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Hu Y, Kong F, Guo H, Hua Y, Zhu Y, Zhang C, Qadeer A, Xiao Y, Cai Q, Ji S. Drosophila eIF3f1 mediates host immune defense by targeting dTak1. EMBO Rep 2024; 25:1415-1435. [PMID: 38279019 PMCID: PMC10933477 DOI: 10.1038/s44319-024-00067-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic translation initiation factors have long been recognized for their critical roles in governing the translation of coding RNAs into peptides/proteins. However, whether they harbor functional activities at the post-translational level remains poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that eIF3f1 (eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit f1), which encodes an archetypal deubiquitinase, is essential for the antimicrobial innate immune defense of Drosophila melanogaster. Our in vitro and in vivo evidence indicate that the immunological function of eIF3f1 is dependent on the N-terminal JAMM (JAB1/MPN/Mov34 metalloenzymes) domain. Mechanistically, eIF3f1 physically associates with dTak1 (Drosophila TGF-beta activating kinase 1), a key regulator of the IMD (immune deficiency) signaling pathway, and mediates the turnover of dTak1 by specifically restricting its K48-linked ubiquitination. Collectively, these results provide compelling insight into a noncanonical molecular function of a translation initiation factor that controls the post-translational modification of a target protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Hu
- Center for Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Institutes of Brain Science, Wannan Medical College, 241002, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Fanrui Kong
- Center for Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Resource Insect Biology and Innovative Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Huimin Guo
- Center for Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Center for Biological Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yongzhi Hua
- Center for Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yangyang Zhu
- Center for Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Resource Insect Biology and Innovative Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Chuchu Zhang
- Center for Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Resource Insect Biology and Innovative Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Abdul Qadeer
- Center for Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Resource Insect Biology and Innovative Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yihua Xiao
- Center for Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Resource Insect Biology and Innovative Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Qingshuang Cai
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, 67400, France.
| | - Shanming Ji
- Center for Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036, Hefei, Anhui, China.
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Resource Insect Biology and Innovative Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036, Hefei, Anhui, China.
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Liu M, Yang S, Yang J, Feng P, Luo F, Zhang Q, Yang L, Jiang H. BubR1 controls starvation-induced lipolysis via IMD signaling pathway in Drosophila. Aging (Albany NY) 2024; 16:3257-3279. [PMID: 38334966 PMCID: PMC10929803 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Lipolysis, the key process releasing fat acids to generate energy in adipose tissues, correlates with starvation resistance. Nevertheless, its detail mechanisms remain elusive. BubR1, an essential mitotic regulator, ensures proper chromosome alignment and segregation during mitosis, but its physiological functions are largely unknown. Here, we use Drosophila adult fat body, the major lipid storage organ, to study the functions of BubR1 in lipolysis. We show that both whole body- and fat body-specific BubR1 depletions increase lipid degradation and shorten the lifespan under fasting but not feeding. Relish, the conserved regulator of IMD signaling pathway, acts as the downstream target of BubR1 to control the expression level of Bmm and modulate the lipolysis upon fasting. Thus, our study reveals new functions of BubR1 in starvation-induced lipolysis and provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms of lipolysis mediated by IMD signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyou Liu
- Laboratory for Aging and Cancer Research, Frontiers Science Center Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
- Clinical Trial Center, National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Clinical Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drugs, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Shengye Yang
- Laboratory for Aging and Cancer Research, Frontiers Science Center Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
- Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Jingsi Yang
- Laboratory for Aging and Cancer Research, Frontiers Science Center Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Ping Feng
- Clinical Trial Center, National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Clinical Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drugs, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Feng Luo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
- Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Qiaoqiao Zhang
- Laboratory for Aging and Cancer Research, Frontiers Science Center Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and Sichuan University-University of Oxford Huaxi Joint Centre for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Hao Jiang
- Laboratory for Aging and Cancer Research, Frontiers Science Center Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
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3
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Aalto AL, Luukkonen V, Meinander A. Ubiquitin signalling in Drosophila innate immune responses. FEBS J 2023. [PMID: 38069549 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Cells respond to invading pathogens and danger signals from the environment by adapting gene expression to meet the need for protective effector molecules. While this innate immune response is required for the cell and the organism to recover, excess immune activation may lead to loss of homeostasis, thereby promoting chronic inflammation and cancer progression. The molecular basis of innate immune defence is comprised of factors promoting survival and proliferation, such as cytokines, antimicrobial peptides and anti-apoptotic proteins. As the molecular mechanisms regulating innate immune responses are conserved through evolution, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster serves as a convenient, affordable and ethical model organism to enhance understanding of immune signalling. Fly immunity against bacterial infection is built up by both cellular and humoral responses, where the latter is regulated by the Imd and Toll pathways activating NF-κB transcription factors Relish, Dorsal and Dif, as well as JNK activation and JAK/STAT signalling. As in mammals, the Drosophila innate immune signalling pathways are characterised by ubiquitination of signalling molecules followed by ubiquitin receptors binding to the ubiquitin chains, as well as by rapid changes in protein levels by ubiquitin-mediated targeted proteasomal and lysosomal degradation. In this review, we summarise the molecular signalling pathways regulating immune responses to pathogen infection in Drosophila, with a focus on ubiquitin-dependent control of innate immunity and inflammatory signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Aalto
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES Research Flagship, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Veera Luukkonen
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Annika Meinander
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES Research Flagship, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
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4
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Pan W, Yao X, Lin L, Liu X, Jin P, Ma F. The Relish/miR-275/Dredd mediated negative feedback loop is crucial to restoring immune homeostasis of Drosophila Imd pathway. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 162:104013. [PMID: 37804878 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2023.104013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
The NF-κB/Relish, as a core transcription factor of Drosophila immune deficiency (Imd) pathway, activates the transcriptions of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) to combat gram-negative bacterial infections, but its role in regulating miRNA expression during immune response has less been reported. We here describe a negative feedback loop of Imd signaling mediated by Relish/miR-275/Dredd that controls Drosophila immune homeostasis after Escherichia coli (E. coli) infection. Our results demonstrate that Relish may directly activate the transcription of miR-275 via binding to its promoter in vitro and vivo, particularly miR-275 further inhibits the expression of Dredd through binding to its 3'UTR to negatively control Drosophila Imd immune response. Remarkably, the ectopic expression of miR-275 significantly reduces Drosophila lifespan. More importantly, our work uncovers a new mechanism by which Relish can flexibly switch its role to maintain Drosophila immune response and homeostasis during infection. Collectively, our study not only reveals the functional duality of Relish in regulating immune response of Drosophila Imd pathway, but also provides a new insight into the maintenance of animal innate immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanwan Pan
- Laboratory for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Xiaolong Yao
- Laboratory for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Lu Lin
- Laboratory for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Xiaoqi Liu
- Laboratory for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Ping Jin
- Laboratory for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210046, China.
| | - Fei Ma
- Laboratory for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210046, China.
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5
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Bossen J, Kühle JP, Roeder T. The tracheal immune system of insects - A blueprint for understanding epithelial immunity. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 157:103960. [PMID: 37235953 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2023.103960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The unique design of respiratory organs in multicellular organisms makes them prone to infection by pathogens. To cope with this vulnerability, highly effective local immune systems evolved that are also operative in the tracheal system of insects. Many pathogens and parasites (including viruses, bacteria, fungi, and metazoan parasites) colonize the trachea or invade the host via this route. Currently, only two modules of the tracheal immune system have been characterized in depth: 1) Immune deficiency pathway-mediated activation of antimicrobial peptide gene expression and 2) local melanization processes that protect the structure from wounding. There is an urgent need to increase our understanding of the architecture of tracheal immune systems, especially regarding those mechanisms that enable the maintenance of immune homeostasis. This need for new studies is particularly exigent for species other than Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Bossen
- Kiel University, Zoology, Dept, Molecular Physiology, Kiel, Germany; Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany
| | - Jan-Philip Kühle
- Kiel University, Zoology, Dept, Molecular Physiology, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Roeder
- Kiel University, Zoology, Dept, Molecular Physiology, Kiel, Germany; Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany.
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6
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Li X, Yang S, Wang S, Shi Y, Dai Y, Zhang X, Liu Y, Guo Y, He J, Xiu M. Regulation and mechanism of Astragalus polysaccharide on ameliorating aging in Drosophila melanogaster. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 234:123632. [PMID: 36801290 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Astragalus polysaccharide (APS) is a notable bioactive component of Astragalus membranaceus and has been extensively investigated for its pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, neuroprotection, and anticancer effects. However, the beneficial effects and mechanisms of APS on anti-aging diseases remain largely unknown. Here, we utilized the classic model organism Drosophila melanogaster to investigate the beneficial effects and mechanism of APS on aging-related intestinal homeostasis imbalance, sleeping disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases. The results showed that administration of APS significantly attenuated age-associated disruption of the intestinal barrier, loss of gastrointestinal acid-base balance, reduction in intestinal length, overproliferation of the intestinal stem cells (ISCs), and sleeping disorders upon aging. Furthermore, APS supplementation delayed the onset of Alzheimer's phenotypes in Aβ42-induced Alzheimer's disease (AD) flies, including the extension of lifespan and the increase in motility, but without rescuing neurobehavioral deficits in the AD model of taupathy and Parkinson's disease (PD) model of Pink1 mutation. In addition, transcriptomics was used to dissect updated mechanisms of APS on anti-aging, such as JAK-STAT signaling, Toll signaling, and IMD signaling pathways. Taken together, these studies indicate that APS plays a beneficial role in modulating aging-related diseases, thereby as a potential natural drug to delay aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Li
- College of Public Health, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China; Institute of Infection, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Shipei Yang
- Provincial-level Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine of Major Diseases and The Prevention and Treatment with Traditional Chinese Medicine Research in Gansu Colleges and University, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China; College of Basic Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Shuwei Wang
- College of Public Health, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yan Shi
- Provincial-level Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine of Major Diseases and The Prevention and Treatment with Traditional Chinese Medicine Research in Gansu Colleges and University, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China; College of Basic Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yuting Dai
- College of Public Health, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xueyan Zhang
- College of Public Health, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yongqi Liu
- Provincial-level Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine of Major Diseases and The Prevention and Treatment with Traditional Chinese Medicine Research in Gansu Colleges and University, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China; Key Laboratory for Transfer of Dunhuang Medicine at the Provincial and Ministerial Level, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yaqiong Guo
- Second Provincial People's Hospital of Gansu, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jianzheng He
- Provincial-level Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine of Major Diseases and The Prevention and Treatment with Traditional Chinese Medicine Research in Gansu Colleges and University, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China; College of Basic Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China; Key Laboratory for Transfer of Dunhuang Medicine at the Provincial and Ministerial Level, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Minghui Xiu
- College of Public Health, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China; Key Laboratory for Transfer of Dunhuang Medicine at the Provincial and Ministerial Level, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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7
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Li Q, Zhang C, Zhang C, Duan R, Hua Y. CG4968 positively regulates the immune deficiency pathway by targeting Imd protein in Drosophila. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14870. [PMID: 36778143 PMCID: PMC9912943 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster relies solely on innate immunity to defend against various microbial pathogens. Although it is well-known that the adaptor protein Imd undergoes K63-linked ubiquitination to activate the downstream signaling cascades, its involvement with K48-linked ubiquitination and what is responsible for controlling this modification remain largely unknown. In this study, we explored the immunological function of CG4968, which encodes a typical ovarian tumour-associated protease (OTU)-type deubiquitinase (Dub) in flies. Our in vitro and vivo evidence demonstrated that CG4968 plays a positive role in governing the immune deficiency (IMD), but not the Toll innate immune response in an OTU domain-dependent manner. Mechanistically, we found that CG4968 is associated with Imd to restrict its K48-linked ubiquitination, thereby contributing to its turnover. Collectively, our study uncovered a novel regulatory mechanism involving the K48-linked ubiquitination of Imd in Drosophila innate immunity.
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8
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Zhu Y, Liu L, Zhang C, Zhang C, Han T, Duan R, Jin Y, Guo H, She K, Xiao Y, Goto A, Cai Q, Ji S. Endoplasmic reticulum-associated protein degradation contributes to Toll innate immune defense in Drosophila melanogaster. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1099637. [PMID: 36741393 PMCID: PMC9893508 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1099637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In Drosophila, the endoplasmic reticulum-associated protein degradation (ERAD) is engaged in regulating pleiotropic biological processes, with regard to retinal degeneration, intestinal homeostasis, and organismal development. The extent to which it functions in controlling the fly innate immune defense, however, remains largely unknown. Here, we show that blockade of the ERAD in fat bodies antagonizes the Toll but not the IMD innate immune defense in Drosophila. Genetic approaches further suggest a functional role of Me31B in the ERAD-mediated fly innate immunity. Moreover, we provide evidence that silence of Xbp1 other than PERK or Atf6 partially rescues the immune defects by the dysregulated ERAD in fat bodies. Collectively, our study uncovers an essential function of the ERAD in mediating the Toll innate immune reaction in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Zhu
- Center for Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Center for Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Chuchu Zhang
- Center for Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Center for Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Tingting Han
- Center for Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Renjie Duan
- Center for Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China,School of Preclinical Medicine, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Yiheng Jin
- Center for Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Huimin Guo
- Center for Biological Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Kan She
- Center for Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yihua Xiao
- Center for Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Akira Goto
- Université de Strasbourg, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Insect Models of Innate Immunity (M3I; UPR9022), Strasbourg, France
| | - Qingshuang Cai
- Center for Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China,Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France,*Correspondence: Qingshuang Cai, ; Shanming Ji,
| | - Shanming Ji
- Center for Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China,*Correspondence: Qingshuang Cai, ; Shanming Ji,
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9
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Zeng T, Jaffar S, Xu Y, Qi Y. The Intestinal Immune Defense System in Insects. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315132. [PMID: 36499457 PMCID: PMC9740067 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Over a long period of evolution, insects have developed unique intestinal defenses against invasion by foreign microorganisms, including physical defenses and immune responses. The physical defenses of the insect gut consist mainly of the peritrophic matrix (PM) and mucus layer, which are the first barriers to pathogens. Gut microbes also prevent the colonization of pathogens. Importantly, the immune-deficiency (Imd) pathways produce antimicrobial peptides to eliminate pathogens; mechanisms related to reactive oxygen species are another important pathway for insect intestinal immunity. The janus kinase/STAT signaling pathway is involved in intestinal immunity by producing bactericidal substances and regulating tissue repair. Melanization can produce many bactericidal active substances into the intestine; meanwhile, there are multiple responses in the intestine to fight against viral and parasitic infections. Furthermore, intestinal stem cells (ISCs) are also indispensable in intestinal immunity. Only the coordinated combination of the intestinal immune defense system and intestinal tissue renewal can effectively defend against pathogenic microorganisms.
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10
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Ogienko AA, Omelina ES, Bylino OV, Batin MA, Georgiev PG, Pindyurin AV. Drosophila as a Model Organism to Study Basic Mechanisms of Longevity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911244. [PMID: 36232546 PMCID: PMC9569508 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The spatio-temporal regulation of gene expression determines the fate and function of various cells and tissues and, as a consequence, the correct development and functioning of complex organisms. Certain mechanisms of gene activity regulation provide adequate cell responses to changes in environmental factors. Aside from gene expression disorders that lead to various pathologies, alterations of expression of particular genes were shown to significantly decrease or increase the lifespan in a wide range of organisms from yeast to human. Drosophila fruit fly is an ideal model system to explore mechanisms of longevity and aging due to low cost, easy handling and maintenance, large number of progeny per adult, short life cycle and lifespan, relatively low number of paralogous genes, high evolutionary conservation of epigenetic mechanisms and signalling pathways, and availability of a wide range of tools to modulate gene expression in vivo. Here, we focus on the organization of the evolutionarily conserved signaling pathways whose components significantly influence the aging process and on the interconnections of these pathways with gene expression regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A. Ogienko
- Department of Regulation of Genetic Processes, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Evgeniya S. Omelina
- Department of Regulation of Genetic Processes, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Novosibirsk State Agrarian University, 630039 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Oleg V. Bylino
- Laboratory of Gene Expression Regulation in Development, Institute of Gene Biology RAS, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail A. Batin
- Open Longevity, 15260 Ventura Blvd., Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles, CA 91403, USA
| | - Pavel G. Georgiev
- Laboratory of Gene Expression Regulation in Development, Institute of Gene Biology RAS, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey V. Pindyurin
- Department of Regulation of Genetic Processes, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-383-363-90-42
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11
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Cammarata-Mouchtouris A, Acker A, Goto A, Chen D, Matt N, Leclerc V. Dynamic Regulation of NF-κB Response in Innate Immunity: The Case of the IMD Pathway in Drosophila. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10092304. [PMID: 36140409 PMCID: PMC9496462 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Metazoans have developed strategies to protect themselves from pathogenic attack. These preserved mechanisms constitute the immune system, composed of innate and adaptive responses. Among the two kinds, the innate immune system involves the activation of a fast response. NF-κB signaling pathways are activated during infections and lead to the expression of timely-controlled immune response genes. However, activation of NF-κB pathways can be deleterious when uncontrolled. Their regulation is necessary to prevent the development of inflammatory diseases or cancers. The similarity of the NF-κB pathways mediating immune mechanisms in insects and mammals makes Drosophila melanogaster a suitable model for studying the innate immune response and learning general mechanisms that are also relevant for humans. In this review, we summarize what is known about the dynamic regulation of the central NF-κB-pathways and go into detail on the molecular level of the IMD pathway. We report on the role of the nuclear protein Akirin in the regulation of the NF-κB Relish immune response. The use of the Drosophila model allows the understanding of the fine-tuned regulation of this central NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adrian Acker
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IBMC), UPR9022, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Akira Goto
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IBMC), UPR9022, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Di Chen
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Nicolas Matt
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IBMC), UPR9022, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France
- Correspondence: (N.M.); (V.L.)
| | - Vincent Leclerc
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IBMC), UPR9022, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France
- Correspondence: (N.M.); (V.L.)
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12
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Duneau D, Ferdy JB. Pathogen within-host dynamics and disease outcome: what can we learn from insect studies? CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 52:100925. [PMID: 35489681 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2022.100925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Parasite proliferations within/on the host form the basis of the outcome of all infectious diseases. However, within-host dynamics are difficult to study in vertebrates, as it requires regularly following pathogen proliferation from the start of the infection and at the organismal level. Invertebrate models allow for this monitoring under controlled conditions using population approaches. These approaches offer the possibility to describe many parameters of the within-host dynamics, such as rate of proliferation, probability to control the infection, and average time at which the pathogen is controlled. New parameters such as the Pathogen Load Upon Death and the Set-Point Pathogen Load have emerged to characterize within-host dynamics and better understand disease outcome. While contextualizing the potential of studying within-host dynamics in insects to build fundamental knowledge, we review what we know about within-host dynamics using insect models, and what it can offer to our knowledge of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Duneau
- Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, CNRS, IRD, UMR5174 EDB (Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique), Toulouse, France; Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, P-2780 Oeiras, Portugal.
| | - Jean-Baptiste Ferdy
- Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, CNRS, IRD, UMR5174 EDB (Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique), Toulouse, France.
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13
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Hua Y, Zhu Y, Hu Y, Kong F, Duan R, Zhang C, Zhang C, Zhang S, Jin Y, Ye Y, Cai Q, Ji S. A Feedback Regulatory Loop Involving dTrbd/dTak1 in Controlling IMD Signaling in Drosophila Melanogaster. Front Immunol 2022; 13:932268. [PMID: 35911722 PMCID: PMC9329959 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.932268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Negative regulators of the inflammatory responses are essential for the maintenance of immune homeostasis and organismal fitness. In Drosophila, the deubiquitinase (Dub) dTrbd selectively restricts the K63-linked ubiquitination modification of dTak1, a pivotal kinase of the IMD signaling pathway, to regulate the IMD innate immune response. However, which domain and how it functions to enable dTrbd's activity remain unexplored. Here, we provide compelling evidence showing that the NZF domain of dTrbd is essential for its association with dTak1. Meanwhile, the Linker region of dTrbd is involved in modulating its condensation, a functional state representing the Dub enzymatical activity of dTrbd. Of interest, the activated IMD signals following bacterial stimuli enhance the dTrbd/dTak1 interaction, as well as the condensate assembly and Dub enzymatical activity of dTrbd. Collectively, our studies shed light on the dual mechanisms by which the IMD signaling-mediated feedback loop of dTrbd/dTak1 precisely regulates the innate immune response in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhi Hua
- Centre for Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yangyang Zhu
- Centre for Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yixuan Hu
- Centre for Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Fanrui Kong
- Centre for Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Renjie Duan
- Centre for Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Centre for Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Chuchu Zhang
- Centre for Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Shikun Zhang
- Centre for Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yiheng Jin
- Centre for Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yizhu Ye
- Centre for Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Qingshuang Cai
- Centre for Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Shanming Ji
- Centre for Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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14
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Heng J, Liu H, Xu J, Huang X, Sun X, Yang R, Xia Q, Zhao P. KPI5 Is Involved in the Regulation of the Expression of Antibacterial Peptide Genes and Hemolymph Melanization in the Silkworm, Bombyx mori. Front Immunol 2022; 13:907427. [PMID: 35669774 PMCID: PMC9164257 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.907427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Kunitz-type protease inhibitors (KPIs) are ubiquitously found in many organisms, and participate in various physiological processes. However, their function in insects remains to be elucidated. In the present study, we characterized and functionally analyzed silkworm KPI5. Sequence analysis showed that KPI5 contains 85 amino acids with six conserved cysteine residues, and the P1 site is a phenylalanine residue. Inhibitory activity and stability analyses indicated that recombinant KPI5 protein significantly inhibited the activity of chymotrypsin and was highly tolerant to temperature and pH. The spatio-temporal expression profile analysis showed that KPI5 was synthesized in the fat body and secreted into the hemolymph. In vivo induction analysis showed that the expression of KPI5 in the fat body was significantly upregulated by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Binding assays suggested that KPI5 can bind to pathogens and PAMPs. In vitro pathogen growth inhibition assay and encapsulation analysis indicated that KPI5 can neither kill pathogenic bacteria directly nor promote the encapsulation of agarose beads by silkworm hemocytes. Recombinant protein injection test and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockdown showed that KPI5 promotes the expression of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in the fat body. Moreover, the survival rate of individuals in the KPI5 knockdown group was significantly lower than that of the control group after pathogen infection. Phenoloxidase (PO) activity assays showed that KPI5 significantly inhibited the hemolymph PO activity and melanization induced by PAMPs. These findings suggested that KPI5 plays a dual regulatory role in innate immunity by promoting the expression of antimicrobial peptides in the fat body and inhibiting hemolymph melanization. Our study furthers the understanding of the function of insect KPIs and provides new insights into the regulatory mechanism of insect immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingya Heng
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huawei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiahui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaotong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Runze Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qingyou Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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15
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Miao D, Wang Y, Jia Y, Tong J, Jiang S, Liu L. ZRANB1 enhances stem-cell-like features and accelerates tumor progression by regulating Sox9-mediated USP22/Wnt/β-catenin pathway in colorectal cancer. Cell Signal 2021; 90:110200. [PMID: 34798260 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.110200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC) is a multistep process characterized by the accumulation of gene mutations and epigenetic alterations. Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor-binding protein domain (ZRANB1) is a deubiquitinase that mediates tumor growth and metastasis by deubiquitinating target proteins. In this study, we examined the regulatory effects of ZRANB1 on the maintenance of cancer stem cell (CSC) properties and tumor growth in CRC. Human CRC tissue samples and matched normal tissues were collected for the analysis of ZRANB1 expression. ZRANB1 was upregulated in CRC human tissues and cell lines, and its expression was positively correlated with advanced tumor stage and poor survival of CRC patients. The overexpression of ZRANB1 also induced the expression of CSC markers in CRC cells. Then, a xenograft model was established by inoculating BALB/c mice with CRC cells. The upregulation of ZRANB1 promoted tumorigenesis in vivo. Sox9 is a transcription factor that acts as an oncogene in human cancers. ZRANB1 increased the stability of Sox9 in CRC cells by decelerating its ubiquitination. Further analysis revealed that Sox9 regulated the transcription activity of USP22 by binding to its promoter. Moreover, ZRANB1 enhances stem-cell-like features of CRC cells and activated the Wnt/β-catenin pathway through USP22. Our results highlighted the role of ZRANB1 as a molecular target for CRC treatment, which may contribute to the development of novel therapies with better efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dazhuang Miao
- Colorectal Cancer Surgical Ward 2, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150081, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Colorectal Cancer Surgical Ward 2, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150081, China
| | - Yunhe Jia
- Colorectal Cancer Surgical Ward 2, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150081, China.
| | - Jinxue Tong
- Colorectal Cancer Surgical Ward 2, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150081, China.
| | - Shixiong Jiang
- Colorectal Cancer Surgical Ward 2, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150081, China
| | - Lixiu Liu
- Colorectal Cancer Surgical Ward 2, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150081, China
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16
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Zhu Y, Cai Q, Zheng X, Liu L, Hua Y, Du B, Zhao G, Yu J, Zhuo Z, Xie Z, Ji S. Aspirin Positively Contributes to Drosophila Intestinal Homeostasis and Delays Aging through Targeting Imd. Aging Dis 2021; 12:1821-1834. [PMID: 34631223 PMCID: PMC8460307 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2020.1008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestine, a high-turnover tissue, plays a critical role in regulating aging and health in both vertebrates and invertebrates. Maintaining the epithelial barrier function of the intestine by preserving innate immune homeostasis significantly delays aging and prevents mortality. In an effort to explore effective chemicals and materials that can improve intestinal integrity, we performed a nonbiased screen utilizing Drosophila as an animal model. We showed that long-term uptake of aspirin markedly prevented age-onset gut leakage, the over-proliferation of intestinal stem cells, and the dysbiosis of commensal microbiota in fruit flies. Mechanistically, aspirin efficiently downregulated chronic activation of intestinal immune deficiency signaling during aging. Furthermore, our in vivo and in vitro biochemical analyses indicated that aspirin is a negative modulator in control of the K63-linked ubiquitination of Imd. Our findings uncover a novel regulatory mechanism by which aspirin positively modulates intestinal homeostasis, thus delaying aging, in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Zhu
- 1Centre for Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Qingshuang Cai
- 2State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Sciences and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Xianrui Zheng
- 3Zhangzhou Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Zhangzhou, Fujian 363000, China
| | - Lei Liu
- 1Centre for Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Yongzhi Hua
- 1Centre for Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Beibei Du
- 1Centre for Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Guomin Zhao
- 1Centre for Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Jiangliu Yu
- 4School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Zhao Zhuo
- 5College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Zhongwen Xie
- 2State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Sciences and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Shanming Ji
- 1Centre for Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
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17
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Salem Wehbe L, Barakat D, Acker A, El Khoury R, Reichhart JM, Matt N, El Chamy L. Protein Phosphatase 4 Negatively Regulates the Immune Deficiency-NF-κB Pathway during the Drosophila Immune Response. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:1616-1626. [PMID: 34452932 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The evolutionarily conserved immune deficiency (IMD) signaling pathway shields Drosophila against bacterial infections. It regulates the expression of antimicrobial peptides encoding genes through the activation of the NF-κB transcription factor Relish. Tight regulation of the signaling cascade ensures a balanced immune response, which is otherwise highly harmful. Several phosphorylation events mediate intracellular progression of the IMD pathway. However, signal termination by dephosphorylation remains largely elusive. Here, we identify the highly conserved protein phosphatase 4 (PP4) complex as a bona fide negative regulator of the IMD pathway. RNA interference-mediated gene silencing of PP4-19c, PP4R2, and Falafel, which encode the catalytic and regulatory subunits of the phosphatase complex, respectively, caused a marked upregulation of bacterial-induced antimicrobial peptide gene expression in both Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells and adult flies. Deregulated IMD signaling is associated with reduced lifespan of PP4-deficient flies in the absence of any infection. In contrast, flies overexpressing this phosphatase are highly sensitive to bacterial infections. Altogether, our results highlight an evolutionarily conserved function of PP4c in the regulation of NF-κB signaling from Drosophila to mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layale Salem Wehbe
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, M3I UPR 9022, Strasbourg, France; and.,Unité de Recherche Environnement, Génomique et Protéomique, Faculté des Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth-Liban, Mar Roukos, Mkalles, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Dana Barakat
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, M3I UPR 9022, Strasbourg, France; and.,Unité de Recherche Environnement, Génomique et Protéomique, Faculté des Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth-Liban, Mar Roukos, Mkalles, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Adrian Acker
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, M3I UPR 9022, Strasbourg, France; and
| | - Rita El Khoury
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, M3I UPR 9022, Strasbourg, France; and.,Unité de Recherche Environnement, Génomique et Protéomique, Faculté des Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth-Liban, Mar Roukos, Mkalles, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | - Nicolas Matt
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, M3I UPR 9022, Strasbourg, France; and
| | - Laure El Chamy
- Unité de Recherche Environnement, Génomique et Protéomique, Faculté des Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth-Liban, Mar Roukos, Mkalles, Beirut, Lebanon
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18
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Disparate regulation of IMD signaling drives sex differences in infection pathology in Drosophila melanogaster. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2026554118. [PMID: 34341118 PMCID: PMC8364183 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2026554118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex differences in infection outcome are a widely observed phenomenon. While it is known that biological sex can influence an animal’s response to infection, the mechanisms through which these differences emerge are less clear. Here, we describe a mechanism through which heightened regulation of the IMD signaling pathway by female—but not male—Drosophila melanogaster reduces the cost of immune activity at the expense of resistance to bacterial infection. Through the masculinization of the main organ responsible for antimicrobial peptide activity in the fly (fat body), this work demonstrates that this heightened immune regulation is mediated by sex-determining pathways. Male and female animals exhibit differences in infection outcomes. One possible source of sexually dimorphic immunity is the sex-specific costs of immune activity or pathology, but little is known about the independent effects of immune- versus microbe-induced pathology and whether these may differ for the sexes. Here, by measuring metabolic and physiological outputs in Drosophila melanogaster with wild-type and mutant immune responses, we test whether the sexes are differentially impacted by these various sources of pathology and identify a critical regulator of this difference. We find that the sexes exhibit differential immune activity but similar bacteria-derived metabolic pathology. We show that female-specific immune-inducible expression of PGRP-LB, a negative regulator of the immune deficiency (IMD) pathway, enables females to reduce immune activity in response to reductions in bacterial numbers. In the absence of PGRP-LB, females are more resistant to infection, confirming the functional importance of this regulation and suggesting that female-biased immune restriction comes at a cost.
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19
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Prakash P, Roychowdhury-Sinha A, Goto A. Verloren negatively regulates the expression of IMD pathway dependent antimicrobial peptides in Drosophila. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15549. [PMID: 34330981 PMCID: PMC8324896 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94973-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila immune deficiency (IMD) pathway is similar to the human tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) signaling pathway and is preferentially activated by Gram-negative bacterial infection. Recent studies highlighted the importance of IMD pathway regulation as it is tightly controlled by numbers of negative regulators at multiple levels. Here, we report a new negative regulator of the IMD pathway, Verloren (Velo). Silencing of Velo led to constitutive expression of the IMD pathway dependent antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), and Escherichia coli stimulation further enhanced the AMP expression. Epistatic analysis indicated that Velo knock-down mediated AMP upregulation is dependent on the canonical members of the IMD pathway. The immune fluorescent study using overexpression constructs revealed that Velo resides both in the nucleus and cytoplasm, but the majority (~ 75%) is localized in the nucleus. We also observed from in vivo analysis that Velo knock-down flies exhibit significant upregulation of the AMP expression and reduced bacterial load. Survival experiments showed that Velo knock-down flies have a short lifespan and are susceptible to the infection of pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria, P. aeruginosa. Taken together, these data suggest that Velo is an additional new negative regulator of the IMD pathway, possibly acting in both the nucleus and cytoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragya Prakash
- INSERM, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Insect Models of Innate Immunity (M3I; UPR9022), 67084, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Akira Goto
- INSERM, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Insect Models of Innate Immunity (M3I; UPR9022), 67084, Strasbourg, France.
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China.
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20
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Fabian DK, Fuentealba M, Dönertaş HM, Partridge L, Thornton JM. Functional conservation in genes and pathways linking ageing and immunity. IMMUNITY & AGEING 2021; 18:23. [PMID: 33990202 PMCID: PMC8120713 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-021-00232-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
At first glance, longevity and immunity appear to be different traits that have not much in common except the fact that the immune system promotes survival upon pathogenic infection. Substantial evidence however points to a molecularly intertwined relationship between the immune system and ageing. Although this link is well-known throughout the animal kingdom, its genetic basis is complex and still poorly understood. To address this question, we here provide a compilation of all genes concomitantly known to be involved in immunity and ageing in humans and three well-studied model organisms, the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, and the house mouse Mus musculus. By analysing human orthologs among these species, we identified 7 evolutionarily conserved signalling cascades, the insulin/TOR network, three MAPK (ERK, p38, JNK), JAK/STAT, TGF-β, and Nf-κB pathways that act pleiotropically on ageing and immunity. We review current evidence for these pathways linking immunity and lifespan, and their role in the detrimental dysregulation of the immune system with age, known as immunosenescence. We argue that the phenotypic effects of these pathways are often context-dependent and vary, for example, between tissues, sexes, and types of pathogenic infection. Future research therefore needs to explore a higher temporal, spatial and environmental resolution to fully comprehend the connection between ageing and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel K Fabian
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK. .,Institute of Healthy Ageing, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Matías Fuentealba
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK.,Institute of Healthy Ageing, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
| | - Handan Melike Dönertaş
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Linda Partridge
- Institute of Healthy Ageing, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK.,Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | - Janet M Thornton
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
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21
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Harris LD, Le Pen J, Scholz N, Mieszczanek J, Vaughan N, Davis S, Berridge G, Kessler BM, Bienz M, Licchesi JDF. The deubiquitinase TRABID stabilizes the K29/K48-specific E3 ubiquitin ligase HECTD1. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100246. [PMID: 33853758 PMCID: PMC7948964 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.015162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin is a versatile posttranslational modification, which is covalently attached to protein targets either as a single moiety or as a ubiquitin chain. In contrast to K48 and K63-linked chains, which have been extensively studied, the regulation and function of most atypical ubiquitin chains are only starting to emerge. The deubiquitinase TRABID/ZRANB1 is tuned for the recognition and cleavage of K29 and K33-linked chains. Yet, substrates of TRABID and the cellular functions of these atypical ubiquitin signals remain unclear. We determined the interactome of two TRABID constructs rendered catalytic dead either through a point mutation in the catalytic cysteine residue or through removal of the OTU catalytic domain. We identified 50 proteins trapped by both constructs and which therefore represent candidate substrates of TRABID. The E3 ubiquitin ligase HECTD1 was then validated as a substrate of TRABID and used UbiCREST and Ub-AQUA proteomics to show that HECTD1 preferentially assembles K29- and K48-linked ubiquitin chains. Further in vitro autoubiquitination assays using ubiquitin mutants established that while HECTD1 can assemble short homotypic K29 and K48-linked chains, it requires branching at K29/K48 in order to achieve its full ubiquitin ligase activity. We next used transient knockdown and genetic knockout of TRABID in mammalian cells in order to determine the functional relationship between TRABID and HECTD1. This revealed that upon TRABID depletion, HECTD1 is readily degraded. Thus, this study identifies HECTD1 as a mammalian E3 ligase that assembles branched K29/K48 chains and also establishes TRABID-HECTD1 as a DUB/E3 pair regulating K29 linkages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee D Harris
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Janic Le Pen
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nico Scholz
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Juliusz Mieszczanek
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie Vaughan
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Davis
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Georgina Berridge
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Benedikt M Kessler
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mariann Bienz
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Julien D F Licchesi
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom.
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22
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Arora S, Ligoxygakis P. Beyond Host Defense: Deregulation of Drosophila Immunity and Age-Dependent Neurodegeneration. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1574. [PMID: 32774336 PMCID: PMC7387716 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-dependent neurodegenerative disorders are a set of diseases that affect millions of individuals worldwide. Apart from a small subset that are the result of well-defined inherited autosomal dominant gene mutations (e.g., those encoding the β-amyloid precursor protein and presenilins), our understanding of the genetic network that underscores their pathology, remains scarce. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) especially in Alzheimer's disease patients and research in Parkinson's disease have implicated inflammation and the innate immune response as risk factors. However, even if GWAS etiology points toward innate immunity, untangling cause, and consequence is a challenging task. Specifically, it is not clear whether predisposition to de-regulated immunity causes an inadequate response to protein aggregation (such as amyloid or α-synuclein) or is the direct cause of this aggregation. Given the evolutionary conservation of the innate immune response in Drosophila and humans, unraveling whether hyperactive immune response in glia have a protective or pathological role in the brain could be a potential strategy in combating age-related neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srishti Arora
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Development and Genetics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Petros Ligoxygakis
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Development and Genetics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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23
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Vincent CM, Simoes da Silva CJ, Wadhawan A, Dionne MS. Origins of Metabolic Pathology in Francisella-Infected Drosophila. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1419. [PMID: 32733472 PMCID: PMC7360822 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The origins and causes of infection pathologies are often not understood. Despite this, the study of infection and immunity relies heavily on the ability to discern between potential sources of pathology. Work in the fruit fly has supported the assumption that mortality resulting from bacterial invasion is largely due to direct host-pathogen interactions, as lower pathogen loads are often associated with reduced pathology, and bacterial load upon death is predictable. However, the mechanisms through which these interactions bring about host death are complex. Here we show that infection with the bacterium Francisella novicida leads to metabolic dysregulation and, using treatment with a bacteriostatic antibiotic, we show that this pathology is the result of direct interaction between host and pathogen. We show that mutants of the immune deficiency immune pathway fail to exhibit similar metabolic dysregulation, supporting the idea that the reallocation of resources for immune-related activities contributes to metabolic dysregulation. Targeted investigation into the cross-talk between immune and metabolic pathways has the potential to illuminate some of this interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal M Vincent
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection and Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carolina J Simoes da Silva
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection and Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ashima Wadhawan
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection and Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marc S Dionne
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection and Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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24
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Valanne S, Järvelä-Stölting M, Harjula SKE, Myllymäki H, Salminen TS, Rämet M. Osa-Containing Brahma Complex Regulates Innate Immunity and the Expression of Metabolic Genes in Drosophila. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:2143-2155. [PMID: 32198143 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Negative regulation of innate immunity is essential to avoid autoinflammation. In Drosophila melanogaster, NF-κB signaling-mediated immune responses are negatively regulated at multiple levels. Using a Drosophila RNA interference in vitro screen, we identified a set of genes inhibiting immune activation. Four of these genes encode members of the chromatin remodeling Osa-containing Brahma (BAP) complex. Silencing additional two genes of the BAP complex was shown to have the same phenotype, confirming its role in immune regulation in vitro. In vivo, the knockdown of osa and brahma was shown to enhance the expression of the Toll pathway-mediated antimicrobial peptides when the flies were challenged with Gram-positive bacteria Micrococcus luteus In this setting, osa knockdown had a particularly strong effect on immune effectors that are predominantly activated by the Imd pathway. Accordingly, Drosophila NF-κB Relish expression was increased by osa silencing. These transcriptional changes were associated with enhanced survival from M. luteus + E. faecalis infection. Besides regulating the expression of immune effector genes, osa RNA interference decreased the expression of a large group of genes involved in metabolism, particularly proteolysis. Of note, the expression of the recently characterized, immune-inducible gene Induced by Infection (IBIN) was diminished in osa knockdown flies. Although IBIN has been shown to modulate metabolism upon infection, the expression of selected Osa-regulated metabolism genes was not rescued by overexpressing IBIN. We conclude that the BAP complex regulates expression of genes involved in metabolism at least partially independent or downstream of IBIN Moreover, Osa affects the NF-κB-mediated immune response by regulating Drosophila NF-κB factor Relish expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Valanne
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, 33014 Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Mirva Järvelä-Stölting
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, 33014 Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Sanna-Kaisa E Harjula
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, 33014 Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Henna Myllymäki
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, 33014 Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Tiina S Salminen
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, 33014 Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Laboratory of Mito-Immuno-Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, 33014 Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Mika Rämet
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, 33014 Tampere University, Tampere, Finland; .,PEDEGO Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, 90014 University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center Oulu, 90014 University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; and.,Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, 90014 University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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25
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Sanchez Bosch P, Makhijani K, Herboso L, Gold KS, Baginsky R, Woodcock KJ, Alexander B, Kukar K, Corcoran S, Jacobs T, Ouyang D, Wong C, Ramond EJV, Rhiner C, Moreno E, Lemaitre B, Geissmann F, Brückner K. Adult Drosophila Lack Hematopoiesis but Rely on a Blood Cell Reservoir at the Respiratory Epithelia to Relay Infection Signals to Surrounding Tissues. Dev Cell 2019; 51:787-803.e5. [PMID: 31735669 PMCID: PMC7263735 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The use of adult Drosophila melanogaster as a model for hematopoiesis or organismal immunity has been debated. Addressing this question, we identify an extensive reservoir of blood cells (hemocytes) at the respiratory epithelia (tracheal air sacs) of the thorax and head. Lineage tracing and functional analyses demonstrate that the majority of adult hemocytes are phagocytic macrophages (plasmatocytes) from the embryonic lineage that parallels vertebrate tissue macrophages. Surprisingly, we find no sign of adult hemocyte expansion. Instead, hemocytes play a role in relaying an innate immune response to the blood cell reservoir: through Imd signaling and the Jak/Stat pathway ligand Upd3, hemocytes act as sentinels of bacterial infection, inducing expression of the antimicrobial peptide Drosocin in respiratory epithelia and colocalizing fat body domains. Drosocin expression in turn promotes animal survival after infection. Our work identifies a multi-signal relay of organismal humoral immunity, establishing adult Drosophila as model for inter-organ immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Sanchez Bosch
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kalpana Makhijani
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Leire Herboso
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Katrina S Gold
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rowan Baginsky
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Brandy Alexander
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Katelyn Kukar
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sean Corcoran
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Thea Jacobs
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Debra Ouyang
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Corinna Wong
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Frederic Geissmann
- King's College London, London, UK; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Katja Brückner
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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26
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Identification of novel genes associated with longevity in Drosophila melanogaster - a computational approach. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:11244-11267. [PMID: 31794428 PMCID: PMC6932890 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite a growing number of studies on longevity in Drosophila, genetic factors influencing lifespan are still poorly understood. In this paper we propose a conceptually new approach for the identification of novel longevity-associated genes and potential target genes for SNPs in non-coding regions by utilizing the knowledge of co-location of various loci, governed by the three-dimensional architecture of the Drosophila genome. Firstly, we created networks between genes/genomic regions harboring SNPs deemed to be significant in two longevity GWAS summary statistics datasets using intra- and inter-chromosomal interaction frequencies (Hi-C data) as a measure of co-location. These networks were further extended to include regions strongly interacting with previously selected regions. Using various network measures, literature search and additional bioinformatics resources, we investigated the plausibility of genes found to have genuine association with longevity. Several of the newly identified genes were common between the two GWAS datasets and these possessed human orthologs. We also found that the proportion of non-coding SNPs in borders between topologically associated domains is significantly higher than expected by chance. Assuming co-location, we investigated potential target genes for non-coding SNPs. This approach therefore offers a stepping stone to identification of novel genes and SNP targets linked to human longevity.
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27
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Xia J, Gravato-Nobre M, Ligoxygakis P. Convergence of longevity and immunity: lessons from animal models. Biogerontology 2019; 20:271-278. [PMID: 30796710 PMCID: PMC6535424 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-019-09801-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
An increasing amount of data implicate immunity-mostly innate immunity-in the ageing process; both during healthy ageing as well as in neurodegenerative diseases. Despite the aetiology however, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here we review what we know from model organisms (worms, flies and mice) on the possible mechanistic details that connect immunity and ageing. These links provide evidence that inter-tissue communication (especially the interaction between gut and brain), hormonal control mechanisms and intestinal microbiota determine immune system activity and thus influence lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingnu Xia
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Development and Genetics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Rd, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Maria Gravato-Nobre
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Development and Genetics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Rd, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Petros Ligoxygakis
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Development and Genetics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Rd, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK.
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28
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Fabian DK, Garschall K, Klepsatel P, Santos‐Matos G, Sucena É, Kapun M, Lemaitre B, Schlötterer C, Arking R, Flatt T. Evolution of longevity improves immunity in Drosophila. Evol Lett 2018; 2:567-579. [PMID: 30564440 PMCID: PMC6292704 DOI: 10.1002/evl3.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Much has been learned about the genetics of aging from studies in model organisms, but still little is known about naturally occurring alleles that contribute to variation in longevity. For example, analysis of mutants and transgenes has identified insulin signaling as a major regulator of longevity, yet whether standing variation in this pathway underlies microevolutionary changes in lifespan and correlated fitness traits remains largely unclear. Here, we have analyzed the genomes of a set of Drosophila melanogaster lines that have been maintained under direct selection for postponed reproduction and indirect selection for longevity, relative to unselected control lines, for over 35 years. We identified many candidate loci shaped by selection for longevity and late-life fertility, but - contrary to expectation - we did not find overrepresentation of canonical longevity genes. Instead, we found an enrichment of immunity genes, particularly in the Toll pathway, suggesting that evolutionary changes in immune function might underpin - in part - the evolution of late-life fertility and longevity. To test whether this genomic signature is causative, we performed functional experiments. In contrast to control flies, long-lived flies tended to downregulate the expression of antimicrobial peptides upon infection with age yet survived fungal, bacterial, and viral infections significantly better, consistent with alleviated immunosenescence. To examine whether genes of the Toll pathway directly affect longevity, we employed conditional knockdown using in vivo RNAi. In adults, RNAi against the Toll receptor extended lifespan, whereas silencing the pathway antagonist cactus--causing immune hyperactivation - dramatically shortened lifespan. Together, our results suggest that genetic changes in the age-dependent regulation of immune homeostasis might contribute to the evolution of longer life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel K. Fabian
- Centre for Pathogen Evolution, Department of ZoologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Institut für PopulationsgenetikVetmeduni ViennaViennaAustria
- Vienna Graduate School of Population GeneticsViennaAustria
| | - Kathrin Garschall
- Department of Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Peter Klepsatel
- Institut für PopulationsgenetikVetmeduni ViennaViennaAustria
- Institute of ZoologySlovak Academy of Sciences845 06 BratislavaSlovakia
| | | | - Élio Sucena
- Instituto Gulbenkian de CiênciaOeirasPortugal
- Departamento de Biologia AnimalFaculdade de Ciências da Universidade de LisboaLisboaPortugal
| | - Martin Kapun
- Department of Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Bruno Lemaitre
- Global Health InstituteSchool of Life Sciences, EPFLLausanneSwitzerland
| | | | - Robert Arking
- Department of Biological SciencesWayne State UniversityDetroitMichigan
| | - Thomas Flatt
- Institut für PopulationsgenetikVetmeduni ViennaViennaAustria
- Department of Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
- Department of BiologyUniversity of FribourgFribourgSwitzerland
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29
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Wang F, Xia Q. Back to homeostasis: Negative regulation of NF-κB immune signaling in insects. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 87:216-223. [PMID: 29908201 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Maintenance of homeostasis requires prompt activation and down-regulation of immune signaling pathways. This review attempts to summarize our current knowledge regarding the negative regulation of two NF-κB signaling pathways in insects, Toll and IMD pathway, which are mostly essential for host defense against bacteria and fungus. Various types of negative regulators and their mechanisms are discussed here with the emphasis on the prominent roles of ubiquitination. The counterbalance between these two pathways, the crosstalk with other physiological pathways, and the difference in their repertoires of negative regulators are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China.
| | - Qingyou Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
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30
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Zhai Z, Huang X, Yin Y. Beyond immunity: The Imd pathway as a coordinator of host defense, organismal physiology and behavior. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 83:51-59. [PMID: 29146454 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The humoral arm of host defense in Drosophila relies on two evolutionarily conserved NFκB signaling cascades, the Toll and the immune deficiency (Imd) pathways. The Imd signaling pathway senses and neutralizes Gram-negative bacteria. Its activity is tightly adjusted, allowing the host to simultaneously prevent infection by pathogenic bacteria and tolerate beneficial gut microbiota. Over-activation of Imd signaling is detrimental at least in part by causing gut dysbiosis that further exacerbates intestinal pathologies. Furthermore, it is increasingly recognized that the Imd pathway or its components also play non-immune roles. In this review, we summarize recent advances in Imd signal transduction, discuss the gut-microbiota interactions mediated by Imd signaling, and finally elaborate on its diverse physiological functions beyond immunity. Understanding the multifaceted physiological outputs of Imd activation will help integrate its immune role into the regulation of whole organismal physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongzhao Zhai
- Changsha Medical University, 410125 Changsha, China; Animal Nutrition and Human Health Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, 410081 Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | | | - Yulong Yin
- Changsha Medical University, 410125 Changsha, China; Animal Nutrition and Human Health Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, 410081 Changsha, Hunan, China
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31
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Zhu Y, Qu C, Hong X, Jia Y, Lin M, Luo Y, Lin F, Xie X, Xie X, Huang J, Wu Q, Qiu X, Piao D, Xing Y, Yu T, Lu Y, Huang Q, Yu C, Jin J, Zhang Z. Trabid inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma growth and metastasis by cleaving RNF8-induced K63 ubiquitination of Twist1. Cell Death Differ 2018; 26:306-320. [PMID: 29748601 PMCID: PMC6329825 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-018-0119-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
TRAF-binding domain (Trabid), one of deubiquitination enzymes, was recently reported to activate Wnt/ β-catenin signaling pathway. However, the role of Trabid in tumors including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and the underlying mechanisms controlling its activity remain poorly understood. Here, we report that Trabid is significantly downregulated in HCC tumor samples and cell lines compared with normal controls and that its expression level is negatively correlated with HCC pathological grading, recurrence, and metastasis. The reintroduction of Trabid expression in tumor cells significantly decreases HCC progression as well as pulmonary metastasis. The effect of Trabid on HCC development occurs at least partially through regulation of Twist1 activity. Mechanistically, Trabid forms a complex with Twist1 and specifically cleaves RNF8-induced K63-linked poly-ubiquitin chains from Twist1, which enhances the association of Twist1 with β-TrCP1 and allows for subsequent K48-linked ubiquitination of Twist1. Knockdown of Trabid increases K63-linked ubiquitination, but abrogates K48-linked ubiquitination and degradation of Twist1, thus enhancing HCC growth and metastasis. Interestingly, Twist1 negatively regulates the promoter activity of Trabid, indicating that a double-negative feedback loop exists. Our findings also identify an essential role for activation of Trabid by AKT-mediated phosphorylation at Ser78/Thr117 in negatively regulating Twist1 signaling, which further provides insights into the mechanisms by which Trabid regulates Twist1 ubiquitination. Our results reveal that Trabid is a previously unrecognized inhibitor of HCC progression and metastasis, which sheds light on new strategies for HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuekun Zhu
- Longju Medical Research Center, Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou, China.,Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Chao Qu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xuehui Hong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Institute of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yanyan Jia
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military University, Xi' an, Shanxi, China
| | - Meihua Lin
- Research Center of Clinical Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yunmei Luo
- Longju Medical Research Center, Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Fengqin Lin
- Longju Medical Research Center, Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Xiaolong Xie
- Longju Medical Research Center, Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Xiaoqi Xie
- Longju Medical Research Center, Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Longju Medical Research Center, Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Qin Wu
- Longju Medical Research Center, Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Xingfeng Qiu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Institute of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Daxun Piao
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yanwei Xing
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Tian Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Yuanfu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Qiang Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Provincial Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Changyin Yu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou, China.
| | - Junfei Jin
- Laboratory of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China.
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- Longju Medical Research Center, Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou, China. .,Department of Surgery, Robert-Wood-Johnson Medical School University Hospital, Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
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32
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Abstract
Here, we provide a brief review of the mechanistic connections between immunity and aging—a fundamental biological relationship that remains poorly understood—by considering two intertwined questions: how does aging affect immunity, and how does immunity affect aging? On the one hand, aging contributes to the deterioration of immune function and predisposes the organism to infections (“immuno-senescence”). On the other hand, excessive activation of the immune system can accelerate degenerative processes, cause inflammation and immunopathology, and thus promote aging (“inflammaging”). Interestingly, several recent lines of evidence support the hypothesis that restrained or curbed immune activity at old age (that is, optimized age-dependent immune homeostasis) might actually improve realized immune function and thereby promote longevity. We focus mainly on insights from
Drosophila, a powerful genetic model system in which both immunity and aging have been extensively studied, and conclude by outlining several unresolved questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Garschall
- Department of Ecology & Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Flatt
- Department of Ecology & Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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33
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Zumaya-Estrada FA, Martínez-Barnetche J, Lavore A, Rivera-Pomar R, Rodríguez MH. Comparative genomics analysis of triatomines reveals common first line and inducible immunity-related genes and the absence of Imd canonical components among hemimetabolous arthropods. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:48. [PMID: 29357911 PMCID: PMC5778769 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2561-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Insects operate complex humoral and cellular immune strategies to fend against invading microorganisms. The majority of these have been characterized in Drosophila and other dipterans. Information on hemipterans, including Triatominae vectors of Chagas disease remains incomplete and fractionated. Results We identified putative immune-related homologs of three Triatominae vectors of Chagas disease, Triatoma pallidipennis, T. dimidiata and T. infestans (TTTs), using comparative transcriptomics based on established immune response gene references, in conjunction with the predicted proteomes of Rhodnius prolixus, Cimex lecticularis and Acyrthosiphon pisum hemimetabolous. We present a compressive description of the humoral and cellular innate immune components of these TTTs and extend the immune information of other related hemipterans. Key homologs of the constitutive and induced immunity genes were identified in all the studied hemipterans. Conclusions Our results in the TTTs extend previous observations in other hemipterans lacking several components of the Imd signaling pathway. Comparison with other hexapods, using published data, revealed that the absence of various Imd canonical components is common in several hemimetabolous species. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-017-2561-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jesús Martínez-Barnetche
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas (CISEI), Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, México
| | - Andrés Lavore
- Centro de Bioinvestigaciones (CeBio) and Centro de Investigación y Transferencia del Noroeste de Buenos Aires (CITNOBA-CONICET), Universidad Nacional del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Pergamino, Argentina
| | - Rolando Rivera-Pomar
- Centro de Bioinvestigaciones (CeBio) and Centro de Investigación y Transferencia del Noroeste de Buenos Aires (CITNOBA-CONICET), Universidad Nacional del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Pergamino, Argentina.,Laboratorio de Genética y Genómica Funcional. Centro Regional de Estudios Genómicos. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Mario Henry Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas (CISEI), Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, México.
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NF-κB Immunity in the Brain Determines Fly Lifespan in Healthy Aging and Age-Related Neurodegeneration. Cell Rep 2018; 19:836-848. [PMID: 28445733 PMCID: PMC5413584 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
During aging, innate immunity progresses to a chronically active state. However, what distinguishes those that “age well” from those developing age-related neurological conditions is unclear. We used Drosophila to explore the cost of immunity in the aging brain. We show that mutations in intracellular negative regulators of the IMD/NF-κB pathway predisposed flies to toxic levels of antimicrobial peptides, resulting in early locomotor defects, extensive neurodegeneration, and reduced lifespan. These phenotypes were rescued when immunity was suppressed in glia. In healthy flies, suppressing immunity in glial cells resulted in increased adipokinetic hormonal signaling with high nutrient levels in later life and an extension of active lifespan. Thus, when levels of IMD/NF-κB deviate from normal, two mechanisms are at play: lower levels derepress an immune-endocrine axis, which mobilizes nutrients, leading to lifespan extension, whereas higher levels increase antimicrobial peptides, causing neurodegeneration. Immunity in the fly brain is therefore a key lifespan determinant. Constitutive immunity predisposes to short lifespan with severe neurodegeneration Blocking constitutive immunity in glia rescues predisposed flies Suppression of immunity in glia of healthy flies triggers adipokinetic signaling This immune-endocrine axis mobilizes nutrients and extends active lifespan
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35
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Abstract
Immune responses must be tightly controlled to avoid host damage. In Drosophila, two NF-κB signaling pathways, Toll and Imd, mediate host immune responses. In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe, Morris et al. (2016) introduce Pickle, a nuclear IκB that inhibits Drosophila immune signaling by modulating the NF-κB Relish.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mika Rämet
- BioMediTech, University of Tampere, 33520 Tampere, Finland; Department of Pediatrics, Tampere University Hospital, 33521 Tampere, Finland; PEDEGO Research Unit, Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland; Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, 90220 Oulu, Finland.
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Interaction Between Familial Transmission and a Constitutively Active Immune System Shapes Gut Microbiota in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 2017; 206:889-904. [PMID: 28413160 PMCID: PMC5499193 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.116.190215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Resident gut bacteria are constantly influencing the immune system, yet the role of the immune system in shaping microbiota composition during an organism’s life span has remained unclear. Experiments in mice have been inconclusive due to differences in husbandry schemes that led to conflicting results. We used Drosophila as a genetically tractable system with a simpler gut bacterial population structure streamlined genetic backgrounds and established cross schemes to address this issue. We found that, depending on their genetic background, young flies had microbiota of different diversities that converged with age to the same Acetobacteraceae-dominated pattern in healthy flies. This pattern was accelerated in immune-compromised flies with higher bacterial load and gut cell death. Nevertheless, immune-compromised flies resembled their genetic background, indicating that familial transmission was the main force regulating gut microbiota. In contrast, flies with a constitutively active immune system had microbiota readily distinguishable from their genetic background with the introduction and establishment of previously undetectable bacterial families. This indicated the influence of immunity over familial transmission. Moreover, hyperactive immunity and increased enterocyte death resulted in the highest bacterial load observed starting from early adulthood. Cohousing experiments showed that the microenvironment also played an important role in the structure of the microbiota where flies with constitutive immunity defined the gut microbiota of their cohabitants. Our data show that, in Drosophila, constitutively active immunity shapes the structure and density of gut microbiota.
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37
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Tanaka H, Sagisaka A. Identification and functional analysis of pointed homologs in Bombyx mori. Gene 2016; 604:22-32. [PMID: 27988233 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Using gene-knockdown techniques, we searched for endogenous Ets family proteins involved in the regulation of Escherichia coli-dependent lebocin promoter activation in the E. coli-responsive silkworm cell line NIAS-Bm-aff3. Results showed that the gene knockdown of BmPointeds (BmPNTs), Drosophila Pointed orthologs, enhanced E. coli-dependent lebocin promoter activation, suggesting that endogenous BmPNTs repress the activation of this promoter. Furthermore, we found that i) the BmPNT gene produced at least two alternative splicing isoforms, BmPNT1 and BmPNT2, both of which function as repressors; ii) BmPNTs were not associated with an already-reported repressor element, most proximal GGAA/T motif (EtsRE3), in lebocin promoter, which plays a role in the repression of E. coli- and BmRelish1-dependent lebocin promoter activation; iii) although BmPNTs did not directly affect BmRelish1-dependent lebocin promoter activation, they were able to directly repress its activation on the promoter lacking EtsRE3, probably because of competitive inhibition of binding of BmRelish1 to κB sites by BmPNTs; and iv) BmPNTs were mainly expressed in larval hemocytes, and the gene expression levels of BmPNT2, but not of BmPNT1, were decreased in response to E. coli and Bacillus subtilis. These findings suggest that endogenous BmPNTs are directly and indirectly involved in the repression of E. coli-mediated lebocin promoter activation in NIAS-Bm-aff3 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromitsu Tanaka
- Insect-Microbe Research Unit, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba 305-8634, Japan.
| | - Aki Sagisaka
- Insect-Microbe Research Unit, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba 305-8634, Japan
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38
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Mistry R, Kounatidis I, Ligoxygakis P. Exploring interactions between pathogens and the Drosophila gut. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 64:3-10. [PMID: 26876781 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal infection can provoke substantial disturbance at both a local as well as at a systemic level and may evolve into a chronic disease state. Our growing knowledge of gut-pathogen interactions has been based to a large extent on the use of genetically tractable model hosts such as the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. In this review we will summarise the growing literature and critically address the advantages and disadvantages of using this model to extrapolate results from studying pathogen virulence and intestinal responses to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupal Mistry
- Cell Biology, Development and Genetics Lab, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Park Rd, OX1 3QU Oxford, UK
| | - Ilias Kounatidis
- Cell Biology, Development and Genetics Lab, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Park Rd, OX1 3QU Oxford, UK
| | - Petros Ligoxygakis
- Cell Biology, Development and Genetics Lab, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Park Rd, OX1 3QU Oxford, UK.
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Arnold CP, Merryman MS, Harris-Arnold A, McKinney SA, Seidel CW, Loethen S, Proctor KN, Guo L, Sánchez Alvarado A. Pathogenic shifts in endogenous microbiota impede tissue regeneration via distinct activation of TAK1/MKK/p38. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27441386 PMCID: PMC4993586 DOI: 10.7554/elife.16793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The interrelationship between endogenous microbiota, the immune system, and tissue regeneration is an area of intense research due to its potential therapeutic applications. We investigated this relationship in Schmidtea mediterranea, a model organism capable of regenerating any and all of its adult tissues. Microbiome characterization revealed a high Bacteroidetes to Proteobacteria ratio in healthy animals. Perturbations eliciting an expansion of Proteobacteria coincided with ectopic lesions and tissue degeneration. The culture of these bacteria yielded a strain of Pseudomonas capable of inducing progressive tissue degeneration. RNAi screening uncovered a TAK1 innate immune signaling module underlying compromised tissue homeostasis and regeneration during infection. TAK1/MKK/p38 signaling mediated opposing regulation of apoptosis during infection versus normal tissue regeneration. Given the complex role of inflammation in either hindering or supporting reparative wound healing and regeneration, this invertebrate model provides a basis for dissecting the duality of evolutionarily conserved inflammatory signaling in complex, multi-organ adult tissue regeneration. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.16793.001 Regeneration, the ability to replace missing or damaged tissue, has fascinated biologists for years and has inspired a new direction for the medical field. Figuring out how some animals easily accomplish this while others do not may help us to develop new therapies that enhance regeneration in humans. Previous work has indicated that the immune system, which is normally used to defend the body against bacteria, plays an important but complicated role in regeneration. By studying the relationships between bacteria, the immune system and regeneration in simple systems, it may be possible to see how their interactions either support or prevent the replacement of lost tissues. Flatworms called planaria can regenerate all of their tissues. Arnold et al. have now investigated what bacteria exist in planaria, how the planarian immune system responds to these bacteria, and how this response affects regeneration. The results reveal that the two main types of bacteria that are present in planaria are also found in humans. In fact, conditions that encourage the growth and spread of one of these types of bacteria (called Proteobacteria, many of which can make humans ill) damaged the worms and prevented them from regenerating. Arnold et al. then looked to see if the worms had genes that were similar to human genes that control the key immune process of inflammation, and found evidence of several such genes. Reducing the activity levels of these genes enabled worms that had been infected with Proteobacteria to regenerate again. However, these genes only seem to be responsible for regeneration when the planaria are infected with bacteria. Thus, planaria could be used as a simple model to discover how changes in resident bacteria can be detected by the immune system and affect the ability to regenerate tissues. Future studies could use planaria to identify even more genes that control regeneration during infection. Also, since the main types of bacteria in planaria are similar to those in humans, planaria may help us to learn how animals can properly balance the levels of these bacteria in order to remain healthy. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.16793.002
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M Shane Merryman
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, United States
| | | | - Sean A McKinney
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, United States
| | - Chris W Seidel
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, United States
| | | | | | - Longhua Guo
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, United States
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40
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Lamiable O, Meignin C, Imler JL. WntD and Diedel: Two immunomodulatory cytokines in Drosophila immunity. Fly (Austin) 2016; 10:187-94. [PMID: 27314646 DOI: 10.1080/19336934.2016.1202387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Remarkable progress has been made on the understanding of the basic mechanisms of innate immunity in flies, from sensing infection to production of effector molecules. However, how the immune response is orchestrated at the level of the organism remains poorly understood. While cytokines activating immune responses, such as Spaetzle or Unpaired-3, have been identified and characterized in Drosophila, much less is known regarding immunosuppressor cytokines. In a recent publication, we reported the identification of a novel cytokine, Diedel, which acts as systemic negative regulator of the IMD pathway. Here, we discuss the similarities between Diedel and WntD, another immunomodulatory cytokine and present evidence that the 2 molecules act independently from one another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Lamiable
- a CNRS UPR9022 , Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire , Strasbourg , France
| | - Carine Meignin
- a CNRS UPR9022 , Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire , Strasbourg , France.,b Faculté des Sciences de la Vie , Université de Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France
| | - Jean-Luc Imler
- a CNRS UPR9022 , Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire , Strasbourg , France.,b Faculté des Sciences de la Vie , Université de Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France
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41
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Sinam YM, Chatterjee A, Ranjini MS, Poojari A, Nagarajan A, Ramachandra NB, Nongthomba U. A newly evolved Drosophila Cytorace-9 shows trade-off between longevity and immune response. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 44:1-7. [PMID: 27306321 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Species with an efficient immune system would be at an advantage to evade pathogenic challenges and adapt to an ever changing ecological niche. The upkeep of immunity is a costly affair, thus trade-offs between immunity and other life history traits are expected. However, studies on the relation between immunity and life span have yielded paradoxical results. Drosophila Cytoraces, being at different stages of evolutionary divergence, provide an excellent experimental model system to study how evolving populations gain novel traits in the absence of selection. We found that in the absence of pathogenic infections, the Cytorace-9 flies lived longer than those of Cytorace-3. However, when these Cytoraces were challenged with different pathogenic microbes, the trend was opposite. After infection with pathogens, the long-lived Cytorace-9 survived worse than the short lived Cytorace-3, which can be attributed to a reduction in its immune response. This study provides evidence to support the existence of a trade-off between life span and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoirentomba Meetei Sinam
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560 012, India
| | - Arunita Chatterjee
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560 012, India
| | - Mysore S Ranjini
- Unit on Evolution and Genetics Laboratory, Department of Studies in Genetics and Genomics, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru 570 006, India
| | - Adarsh Poojari
- Unit on Evolution and Genetics Laboratory, Department of Studies in Genetics and Genomics, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru 570 006, India
| | - Aarthi Nagarajan
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560 012, India
| | - Nallur B Ramachandra
- Unit on Evolution and Genetics Laboratory, Department of Studies in Genetics and Genomics, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru 570 006, India
| | - Upendra Nongthomba
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560 012, India.
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42
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Regna K, Kurshan PT, Harwood BN, Jenkins AM, Lai CQ, Muskavitch MAT, Kopin AS, Draper I. A critical role for the Drosophila dopamine D1-like receptor Dop1R2 at the onset of metamorphosis. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2016; 16:15. [PMID: 27184815 PMCID: PMC4868058 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-016-0115-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insect metamorphosis relies on temporal and spatial cues that are precisely controlled. Previous studies in Drosophila have shown that untimely activation of genes that are essential to metamorphosis results in growth defects, developmental delay and death. Multiple factors exist that safeguard these genes against dysregulated expression. The list of identified negative regulators that play such a role in Drosophila development continues to expand. RESULTS By using RNAi transgene-induced gene silencing coupled to spatio/temporal assessment, we have unraveled an important role for the Drosophila dopamine 1-like receptor, Dop1R2, in development. We show that Dop1R2 knockdown leads to pre-adult lethality. In adults that escape death, abnormal wing expansion and/or melanization defects occur. Furthermore we show that salivary gland expression of this GPCR during the late larval/prepupal stage is essential for the flies to survive through adulthood. In addition to RNAi-induced effects, treatment of larvae with the high affinity D1-like receptor antagonist flupenthixol, also results in developmental arrest, and in morphological defects comparable to those seen in Dop1R2 RNAi flies. To examine the basis for pupal lethality in Dop1R2 RNAi flies, we carried out transcriptome analysis. These studies revealed up-regulation of genes that respond to ecdysone, regulate morphogenesis and/or modulate defense/immunity. CONCLUSION Taken together our findings suggest a role for Dop1R2 in the repression of genes that coordinate metamorphosis. Premature release of this inhibition is not tolerated by the developing fly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Regna
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA
| | - Peri T Kurshan
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.,Present Address: Department of Biology, Stanford University, California, 94305, USA
| | - Benjamin N Harwood
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Adam M Jenkins
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA
| | - Chao-Qiang Lai
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Marc A T Muskavitch
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA.,Discovery Research, Biogen Idec, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Alan S Kopin
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Isabelle Draper
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
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Epigenetic regulation of the expression of Il12 and Il23 and autoimmune inflammation by the deubiquitinase Trabid. Nat Immunol 2016; 17:259-68. [PMID: 26808229 PMCID: PMC4755875 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The proinflammatory cytokines interleukin 12 (IL-12) and IL-23 connect innate and adaptive immune responses and are also involved in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Here we describe an epigenetic mechanism of Il12 and Il23 gene regulation involving the deubiquitinase Trabid. Deletion of Zranb1, the gene encoding Trabid, in dendritic cells inhibited the induction of IL-12 and IL-23 expression by Toll-like receptors (TLR), impairing the differentiation of inflammatory T cells and protecting mice from autoimmune inflammation. Trabid facilitated TLR-induced histone modifications at the Il12 and Il23 promoters, which involved deubiqutination and stabilization of the histone demethylase Jmjd2d. These findings highlight an epigenetic mechanism of Il12 and Il23 gene regulation and establish Trabid as an innate immune regulator of inflammatory T cell responses.
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44
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Louis M, Hofmann K, Broemer M. Evolutionary Loss of Activity in De-Ubiquitylating Enzymes of the OTU Family. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143227. [PMID: 26588485 PMCID: PMC4654579 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding function and specificity of de-ubiquitylating enzymes (DUBs) is a major goal of current research, since DUBs are key regulators of ubiquitylation events and have been shown to be mutated in human diseases. Most DUBs are cysteine proteases, relying on a catalytic triad of cysteine, histidine and aspartate to cleave the isopeptide bond between two ubiquitin units in a poly-ubiquitin chain. We have discovered that the two Drosophila melanogaster homologues of human OTUD4, CG3251 and Otu, contain a serine instead of a cysteine in the catalytic OTU (ovarian tumor) domain. DUBs that are serine proteases instead of cysteine- or metallo-proteases have not been described. In line with this, neither CG3251 nor Otu protein were active to cleave ubiquitin chains. Re-introduction of a cysteine in the catalytic center did not render the enzymes active, indicating that further critical features for ubiquitin binding or cleavage have been lost in these proteins. Sequence analysis of OTUD4 homologues from various other species showed that within this OTU subfamily, loss of the catalytic cysteine has occurred frequently in presumably independent events, as well as gene duplications or triplications, suggesting DUB-independent functions of OTUD4 proteins. Using an in vivo RNAi approach, we show that CG3251 might function in the regulation of Inhibitor of Apoptosis (IAP)-antagonist-induced apoptosis, presumably in a DUB-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcell Louis
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, c/o LiMeS, Carl-Troll-Str. 31, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kay Hofmann
- University of Cologne, Institute for Genetics, Zülpicher Str. 47a, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Meike Broemer
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, c/o LiMeS, Carl-Troll-Str. 31, 53115, Bonn, Germany
- * E-mail:
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