786. [PMID: 28492538 PMCID: PMC5520682 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling is required for inflammatory nociceptive (pain) sensitization in Drosophila and vertebrates. Nociceptive sensitization in Drosophila larvae following UV-induced tissue damage is accompanied by epidermal apoptosis and requires epidermal-derived TNF/Eiger and the initiator caspase, Dronc. Major gaps remain regarding TNF function in sensitization, including the relationship between apoptosis/tissue damage and TNF production, the downstream signaling in this context, and the target genes that modulate nociceptive behaviors. Here, apoptotic cell death and thermal nociceptive sensitization are genetically and procedurally separable in a Drosophila model of UV-induced nociceptive sensitization. Activation of epidermal Dronc induces TNF-dependent but effector caspase-independent nociceptive sensitization in the absence of UV. In addition, knockdown of Dronc attenuated nociceptive sensitization induced by full-length TNF/Eiger but not by a constitutively soluble form. UV irradiation induced TNF production in both in vitro and in vivo, but TNF secretion into hemolymph was not sufficient to induce thermal nociceptive sensitization. Downstream mediators of TNF-induced sensitization included two TNF receptor-associated factors, a p38 kinase, and the transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B. Finally, sensory neuron-specific microarray analysis revealed downstream TNF target genes induced during thermal nociceptive sensitization. One of these, enhancer of zeste (E(z)), functions downstream of TNF during thermal nociceptive sensitization. Our findings suggest that an initiator caspase is involved in TNF processing/secretion during nociceptive sensitization, and that TNF activation leads to a specific downstream signaling cascade and gene transcription required for sensitization. These findings have implications for both the evolution of inflammatory caspase function following tissue damage signals and the action of TNF during sensitization in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juyeon Jo
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Genes and Development Graduate Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Seol Hee Im
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Daniel T Babcock
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Srividya C Iyer
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Felona Gunawan
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Daniel N Cox
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michael J Galko
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Genes and Development Graduate Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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38
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Evolution of caspase-mediated cell death and differentiation: twins separated at birth. Cell Death Differ 2017; 24:1359-1368. [PMID: 28338655 PMCID: PMC5520454 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2017.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The phenotypic and biochemical similarities between caspase-mediated apoptosis and cellular differentiation are striking. They include such diverse phenomenon as mitochondrial membrane perturbations, cytoskeletal rearrangements and DNA fragmentation. The parallels between the two disparate processes suggest some common ancestry and highlight the paradoxical nature of the death-centric view of caspases. That is, what is the driving selective pressure that sustains death-inducing proteins throughout eukaryotic evolution? Plausibly, caspase function may be rooted in a primordial non-death function, such as cell differentiation, and was co-opted for its role in programmed cell death. This review will delve into the links between caspase-mediated apoptosis and cell differentiation and examine the distinguishing features of these events. More critically, we chronicle the evolutionary origins of caspases and propose that caspases may have held an ancient role in mediating the fidelity of cell division/differentiation through its effects on proteostasis and protein quality control.
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39
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Lin CJ, Wen J, Bejarano F, Hu F, Bortolamiol-Becet D, Kan L, Sanfilippo P, Kondo S, Lai EC. Characterization of a TUTase/RNase complex required for Drosophila gametogenesis. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2017; 23:284-296. [PMID: 27974621 PMCID: PMC5311484 DOI: 10.1261/rna.059527.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Post-transcriptional regulatory strategies that involve coupling between terminal uridyltransferase (TUTase) and exoribonuclease enzymes have recently been characterized in diverse species. Of note, the 3' exoribonuclease Dis3L2 has received substantial attention as a factor that metabolizes uridylated substrates in contexts such as general mRNA degradation, turnover of specific miRNAs, and quality control of noncoding RNAs. To date, most studies of Dis3L2 have focused on fungi and mammalian cells. Here, we introduce Drosophila as a system that permits analysis of molecular mechanisms as well as the ability to interrogate organismal phenotypes. We started with a structure-function analysis of the Drosophila TUTase Tailor, which we recently identified to inhibit biogenesis of splicing-derived miRNA hairpins. Next, we show that Tailor/Dis3L2 form a complex via N-terminal domains in the respective proteins that are distinct from their catalytic domains. In vitro, Dis3L2 has nuclease activity, but substrate oligouridylation by Tailor stimulates their degradation by Dis3L2, especially for structured substrates. We analyzed mutants of Tailor and Dis3L2, which are viable and lack overt morphological defects. Instead, these mutants exhibit defects in female and male fertility, implying specific requirements in the germline. Dis3L2 defects are more severe than Tailor, and their requirements appear stronger in males than in females. In particular, loss of Dis3L2 completely blocks productive spermatogenesis, causing male sterility. RNA-seq analysis from single- and double-mutant testes reveals aberrant gene expression programs and suggests that noncoding RNAs may be preferentially affected by Dis3L2. Overall, our studies of a new tailing/trimming complex reveal unexpectedly specific requirements during gametogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Jung Lin
- Sloan-Kettering Institute, Department of Developmental Biology, New York, New York 10065, USA
- Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Jiayu Wen
- Sloan-Kettering Institute, Department of Developmental Biology, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Fernando Bejarano
- Sloan-Kettering Institute, Department of Developmental Biology, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Fuqu Hu
- Sloan-Kettering Institute, Department of Developmental Biology, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Diane Bortolamiol-Becet
- Sloan-Kettering Institute, Department of Developmental Biology, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Lijuan Kan
- Sloan-Kettering Institute, Department of Developmental Biology, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Piero Sanfilippo
- Sloan-Kettering Institute, Department of Developmental Biology, New York, New York 10065, USA
- Louis V. Gerstner Jr. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Shu Kondo
- Invertebrate Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Eric C Lai
- Sloan-Kettering Institute, Department of Developmental Biology, New York, New York 10065, USA
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40
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Cenik C, Chua HN, Singh G, Akef A, Snyder MP, Palazzo AF, Moore MJ, Roth FP. A common class of transcripts with 5'-intron depletion, distinct early coding sequence features, and N1-methyladenosine modification. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2017; 23:270-283. [PMID: 27994090 PMCID: PMC5311483 DOI: 10.1261/rna.059105.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Introns are found in 5' untranslated regions (5'UTRs) for 35% of all human transcripts. These 5'UTR introns are not randomly distributed: Genes that encode secreted, membrane-bound and mitochondrial proteins are less likely to have them. Curiously, transcripts lacking 5'UTR introns tend to harbor specific RNA sequence elements in their early coding regions. To model and understand the connection between coding-region sequence and 5'UTR intron status, we developed a classifier that can predict 5'UTR intron status with >80% accuracy using only sequence features in the early coding region. Thus, the classifier identifies transcripts with 5' proximal-intron-minus-like-coding regions ("5IM" transcripts). Unexpectedly, we found that the early coding sequence features defining 5IM transcripts are widespread, appearing in 21% of all human RefSeq transcripts. The 5IM class of transcripts is enriched for non-AUG start codons, more extensive secondary structure both preceding the start codon and near the 5' cap, greater dependence on eIF4E for translation, and association with ER-proximal ribosomes. 5IM transcripts are bound by the exon junction complex (EJC) at noncanonical 5' proximal positions. Finally, N1-methyladenosines are specifically enriched in the early coding regions of 5IM transcripts. Taken together, our analyses point to the existence of a distinct 5IM class comprising ∼20% of human transcripts. This class is defined by depletion of 5' proximal introns, presence of specific RNA sequence features associated with low translation efficiency, N1-methyladenosines in the early coding region, and enrichment for noncanonical binding by the EJC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Cenik
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
| | - Hon Nian Chua
- Donnelly Centre, Department of Molecular Genetics, and Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3E1, Ontario, Canada
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto M5G 1X5, Ontario, Canada
- DataRobot, Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02109, USA
| | - Guramrit Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
| | - Abdalla Akef
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Michael P Snyder
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Alexander F Palazzo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Melissa J Moore
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
| | - Frederick P Roth
- Donnelly Centre, Department of Molecular Genetics, and Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3E1, Ontario, Canada
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto M5G 1X5, Ontario, Canada
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology (CCSB), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston 02215, Massachusetts, USA
- The Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto M5G 1Z8, Ontario, Canada
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41
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin White
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute/ Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United Sates of America
| | - Eli Arama
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - J. Marie Hardwick
- Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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42
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Romanelli D, Casartelli M, Cappellozza S, de Eguileor M, Tettamanti G. Roles and regulation of autophagy and apoptosis in the remodelling of the lepidopteran midgut epithelium during metamorphosis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32939. [PMID: 27609527 PMCID: PMC5016986 DOI: 10.1038/srep32939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously showed that autophagy and apoptosis occur in the removal of the lepidopteran larval midgut during metamorphosis. However, their roles in this context and the molecular pathways underlying their activation and regulation were only hypothesized. The results of the present study better clarify the timing of the activation of these two processes: autophagic and apoptotic genes are transcribed at the beginning of metamorphosis, but apoptosis intervenes after autophagy. To investigate the mechanisms that promote the activation of autophagy and apoptosis, we designed a set of experiments based on injections of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E). Our data demonstrate that autophagy is induced at the end of the last larval stage by the 20E commitment peak, while the onset of apoptosis occurs concomitantly with the 20E metamorphic peak. By impairing autophagic flux, the midgut epithelium degenerated faster, and higher caspase activity was observed compared to controls, whereas inhibiting caspase activation caused a severe delay in epithelial degeneration. Our data demonstrate that autophagy plays a pro-survival function in the silkworm midgut during metamorphosis, while apoptosis is the major process that drives the demise of the epithelium. The evidence collected in this study seems to exclude the occurrence of autophagic cell death in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Romanelli
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Morena Casartelli
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Cappellozza
- CREA - Honey Bee and Silkworm Research Unit, Padua seat, 35143 Padova, Italy
| | - Magda de Eguileor
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Gianluca Tettamanti
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
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43
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The de-ubiquitylating enzyme DUBA is essential for spermatogenesis in Drosophila. Cell Death Differ 2016; 23:2019-2030. [PMID: 27518434 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2016.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
De-ubiquitylating enzymes (DUBs) reverse protein ubiquitylation and thereby control essential cellular functions. Screening for a DUB that counteracts caspase ubiquitylation to regulate cell survival, we identified the Drosophila ovarian tumour-type DUB DUBA (CG6091). DUBA physically interacts with the initiator caspase death regulator Nedd2-like caspase (Dronc) and de-ubiquitylates it, thereby contributing to efficient inhibitor of apoptosis-antagonist-induced apoptosis in the fly eye. Searching also for non-apoptotic functions of DUBA, we found that Duba-null mutants are male sterile and display defects in spermatid individualisation, a process that depends on non-apoptotic caspase activity. Spermatids of DUBA-deficient flies showed reduced caspase activity and lack critical structures of the individualisation process. Biochemical characterisation revealed an obligate activation step of DUBA by phosphorylation. With genetic rescue experiments we demonstrate that DUBA phosphorylation and catalytic activity are crucial in vivo for DUBA function in spermatogenesis. Our results demonstrate for the first time the importance of de-ubiquitylation for fly spermatogenesis.
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44
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Wang H, Simon A. Skeletal muscle dedifferentiation during salamander limb regeneration. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2016; 40:108-112. [PMID: 27399887 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2016.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Salamanders can regenerate entire limbs throughout their life. A critical step during limb regeneration is formation of a blastema, which gives rise to the new extremity. Salamander limb regeneration has historically been tightly linked to the term dedifferentiation, however, with refined research tools it is important to revisit the definition of dedifferentiation in the context. To what extent do differentiated cells revert their differentiated phenotypes? To what extent do progeny from differentiated cells cross lineage boundaries during regeneration? How do cell cycle plasticity and lineage plasticity relate to each other? What is the relationship between dedifferentiation of specialized cells and activation of tissue resident stem cells in terms of their contribution to the new limb? Here we highlight these problems through the case of skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Wang
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Berzelius väg 35, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - András Simon
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Berzelius väg 35, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
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45
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Bhogal B, Plaza-Jennings A, Gavis ER. Nanos-mediated repression of hid protects larval sensory neurons after a global switch in sensitivity to apoptotic signals. Development 2016; 143:2147-59. [PMID: 27256879 DOI: 10.1242/dev.132415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic arbor morphology is a key determinant of neuronal function. Once established, dendrite branching patterns must be maintained as the animal develops to ensure receptive field coverage. The translational repressors Nanos (Nos) and Pumilio (Pum) are required to maintain dendrite growth and branching of Drosophila larval class IV dendritic arborization (da) neurons, but their specific regulatory role remains unknown. We show that Nos-Pum-mediated repression of the pro-apoptotic gene head involution defective (hid) is required to maintain a balance of dendritic growth and retraction in class IV da neurons and that upregulation of hid results in decreased branching because of an increase in caspase activity. The temporal requirement for nos correlates with an ecdysone-triggered switch in sensitivity to apoptotic stimuli that occurs during the mid-L3 transition. We find that hid is required during pupariation for caspase-dependent pruning of class IV da neurons and that Nos and Pum delay pruning. Together, these results suggest that Nos and Pum provide a crucial neuroprotective regulatory layer to ensure that neurons behave appropriately in response to developmental cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balpreet Bhogal
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth R Gavis
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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46
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Ding AX, Sun G, Argaw YG, Wong JO, Easwaran S, Montell DJ. CasExpress reveals widespread and diverse patterns of cell survival of caspase-3 activation during development in vivo. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27058168 PMCID: PMC4865370 DOI: 10.7554/elife.10936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Caspase-3 carries out the executioner phase of apoptosis, however under special circumstances, cells can survive its activity. To document systematically where and when cells survive caspase-3 activation in vivo, we designed a system, CasExpress, which drives fluorescent protein expression, transiently or permanently, in cells that survive caspase-3 activation in Drosophila. We discovered widespread survival of caspase-3 activity. Distinct spatial and temporal patterns emerged in different tissues. Some cells activated caspase-3 during their normal development in every cell and in every animal without evidence of apoptosis. In other tissues, such as the brain, expression was sporadic both temporally and spatially and overlapped with periods of apoptosis. In adults, reporter expression was evident in a large fraction of cells in most tissues of every animal; however the precise patterns varied. Inhibition of caspase activity in wing discs reduced wing size demonstrating functional significance. The implications of these patterns are discussed. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.10936.001 Every day, individual cells in our body actively decide whether to live or die. There are enzymes called executioner caspases that help cells to die in a carefully controlled process called apoptosis. Although the activation of executioner caspases generally leads to apoptosis, there are some circumstances in which cells are able to survive. Fruit flies are often used in research as models of how animals grow and develop. Ding, Sun et al. set out to find out more about the circumstances in which cells manage to survive caspase activation in fruit flies. The experiments used a new method that results in cells that survive caspase activity producing a fluorescent marker protein. This allowed Ding, Sun et al. to track when and where these events occurred in the flies. Few cells in fruit fly embryos survive the activation of executioner caspase. However, in later stages of development, more and more cells survive this process. Cells in different parts of the body responded differently. For some types of cells, every cell seemed to survive caspase activity with no evidence of apoptosis. In other tissues like the central brain, in which a few cells normally choose to die, some cells occasionally managed to survive the activation of caspases. This rescue from the brink of death was more common than Ding, Sun et al. had anticipated. The next step will be to uncover the molecular mechanisms that enable the cells to survive caspase activity. This knowledge may help us to develop treatments that can promote the survival of useful cells like heart muscle cells and brain cells, or trigger the death of cancer cells. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.10936.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin Xun Ding
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, United States.,Department of Biological Chemistry, Center for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Gongping Sun
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, United States
| | - Yewubdar G Argaw
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, United States
| | - Jessica O Wong
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, United States
| | - Sreesankar Easwaran
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, United States
| | - Denise J Montell
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, United States.,Department of Biological Chemistry, Center for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
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47
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Aram L, Braun T, Braverman C, Kaplan Y, Ravid L, Levin-Zaidman S, Arama E. A Krebs Cycle Component Limits Caspase Activation Rate through Mitochondrial Surface Restriction of CRL Activation. Dev Cell 2016; 37:15-33. [PMID: 27052834 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2016.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
How cells avoid excessive caspase activity and unwanted cell death during apoptotic caspase-mediated removal of large cellular structures is poorly understood. We investigate caspase-mediated extrusion of spermatid cytoplasmic contents in Drosophila during spermatid individualization. We show that a Krebs cycle component, the ATP-specific form of the succinyl-CoA synthetase β subunit (A-Sβ), binds to and activates the Cullin-3-based ubiquitin ligase (CRL3) complex required for caspase activation in spermatids. In vitro and in vivo evidence suggests that this interaction occurs on the mitochondrial surface, thereby limiting the source of CRL3 complex activation to the vicinity of this organelle and reducing the potential rate of caspase activation by at least 60%. Domain swapping between A-Sβ and the GTP-specific SCSβ (G-Sβ), which functions redundantly in the Krebs cycle, show that the metabolic and structural roles of A-Sβ in spermatids can be uncoupled, highlighting a moonlighting function of this Krebs cycle component in CRL activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lior Aram
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Tslil Braun
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Carmel Braverman
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yosef Kaplan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Liat Ravid
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | | | - Eli Arama
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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48
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Sridharan V, Heimiller J, Robida MD, Singh R. High Throughput Sequencing Identifies Misregulated Genes in the Drosophila Polypyrimidine Tract-Binding Protein (hephaestus) Mutant Defective in Spermatogenesis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150768. [PMID: 26942929 PMCID: PMC4778870 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Drosophila polypyrimidine tract-binding protein (dmPTB or hephaestus) plays an important role during spermatogenesis. The heph2 mutation in this gene results in a specific defect in spermatogenesis, causing aberrant spermatid individualization and male sterility. However, the array of molecular defects in the mutant remains uncharacterized. Using an unbiased high throughput sequencing approach, we have identified transcripts that are misregulated in this mutant. Aberrant transcripts show altered expression levels, exon skipping, and alternative 5’ ends. We independently verified these findings by reverse-transcription and polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis. Our analysis shows misregulation of transcripts that have been connected to spermatogenesis, including components of the actomyosin cytoskeletal apparatus. We show, for example, that the Myosin light chain 1 (Mlc1) transcript is aberrantly spliced. Furthermore, bioinformatics analysis reveals that Mlc1 contains a high affinity binding site(s) for dmPTB and that the site is conserved in many Drosophila species. We discuss that Mlc1 and other components of the actomyosin cytoskeletal apparatus offer important molecular links between the loss of dmPTB function and the observed developmental defect in spermatogenesis. This study provides the first comprehensive list of genes misregulated in vivo in the heph2 mutant in Drosophila and offers insight into the role of dmPTB during spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Sridharan
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Joseph Heimiller
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Mark D. Robida
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Ravinder Singh
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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49
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Unsain N, Barker PA. New Views on the Misconstrued: Executioner Caspases and Their Diverse Non-apoptotic Roles. Neuron 2016; 88:461-74. [PMID: 26539888 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Initially characterized for their roles in apoptosis, executioner caspases have emerged as important regulators of an array of cellular activities. This is especially true in the nervous system, where sublethal caspase activity has been implicated in axonal pathfinding and branching, axonal degeneration, dendrite pruning, regeneration, long-term depression, and metaplasticity. Here we examine the roles of sublethal executioner caspase activity in nervous system development and maintenance, consider the mechanisms that locally activate and restrain these potential killers, and discuss how their activity be subverted in neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Unsain
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Médica Córdoba-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Friuli 2434, Córdoba (5016), Argentina
| | - Philip A Barker
- Irving K. Barber School of Arts and Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada.
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Zhao Y, Cocco C, Domenichini S, Samson ML, Rabinow L. The IMD innate immunity pathway of Drosophila influences somatic sex determination via regulation of the Doa locus. Dev Biol 2015; 407:224-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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