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Rodríguez-Martín M, Báez-Flores J, Ribes V, Isidoro-García M, Lacal J, Prieto-Matos P. Non-Mammalian Models for Understanding Neurological Defects in RASopathies. Biomedicines 2024; 12:841. [PMID: 38672195 PMCID: PMC11048513 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12040841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
RASopathies, a group of neurodevelopmental congenital disorders stemming from mutations in the RAS/MAPK pathway, present a unique opportunity to delve into the intricacies of complex neurological disorders. Afflicting approximately one in a thousand newborns, RASopathies manifest as abnormalities across multiple organ systems, with a pronounced impact on the central and peripheral nervous system. In the pursuit of understanding RASopathies' neurobiology and establishing phenotype-genotype relationships, in vivo non-mammalian models have emerged as indispensable tools. Species such as Danio rerio, Drosophila melanogaster, Caenorhabditis elegans, Xenopus species and Gallus gallus embryos have proven to be invaluable in shedding light on the intricate pathways implicated in RASopathies. Despite some inherent weaknesses, these genetic models offer distinct advantages over traditional rodent models, providing a holistic perspective on complex genetics, multi-organ involvement, and the interplay among various pathway components, offering insights into the pathophysiological aspects of mutations-driven symptoms. This review underscores the value of investigating the genetic basis of RASopathies for unraveling the underlying mechanisms contributing to broader neurological complexities. It also emphasizes the pivotal role of non-mammalian models in serving as a crucial preliminary step for the development of innovative therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Rodríguez-Martín
- Laboratory of Functional Genetics of Rare Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (M.R.-M.); (J.B.-F.)
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (M.I.-G.); (P.P.-M.)
| | - Juan Báez-Flores
- Laboratory of Functional Genetics of Rare Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (M.R.-M.); (J.B.-F.)
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (M.I.-G.); (P.P.-M.)
| | - Vanessa Ribes
- Institut Jacques Monod, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, F-75013 Paris, France;
| | - María Isidoro-García
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (M.I.-G.); (P.P.-M.)
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Clinical Rare Diseases Reference Unit DiERCyL, 37007 Castilla y León, Spain
- Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jesus Lacal
- Laboratory of Functional Genetics of Rare Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (M.R.-M.); (J.B.-F.)
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (M.I.-G.); (P.P.-M.)
| | - Pablo Prieto-Matos
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (M.I.-G.); (P.P.-M.)
- Clinical Rare Diseases Reference Unit DiERCyL, 37007 Castilla y León, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostics Science, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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Fasano G, Petrini S, Bonavolontà V, Paradisi G, Pedalino C, Tartaglia M, Lauri A. Assessment of the FRET-based Teen sensor to monitor ERK activation changes preceding morphological defects in a RASopathy zebrafish model and phenotypic rescue by MEK inhibitor. Mol Med 2024; 30:47. [PMID: 38594640 PMCID: PMC11005195 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-024-00807-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND RASopathies are genetic syndromes affecting development and having variable cancer predisposition. These disorders are clinically related and are caused by germline mutations affecting key players and regulators of the RAS-MAPK signaling pathway generally leading to an upregulated ERK activity. Gain-of-function (GOF) mutations in PTPN11, encoding SHP2, a cytosolic protein tyrosine phosphatase positively controlling RAS function, underlie approximately 50% of Noonan syndromes (NS), the most common RASopathy. A different class of these activating mutations occurs as somatic events in childhood leukemias. METHOD Here, we evaluated the application of a FRET-based zebrafish ERK reporter, Teen, and used quantitative FRET protocols to monitor non-physiological RASopathy-associated changes in ERK activation. In a multi-level experimental workflow, we tested the suitability of the Teen reporter to detect pan-embryo ERK activity correlates of morphometric alterations driven by the NS-causing Shp2D61G allele. RESULTS Spectral unmixing- and acceptor photobleaching (AB)-FRET analyses captured pathological ERK activity preceding the manifestation of quantifiable body axes defects, a morphological pillar used to test the strength of SHP2 GoF mutations. Last, the work shows that by multi-modal FRET analysis, we can quantitatively trace back the modulation of ERK phosphorylation obtained by low-dose MEK inhibitor treatment to early development, before the onset of morphological defects. CONCLUSION This work proves the usefulness of FRET imaging protocols on both live and fixed Teen ERK reporter fish to readily monitor and quantify pharmacologically- and genetically-induced ERK activity modulations in early embryos, representing a useful tool in pre-clinical applications targeting RAS-MAPK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Fasano
- Molecular Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, 00146, Italy
| | - Stefania Petrini
- Microscopy facility, Research laboratories, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, 00146, Italy
| | - Valeria Bonavolontà
- Molecular Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, 00146, Italy
| | - Graziamaria Paradisi
- Molecular Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, 00146, Italy
- Department for Innovation in Biological Agro-food and Forest systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, 01100, Italy
| | - Catia Pedalino
- Molecular Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, 00146, Italy
| | - Marco Tartaglia
- Molecular Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, 00146, Italy.
| | - Antonella Lauri
- Molecular Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, 00146, Italy.
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Woutersen DTJ, Majolée J, den Hertog J. Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Studies in Zebrafish. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2743:93-110. [PMID: 38147210 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3569-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
The zebrafish is an ideal model for functional analysis of genes at the molecular, protein, cell, organ, and organism levels. We have used zebrafish to analyze the function of members of the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) superfamily for more than two decades. The molecular genetic toolbox has significantly improved over the years. Currently, generating mutant lines that lack the function of a PTP gene is relatively straightforward by CRISPR/Cas9 technology-mediated generation of insertions or deletions in the target gene. In addition, generating point mutations using CRISPR/Cas9 technology and homology-directed repair (HDR) is feasible, albeit the success rate could be higher. Here, we describe the methods, including the tips and tricks, that we have used to generate knock-out and knock-in zebrafish lines in PTP genes successfully.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jisca Majolée
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen den Hertog
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Institute Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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4
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Solman M, Woutersen DTJ, den Hertog J. Modeling (not so) rare developmental disorders associated with mutations in the protein-tyrosine phosphatase SHP2. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1046415. [PMID: 36407105 PMCID: PMC9672471 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1046415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Src homology region 2 (SH2)-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP2) is a highly conserved protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP), which is encoded by PTPN11 and is indispensable during embryonic development. Mutations in PTPN11 in human patients cause aberrant signaling of SHP2, resulting in multiple rare hereditary diseases, including Noonan Syndrome (NS), Noonan Syndrome with Multiple Lentigines (NSML), Juvenile Myelomonocytic Leukemia (JMML) and Metachondromatosis (MC). Somatic mutations in PTPN11 have been found to cause cancer. Here, we focus on the role of SHP2 variants in rare diseases and advances in the understanding of its pathogenesis using model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Solman
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Jeroen den Hertog
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Institute Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Jeroen den Hertog,
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5
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Nakayama J, Makinoshima H, Gong Z. Gastrulation Screening to Identify Anti-metastasis Drugs in Zebrafish Embryos. Bio Protoc 2022; 12:e4525. [PMID: 36313195 PMCID: PMC9548519 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Few models exist that allow for rapid and effective screening of anti-metastasis drugs. Here, we present a drug screening protocol utilizing gastrulation of zebrafish embryos for identification of anti-metastasis drugs. Based on the evidence that metastasis proceeds through utilizing the molecular mechanisms of gastrulation, we hypothesized that chemicals interrupting zebrafish gastrulation might suppress the metastasis of cancer cells. Thus, we developed a phenotype-based chemical screen that uses epiboly, the first morphogenetic movement in gastrulation, as a marker. The screen only needs zebrafish embryos and enables hundreds of chemicals to be tested in five hours by observing the epiboly progression of chemical-treated embryos. In the screen, embryos at the two-cell stage are firstly corrected and then developed to the sphere stage. The embryos are treated with a test chemical and incubated in the presence of the chemical until vehicle-treated embryos develop to the 90% epiboly stage. Finally, positive 'hit' chemicals that interrupt epiboly progression are selected by comparing epiboly progression of the chemical-treated and vehicle-treated embryos under a stereoscopic microscope. A previous study subjected 1,280 FDA-approved drugs to the screen and identified adrenosterone and pizotifen as epiboly-interrupting drugs. These were validated to suppress metastasis of breast cancer cells in mice models of metastasis. Furthermore, 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (HSD11β1) and serotonin receptor 2C (HTR2C), the primary targets of adrenosterone and pizotifen, respectively, promoted metastasis through induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Therefore, this screen could be converted into a chemical genetic screening platform for identification of metastasis-promoting genes. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joji Nakayama
- Tsuruoka Metabolomics Laboratory, National Cancer Center, Tsuruoka, Japan
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Shonai Regional Industry Promotion Center, Tsuruoka, Japan
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Department of Biological Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
,
*For correspondence:
| | - Hideki Makinoshima
- Tsuruoka Metabolomics Laboratory, National Cancer Center, Tsuruoka, Japan
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Division of Translational Research, Exploratory Oncology Research, and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Zhiyuan Gong
- Department of Biological Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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6
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Solman M, Blokzijl-Franke S, Piques F, Yan C, Yang Q, Strullu M, Kamel SM, Ak P, Bakkers J, Langenau DM, Cavé H, den Hertog J. Inflammatory response in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells triggered by activating SHP2 mutations evokes blood defects. eLife 2022; 11:e73040. [PMID: 35535491 PMCID: PMC9119675 DOI: 10.7554/elife.73040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gain-of-function mutations in the protein-tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 are the most frequently occurring mutations in sporadic juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) and JMML-like myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) associated with Noonan syndrome (NS). Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) are the disease propagating cells of JMML. Here, we explored transcriptomes of HSPCs with SHP2 mutations derived from JMML patients and a novel NS zebrafish model. In addition to major NS traits, CRISPR/Cas9 knock-in Shp2D61G mutant zebrafish recapitulated a JMML-like MPN phenotype, including myeloid lineage hyperproliferation, ex vivo growth of myeloid colonies, and in vivo transplantability of HSPCs. Single-cell mRNA sequencing of HSPCs from Shp2D61G zebrafish embryos and bulk sequencing of HSPCs from JMML patients revealed an overlapping inflammatory gene expression pattern. Strikingly, an anti-inflammatory agent rescued JMML-like MPN in Shp2D61G zebrafish embryos. Our results indicate that a common inflammatory response was triggered in the HSPCs from sporadic JMML patients and syndromic NS zebrafish, which potentiated MPN and may represent a future target for JMML therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Solman
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and UMC UtrechtUtrechtNetherlands
| | | | - Florian Piques
- INSERM UMR_S1131, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Université de ParisParisFrance
- Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris AP-HP, Hôpital Robert Debré, Département de GénétiqueParisFrance
| | - Chuan Yan
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital Research InstituteCharlestownUnited States
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer CenterCharlestownUnited States
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General HospitalBostonUnited States
- Harvard Stem Cell InstituteCambridgeUnited States
| | - Qiqi Yang
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital Research InstituteCharlestownUnited States
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer CenterCharlestownUnited States
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General HospitalBostonUnited States
- Harvard Stem Cell InstituteCambridgeUnited States
| | - Marion Strullu
- INSERM UMR_S1131, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Université de ParisParisFrance
- Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris AP-HP, Hôpital Robert Debré, Service d’Onco-Hématologie PédiatriqueParisFrance
| | - Sarah M Kamel
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and UMC UtrechtUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Pakize Ak
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and UMC UtrechtUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Jeroen Bakkers
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and UMC UtrechtUtrechtNetherlands
- Department of Medical Physiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, UMC UtrechtUtrechtNetherlands
| | - David M Langenau
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital Research InstituteCharlestownUnited States
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer CenterCharlestownUnited States
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General HospitalBostonUnited States
- Harvard Stem Cell InstituteCambridgeUnited States
| | - Hélène Cavé
- INSERM UMR_S1131, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Université de ParisParisFrance
- Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris AP-HP, Hôpital Robert Debré, Département de GénétiqueParisFrance
| | - Jeroen den Hertog
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and UMC UtrechtUtrechtNetherlands
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden UniversityLeidenNetherlands
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7
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PTPN11 Gene Mutations and Its Association with the Risk of Congenital Heart Disease. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:8290779. [PMID: 35440950 PMCID: PMC9013483 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8290779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common congenital birth defect, with a prevalence of 8.98‰ of all live births in China. PTPN11 has been known to be closely involved in heart developments. In this research, we carried out whole-exome sequencing in nine CHD families and identified eight rare deleterious missense variants of PTPN11 gene in nine probands by stringently filtering criteria. Sanger sequencing of these probands and their unaffected familiar members revealed that six damaging variants were de novo in seven CHD families. Then, targeted sequencing was used to assess the PTPN11 exon variants in 672 sporadic CHD cases and 399 unrelated controls and identified 7 deleterious missense variants in 8 patients. Fisher's exact test reveals a significant association of PTPN11 variations with CHD (P = 0.0289). We observed the distribution of different subtypes in CHD patients with PTPN11 variants and found atrial septal defect (ASD) is a prominent phenotype (58.8%, 10/17). In vitro functional assays revealed that the predicted PTPN11 variants disturb RAS-mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling activity by influencing the phosphorylation level of pathway proteins and increasing the proliferation and migration abilities of cardiomyocytes to different extents. Our findings demonstrated that PTPN11 variants were associated with increased risk of CHD development and may be served as an important susceptible genetic event for CHD, especially the ASD subphenotype.
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Motta M, Solman M, Bonnard AA, Kuechler A, Pantaleoni F, Priolo M, Chandramouli B, Coppola S, Pizzi S, Zara E, Ferilli M, Kayserili H, Onesimo R, Leoni C, Brinkmann J, Vial Y, Kamphausen SB, Thomas-Teinturier C, Guimier A, Cordeddu V, Mazzanti L, Zampino G, Chillemi G, Zenker M, Cavé H, Hertog J, Tartaglia M. Expanding the molecular spectrum of pathogenic SHOC2 variants underlying Mazzanti syndrome. Hum Mol Genet 2022; 31:2766-2778. [PMID: 35348676 PMCID: PMC9402240 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddac071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
We previously molecularly and clinically characterized Mazzanti syndrome, a RASopathy related to Noonan syndrome that is mostly caused by a single recurrent missense variant (c.4A > G, p.Ser2Gly) in SHOC2, which encodes a leucine-rich repeat (LRR)-containing protein facilitating signal flow through the RAS-mitogen-associated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. We also documented that the pathogenic p.Ser2Gly substitution causes upregulation of MAPK signaling and constitutive targeting of SHOC2 to the plasma membrane due to the introduction of an N-myristoylation recognition motif. The almost invariant occurrence of the pathogenic c.4A > G missense change in SHOC2 is mirrored by a relatively homogeneous clinical phenotype of Mazzanti syndrome. Here we provide new data on the clinical spectrum and molecular diversity of this disorder, and functionally characterize new pathogenic variants. The clinical phenotype of six unrelated individuals carrying novel disease-causing SHOC2 variants is delineated, and public and newly collected clinical data are utilized to profile the disorder. In silico, in vitro and in vivo characterization of the newly identified variants provides evidence that the consequences of these missense changes on SHOC2 functional behavior differ from what had been observed for the canonical p.Ser2Gly change but converge towards an enhanced activation of the RAS-MAPK pathway. Our findings expand the molecular spectrum of pathogenic SHOC2 variants, provide a more accurate picture of the phenotypic expression associated with variants in this gene, and definitively establish a GoF behavior as the mechanism of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marialetizia Motta
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Maja Solman
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Adeline A Bonnard
- Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Robert Debré, Département de Génétique, 75019 Paris, France
- INSERM UMR 1131, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Université de Paris, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Alma Kuechler
- Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Francesca Pantaleoni
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela Priolo
- UOSD Genetica Medica, Grandeospedale Metropolitano “Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli”, 89124 Reggio Calabria, Italia
| | | | - Simona Coppola
- National Centre Rare Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Simone Pizzi
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Erika Zara
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Ferilli
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Hülya Kayserili
- Genetic Diseases Evaluation Center, Medical Genetics Department, Koç University School of Medicine, 34010 İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Roberta Onesimo
- Center for Rare Diseases and Birth Defects, Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Leoni
- Center for Rare Diseases and Birth Defects, Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Julia Brinkmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Yoann Vial
- Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Robert Debré, Département de Génétique, 75019 Paris, France
- INSERM UMR 1131, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Université de Paris, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Susanne B Kamphausen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Cécile Thomas-Teinturier
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris-Saclay, Hôpital Bicêtre, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, 94270 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- INSERM UMR 1018, Cancer and Radiation team, CESP, 94800 Villejuif, France
| | - Anne Guimier
- Service de Médecine Genomique des Maladies Rares, CRMR Anomalies du développement, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Viviana Cordeddu
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Mazzanti
- Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40125 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Zampino
- Center for Rare Diseases and Birth Defects, Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Chillemi
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest systems, Università della Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
- Istituto di Biomembrane, Bioenergetica e Biotecnologie Molecolari, Centro Nazionale delle Ricerche, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Martin Zenker
- Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Hélène Cavé
- Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Robert Debré, Département de Génétique, 75019 Paris, France
- INSERM UMR 1131, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Université de Paris, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Jeroen Hertog
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Tartaglia
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
- Lead contact
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Friend or foe? Unraveling the complex roles of protein tyrosine phosphatases in cardiac disease and development. Cell Signal 2022; 93:110297. [PMID: 35259455 PMCID: PMC9038168 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of protein tyrosine phosphorylation is critical for most, if not all, fundamental cellular processes. However, we still do not fully understand the complex and tissue-specific roles of protein tyrosine phosphatases in the normal heart or in cardiac pathology. This review compares and contrasts the various roles of protein tyrosine phosphatases known to date in the context of cardiac disease and development. In particular, it will be considered how specific protein tyrosine phosphatases control cardiac hypertrophy and cardiomyocyte contractility, how protein tyrosine phosphatases contribute to or ameliorate injury induced by ischaemia / reperfusion or hypoxia / reoxygenation, and how protein tyrosine phosphatases are involved in normal heart development and congenital heart disease. This review delves into the newest developments and current challenges in the field, and highlights knowledge gaps and emerging opportunities for future research.
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Abstract
The RASopathies are a group of disorders caused by a germline mutation in one of the genes encoding a component of the RAS/MAPK pathway. These disorders, including neurofibromatosis type 1, Noonan syndrome, cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome, Costello syndrome and Legius syndrome, among others, have overlapping clinical features due to RAS/MAPK dysfunction. Although several of the RASopathies are very rare, collectively, these disorders are relatively common. In this Review, we discuss the pathogenesis of the RASopathy-associated genetic variants and the knowledge gained about RAS/MAPK signaling that resulted from studying RASopathies. We also describe the cell and animal models of the RASopathies and explore emerging RASopathy genes. Preclinical and clinical experiences with targeted agents as therapeutics for RASopathies are also discussed. Finally, we review how the recently developed drugs targeting RAS/MAPK-driven malignancies, such as inhibitors of RAS activation, direct RAS inhibitors and RAS/MAPK pathway inhibitors, might be leveraged for patients with RASopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie E Hebron
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Edjay Ralph Hernandez
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Marielle E Yohe
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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11
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Nakayama J, Tan L, Li Y, Goh BC, Wang S, Makinoshima H, Gong Z. A zebrafish embryo screen utilizing gastrulation identifies the HTR2C inhibitor pizotifen as a suppressor of EMT-mediated metastasis. eLife 2021; 10:e70151. [PMID: 34919051 PMCID: PMC8824480 DOI: 10.7554/elife.70151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is responsible for approximately 90% of cancer-associated mortality but few models exist that allow for rapid and effective screening of anti-metastasis drugs. Current mouse models of metastasis are too expensive and time consuming to use for rapid and high-throughput screening. Therefore, we created a unique screening concept utilizing conserved mechanisms between zebrafish gastrulation and cancer metastasis for identification of potential anti-metastatic drugs. We hypothesized that small chemicals that interrupt zebrafish gastrulation might also suppress metastatic progression of cancer cells and developed a phenotype-based chemical screen to test the hypothesis. The screen used epiboly, the first morphogenetic movement in gastrulation, as a marker and enabled 100 chemicals to be tested in 5 hr. The screen tested 1280 FDA-approved drugs and identified pizotifen, an antagonist for serotonin receptor 2C (HTR2C) as an epiboly-interrupting drug. Pharmacological and genetic inhibition of HTR2C suppressed metastatic progression in a mouse model. Blocking HTR2C with pizotifen restored epithelial properties to metastatic cells through inhibition of Wnt signaling. In contrast, HTR2C induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition through activation of Wnt signaling and promoted metastatic dissemination of human cancer cells in a zebrafish xenotransplantation model. Taken together, our concept offers a novel platform for discovery of anti-metastasis drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joji Nakayama
- Department of Biological Science, National University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
- Tsuruoka Metabolomics Laboratory, National Cancer CenterTsuruokaJapan
- Shonai Regional Industry Promotion CenterTsuruokaJapan
| | - Lora Tan
- Department of Biological Science, National University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Biological Science, National University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Boon Cher Goh
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Shu Wang
- Department of Biological Science, National University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
- Institute of Bioengineering and NanotechnologySingaporeSingapore
| | - Hideki Makinoshima
- Tsuruoka Metabolomics Laboratory, National Cancer CenterTsuruokaJapan
- Division of Translational Research, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer CenterKashiwaJapan
| | - Zhiyuan Gong
- Department of Biological Science, National University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
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12
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Bobone S, Pannone L, Biondi B, Solman M, Flex E, Canale VC, Calligari P, De Faveri C, Gandini T, Quercioli A, Torini G, Venditti M, Lauri A, Fasano G, Hoeksma J, Santucci V, Cattani G, Bocedi A, Carpentieri G, Tirelli V, Sanchez M, Peggion C, Formaggio F, den Hertog J, Martinelli S, Bocchinfuso G, Tartaglia M, Stella L. Targeting Oncogenic Src Homology 2 Domain-Containing Phosphatase 2 (SHP2) by Inhibiting Its Protein-Protein Interactions. J Med Chem 2021; 64:15973-15990. [PMID: 34714648 PMCID: PMC8591604 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
We developed a new class of inhibitors of protein-protein interactions of the SHP2 phosphatase, which is pivotal in cell signaling and represents a central target in the therapy of cancer and rare diseases. Currently available SHP2 inhibitors target the catalytic site or an allosteric pocket but lack specificity or are ineffective for disease-associated SHP2 mutants. Considering that pathogenic lesions cause signaling hyperactivation due to increased levels of SHP2 association with cognate proteins, we developed peptide-based molecules with nanomolar affinity for the N-terminal Src homology domain of SHP2, good selectivity, stability to degradation, and an affinity for pathogenic variants of SHP2 that is 2-20 times higher than for the wild-type protein. The best peptide reverted the effects of a pathogenic variant (D61G) in zebrafish embryos. Our results provide a novel route for SHP2-targeted therapies and a tool for investigating the role of protein-protein interactions in the function of SHP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bobone
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Luca Pannone
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome 00146, Italy.,Dipartimento di Oncologia e Medicina Molecolare, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Barbara Biondi
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Padova Unit, CNR, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Maja Solman
- Hubrecht institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabetta Flex
- Dipartimento di Oncologia e Medicina Molecolare, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Viviana Claudia Canale
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Paolo Calligari
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Chiara De Faveri
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Tommaso Gandini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Andrea Quercioli
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Torini
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Martina Venditti
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome 00146, Italy
| | - Antonella Lauri
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome 00146, Italy
| | - Giulia Fasano
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome 00146, Italy
| | - Jelmer Hoeksma
- Hubrecht institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | - Valerio Santucci
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Giada Cattani
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Alessio Bocedi
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Giovanna Carpentieri
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome 00146, Italy.,Dipartimento di Oncologia e Medicina Molecolare, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Valentina Tirelli
- Centre of Core Facilities, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Massimo Sanchez
- Centre of Core Facilities, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Cristina Peggion
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Fernando Formaggio
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Padova Unit, CNR, Padova 35131, Italy.,Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Jeroen den Hertog
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Padova Unit, CNR, Padova 35131, Italy.,Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden 2333 BE, The Netherlands
| | - Simone Martinelli
- Dipartimento di Oncologia e Medicina Molecolare, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Bocchinfuso
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Marco Tartaglia
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome 00146, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Stella
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 00133, Italy
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13
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Fowlkes JL, Thrailkill KM, Bunn RC. RASopathies: The musculoskeletal consequences and their etiology and pathogenesis. Bone 2021; 152:116060. [PMID: 34144233 PMCID: PMC8316423 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.116060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The RASopathies comprise an ever-growing number of clinical syndromes resulting from germline mutations in components of the RAS/MAPK signaling pathway. While multiple organs and tissues may be affected by these mutations, this review will focus on how these mutations specifically impact the musculoskeletal system. Herein, we review the genetics and musculoskeletal phenotypes of these syndromes in humans. We discuss how mutations in the RASopathy syndromes have been studied in translational mouse models. Finally, we discuss how signaling molecules within the RAS/MAPK pathway are involved in normal and abnormal bone biology in the context of osteoblasts, osteoclasts and chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John L Fowlkes
- University of Kentucky Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, United States of America.
| | - Kathryn M Thrailkill
- University of Kentucky Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, United States of America
| | - R Clay Bunn
- University of Kentucky Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, United States of America
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14
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Nagai K, Niihori T, Okamoto N, Kondo A, Suga K, Ohhira T, Hayabuchi Y, Homma Y, Nakagawa R, Ifuku T, Abe T, Mizuguchi T, Matsumoto N, Aoki Y. Duplications in the G3 domain or switch II region in HRAS identified in patients with Costello syndrome. Hum Mutat 2021; 43:3-15. [PMID: 34618388 DOI: 10.1002/humu.24287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Costello syndrome (CS) is an autosomal-dominant disorder characterized by distinctive facial features, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, skeletal abnormalities, intellectual disability, and predisposition to cancers. Germline variants in HRAS have been identified in patients with CS. Intragenic HRAS duplications have been reported in three patients with a milder phenotype of CS. In this study, we identified two known HRAS variants, p.(Glu63_Asp69dup), p.(Glu62_Arg68dup), and one novel HRAS variant, p.(Ile55_Asp57dup), in patients with CS, including a patient with craniosynostosis. These intragenic duplications are located in the G3 domain and the switch II region. Cells expressing cDNA with these three intragenic duplications showed an increase in ELK-1 transactivation. Injection of wild-type or mutant HRAS mRNAs with intragenic duplications in zebrafish embryos showed significant elongation of the yolk at 11 h postfertilization, which was improved by MEK inhibitor treatment, and a variety of developmental abnormalities at 3 days post fertilization was observed. These results indicate that small in-frame duplications affecting the G3 domain and switch II region of HRAS increase the activation of the ERK pathway, resulting in developmental abnormalities in zebrafish or patients with CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koki Nagai
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Niihori
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Okamoto
- Department of Medical Genetics, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akane Kondo
- Perinatal Medical Center, Shikoku Medical Center for Children and Adults, National Hospital Organization, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Kenichi Suga
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Tomoko Ohhira
- Department of Pediatrics, Miyazaki Prefectural Miyazaki Hospital, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Yasunobu Hayabuchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yukako Homma
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Ryuji Nakagawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Toshinobu Ifuku
- Department of Pediatrics, Miyazaki Prefectural Miyazaki Hospital, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Taiki Abe
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takeshi Mizuguchi
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Naomichi Matsumoto
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yoko Aoki
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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15
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Lauri A, Fasano G, Venditti M, Dallapiccola B, Tartaglia M. In vivo Functional Genomics for Undiagnosed Patients: The Impact of Small GTPases Signaling Dysregulation at Pan-Embryo Developmental Scale. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:642235. [PMID: 34124035 PMCID: PMC8194860 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.642235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
While individually rare, disorders affecting development collectively represent a substantial clinical, psychological, and socioeconomic burden to patients, families, and society. Insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying these disorders are required to speed up diagnosis, improve counseling, and optimize management toward targeted therapies. Genome sequencing is now unveiling previously unexplored genetic variations in undiagnosed patients, which require functional validation and mechanistic understanding, particularly when dealing with novel nosologic entities. Functional perturbations of key regulators acting on signals' intersections of evolutionarily conserved pathways in these pathological conditions hinder the fine balance between various developmental inputs governing morphogenesis and homeostasis. However, the distinct mechanisms by which these hubs orchestrate pathways to ensure the developmental coordinates are poorly understood. Integrative functional genomics implementing quantitative in vivo models of embryogenesis with subcellular precision in whole organisms contribute to answering these questions. Here, we review the current knowledge on genes and mechanisms critically involved in developmental syndromes and pediatric cancers, revealed by genomic sequencing and in vivo models such as insects, worms and fish. We focus on the monomeric GTPases of the RAS superfamily and their influence on crucial developmental signals and processes. We next discuss the effectiveness of exponentially growing functional assays employing tractable models to identify regulatory crossroads. Unprecedented sophistications are now possible in zebrafish, i.e., genome editing with single-nucleotide precision, nanoimaging, highly resolved recording of multiple small molecules activity, and simultaneous monitoring of brain circuits and complex behavioral response. These assets permit accurate real-time reporting of dynamic small GTPases-controlled processes in entire organisms, owning the potential to tackle rare disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Lauri
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Marco Tartaglia
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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16
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Kobar K, Collett K, Prykhozhij SV, Berman JN. Zebrafish Cancer Predisposition Models. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:660069. [PMID: 33987182 PMCID: PMC8112447 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.660069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer predisposition syndromes are rare, typically monogenic disorders that result from germline mutations that increase the likelihood of developing cancer. Although these disorders are individually rare, resulting cancers collectively represent 5-10% of all malignancies. In addition to a greater incidence of cancer, affected individuals have an earlier tumor onset and are frequently subjected to long-term multi-modal cancer screening protocols for earlier detection and initiation of treatment. In vivo models are needed to better understand tumor-driving mechanisms, tailor patient screening approaches and develop targeted therapies to improve patient care and disease prognosis. The zebrafish (Danio rerio) has emerged as a robust model for cancer research due to its high fecundity, time- and cost-efficient genetic manipulation and real-time high-resolution imaging. Tumors developing in zebrafish cancer models are histologically and molecularly similar to their human counterparts, confirming the validity of these models. The zebrafish platform supports both large-scale random mutagenesis screens to identify potential candidate/modifier genes and recently optimized genome editing strategies. These techniques have greatly increased our ability to investigate the impact of certain mutations and how these lesions impact tumorigenesis and disease phenotype. These unique characteristics position the zebrafish as a powerful in vivo tool to model cancer predisposition syndromes and as such, several have already been created, including those recapitulating Li-Fraumeni syndrome, familial adenomatous polyposis, RASopathies, inherited bone marrow failure syndromes, and several other pathogenic mutations in cancer predisposition genes. In addition, the zebrafish platform supports medium- to high-throughput preclinical drug screening to identify compounds that may represent novel treatment paradigms or even prevent cancer evolution. This review will highlight and synthesize the findings from zebrafish cancer predisposition models created to date. We will discuss emerging trends in how these zebrafish cancer models can improve our understanding of the genetic mechanisms driving cancer predisposition and their potential to discover therapeutic and/or preventative compounds that change the natural history of disease for these vulnerable children, youth and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Kobar
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Keon Collett
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Jason N. Berman
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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17
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Du S, Lu XH, Li WY, Li LP, Ma YC, Zhou L, Wu JW, Ma Y, Wang RL. Exploring the dynamic mechanism of allosteric drug SHP099 inhibiting SHP2 E69K. Mol Divers 2021; 25:1873-1887. [PMID: 33392964 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-020-10179-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The E69K mutation is one of the most frequent protein tyrosine phosphatase-2 (SHP2) mutations in leukemia, and it can cause the increase in the protein activity. Recent studies have shown that the E69K mutation was fairly sensitive to the allosteric inhibitor of SHP2 (SHP099). However, the molecular mechanism of the allosteric drug SHP099 inhibiting SHP2E69K remains unclear. Thus, the molecular dynamic simulations and the post-dynamics analyses (RMSF, PCA, DCCM, RIN and the binding free energies) for SHP2WT, SHP2WT-SHP099, SHP2E69K and SHP2E69K-SHP099 were carried out, respectively. Owing to the strong binding affinity of SHP099 to residues Thr219 and Arg220, the flexibility of linker region (residues Val209-Arg231) was reduced. Moreover, the presence of SHP099 kept the autoinhibition state of the SHP2 protein through enhancing the interactions between the linker region and Q loop in PTP domain, such as Thr219/Val490, Thr219/Asn491, Arg220/Ile488 and Leu254/Asn491. In addition, it was found that the residues (Thr219, Arg220, Leu254 and Asn491) might be the key residues responsible for the conformational changes of protein. Overall, this study may provide an important basis for understanding how the SHP099 effectively inhibited the SHP2E69K activity at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Du
- Tianjin Key Laboratory On Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Xin-Hua Lu
- New Drug Research & Development Center of North China Pharmaceutical Group Corporation, Key Laboratory for New Drug Screening Technology of Shijiazhuang City, National Microbial Medicine Engineering & Research Center, Hebei Industry Microbial Metabolic Engineering & Technology Research Center, Shijiazhuang, 050015, Hebei, China
| | - Wei-Ya Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory On Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Li-Peng Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory On Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Yang-Chun Ma
- Tianjin Key Laboratory On Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Liang Zhou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory On Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Jing-Wei Wu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory On Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Ying Ma
- Tianjin Key Laboratory On Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.
| | - Run-Ling Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory On Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.
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18
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Mostinski Y, Heynen GJJE, López-Alberca MP, Paul J, Miksche S, Radetzki S, Schaller D, Shanina E, Seyffarth C, Kolomeets Y, Ziebart N, de Schryver J, Oestreich S, Neuenschwander M, Roske Y, Heinemann U, Rademacher C, Volkamer A, von Kries JP, Birchmeier W, Nazaré M. From Pyrazolones to Azaindoles: Evolution of Active-Site SHP2 Inhibitors Based on Scaffold Hopping and Bioisosteric Replacement. J Med Chem 2020; 63:14780-14804. [PMID: 33210922 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 controls the activity of pivotal signaling pathways, including MAPK, JAK-STAT, and PI3K-Akt. Aberrant SHP2 activity leads to uncontrolled cell proliferation, tumorigenesis, and metastasis. SHP2 signaling was recently linked to drug resistance against cancer medications such as MEK and BRAF inhibitors. In this work, we present the development of a novel class of azaindole SHP2 inhibitors. We applied scaffold hopping and bioisosteric replacement concepts to eliminate unwanted structural motifs and to improve the inhibitor characteristics of the previously reported pyrazolone SHP2 inhibitors. The most potent azaindole 45 inhibits SHP2 with an IC50 = 0.031 μM in an enzymatic assay and with an IC50 = 2.6 μM in human pancreas cells (HPAF-II). Evaluation in a series of cellular assays for metastasis and drug resistance demonstrated efficient SHP2 blockade. Finally, 45 inhibited proliferation of two cancer cell lines that are resistant to cancer drugs and diminished ERK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yelena Mostinski
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Campus Berlin-Buch, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Guus J J E Heynen
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Campus Berlin-Buch, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Pascual López-Alberca
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Campus Berlin-Buch, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jerome Paul
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Campus Berlin-Buch, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sandra Miksche
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Campus Berlin-Buch, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Silke Radetzki
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Campus Berlin-Buch, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - David Schaller
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Elena Shanina
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kolloid- und Grenzflächenforschung, Am Mühlenberg, 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Carola Seyffarth
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Campus Berlin-Buch, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yuliya Kolomeets
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Campus Berlin-Buch, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nandor Ziebart
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Campus Berlin-Buch, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Judith de Schryver
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Campus Berlin-Buch, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sylvia Oestreich
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Campus Berlin-Buch, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Neuenschwander
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Campus Berlin-Buch, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yvette Roske
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Campus Berlin-Buch, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Udo Heinemann
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Campus Berlin-Buch, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Rademacher
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kolloid- und Grenzflächenforschung, Am Mühlenberg, 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Andrea Volkamer
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Peter von Kries
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Campus Berlin-Buch, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Walter Birchmeier
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Campus Berlin-Buch, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marc Nazaré
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Campus Berlin-Buch, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
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19
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Gao X, Huang SS, Qiu SW, Su Y, Wang WQ, Xu HY, Xu JC, Kang DY, Dai P, Yuan YY. Congenital sensorineural hearing loss as the initial presentation of PTPN11-associated Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines or Noonan syndrome: clinical features and underlying mechanisms. J Med Genet 2020; 58:465-474. [PMID: 32737134 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2020-106892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Germline variants in PTPN11 are the primary cause of Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines (NSML) and Noonan syndrome (NS), which share common skin and facial symptoms, cardiac anomalies and retardation of growth. Hearing loss is considered an infrequent feature in patients with NSML/NS. However, in our cohort, we identified a group of patients with PTPN11 pathogenic variants that were primarily manifested in congenital sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). This study evaluated the incidence of PTPN11-related NSML or NS in patients with congenital SNHL and explored the expression of PTPN11 and the underlying mechanisms in the auditory system. METHODS A total of 1502 patients with congenital SNHL were enrolled. Detailed phenotype-genotype correlations were analysed in patients with PTPN11 variants. Immunolabelling of Ptpn11 was performed in P35 mice. Zebrafish with Ptpn11 knockdown/mutant overexpression were constructed to further explore mechanism underlying the phenotypes. RESULTS Ten NSML/NS probands were diagnosed via the identification of pathogenic variants of PTPN11, which accounted for ~0.67% of the congenital SNHL cases. In mice cochlea, Shp2, which is encoded by Ptpn11, is distributed in the spiral ganglion neurons, hair cells and supporting cells of the inner ear. In zebrafish, knockdown of ptpn11a and overexpression of mutant PTPN11 were associated with a significant decrease in hair cells and supporting cells. We concluded that congenital SNHL could be a major symptom in PTPN11-associated NSML or NS. Other features may be mild, especially in children. CONCLUSION Screening for PTPN11 in patients with congenital hearing loss and variant-based diagnoses are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Gao
- College of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital; National Clinical Research Center for Otolaryngologic Diseases; State Key Lab of Hearing Science, Ministry of Education; Beijing Key Lab of Hearing Impairment Prevention and Treatment, Beijing, China
- Department of Otolaryngology, PLA Rocket Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Sha-Sha Huang
- College of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital; National Clinical Research Center for Otolaryngologic Diseases; State Key Lab of Hearing Science, Ministry of Education; Beijing Key Lab of Hearing Impairment Prevention and Treatment, Beijing, China
| | - Shi-Wei Qiu
- College of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital; National Clinical Research Center for Otolaryngologic Diseases; State Key Lab of Hearing Science, Ministry of Education; Beijing Key Lab of Hearing Impairment Prevention and Treatment, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Su
- College of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital; National Clinical Research Center for Otolaryngologic Diseases; State Key Lab of Hearing Science, Ministry of Education; Beijing Key Lab of Hearing Impairment Prevention and Treatment, Beijing, China
| | - Wei-Qian Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, PLA Rocket Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Hui-Yan Xu
- College of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital; National Clinical Research Center for Otolaryngologic Diseases; State Key Lab of Hearing Science, Ministry of Education; Beijing Key Lab of Hearing Impairment Prevention and Treatment, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Cao Xu
- Department of Otolaryngology, PLA Rocket Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Dong-Yang Kang
- College of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital; National Clinical Research Center for Otolaryngologic Diseases; State Key Lab of Hearing Science, Ministry of Education; Beijing Key Lab of Hearing Impairment Prevention and Treatment, Beijing, China
| | - Pu Dai
- College of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital; National Clinical Research Center for Otolaryngologic Diseases; State Key Lab of Hearing Science, Ministry of Education; Beijing Key Lab of Hearing Impairment Prevention and Treatment, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-Yi Yuan
- College of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital; National Clinical Research Center for Otolaryngologic Diseases; State Key Lab of Hearing Science, Ministry of Education; Beijing Key Lab of Hearing Impairment Prevention and Treatment, Beijing, China
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20
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Patterson VL, Burdine RD. Swimming toward solutions: Using fish and frogs as models for understanding RASopathies. Birth Defects Res 2020; 112:749-765. [PMID: 32506834 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The RAS signaling pathway regulates cell growth, survival, and differentiation, and its inappropriate activation is associated with disease in humans. The RASopathies, a set of developmental syndromes, arise when the pathway is overactive during development. Patients share a core set of symptoms, including congenital heart disease, craniofacial anomalies, and neurocognitive delay. Due to the conserved nature of the pathway, animal models are highly informative for understanding disease etiology, and zebrafish and Xenopus are emerging as advantageous model systems. Here we discuss these aquatic models of RASopathies, which recapitulate many of the core symptoms observed in patients. Craniofacial structures become dysmorphic upon expression of disease-associated mutations, resulting in wider heads. Heart defects manifest as delays in cardiac development and changes in heart size, and behavioral deficits are beginning to be explored. Furthermore, early convergence and extension defects cause elongation of developing embryos: this phenotype can be quantitatively assayed as a readout of mutation strength, raising interesting questions regarding the relationship between pathway activation and disease. Additionally, the observation that RAS signaling may be simultaneously hyperactive and attenuated suggests that downregulation of signaling may also contribute to etiology. We propose that models should be characterized using a standardized approach to allow easier comparison between models, and a better understanding of the interplay between mutation and disease presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria L Patterson
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Rebecca D Burdine
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
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21
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Yuan X, Bu H, Zhou J, Yang CY, Zhang H. Recent Advances of SHP2 Inhibitors in Cancer Therapy: Current Development and Clinical Application. J Med Chem 2020; 63:11368-11396. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinrui Yuan
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
| | - Hong Bu
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jinpei Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Chao-Yie Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
| | - Huibin Zhang
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
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22
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Abstract
Optogenetic approaches are transforming quantitative studies of cell-signaling systems. A recently developed photoswitchable mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 (MEK1) enzyme (psMEK) short-circuits the highly conserved Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase (ERK)-signaling cascade at the most proximal step of effector kinase activation. However, since this optogenetic tool relies on phosphorylation-mimicking substitutions in the activation loop of MEK, its catalytic activity is predicted to be substantially lower than that of wild-type MEK that has been phosphorylated at these residues. Here, we present evidence that psMEK indeed has suboptimal functionality in vivo and propose a strategy to circumvent this limitation by harnessing gain-of-function, destabilizing mutations in MEK. Specifically, we demonstrate that combining phosphomimetic mutations with additional mutations in MEK, chosen for their activating potential, restores maximal kinase activity in vitro. We establish that this modification can be tuned by the choice of the destabilizing mutation and does not interfere with reversible activation of psMEK in vivo in both Drosophila and zebrafish. To illustrate the types of perturbations enabled by optimized psMEK, we use it to deliver pulses of ERK activation during zebrafish embryogenesis, revealing rheostat-like responses of an ERK-dependent morphogenetic event.
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23
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Hoeksma J, Misset T, Wever C, Kemmink J, Kruijtzer J, Versluis K, Liskamp RMJ, Boons GJ, Heck AJR, Boekhout T, den Hertog J. A new perspective on fungal metabolites: identification of bioactive compounds from fungi using zebrafish embryogenesis as read-out. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17546. [PMID: 31772307 PMCID: PMC6879544 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54127-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a constant need for new therapeutic compounds. Fungi have proven to be an excellent, but underexplored source for biologically active compounds with therapeutic potential. Here, we combine mycology, embryology and chemistry by testing secondary metabolites from more than 10,000 species of fungi for biological activity using developing zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. Zebrafish development is an excellent model for high-throughput screening. Development is rapid, multiple cell types are assessed simultaneously and embryos are available in high numbers. We found that 1,526 fungal strains produced secondary metabolites with biological activity in the zebrafish bioassay. The active compounds from 39 selected fungi were purified by liquid-liquid extraction and preparative HPLC. 34 compounds were identified by a combination of chemical analyses, including LCMS, UV-Vis spectroscopy/ spectrophotometry, high resolution mass spectrometry and NMR. Our results demonstrate that fungi express a wide variety of biologically active compounds, consisting of both known therapeutic compounds as well as relatively unexplored compounds. Understanding their biological activity in zebrafish may provide insight into underlying biological processes as well as mode of action. Together, this information may provide the first step towards lead compound development for therapeutic drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelmer Hoeksma
- Hubrecht Institute - KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tim Misset
- Hubrecht Institute - KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Christie Wever
- Hubrecht Institute - KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Kemmink
- Utrecht University, Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - John Kruijtzer
- Utrecht University, Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kees Versluis
- Utrecht University, Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rob M J Liskamp
- Utrecht University, Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Geert Jan Boons
- Utrecht University, Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Albert J R Heck
- Utrecht University, Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Teun Boekhout
- Westerdijk Institute for Fungal Biodiversity - KNAW, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Institute of Biodynamics and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen den Hertog
- Hubrecht Institute - KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Institute Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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24
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Maltese PE, Michelini S, Ricci M, Maitz S, Fiorentino A, Serrani R, Lazzerotti A, Bruson A, Paolacci S, Benedetti S, Bertelli M. Increasing evidence of hereditary lymphedema caused byCELSR1loss-of-function variants. Am J Med Genet A 2019; 179:1718-1724. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandro Michelini
- Rehabilitation Department; San Giovanni Battista Hospital; Rome Italy
| | - Maurizio Ricci
- Division of Rehabilitation Medicine; Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona; Italy
| | - Silvia Maitz
- Clinical Pediatric Genetics Unit, Pediatrics Clinic; Fondazione MBBM, San Gerardo Hospital; Monza Italy
| | | | - Roberta Serrani
- Division of Rehabilitation Medicine; Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona; Italy
| | - Alessandra Lazzerotti
- Clinical Pediatric Genetics Unit, Pediatrics Clinic; Fondazione MBBM, San Gerardo Hospital; Monza Italy
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25
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Niihori T, Nagai K, Fujita A, Ohashi H, Okamoto N, Okada S, Harada A, Kihara H, Arbogast T, Funayama R, Shirota M, Nakayama K, Abe T, Inoue SI, Tsai IC, Matsumoto N, Davis EE, Katsanis N, Aoki Y. Germline-Activating RRAS2 Mutations Cause Noonan Syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 2019; 104:1233-1240. [PMID: 31130285 PMCID: PMC6562005 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Noonan syndrome (NS) is characterized by distinctive craniofacial appearance, short stature, and congenital heart disease. Approximately 80% of individuals with NS harbor mutations in genes whose products are involved in the RAS/mitogen-activating protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. However, the underlying genetic causes in nearly 20% of individuals with NS phenotype remain unexplained. Here, we report four de novo RRAS2 variants in three individuals with NS. RRAS2 is a member of the RAS subfamily and is ubiquitously expressed. Three variants, c.70_78dup (p.Gly24_Gly26dup), c.216A>T (p.Gln72His), and c.215A>T (p.Gln72Leu), have been found in cancers; our functional analyses showed that these three changes induced elevated association of RAF1 and that they activated ERK1/2 and ELK1. Notably, prominent activation of ERK1/2 and ELK1 by p.Gln72Leu associates with the severe phenotype of the individual harboring this change. To examine variant pathogenicity in vivo, we generated zebrafish models. Larvae overexpressing c.70_78dup (p.Gly24_Gly26dup) or c.216A>T (p.Gln72His) variants, but not wild-type RRAS2 RNAs, showed craniofacial defects and macrocephaly. The same dose injection of mRNA encoding c.215A>T (p.Gln72Leu) caused severe developmental impairments and low dose overexpression of this variant induced craniofacial defects. In contrast, the RRAS2 c.224T>G (p.Phe75Cys) change, located on the same allele with p.Gln72His in an individual with NS, resulted in no aberrant in vitro or in vivo phenotypes by itself. Together, our findings suggest that activating RRAS2 mutations can cause NS and expand the involvement of RRAS2 proto-oncogene to rare germline disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Niihori
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan; Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27701, USA.
| | - Koki Nagai
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Atsushi Fujita
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Ohashi
- Division of Medical Genetics, Saitama Children's Medical Center, Saitama 330-8777, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Okamoto
- Department of Medical Genetics, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Osaka 594-1101, Japan
| | - Satoshi Okada
- Department of Pediatrics, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Atsuko Harada
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Takatsuki General Hospital, Osaka 569-1192, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Kihara
- Department of Pediatrics, Onomichi General Hospital, Hiroshima 722-8508, Japan
| | - Thomas Arbogast
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Ryo Funayama
- Department of Cell Proliferation, United Center for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Matsuyuki Shirota
- Division of Interdisciplinary Medical Sciences, United Center for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Keiko Nakayama
- Department of Cell Proliferation, United Center for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Taiki Abe
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Inoue
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - I-Chun Tsai
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Naomichi Matsumoto
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Erica E Davis
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Nicholas Katsanis
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27701, USA.
| | - Yoko Aoki
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
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26
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Tajan M, Paccoud R, Branka S, Edouard T, Yart A. The RASopathy Family: Consequences of Germline Activation of the RAS/MAPK Pathway. Endocr Rev 2018; 39:676-700. [PMID: 29924299 DOI: 10.1210/er.2017-00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Noonan syndrome [NS; Mendelian Inheritance in Men (MIM) #163950] and related syndromes [Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines (formerly called LEOPARD syndrome; MIM #151100), Noonan-like syndrome with loose anagen hair (MIM #607721), Costello syndrome (MIM #218040), cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome (MIM #115150), type I neurofibromatosis (MIM #162200), and Legius syndrome (MIM #611431)] are a group of related genetic disorders associated with distinctive facial features, cardiopathies, growth and skeletal abnormalities, developmental delay/mental retardation, and tumor predisposition. NS was clinically described more than 50 years ago, and disease genes have been identified throughout the last 3 decades, providing a molecular basis to better understand their physiopathology and identify targets for therapeutic strategies. Most of these genes encode proteins belonging to or regulating the so-called RAS/MAPK signaling pathway, so these syndromes have been gathered under the name RASopathies. In this review, we provide a clinical overview of RASopathies and an update on their genetics. We then focus on the functional and pathophysiological effects of RASopathy-causing mutations and discuss therapeutic perspectives and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mylène Tajan
- INSERM UMR 1048, Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases (I2MC), University of Toulouse Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Romain Paccoud
- INSERM UMR 1048, Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases (I2MC), University of Toulouse Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Sophie Branka
- INSERM UMR 1048, Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases (I2MC), University of Toulouse Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Thomas Edouard
- Endocrine, Bone Diseases, and Genetics Unit, Children's Hospital, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Armelle Yart
- INSERM UMR 1048, Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases (I2MC), University of Toulouse Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
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27
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Dard L, Bellance N, Lacombe D, Rossignol R. RAS signalling in energy metabolism and rare human diseases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2018; 1859:845-867. [PMID: 29750912 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The RAS pathway is a highly conserved cascade of protein-protein interactions and phosphorylation that is at the heart of signalling networks that govern proliferation, differentiation and cell survival. Recent findings indicate that the RAS pathway plays a role in the regulation of energy metabolism via the control of mitochondrial form and function but little is known on the participation of this effect in RAS-related rare human genetic diseases. Germline mutations that hyperactivate the RAS pathway have been discovered and linked to human developmental disorders that are known as RASopathies. Individuals with RASopathies, which are estimated to affect approximately 1/1000 human birth, share many overlapping characteristics, including cardiac malformations, short stature, neurocognitive impairment, craniofacial dysmorphy, cutaneous, musculoskeletal, and ocular abnormalities, hypotonia and a predisposition to developing cancer. Since the identification of the first RASopathy, type 1 neurofibromatosis (NF1), which is caused by the inactivation of neurofibromin 1, several other syndromes have been associated with mutations in the core components of the RAS-MAPK pathway. These syndromes include Noonan syndrome (NS), Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines (NSML), which was formerly called LEOPARD syndrome, Costello syndrome (CS), cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome (CFC), Legius syndrome (LS) and capillary malformation-arteriovenous malformation syndrome (CM-AVM). Here, we review current knowledge about the bioenergetics of the RASopathies and discuss the molecular control of energy homeostasis and mitochondrial physiology by the RAS pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Dard
- Bordeaux University, 33000 Bordeaux, France; INSERM U1211, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - N Bellance
- Bordeaux University, 33000 Bordeaux, France; INSERM U1211, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - D Lacombe
- Bordeaux University, 33000 Bordeaux, France; INSERM U1211, 33000 Bordeaux, France; CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Génétique Médicale, F-33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - R Rossignol
- Bordeaux University, 33000 Bordeaux, France; INSERM U1211, 33000 Bordeaux, France; CELLOMET, CGFB-146 Rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, France.
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28
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Hale AJ, den Hertog J. Shp2-Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling Drives Proliferation during Zebrafish Embryo Caudal Fin Fold Regeneration. Mol Cell Biol 2018; 38:e00515-17. [PMID: 29203641 PMCID: PMC5789028 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00515-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Regeneration of the zebrafish caudal fin following amputation occurs through wound healing, followed by formation of a blastema, which produces cells to replace the lost tissue in the final phase of regenerative outgrowth. We show that ptpn11a-/- ptpn11b-/- zebrafish embryos, lacking functional Shp2, fail to regenerate their caudal fin folds. Rescue experiments indicated that Shp2a has a functional signaling role, requiring its catalytic activity and SH2 domains but not the two C-terminal tyrosine phosphorylation sites. Surprisingly, expression of Shp2a variants with increased and reduced catalytic activity, respectively, rescued caudal fin fold regeneration to similar extents. Expression of mmp9 and junbb, indicative of formation of the wound epidermis and distal blastema, respectively, suggested that these processes occurred in ptpn11a-/- ptpn11b-/- zebrafish embryos. However, cell proliferation and MAPK phosphorylation were reduced. Pharmacological inhibition of MEK1 in wild-type zebrafish embryos phenocopied loss of Shp2. Our results suggest an essential role for Shp2a-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling in promoting cell proliferation during zebrafish embryo caudal fin fold regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander James Hale
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Institute Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen den Hertog
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Institute Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
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29
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Neben CL, Lo M, Jura N, Klein OD. Feedback regulation of RTK signaling in development. Dev Biol 2017; 447:71-89. [PMID: 29079424 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Precise regulation of the amplitude and duration of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling is critical for the execution of cellular programs and behaviors. Understanding these control mechanisms has important implications for the field of developmental biology, and in recent years, the question of how augmentation or attenuation of RTK signaling via feedback loops modulates development has become of increasing interest. RTK feedback regulation is also important for human disease research; for example, germline mutations in genes that encode RTK signaling pathway components cause numerous human congenital syndromes, and somatic alterations contribute to the pathogenesis of diseases such as cancers. In this review, we survey regulators of RTK signaling that tune receptor activity and intracellular transduction cascades, with a focus on the roles of these genes in the developing embryo. We detail the diverse inhibitory mechanisms utilized by negative feedback regulators that, when lost or perturbed, lead to aberrant increases in RTK signaling. We also discuss recent biochemical and genetic insights into positive regulators of RTK signaling and how these proteins function in tandem with negative regulators to guide embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia L Neben
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco 94143, USA
| | - Megan Lo
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco 94143, USA; Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Natalia Jura
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Ophir D Klein
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco 94143, USA; Department of Pediatrics and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco 94143, USA.
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30
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Garg A, Bansal M, Gotoh N, Feng GS, Zhong J, Wang F, Kariminejad A, Brooks S, Zhang X. Alx4 relays sequential FGF signaling to induce lacrimal gland morphogenesis. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1007047. [PMID: 29028795 PMCID: PMC5656309 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The sequential use of signaling pathways is essential for the guidance of pluripotent progenitors into diverse cell fates. Here, we show that Shp2 exclusively mediates FGF but not PDGF signaling in the neural crest to control lacrimal gland development. In addition to preventing p53-independent apoptosis and promoting the migration of Sox10-expressing neural crests, Shp2 is also required for expression of the homeodomain transcription factor Alx4, which directly controls Fgf10 expression in the periocular mesenchyme that is necessary for lacrimal gland induction. We show that Alx4 binds an Fgf10 intronic element conserved in terrestrial but not aquatic animals, underlying the evolutionary emergence of the lacrimal gland system in response to an airy environment. Inactivation of ALX4/Alx4 causes lacrimal gland aplasia in both human and mouse. These results reveal a key role of Alx4 in mediating FGF-Shp2-FGF signaling in the neural crest for lacrimal gland development. The dry eye disease caused by lacrimal gland dysgenesis is one of the most common ocular ailments. In this study, we show that Shp2 mediates the sequential use of FGF signaling in lacrimal gland development. Our study identifies Alx4 as a novel target of Shp2 signaling and a causal gene for lacrimal gland aplasia in humans. Given this result, there may also be a potential role for Alx4 in guiding pluripotent stem cells to produce lacrimal gland tissue. Finally, our data reveals an Alx4-Fgf10 regulatory unit broadly conserved in the diverse array of terrestrial animals from humans to reptiles, but not in aquatic animals such as amphibians and fish, which sheds light on how the lacrimal gland arose as an evolutionary innovation of terrestrial animals to adapt to their newfound exposure to an airy environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Garg
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - Mukesh Bansal
- PsychoGenics Inc., Tarrytown, NY, United States of America
| | - Noriko Gotoh
- Division of Cancer Cell Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa city, Japan
| | - Gen-Sheng Feng
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, and Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Jian Zhong
- Burke Medical Research Institute, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, White Plains, NY, United States of America
| | - Fen Wang
- Center for Cancer Biology and Nutrition, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | | | - Steven Brooks
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Xin Zhang
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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31
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Jindal GA, Goyal Y, Humphreys JM, Yeung E, Tian K, Patterson VL, He H, Burdine RD, Goldsmith EJ, Shvartsman SY. How activating mutations affect MEK1 regulation and function. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:18814-18820. [PMID: 29018093 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.c117.806067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The MEK1 kinase directly phosphorylates ERK2, after the activation loop of MEK1 is itself phosphorylated by Raf. Studies over the past decade have revealed a large number of disease-related mutations in the MEK1 gene that lead to tumorigenesis and abnormal development. Several of these mutations result in MEK1 constitutive activity, but how they affect MEK1 regulation and function remains largely unknown. Here, we address these questions focusing on two pathogenic variants of the Phe-53 residue, which maps to the well-characterized negative regulatory region of MEK1. We found that these variants are phosphorylated by Raf faster than the wild-type enzyme, and this phosphorylation further increases their enzymatic activity. However, the maximal activities of fully phosphorylated wild-type and mutant enzymes are indistinguishable. On the basis of available structural information, we propose that the activating substitutions destabilize the inactive conformation of MEK1, resulting in its constitutive activity and making it more prone to Raf-mediated phosphorylation. Experiments in zebrafish revealed that the effects of activating variants on embryonic development reflect the joint control of the negative regulatory region and activating phosphorylation. Our results underscore the complexity of the effects of activating mutations on signaling systems, even at the level of a single protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Granton A Jindal
- From the Departments of Chemical and Biological Engineering and.,Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544 and.,Molecular Biology
| | - Yogesh Goyal
- From the Departments of Chemical and Biological Engineering and.,Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544 and.,Molecular Biology
| | - John M Humphreys
- the Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390-8816
| | - Eyan Yeung
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544 and.,Molecular Biology
| | - Kaijia Tian
- From the Departments of Chemical and Biological Engineering and.,Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544 and
| | - Victoria L Patterson
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544 and.,Molecular Biology
| | - Haixia He
- the Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390-8816
| | | | - Elizabeth J Goldsmith
- the Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390-8816
| | - Stanislav Y Shvartsman
- From the Departments of Chemical and Biological Engineering and .,Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544 and.,Molecular Biology
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32
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Schuhmacher AJ, Hernández-Porras I, García-Medina R, Guerra C. Noonan syndrome: lessons learned from genetically modified mouse models. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2017; 12:367-378. [PMID: 30058892 DOI: 10.1080/17446651.2017.1361821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Noonan syndrome is a RASopathy that results from activating mutations in different members of the RAS/MAPK signaling pathway. At least eleven members of this pathway have been found mutated, PTPN11 being the most frequently mutated gene affecting about 50% of the patients, followed by SOS1 (10%), RAF1 (10%) and KRAS (5%). Recently, even more infrequent mutations have been newly identified by next generation sequencing. This spectrum of mutations leads to a broad variety of clinical symptoms such as cardiopathies, short stature, facial dysmorphia and neurocognitive impairment. The genetic variability of this syndrome makes it difficult to establish a genotype-phenotype correlation, which will greatly help in the clinical management of the patients. Areas covered: Studies performed with different genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) developed up to date. Expert commentary: GEMMs have helped us understand the role of some genes and the effect of the different mutations in the development of the syndrome. However, few models have been developed and more characterization of the existing ones should be performed to learn about the impact of the different modifiers in the phenotypes, the potential cancer risk in patients, as well as preventative and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto J Schuhmacher
- a Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón , Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Aragón , Zaragoza , Spain
| | - Isabel Hernández-Porras
- b Molecular Oncology Programs , Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Raquel García-Medina
- b Molecular Oncology Programs , Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Carmen Guerra
- b Molecular Oncology Programs , Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO) , Madrid , Spain
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33
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In vivo severity ranking of Ras pathway mutations associated with developmental disorders. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:510-515. [PMID: 28049852 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1615651114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Germ-line mutations in components of the Ras/MAPK pathway result in developmental disorders called RASopathies, affecting about 1/1,000 human births. Rapid advances in genome sequencing make it possible to identify multiple disease-related mutations, but there is currently no systematic framework for translating this information into patient-specific predictions of disease progression. As a first step toward addressing this issue, we developed a quantitative, inexpensive, and rapid framework that relies on the early zebrafish embryo to assess mutational effects on a common scale. Using this assay, we assessed 16 mutations reported in MEK1, a MAPK kinase, and provide a robust ranking of these mutations. We find that mutations found in cancer are more severe than those found in both RASopathies and cancer, which, in turn, are generally more severe than those found only in RASopathies. Moreover, this rank is conserved in other zebrafish embryonic assays and Drosophila-specific embryonic and adult assays, suggesting that our ranking reflects the intrinsic property of the mutant molecule. Furthermore, this rank is predictive of the drug dose needed to correct the defects. This assay can be readily used to test the strengths of existing and newly found mutations in MEK1 and other pathway components, providing the first step in the development of rational guidelines for patient-specific diagnostics and treatment of RASopathies.
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34
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Grant MG, Patterson VL, Grimes DT, Burdine RD. Modeling Syndromic Congenital Heart Defects in Zebrafish. Curr Top Dev Biol 2017; 124:1-40. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2016.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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35
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Jindal GA, Goyal Y, Burdine RD, Rauen KA, Shvartsman SY. RASopathies: unraveling mechanisms with animal models. Dis Model Mech 2016. [PMID: 26203125 PMCID: PMC4527292 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.020339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
RASopathies are developmental disorders caused by germline mutations in the Ras-MAPK pathway, and are characterized by a broad spectrum of functional and morphological abnormalities. The high incidence of these disorders (∼1/1000 births) motivates the development of systematic approaches for their efficient diagnosis and potential treatment. Recent advances in genome sequencing have greatly facilitated the genotyping and discovery of mutations in affected individuals, but establishing the causal relationships between molecules and disease phenotypes is non-trivial and presents both technical and conceptual challenges. Here, we discuss how these challenges could be addressed using genetically modified model organisms that have been instrumental in delineating the Ras-MAPK pathway and its roles during development. Focusing on studies in mice, zebrafish and Drosophila, we provide an up-to-date review of animal models of RASopathies at the molecular and functional level. We also discuss how increasingly sophisticated techniques of genetic engineering can be used to rigorously connect changes in specific components of the Ras-MAPK pathway with observed functional and morphological phenotypes. Establishing these connections is essential for advancing our understanding of RASopathies and for devising rational strategies for their management and treatment. Summary: Developmental disorders caused by germline mutations in the Ras-MAPK pathway are called RASopathies. Studies with animal models, including mice, zebrafish and Drosophila, continue to enhance our understanding of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Granton A Jindal
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Yogesh Goyal
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Rebecca D Burdine
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Katherine A Rauen
- Department of Pediatrics, MIND Institute, Division of Genomic Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Stanislav Y Shvartsman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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36
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SHP2 sails from physiology to pathology. Eur J Med Genet 2015; 58:509-25. [PMID: 26341048 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Over the two past decades, mutations of the PTPN11 gene, encoding the ubiquitous protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 (SH2 domain-containing tyrosine phosphatase 2), have been identified as the causal factor of several developmental diseases (Noonan syndrome (NS), Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines (NS-ML), and metachondromatosis), and malignancies (juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia). SHP2 plays essential physiological functions in organism development and homeostasis maintenance by regulating fundamental intracellular signaling pathways in response to a wide range of growth factors and hormones, notably the pleiotropic Ras/Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) and the Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase (PI3K)/AKT cascades. Analysis of the biochemical impacts of PTPN11 mutations first identified both loss-of-function and gain-of-function mutations, as well as more subtle defects, highlighting the major pathophysiological consequences of SHP2 dysregulation. Then, functional genetic studies provided insights into the molecular dysregulations that link SHP2 mutants to the development of specific traits of the diseases, paving the way for the design of specific therapies for affected patients. In this review, we first provide an overview of SHP2's structure and regulation, then describe its molecular roles, notably its functions in modulating the Ras/MAPK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways, and its physiological roles in organism development and homeostasis. In the second part, we describe the different PTPN11 mutation-associated pathologies and their clinical manifestations, with particular focus on the biochemical and signaling outcomes of NS and NS-ML-associated mutations, and on the recent advances regarding the pathophysiology of these diseases.
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37
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Lauriol J, Jaffré F, Kontaridis MI. The role of the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 in cardiac development and disease. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 37:73-81. [PMID: 25256404 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Congenital heart disease is the most common human developmental disorder, affecting ∼1:100 newborns, and is the primary cause of birth-defect related deaths worldwide. As a major regulator of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), cytokine and G-protein coupled receptor signaling, the non-receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 plays a critical role in normal cardiac development and function. Indeed, SHP2 participates in a wide variety of cellular functions, including proliferation, survival, differentiation, migration, and cell-cell communication. Moreover, human activating and inactivating mutations of SHP2 are responsible for two related developmental disorders called Noonan and LEOPARD Syndromes, respectively, which are both characterized, in part, by congenital heart defects. Structural, enzymologic, biochemical, and SHP2 mouse model studies have together greatly enriched our knowledge of SHP2 and, as such, have also uncovered the diverse roles for SHP2 in cardiac development, including its contribution to progenitor cell specification, cardiac morphogenesis, and maturation of cardiac valves and myocardial chambers. By delineating the precise mechanisms by which SHP2 is involved in regulating these processes, we can begin to better understand the pathogenesis of cardiac disease and find more strategic and effective therapies for treatment of patients with congenital heart disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Lauriol
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Fabrice Jaffré
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Maria I Kontaridis
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
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38
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In vivo knockdown of ErbB3 in mice inhibits Schwann cell precursor migration. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 452:782-8. [PMID: 25204498 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.08.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The myelin sheath insulates neuronal axons and markedly increases the nerve conduction velocity. In the peripheral nervous system (PNS), Schwann cell precursors migrate along embryonic neuronal axons to their final destinations, where they eventually wrap around individual axons to form the myelin sheath after birth. ErbB2 and ErbB3 tyrosine kinase receptors form a heterodimer and are extensively expressed in Schwann lineage cells. ErbB2/3 is thought to be one of the primary regulators controlling the entire Schwann cell development. ErbB3 is the bona fide Schwann cell receptor for the neuronal ligand neuregulin-1. Although ErbB2/3 is well known to regulate both Schwann cell precursor migration and myelination by Schwann cells in fishes, it still remains unclear whether in mammals, ErbB2/3 actually regulates Schwann cell precursor migration. Here, we show that knockdown of ErbB3 using a Schwann cell-specific promoter in mice causes delayed migration of Schwann cell precursors. In contrast, littermate control mice display normal migration. Similar results are seen in an in vitro migration assay using reaggregated Schwann cell precursors. Also, ErbB3 knockdown in mice reduces myelin thickness in sciatic nerves, consistent with the established role of ErbB3 in myelination. Thus, ErbB3 plays a key role in migration, as well as in myelination, in mouse Schwann lineage cells, presenting a genetically conservative role of ErbB3 in Schwann cell precursor migration.
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39
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Paardekooper Overman J, Preisinger C, Prummel K, Bonetti M, Giansanti P, Heck A, den Hertog J. Phosphoproteomics-mediated identification of Fer kinase as a target of mutant Shp2 in Noonan and LEOPARD syndrome. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106682. [PMID: 25184253 PMCID: PMC4153654 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Noonan syndrome (NS) and LEOPARD syndrome (LS) cause congenital afflictions such as short stature, hypertelorism and heart defects. More than 50% of NS and almost all of LS cases are caused by activating and inactivating mutations of the phosphatase Shp2, respectively. How these biochemically opposing mutations lead to similar clinical outcomes is not clear. Using zebrafish models of NS and LS and mass spectrometry-based phosphotyrosine proteomics, we identified a down-regulated peptide of Fer kinase in both NS and LS. Further investigation showed a role for Fer during development, where morpholino-based knockdown caused craniofacial defects, heart edema and short stature. During gastrulation, loss of Fer caused convergence and extension defects without affecting cell fate. Moreover, Fer knockdown cooperated with NS and LS, but not wild type Shp2 to induce developmental defects, suggesting a role for Fer in the pathogenesis of both NS and LS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Paardekooper Overman
- Hubrecht Institute-Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Preisinger
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Proteomics Facility, Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research Aachen, Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Karin Prummel
- Hubrecht Institute-Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Monica Bonetti
- Hubrecht Institute-Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Piero Giansanti
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Centre for Biomedical Genetics, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen den Hertog
- Hubrecht Institute-Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Institute Biology Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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40
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Flex E, Jaiswal M, Pantaleoni F, Martinelli S, Strullu M, Fansa EK, Caye A, De Luca A, Lepri F, Dvorsky R, Pannone L, Paolacci S, Zhang SC, Fodale V, Bocchinfuso G, Rossi C, Burkitt-Wright EMM, Farrotti A, Stellacci E, Cecchetti S, Ferese R, Bottero L, Castro S, Fenneteau O, Brethon B, Sanchez M, Roberts AE, Yntema HG, Van Der Burgt I, Cianci P, Bondeson ML, Cristina Digilio M, Zampino G, Kerr B, Aoki Y, Loh ML, Palleschi A, Di Schiavi E, Carè A, Selicorni A, Dallapiccola B, Cirstea IC, Stella L, Zenker M, Gelb BD, Cavé H, Ahmadian MR, Tartaglia M. Activating mutations in RRAS underlie a phenotype within the RASopathy spectrum and contribute to leukaemogenesis. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:4315-27. [PMID: 24705357 PMCID: PMC4103678 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
RASopathies, a family of disorders characterized by cardiac defects, defective growth, facial dysmorphism, variable cognitive deficits and predisposition to certain malignancies, are caused by constitutional dysregulation of RAS signalling predominantly through the RAF/MEK/ERK (MAPK) cascade. We report on two germline mutations (p.Gly39dup and p.Val55Met) in RRAS, a gene encoding a small monomeric GTPase controlling cell adhesion, spreading and migration, underlying a rare (2 subjects among 504 individuals analysed) and variable phenotype with features partially overlapping Noonan syndrome, the most common RASopathy. We also identified somatic RRAS mutations (p.Gly39dup and p.Gln87Leu) in 2 of 110 cases of non-syndromic juvenile myelomonocytic leukaemia, a childhood myeloproliferative/myelodysplastic disease caused by upregulated RAS signalling, defining an atypical form of this haematological disorder rapidly progressing to acute myeloid leukaemia. Two of the three identified mutations affected known oncogenic hotspots of RAS genes and conferred variably enhanced RRAS function and stimulus-dependent MAPK activation. Expression of an RRAS mutant homolog in Caenorhabditis elegans enhanced RAS signalling and engendered protruding vulva, a phenotype previously linked to the RASopathy-causing SHOC2(S2G) mutant. Overall, these findings provide evidence of a functional link between RRAS and MAPK signalling and reveal an unpredicted role of enhanced RRAS function in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Flex
- Dipartimento di Ematologia, Oncologia e Medicina Molecolare and
| | - Mamta Jaiswal
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie II, Medizinische Fakultät der Heinrich-Heine Universitat, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | | | | | - Marion Strullu
- Genetics Department, INSERM UMR_S940, Institut Universitaire D'Hématologie (IUH), Université Paris-Diderot Sorbonne-Paris-Cité, Paris 75010, France
| | - Eyad K Fansa
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie II, Medizinische Fakultät der Heinrich-Heine Universitat, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Aurélie Caye
- Genetics Department, INSERM UMR_S940, Institut Universitaire D'Hématologie (IUH), Université Paris-Diderot Sorbonne-Paris-Cité, Paris 75010, France
| | - Alessandro De Luca
- Laboratorio Mendel, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico-Casa Sollievo Della Sofferenza, Rome 00198, Italy
| | | | - Radovan Dvorsky
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie II, Medizinische Fakultät der Heinrich-Heine Universitat, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Luca Pannone
- Dipartimento di Ematologia, Oncologia e Medicina Molecolare and
| | | | - Si-Cai Zhang
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie II, Medizinische Fakultät der Heinrich-Heine Universitat, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | | | - Gianfranco Bocchinfuso
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università 'Tor Vergata', Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Cesare Rossi
- UO Genetica Medica, Policlinico S.Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna 40138, Italy
| | - Emma M M Burkitt-Wright
- Genetic Medicine, Academic Health Science Centre, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Andrea Farrotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università 'Tor Vergata', Rome 00133, Italy
| | | | - Serena Cecchetti
- Dipartimento di Biologia Cellulare e Neuroscienze, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Rosangela Ferese
- Laboratorio Mendel, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico-Casa Sollievo Della Sofferenza, Rome 00198, Italy
| | | | - Silvana Castro
- Istituto di Genetica e Biofisica 'A. Buzzati Traverso', Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, Naples 80131, Italy
| | | | - Benoît Brethon
- Pediatric Hematology Department, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris 75019, France
| | - Massimo Sanchez
- Dipartimento di Biologia Cellulare e Neuroscienze, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Amy E Roberts
- Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, and Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Helger G Yntema
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Centre, and Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6500, The Netherlands
| | - Ineke Van Der Burgt
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Centre, and Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6500, The Netherlands
| | - Paola Cianci
- Genetica Clinica Pediatrica, Clinica Pediatrica Università Milano Bicocca, Fondazione MBBM, A.O. S. Gerardo, Monza 20900, Italy
| | - Marie-Louise Bondeson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75237, Sweden
| | | | - Giuseppe Zampino
- Istituto di Clinica Pediatrica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - Bronwyn Kerr
- Genetic Medicine, Academic Health Science Centre, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Yoko Aoki
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Mignon L Loh
- Department of Pediatrics, Benioff Children's Hospital, University of California School of Medicine, and the Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Antonio Palleschi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università 'Tor Vergata', Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Elia Di Schiavi
- Istituto di Genetica e Biofisica 'A. Buzzati Traverso', Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Alessandra Carè
- Dipartimento di Ematologia, Oncologia e Medicina Molecolare and
| | - Angelo Selicorni
- Genetica Clinica Pediatrica, Clinica Pediatrica Università Milano Bicocca, Fondazione MBBM, A.O. S. Gerardo, Monza 20900, Italy
| | | | - Ion C Cirstea
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie II, Medizinische Fakultät der Heinrich-Heine Universitat, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany, Leibniz Institute for Age Research, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Lorenzo Stella
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università 'Tor Vergata', Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Martin Zenker
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital of Magdeburg, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg 39120, Germany
| | - Bruce D Gelb
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Genetics and Department of Genomic Sciences, Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Hélène Cavé
- Genetics Department, INSERM UMR_S940, Institut Universitaire D'Hématologie (IUH), Université Paris-Diderot Sorbonne-Paris-Cité, Paris 75010, France
| | - Mohammad R Ahmadian
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie II, Medizinische Fakultät der Heinrich-Heine Universitat, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Marco Tartaglia
- Dipartimento di Ematologia, Oncologia e Medicina Molecolare and
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41
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Kelly ML, Astsaturov A, Rhodes J, Chernoff J. A Pak1/Erk signaling module acts through Gata6 to regulate cardiovascular development in zebrafish. Dev Cell 2014; 29:350-9. [PMID: 24823378 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Proper neural crest development and migration is critical during embryonic development, but the molecular mechanisms regulating this process remain incompletely understood. Here, we show that the protein kinase Erk, which plays a central role in a number of key developmental processes in vertebrates, is regulated in the developing neural crest by p21-activated protein kinase 1 (Pak1). Furthermore, we show that activated Erk signals by phosphorylating the transcription factor Gata6 on a conserved serine residue to promote neural crest migration and proper formation of craniofacial structures, pigment cells, and the outflow tract of the heart. Our data suggest an essential role for Pak1 as an Erk activator, and Gata6 as an Erk target, during neural crest development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mollie L Kelly
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Artyom Astsaturov
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Jennifer Rhodes
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Jonathan Chernoff
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA.
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42
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Vissers LELM, Bonetti M, Paardekooper Overman J, Nillesen WM, Frints SGM, de Ligt J, Zampino G, Justino A, Machado JC, Schepens M, Brunner HG, Veltman JA, Scheffer H, Gros P, Costa JL, Tartaglia M, van der Burgt I, Yntema HG, den Hertog J. Heterozygous germline mutations in A2ML1 are associated with a disorder clinically related to Noonan syndrome. Eur J Hum Genet 2014; 23:317-24. [PMID: 24939586 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2014.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Noonan syndrome (NS) is a developmental disorder characterized by short stature, facial dysmorphisms and congenital heart defects. To date, all mutations known to cause NS are dominant, activating mutations in signal transducers of the RAS/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. In 25% of cases, however, the genetic cause of NS remains elusive, suggesting that factors other than those involved in the canonical RAS/MAPK pathway may also have a role. Here, we used family-based whole exome sequencing of a case-parent trio and identified a de novo mutation, p.(Arg802His), in A2ML1, which encodes the secreted protease inhibitor α-2-macroglobulin (A2M)-like-1. Subsequent resequencing of A2ML1 in 155 cases with a clinical diagnosis of NS led to the identification of additional mutations in two families, p.(Arg802Leu) and p.(Arg592Leu). Functional characterization of these human A2ML1 mutations in zebrafish showed NS-like developmental defects, including a broad head, blunted face and cardiac malformations. Using the crystal structure of A2M, which is highly homologous to A2ML1, we identified the intramolecular interaction partner of p.Arg802. Mutation of this residue, p.Glu906, induced similar developmental defects in zebrafish, strengthening our conclusion that mutations in A2ML1 cause a disorder clinically related to NS. This is the first report of the involvement of an extracellular factor in a disorder clinically related to RASopathies, providing potential new leads for better understanding of the molecular basis of this family of developmental diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisenka E L M Vissers
- 1] Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands [2] Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands [3] Donders Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Monica Bonetti
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Willy M Nillesen
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Suzanna G M Frints
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joep de Ligt
- 1] Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands [2] Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands [3] Donders Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Giuseppe Zampino
- Dipartimento di Pediatria, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Ana Justino
- IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - José C Machado
- IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marga Schepens
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Han G Brunner
- 1] Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands [2] Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands [3] Donders Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Joris A Veltman
- 1] Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands [2] Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands [3] Donders Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Scheffer
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Piet Gros
- Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - José L Costa
- IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marco Tartaglia
- Dipartimento di Ematologia, Oncologia e Medicina Molecolare, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Ineke van der Burgt
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Helger G Yntema
- 1] Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands [2] Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen den Hertog
- 1] Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands [2] Institute of Biology, Leiden, The Netherlands
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43
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PZR coordinates Shp2 Noonan and LEOPARD syndrome signaling in zebrafish and mice. Mol Cell Biol 2014; 34:2874-89. [PMID: 24865967 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00135-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Noonan syndrome (NS) is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by activating mutations in the PTPN11 gene encoding Shp2, which manifests in congenital heart disease, short stature, and facial dysmorphia. The complexity of Shp2 signaling is exemplified by the observation that LEOPARD syndrome (LS) patients possess inactivating PTPN11 mutations yet exhibit similar symptoms to NS. Here, we identify "protein zero-related" (PZR), a transmembrane glycoprotein that interfaces with the extracellular matrix to promote cell migration, as a major hyper-tyrosyl-phosphorylated protein in mouse and zebrafish models of NS and LS. PZR hyper-tyrosyl phosphorylation is facilitated in a phosphatase-independent manner by enhanced Src recruitment to NS and LS Shp2. In zebrafish, PZR overexpression recapitulated NS and LS phenotypes. PZR was required for zebrafish gastrulation in a manner dependent upon PZR tyrosyl phosphorylation. Hence, we identify PZR as an NS and LS target. Enhanced PZR-mediated membrane recruitment of Shp2 serves as a common mechanism to direct overlapping pathophysiological characteristics of these PTPN11 mutations.
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44
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Bonetti M, Rodriguez-Martinez V, Paardekooper Overman J, Overvoorde J, van Eekelen M, Jopling C, den Hertog J. Distinct and overlapping functions of ptpn11 genes in Zebrafish development. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94884. [PMID: 24736444 PMCID: PMC3988099 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The PTPN11 (protein-tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 11) gene encodes SHP2, a cytoplasmic PTP that is essential for vertebrate development. Mutations in PTPN11 are associated with Noonan and LEOPARD syndrome. Human patients with these autosomal dominant disorders display various symptoms, including short stature, craniofacial defects and heart abnormalities. We have used the zebrafish as a model to investigate the role of Shp2 in embryonic development. The zebrafish genome encodes two ptpn11 genes, ptpn11a and ptpn11b. Here, we report that ptpn11a is expressed constitutively and ptpn11b expression is strongly upregulated during development. In addition, the products of both ptpn11 genes, Shp2a and Shp2b, are functional. Target-selected inactivation of ptpn11a and ptpn11b revealed that double homozygous mutants are embryonic lethal at 5-6 days post fertilization (dpf). Ptpn11a-/-ptpn11b-/- embryos showed pleiotropic defects from 4 dpf onwards, including reduced body axis extension and craniofacial defects, which was accompanied by low levels of phosphorylated Erk at 5 dpf. Interestingly, defects in homozygous ptpn11a-/- mutants overlapped with defects in the double mutants albeit they were milder, whereas ptpn11b-/- single mutants did not show detectable developmental defects and were viable and fertile. Ptpn11a-/-ptpn11b-/- mutants were rescued by expression of exogenous ptpn11a and ptpn11b alike, indicating functional redundance of Shp2a and Shp2b. The ptpn11 mutants provide a good basis for further unravelling of the function of Shp2 in vertebrate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Bonetti
- Hubrecht Institute-Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Virginia Rodriguez-Martinez
- Hubrecht Institute-Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Paardekooper Overman
- Hubrecht Institute-Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - John Overvoorde
- Hubrecht Institute-Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mark van Eekelen
- Hubrecht Institute-Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Chris Jopling
- Hubrecht Institute-Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen den Hertog
- Hubrecht Institute-Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Institute of Biology, Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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45
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Bu Y, Su F, Wang X, Gao H, Lei L, Chang N, Wu Q, Hu K, Zhu X, Chang Z, Meng K, Xiong JW. Protein tyrosine phosphatase PTPN9 regulates erythroid cell development through STAT3 dephosphorylation in zebrafish. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:2761-70. [PMID: 24727614 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.145367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are involved in hematopoiesis, but the function of many PTPs is not well characterized in vivo. Here, we have identified Ptpn9a, an ortholog of human PTPN9, as a crucial regulator of erythroid cell development in zebrafish embryos. ptpn9a, but not ptpn9b, was expressed in the posterior lateral plate mesoderm and intermediate cell mass - two primitive hematopoietic sites during zebrafish embryogenesis. Morpholino-mediated knockdown of ptpn9a caused erythrocytes to be depleted by inhibiting erythroid cell maturation without affecting erythroid proliferation and apoptosis. Consistently, both dominant-negative PTPN9 (with mutation C515S) and siRNA against PTPN9 inhibited erythroid differentiation in human K562 cells. Mechanistically, depletion of ptpn9 in zebrafish embryos in vivo or in K562 cells in vitro increased phosphorylated STAT3, and the hyper-phosphorylated STAT3 entrapped and prevented the transcription factors GATA1 and ZBP-89 (also known as ZNF148) from regulating erythroid gene expression. These findings imply that PTPN9 plays an important role in erythropoiesis by disrupting an inhibitory complex of phosphorylated STAT3, GATA1 and ZBP-89, providing new cellular and molecular insights into the role of ptpn9a in developmental hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Bu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Fuqin Su
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, School of Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Xu Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Hai Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100094 China
| | - Lei Lei
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Nannan Chang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Qing Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Keping Hu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100094 China
| | - Xiaojun Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Zhijie Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, School of Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Kun Meng
- Beijing Shenogen Biomedical Company Ltd, Beijing, 100085 China
| | - Jing-Wei Xiong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
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46
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Bonetti M, Paardekooper Overman J, Tessadori F, Noël E, Bakkers J, den Hertog J. Noonan and LEOPARD syndrome Shp2 variants induce heart displacement defects in zebrafish. Development 2014; 141:1961-70. [PMID: 24718990 DOI: 10.1242/dev.106310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Germline mutations in PTPN11, encoding Shp2, cause Noonan syndrome (NS) and LEOPARD syndrome (LS), two developmental disorders that are characterized by multiple overlapping symptoms. Interestingly, Shp2 catalytic activity is enhanced by NS mutations and reduced by LS mutations. Defective cardiac development is a prominent symptom of both NS and LS, but how the Shp2 variants affect cardiac development is unclear. Here, we have expressed the most common NS and LS Shp2-variants in zebrafish embryos to investigate their role in cardiac development in vivo. Heart function was impaired in embryos expressing NS and LS variants of Shp2. The cardiac anomalies first occurred during elongation of the heart tube and consisted of reduced cardiomyocyte migration, coupled with impaired leftward heart displacement. Expression of specific laterality markers was randomized in embryos expressing NS and LS variants of Shp2. Ciliogenesis and cilia function in Kupffer's vesicle was impaired, likely accounting for the left/right asymmetry defects. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling was activated to a similar extent in embryos expressing NS and LS Shp2 variants. Interestingly, inhibition of MAPK signaling prior to gastrulation rescued cilia length and heart laterality defects. These results suggest that NS and LS Shp2 variant-mediated hyperactivation of MAPK signaling leads to impaired cilia function in Kupffer's vesicle, causing left-right asymmetry defects and defective early cardiac development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Bonetti
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 CT, The Netherlands
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47
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Paardekooper Overman J, den Hertog J. Zebrafish as a model to study PTPs during development. Methods 2014; 65:247-53. [PMID: 23974070 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2013.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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48
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Khodiyar VK, Howe D, Talmud PJ, Breckenridge R, Lovering RC. From zebrafish heart jogging genes to mouse and human orthologs: using Gene Ontology to investigate mammalian heart development. F1000Res 2013; 2:242. [PMID: 24627794 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.2-242.v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
For the majority of organs in developing vertebrate embryos, left-right asymmetry is controlled by a ciliated region; the left-right organizer node in the mouse and human, and the Kuppfer's vesicle in the zebrafish. In the zebrafish, laterality cues from the Kuppfer's vesicle determine asymmetry in the developing heart, the direction of 'heart jogging' and the direction of 'heart looping'. 'Heart jogging' is the term given to the process by which the symmetrical zebrafish heart tube is displaced relative to the dorsal midline, with a leftward 'jog'. Heart jogging is not considered to occur in mammals, although a leftward shift of the developing mouse caudal heart does occur prior to looping, which may be analogous to zebrafish heart jogging. Previous studies have characterized 30 genes involved in zebrafish heart jogging, the majority of which have well defined orthologs in mouse and human and many of these orthologs have been associated with early mammalian heart development. We undertook manual curation of a specific set of genes associated with heart development and we describe the use of Gene Ontology term enrichment analyses to examine the cellular processes associated with heart jogging. We found that the human, mouse and zebrafish 'heart jogging orthologs' are involved in similar organ developmental processes across the three species, such as heart, kidney and nervous system development, as well as more specific cellular processes such as cilium development and function. The results of these analyses are consistent with a role for cilia in the determination of left-right asymmetry of many internal organs, in addition to their known role in zebrafish heart jogging. This study highlights the importance of model organisms in the study of human heart development, and emphasises both the conservation and divergence of developmental processes across vertebrates, as well as the limitations of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsha K Khodiyar
- Cardiovascular GO Annotation Initiative, Centre for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Doug Howe
- The Zebrafish Model Organism Database, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403-5291, USA
| | - Philippa J Talmud
- Cardiovascular GO Annotation Initiative, Centre for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Ross Breckenridge
- Centre for Metabolism and Experimental Therapeutics, University College London, London, WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Ruth C Lovering
- Cardiovascular GO Annotation Initiative, Centre for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, WC1E 6JF, UK
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49
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Khodiyar VK, Howe D, Talmud PJ, Breckenridge R, Lovering RC. From zebrafish heart jogging genes to mouse and human orthologs: using Gene Ontology to investigate mammalian heart development. F1000Res 2013; 2:242. [PMID: 24627794 PMCID: PMC3931453 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.2-242.v2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
For the majority of organs in developing vertebrate embryos, left-right asymmetry is controlled by a ciliated region; the left-right organizer node in the mouse and human, and the Kuppfer’s vesicle in the zebrafish. In the zebrafish, laterality cues from the Kuppfer’s vesicle determine asymmetry in the developing heart, the direction of ‘heart jogging’ and the direction of ‘heart looping’. ‘Heart jogging’ is the term given to the process by which the symmetrical zebrafish heart tube is displaced relative to the dorsal midline, with a leftward ‘jog’. Heart jogging is not considered to occur in mammals, although a leftward shift of the developing mouse caudal heart does occur prior to looping, which may be analogous to zebrafish heart jogging. Previous studies have characterized 30 genes involved in zebrafish heart jogging, the majority of which have well defined orthologs in mouse and human and many of these orthologs have been associated with early mammalian heart development. We undertook manual curation of a specific set of genes associated with heart development and we describe the use of Gene Ontology term enrichment analyses to examine the cellular processes associated with heart jogging. We found that the human, mouse and zebrafish ‘heart jogging orthologs’ are involved in similar organ developmental processes across the three species, such as heart, kidney and nervous system development, as well as more specific cellular processes such as cilium development and function. The results of these analyses are consistent with a role for cilia in the determination of left-right asymmetry of many internal organs, in addition to their known role in zebrafish heart jogging. This study highlights the importance of model organisms in the study of human heart development, and emphasises both the conservation and divergence of developmental processes across vertebrates, as well as the limitations of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsha K Khodiyar
- Cardiovascular GO Annotation Initiative, Centre for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Doug Howe
- The Zebrafish Model Organism Database, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403-5291, USA
| | - Philippa J Talmud
- Cardiovascular GO Annotation Initiative, Centre for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Ross Breckenridge
- Centre for Metabolism and Experimental Therapeutics, University College London, London, WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Ruth C Lovering
- Cardiovascular GO Annotation Initiative, Centre for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, WC1E 6JF, UK
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50
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van Ameijde J, Overvoorde J, Knapp S, den Hertog J, Ruijtenbeek R, Liskamp RMJ. Real-Time Monitoring of the Dephosphorylating Activity of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases Using Microarrays with 3-Nitrophosphotyrosine Substrates. Chempluschem 2013; 78:1349-1357. [PMID: 31986648 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201300299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatases and kinases regulate the crucial phosphorylation post-translational modification. In spite of their similarly important role in many diseases and therapeutic potential, phosphatases have received arguably less attention. One reason for this is a scarcity of high-throughput phosphatase assays. Herein, a new real-time, dynamic protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) substrate microarray assay measuring product formation is described. PTP substrates comprising a novel 3-nitrophosphotyrosine residue are immobilized in discrete spots. After reaction catalyzed by a PTP a 3-nitrotyrosine residue is formed that can be detected by specific, sequence-independent antibodies. The resulting microarray was successfully evaluated with a panel of recombinant PTPs and cell lysates, which afforded results comparable to data from other assays. Its parallel nature, convenience, and low sample requirements facilitate investigation of the therapeutically relevant PTP enzyme family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen van Ameijde
- Medicinal Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht (The Netherlands), Fax: (+31) (0)30-253-6655.,Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Padualaan 8, 3584 CA Utrecht (The Netherlands)
| | - John Overvoorde
- Hubrecht Institute, KNAW and University Medical Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3508 AD Utrecht (The Netherlands)
| | - Stefan Knapp
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Oxford University, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ (U.K.)
| | - Jeroen den Hertog
- Hubrecht Institute, KNAW and University Medical Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3508 AD Utrecht (The Netherlands).,Institute of Biology, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden (The Netherlands)
| | - Rob Ruijtenbeek
- Pamgene International Ltd. Wolvenhoek 10, 5200 BJ Den Bosch (The Netherlands)
| | - Rob M J Liskamp
- Medicinal Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht (The Netherlands), Fax: (+31) (0)30-253-6655.,School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, Glasgow University, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ (U.K.)
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