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Schneider MC, Min KD, Romijn PC, De Morais NB, Montebello L, Manrique Rocha S, Sciancalepore S, Hamrick PN, Uieda W, Câmara VDM, Luiz RR, Belotto A. Fifty Years of the National Rabies Control Program in Brazil under the One Health Perspective. Pathogens 2023; 12:1342. [PMID: 38003806 PMCID: PMC10674250 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12111342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In 1973, the National Rabies Program was created in Brazil through an agreement between the Ministry of Health and Agriculture. Since its beginning, it developed integrated action through access to free post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) for people at risk, dog vaccination campaigns, a joint surveillance system, and awareness. This study aims to describe human rabies in Brazil under the One Health perspective in recent decades, including achievements in the control of dog-mediated cases and challenges in human cases transmitted by wild animals. This paper also explores possible drivers of human rabies in the Northeast Region with half of the cases. The first part of this study was descriptive, presenting data and examples by periods. Statistical analysis was performed in the last period (2010-2022) to explore possible drivers. Dog-mediated human cases decreased from 147 to 0, and dog cases decreased from 4500 to 7. A major challenge is now human cases transmitted by wild animals (bats, non-human primates, and wild canids). Most current human cases occur in municipalities with a tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forest biome and a Gini index higher than 0.5. In the multivariable analysis, an association with temperature was estimated (OR = 1.739; CI95% = 1.181-2.744), and primary healthcare coverage (OR = 0.947; CI95% = 0.915-0.987) was identified as a protector. It is possible to significantly reduce the number of dog-mediated human rabies cases through the efforts presented. However, Brazil has wildlife variants of the rabies virus circulating. The association of human cases with higher temperatures in the Northeast is a concern with climate change. To reduce human cases transmitted by wild animals, it is important to continue distributing free PEP, especially in remote at-risk areas in the Amazon Region, and to increase awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cristina Schneider
- Department of Global Health, School of Health, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, USA
- Institute of Collective Health Studies, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 24220-900, Brazil; (V.d.M.C.); (R.R.L.)
- PAHO/WHO (Ret.), Washington, DC 20037, USA;
| | - Kyung-Duk Min
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk 28644, Republic of Korea;
| | | | | | - Lucia Montebello
- Secretaria de Vigilancia em Saúde e Ambiente, Ministry of Health, Brasilia 70723-040, Brazil; (L.M.); (S.M.R.)
| | - Silene Manrique Rocha
- Secretaria de Vigilancia em Saúde e Ambiente, Ministry of Health, Brasilia 70723-040, Brazil; (L.M.); (S.M.R.)
| | | | | | - Wilson Uieda
- Department of Zoology and Botany, São Paulo State University (Ret.), Sao Paulo 05508-090, Brazil;
| | - Volney de Magalhães Câmara
- Institute of Collective Health Studies, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 24220-900, Brazil; (V.d.M.C.); (R.R.L.)
| | - Ronir Raggio Luiz
- Institute of Collective Health Studies, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 24220-900, Brazil; (V.d.M.C.); (R.R.L.)
| | - Albino Belotto
- PAHO/WHO, Washington, DC 20037, USA; (S.S.); (A.B.)
- FUNASA (Fundacao SESP)/Ministry of Health (Ret.), Brasilia 70070-040, Brazil
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Santos MCS, Heller L. [Schistosomiasis, soil-transmitted helminthiases and sanitation in Latin America and the Caribbean: a systematic reviewRelación entre la prevalencia de esquistosomiasis y geohelmintiasis y las condiciones sanitarias en América Latina y el Caribe: una revisión sistemática]. Rev Panam Salud Publica 2023; 47:e111. [PMID: 37609526 PMCID: PMC10441557 DOI: 10.26633/rpsp.2023.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the relationship between the prevalence of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis with variables related to access to water, sanitation and solid waste in Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) countries. Method A systematic review was performed in the LILACS, PubMed, Web of Science, and SciELO databases. Studies published between 1950 and August 2021, with an ecological design and a focus on population groups (states, municipalities and/or districts), having the prevalence of infection by Schistosoma mansoni, Ancylostoma sp., Necator americanus, Ascaris lumbricoides or Trichuris trichiura as primary variable and access to water, sewage and/or solid waste as explanatory variables were included. Open access articles with full text available in English, Spanish, or Portuguese were considered. The risk of bias and the quality of the studies were assessed according to the Joanna Briggs Institute manual. Results Of 2 714 articles, nine were eligible, published between 1994 and 2021 and covering 22 LAC countries and 14 350 municipalities. All articles had moderate methodological quality. Environmental variables indicated an association between water supply and solid waste collection with schistosomiasis; water supply with ascariasis, trichuriasis and hookworm; and sewage with ascariasis and hookworm. Except for one article, which had regional coverage for LAC, all the others were developed in Brazil. Conclusion There is a clear need to expand research on the association between household and collective health conditions and parasitic diseases for all endemic countries in LAC to support environmental strategies to control these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Cristina Silva Santos
- Instituto René RachouFiocruz MinasBelo Horizonte (MG)BrasilInstituto René Rachou, Fiocruz Minas, Belo Horizonte (MG), Brasil.
| | - Léo Heller
- Instituto René RachouFiocruz MinasBelo Horizonte (MG)BrasilInstituto René Rachou, Fiocruz Minas, Belo Horizonte (MG), Brasil.
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Rabies Virus Seroprevalence among Dogs in Limpopo National Park and the Phylogenetic Analyses of Rabies Viruses in Mozambique. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11091043. [PMID: 36145475 PMCID: PMC9506193 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11091043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is considered a neglected disease among many developing Asian and African countries, including Mozambique, where its re-emergence is often attributed to low dog parenteral vaccination coverage. The objectives of this study were two-fold: (1) to assess the level of antibodies against rabies virus in dogs (n = 418) in Limpopo National Park (LNP), and (2) to genetically characterise selected rabies viruses from brain tissue samples collected in 2017 and 2018. To meet the first objective, we used the BioProTM Rabies blocking ELISA antibody kit, and the results were expressed as the percentage of blocking (%PB). Dog sera with PB ≥ 40% were considered positive for antibodies to rabies virus, whereas sera with PB < 40% were negative. Just under ninety percent (89.2%; n = 373) of dogs were seronegative, and the rest (10.8%; n = 45) had detectable levels of rabies virus-specific antibodies. All eight brain tissue samples were positive for rabies virus antigen using a direct fluorescent antibody test and amplified in a quantitative real-time PCR, but only five (n = 4 from dogs and n = 1 from a cat) were amplified in a conventional reverse-transcription PCR targeting partial regions of the nucleoprotein (N) and the glycoprotein (G) genes. All samples were successfully sequenced. Phylogenetically, the rabies viruses were all of dog origin and were very closely related to each other (Africa 1b rabies virus lineage). Furthermore, the sequences had a common progenitor with other rabies viruses from southern Africa, confirming the transboundary nature of rabies and the pivotal role of dogs in maintaining rabies cycles. The study demonstrates the principal application of the BioProTM rabies ELISA antibody for the detection of anti-lyssavirus-specific antibodies in the serum samples of dogs, and most importantly, it highlights the low levels of antibodies against rabies virus in this dog population.
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Niles RA, Thickstun CR, Cox H, Dilliott D, Burgert-Brucker CR, Harding-Esch EM, Clementson N, Sampson A, Alexandre JS, Morice Trejos AC, Scholte RGC, Krentel A. Assessing factors influencing communities' acceptability of mass drug administration for the elimination of lymphatic filariasis in Guyana. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009596. [PMID: 34543269 PMCID: PMC8452018 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Guyana is one of four countries in the Latin American Region where lymphatic filariasis (LF) remains endemic. In preparation for the introduction of a new triple drug therapy regimen (ivermectin, diethylcarbamazine, and albendazole (IDA)) in 2019, an acceptability study was embedded within sentinel site mapping in four regions to assess mass drug administration (MDA) coverage and compliance, acceptability, and perceptions about treatment and disease. The results from this survey would inform the rollout of IDA in Guyana in 2019. METHODS Data collection for the study occurred in August 2019, using a validated questionnaire administered by trained enumerators. Across all regions, a total of 1,248 participants were sampled by the Filarial Mapping team. Four-hundred and fifty-one participants aged over 18 years were randomly selected for participation in an expanded acceptability questionnaire. All data were captured in Secure Data Kit (SDK). RESULTS Acceptability was measured using a mean acceptability score. Unadjusted mean scores ranged from 24.6 to 29.3, with 22.5 as the threshold of acceptability. Regional variation occurred across many indicators of interest: self-rated understanding about LF, mechanisms of LF transmission, LF drug safety and history of treatment during MDA. Region IV (Georgetown) recorded higher knowledge about LF, but lower compliance and acceptability. Number of pills was not perceived as a concern. CONCLUSION Acceptability of MDA was good across all four regions under study. Results from this study set a baseline level for key indicators and acceptability, from which the acceptability of IDA can be measured. Regional variations across indicators suggest that localized approaches should be considered for social mobilization and MDA delivery to capture these contextual differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza A. Niles
- Neglected Tropical Diseases Programme, Ministry of Health, Georgetown, Guyana
| | - Charles R. Thickstun
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Bruyère Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Horace Cox
- Neglected Tropical Diseases Programme, Ministry of Health, Georgetown, Guyana
| | | | | | - Emma M. Harding-Esch
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nikita Clementson
- Neglected Tropical Diseases Programme, Ministry of Health, Georgetown, Guyana
| | - Annastacia Sampson
- Neglected Tropical Diseases Programme, Ministry of Health, Georgetown, Guyana
| | - Jean Seme Alexandre
- Neglected, Tropical, and Vector Borne Diseases, Pan American Health Organization, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Ana C. Morice Trejos
- Neglected, Tropical, and Vector Borne Diseases, Pan American Health Organization, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Ronaldo G. Carvalho Scholte
- Neglected, Tropical, and Vector Borne Diseases, Pan American Health Organization, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Alison Krentel
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Bruyère Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Bone sporotrichosis: 41 cases from a reference hospital in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009250. [PMID: 33730026 PMCID: PMC8007180 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bone sporotrichosis is rare. The metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro is hyperendemic for zoonotic sporotrichosis and the bone presentations are increasing. Methods We studied a retrospective cohort of 41 cases of bone sporotrichosis, diagnosed from 1999–2016. The inclusion criteria was fungal culture isolation from any clinical specimen associated to bone involvement (radiography and/or computed tomography) compatible with fungal osteomyelitis or histopathological findings of bone material compatible with sporotrichosis. Molecular identification was performed when possible. Results Male patients represented 58.5% of the cases, with a cohort median age of 43 years. Immunosuppressive conditions were present in 68.3% of the patients, mostly HIV coinfection (51.2%). Multifocal bone involvement (more than one anatomical segment) was diagnosed in 61% of the patients, while 39% presented unifocal involvement. The bones of the hands were the most affected (58.5%), followed by the feet (41.5%) and tibia (26.8%). Multifocal group was characterized by a higher proportion of males (p = 0.0045) with immunosuppressive conditions (p = 0.0014). Amphotericin B followed by oral itraconazole was the main treatment, with a median time of 16.7 months (1.5 to 99.2 months), and cure of 53.7% of the patients (84.6% of immunocompetent and 39.3% of immunocompromised patients). Sequelae occurred in 12.2% of the patients—amputations (7.3%) and ankylosis (4.9%), while 22% died in the course of the disease. Sporothrix brasiliensis was the causative agent in all the 9 (22%) performed cases. Conclusions Bone sporotrichosis is a chronic, challenging condition with prolonged treatment, often with poor results and sequelae. Sporotrichosis is a subcutaneous mycosis, more common in tropical and subtropical countries, and the involvement of bones is rare. The metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro is hyperendemic for zoonotic sporotrichosis and the bone presentations are increasing. We evaluated 41 cases of bone sporotrichosis at a reference center in infectious diseases. There was a predominance of men with immunosuppressive conditions, notably HIV infection and alcoholism. Immunosuppression was related to multifocal bone involvement and more severe disease. This form of the disease is a chronic, challenging condition with prolonged treatment, often with poor results and sequelae.
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Ramírez IJ, Lee J. COVID-19 and Ecosyndemic Vulnerability: Implications for El Niño-Sensitive Countries in Latin America. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DISASTER RISK SCIENCE 2021; 12:147-156. [PMCID: PMC7662729 DOI: 10.1007/s13753-020-00318-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Latin America has emerged as an epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic. Brazil, Peru, and Ecuador report some of the highest COVID-19 rates of incidence and deaths in the region. These countries also face synergistic threats from multiple infectious diseases (that is, ecosyndemic) and quasi-periodic El Niño-related hazards every few years. For example, Peru, which is highly sensitive to El Niño, already copes with an ecosyndemic health burden that heightens during and following weather and climate extreme events. Using an ecosyndemic lens, which draws on a multi-disease hazard context of place, this commentary highlights the importance of El Niño as a major factor that not only may aggravate COVID-19 incidence in the future, but also the broader health problem of ecosyndemic vulnerability in Latin America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan J. Ramírez
- Department of Health and Behavioral Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO 80217 USA
- Consortium for Capacity Building, Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80308 USA
| | - Jieun Lee
- Department of Geography, GIS, and Sustainability, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO 80639 USA
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Ketzis JK, Lejeune M, Branford I, Beierschmitt A, Willingham AL. Identification of Schistosoma mansoni Infection in a Nonhuman Primate from St. Kitts More than 50 Years after Interruption of Human Transmission. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 103:2278-2281. [PMID: 32996451 PMCID: PMC7695088 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmission of Schistosoma mansoni was interrupted on St. Kitts, a Caribbean island, in the 1950s. With no reported cases since that time and most Biomphalaria spp. snail populations eliminated based on surveys in the 1970s, S. mansoni has been considered eliminated on St. Kitts. In 2019, S. mansoni eggs were found in an African green monkey (Chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus) that originated from St. Kitts. Nonhuman primate (NHP) infections have been considered incidental to human infections, with infections in NHPs resolving with the elimination of S. mansoni in the human population. An NHP with S. mansoni infection suggests that the NHP may be able to maintain a reservoir sylvatic cycle. Alternatively, S. mansoni transmission was not eliminated or S. mansoni has been reintroduced to St. Kitts. The occurrence of an infected NHP from St. Kitts supports the need for continuous monitoring in areas where S. mansoni is considered eliminated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer K Ketzis
- One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St. Kitts and Nevis
| | - Manigandan Lejeune
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Ian Branford
- One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St. Kitts and Nevis
| | - Amy Beierschmitt
- Behavioural Science Foundation, Estridge Estate, St. Kitts and Nevis
| | - Arve Lee Willingham
- One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St. Kitts and Nevis
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Laidoudi Y, Medkour H, Levasseur A, Davoust B, Mediannikov O. New Molecular Data on Filaria and its Wolbachia from Red Howler Monkeys ( Alouatta macconnelli) in French Guiana-A Preliminary Study. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9080626. [PMID: 32752052 PMCID: PMC7460519 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9080626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have reported filarial parasites of the genus Dipetalonema and Mansonella from French Guiana monkeys, based on morphological taxonomy. In this study, we screened blood samples from nine howler monkeys (Alouatta macconnelli) for the presence of filaria and Wolbachia DNA. The infection rates were 88.9% for filaria and 55.6% for wolbachiae. The molecular characterization, based on the 18S gene of filariids, revealed that A. macconnelli are infected with at least three species (Mansonella sp., Brugia sp. and an unidentified Onchocercidae species.). Since the 18S and cox1 generic primers are not very effective at resolving co-infections, we developed ITS genus-specific PCRs for Mansonella and Brugia genus. The results revealed coinfections in 75% of positives. The presence of Mansonella sp. and Brugia sp. was also confirmed by the 16S phylogenetic analysis of their associated Wolbachia. Mansonella sp., which close to the species from the subgenus Tetrapetalonema encountered in New World Monkeys, while Brugia sp. was identical to the strain circulating in French Guiana dogs. We propose a novel ITS1Brugia genus-specific qPCR. We applied it to screen for Brugia infection in howler monkeys and 66.7% were found to be positive. Our finding highlights the need for further studies to clarify the species diversity of neotropics monkeys by combining molecular and morphological features. The novel Brugia genus-specific qPCR assays could be an effective tool for the surveillance and characterization of this potential zoonosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younes Laidoudi
- IRD, AP-HM, Microbes, Evolution, Phylogeny and Infection (MEPHI), IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19–21, Bd Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France; (Y.L.); (H.M.); (A.L.); (B.D.)
- Aix Marseille Univ, 19–21, Bd Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Hacène Medkour
- IRD, AP-HM, Microbes, Evolution, Phylogeny and Infection (MEPHI), IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19–21, Bd Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France; (Y.L.); (H.M.); (A.L.); (B.D.)
- Aix Marseille Univ, 19–21, Bd Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Anthony Levasseur
- IRD, AP-HM, Microbes, Evolution, Phylogeny and Infection (MEPHI), IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19–21, Bd Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France; (Y.L.); (H.M.); (A.L.); (B.D.)
- Aix Marseille Univ, 19–21, Bd Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Bernard Davoust
- IRD, AP-HM, Microbes, Evolution, Phylogeny and Infection (MEPHI), IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19–21, Bd Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France; (Y.L.); (H.M.); (A.L.); (B.D.)
- Aix Marseille Univ, 19–21, Bd Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Oleg Mediannikov
- IRD, AP-HM, Microbes, Evolution, Phylogeny and Infection (MEPHI), IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19–21, Bd Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France; (Y.L.); (H.M.); (A.L.); (B.D.)
- Aix Marseille Univ, 19–21, Bd Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +3304-1373-24-01
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Harvey TV, Tang AM, da Paixao Sevá A, Albano dos Santos C, Santos Carvalho SM, Magalhães da Rocha CMB, Oliveira BCM, Albuquerque GR. Enteric parasitic infections in children and dogs in resource-poor communities in northeastern Brazil: Identifying priority prevention and control areas. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008378. [PMID: 32516309 PMCID: PMC7282628 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors of the main enteric parasitic infections that affect children and dogs in the municipality of Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil; and to identify the geopolitical areas that should receive priority interventions to combat them. Between March and November 2016, fecal samples of 143 dogs and 193 children aged 1 month to 5 years were collected in 40 rural and semirural communities using a systematic sampling approach, stratified by district. Samples were collected by legal guardians of the children and / or dog owners. Eggs, larvae, cysts and oocysts of parasites were concentrated by centrifugal-flotation and centrifugal-sedimentation, and acid-resistant staining was used to visualize parasites. One hundred and thirty-two children (68.4%), 111 dogs (77.6%) and 199 (73.7%) dog fecal samples collected from streets were parasitized. Giardiasis, cryptosporidiosis, amoeba infections and hookworm were the most frequent infections in all studied populations, in addition to trichuriasis in dogs and ascaridiasis in children. A predominance of Giardia and hookworms was observed in children and dogs, respectively. The coastal districts of Aritaguá, Olivença and the main district had a higher parasitic diversity and overlapping of important potential zoonotic infections. Age over one year (p<0.001), adjusted OR = 3.65; 95% CI = 1.86-7.16) and income below the minimum monthly salary (p = 0.02, adjusted OR = 2.78, 95% CI = 1.17-6.59) were the main factors associated with intestinal parasitic infections in children and dogs, respectively. The coastal districts of Aritaguá and Olivença and the main district should be prioritized through enteric disease control programs, and the factors associated with infections must be considered in the design of health interventions in these districts. The integration between affirmative income actions and investments to improve the health infrastructure of these communities may work more effectively than current preventive measures to combat enteric parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiani Vitor Harvey
- Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz—UESC, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brasil
- * E-mail:
| | - Alice M. Tang
- Department of Public Health & Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of América
| | - Anaiá da Paixao Sevá
- Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz—UESC, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brasil
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo–USP, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Camila Albano dos Santos
- Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz—UESC, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brasil
| | | | | | - Bruno César Miranda Oliveira
- Departamento de Apoio, Produção e Saúde Animal, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Araçatuba, SP, Brasil
| | - George Rego Albuquerque
- Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz—UESC, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brasil
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Laidoudi Y, Marié JL, Tahir D, Watier-Grillot S, Mediannikov O, Davoust B. Detection of Canine Vector-Borne Filariasis and Their Wolbachia Endosymbionts in French Guiana. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8050770. [PMID: 32455576 PMCID: PMC7285362 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8050770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In French Guiana, canine heartworm disease is well known, but the diversity of filarial parasites of dogs remains largely unknown. A total of 98 canine blood samples from Cayenne and Kourou were assessed by a blood wet mount preparation, heartworm antigen test and molecular exploration of filarioid and Wolbachia DNAs, followed by a multiplex species-specific qPCR's identification and a subsequent sequencing analysis. Thereafter, a phylogeny based on maximum likelihood was carried out to facilitate specific identification. Five dogs were microfilaremic. Heartworm antigens were detected in 15 (15.3%) dogs. Of these, six (6.1%) were considered as occult infections as neither microfilariae nor Dirofilaria immitis DNA were detected. The 11 (11.2%) D. immitis isolates corresponded to a low virulent strain. Six of the D. immitis isolates were positive for Wolbachia endosymbionts of D. immitis belonging to the clade C DNA. Acanthocheilonema reconditum DNA was detected in 3 (3.1%) samples. Of these latter, one was found co-infected with the Brugia sp. genotype and the DNA of the clade D of the Wolbachia endosymbiont of Brugia species. This latter was also detected in two filarioid DNA-free samples. Finally, two samples were positive for Cercopithifilaria bainae genotype, which is distinct from those identified in Europe. The present study highlights the urgent need to implement chemoprophylaxis associated with anti-Wolbachia drugs to control these potential zoonoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younes Laidoudi
- Aix Marseille Univ., IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 13385 Marseille, France; (Y.L.); (D.T.); (O.M.)
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Lou Marié
- Animal Epidemiology Working Group of the Military Health Service, 13014 Marseille, France; (J.-L.M.); (S.W.-G.)
| | - Djamel Tahir
- Aix Marseille Univ., IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 13385 Marseille, France; (Y.L.); (D.T.); (O.M.)
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Stéphanie Watier-Grillot
- Animal Epidemiology Working Group of the Military Health Service, 13014 Marseille, France; (J.-L.M.); (S.W.-G.)
- Epidemiology and Public Health Center of the French Armed Forces, 13014 Marseille, France
| | - Oleg Mediannikov
- Aix Marseille Univ., IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 13385 Marseille, France; (Y.L.); (D.T.); (O.M.)
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Bernard Davoust
- Aix Marseille Univ., IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 13385 Marseille, France; (Y.L.); (D.T.); (O.M.)
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13385 Marseille, France
- Animal Epidemiology Working Group of the Military Health Service, 13014 Marseille, France; (J.-L.M.); (S.W.-G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-4-13-73-24-01
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Movement patterns of free-roaming dogs on heterogeneous urban landscapes: Implications for rabies control. Prev Vet Med 2020; 178:104978. [PMID: 32302776 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.104978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In 2015, a case of canine rabies in Arequipa, Peru indicated the re-emergence of rabies virus in the city. Despite mass dog vaccination campaigns across the city and reactive ring vaccination and other control activities around positive cases (e.g. elimination of unowned dogs), the outbreak has spread. Here we explore how the urban landscape of Arequipa affects the movement patterns of free-roaming dogs, the main reservoirs of the rabies virus in the area. We tracked 23 free-roaming dogs using Global Positioning System (GPS) collars. We analyzed the spatio-temporal GPS data using the time- local convex hull method. Dog movement patterns varied across local environments. We found that water channels, an urban feature of Arequipa that are dry most of the year, promote movement. Dogs that used the water channels extensively move on average 7 times further (p = 0.002) and 1.2 times more directionally (p = 0.027) than dogs that do not use the water channels at all. They were also 1.3 times faster on average, but this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.197). Our findings suggest that water channels can be used by dogs as 'highways' to transverse the city and have the potential to spread disease far beyond the radius of control practices. Control efforts should focus on a robust vaccination campaign attuned to the geography of the city, and not limited to small-scale rings surrounding cases.
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Day MJ, Crawford C, Marcondes M, Squires RA. Recommendations on vaccination for Latin American small animal practitioners: a report of the WSAVA Vaccination Guidelines Group. J Small Anim Pract 2020; 61:E1-E35. [PMID: 32227347 PMCID: PMC7228315 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The World Small Animal Veterinary Association Vaccination Guidelines Group has produced global guidelines for small companion animal practitioners on best practice in canine and feline vaccination. Recognising that there are unique aspects of veterinary practice in certain geographical regions of the world, the Vaccination Guidelines Group undertook a regional project in Latin America between 2016 and 2019, culminating in the present document. The Vaccination Guidelines Group gathered scientific and demographic data during visits to Argentina, Brazil and Mexico, by discussion with national key opinion leaders, visiting veterinary practices and review of the scientific literature. A questionnaire survey was completed by 1390 veterinarians in five Latin American countries and the Vaccination Guidelines Group delivered continuing education at seven events attended by over 3500 veterinarians. The Vaccination Guidelines Group recognised numerous challenges in Latin America, for example: (1) lack of national oversight of the veterinary profession, (2) extraordinary growth in private veterinary schools of undetermined quality, (3) socioeconomic constraints on client engagement with preventive health care, (4) high regional prevalence of some key infectious diseases (e.g. feline leukaemia virus infection, canine visceral leishmaniosis), (5) almost complete lack of minimal antigen vaccine products as available in other markets, (6) relative lack of vaccine products with extended duration of immunity as available in other markets, (7) availability of vaccine products withdrawn from other markets (e.g. Giardia vaccine) or unique to Latin America (e.g. some Leishmania vaccines), (8) accessibility of vaccines directly by pet owners or breeders such that vaccination is not delivered under veterinary supervision, (9) limited availability of continuing education in veterinary vaccinology and lack of compulsion for continuing professional development and (10) limited peer‐reviewed published scientific data on small companion animal infectious diseases (with the exception of leishmaniosis) and lack of support for such academic research. In this document, the Vaccination Guidelines Group summarises the findings of this project and assesses in evidence‐based fashion the scientific literature pertaining to companion animal vaccine‐preventable diseases in Latin America. The Vaccination Guidelines Group makes some recommendations on undergraduate and postgraduate education and academic research. Recognising that current product availability in Latin America does not permit veterinarians in these countries to vaccinate according to the global World Small Animal Veterinary Association guidelines, the Vaccination Guidelines Group makes a series of “pragmatic” recommendations as to what might be currently achievable, and a series of “aspirational” recommendations as to what might be desirable for the future. The concept of “vaccine husbandry” is addressed via some simple guidelines for the management of vaccine products in the practice. Finally, the Vaccination Guidelines Group emphasises the global trend towards delivery of vaccination as one part of an “annual health check” or “health care plan” that reviews holistically the preventive health care needs of the individual pet animal. Latin American practitioners should transition towards these important new practices that are now well embedded in more developed veterinary markets. The document also includes 70 frequently asked questions and their answers; these were posed to the Vaccination Guidelines Group during our continuing education events and small group discussions and should address many of the issues surrounding delivery of vaccination in the Latin American countries. Spanish and Portuguese translations of this document will be made freely available from the on‐line resource pages of the Vaccination Guidelines Group.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Day
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - C Crawford
- University of Florida School of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - M Marcondes
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil
| | - R A Squires
- Discipline of Veterinary Science, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
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Murta FLG, Mendes MO, Sampaio VS, Junior ASB, Díaz-Bermúdez XP, Monteiro WM, Lacerda MVG. Misperceptions of patients and health workers regarding malaria elimination in the Brazilian Amazon: a qualitative study. Malar J 2019; 18:223. [PMID: 31272509 PMCID: PMC6611038 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2854-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brazil has considerably reduced the number of cases of malaria in recent years and aims to eradicate the disease completely, however, vivax malaria continues to be a major challenge for the health system. In this context, the key to building a successful elimination programme may lie in the knowledge and the perceptions of the health agents, the patients affected by the disease and the personnel responsible for malaria diagnosis, treatment and control at the local level. METHODS A qualitative study was undertaken in Manaus, capital of the state of Amazonas, Western Brazilian Amazon, using a sample of 33 patients who were being treated for malaria and 22 health agents who were working in malaria diagnosis, treatment and control at the local level. A semi-structured interview with a further thematic analysis was performed. RESULTS There are still many myths regarding malaria transmission and treatment that may hinder the sensitization of the population of this region in relation to the use of current control tools and elimination strategies, such as mass drug administration (MDA). Most health professionals reported that the abandonment of treatment for malaria by the patient is related to poor social conditions, the high incidence of alcoholism and the low level of schooling of the affected population. One negative perception, observed in both groups with regard to the use of insecticide-treated nets, is that they may cause skin irritations and allergies. Most patients and health professionals have described malaria as an impossible disease to eliminate because it is intrinsically associated with forest landscapes, and according to them, elimination would only be possible if there were a vaccine against malaria. CONCLUSION In the Amazon, cultural perceptions about the etiology of this disease can influence the behaviour and practices that social groups adopt in relation to the different forms of living in a malaria-endemic context. Negative perceptions about malaria elimination can act as a barrier when trying to reach proper coverage for control strategies such as mosquito nets and MDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Leão Gomes Murta
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus, Brazil. .,Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus, AM, Brazil.
| | | | - Vanderson Souza Sampaio
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus, Brazil.,Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | | | - Ximena Pamela Díaz-Bermúdez
- Departamento de Saúde Coletiva da Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde., Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Wuelton Marcelo Monteiro
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus, Brazil.,Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Marcus Vinícius Guimarães Lacerda
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus, Brazil.,Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus, AM, Brazil.,Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane (FIOCRUZ-Amazonas), Manaus, Brazil
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Srividya A, Subramanian S, Jambulingam P, Vijayakumar B, Dinesh Raja J. Mapping and monitoring for a lymphatic filariasis elimination program: a systematic review. Res Rep Trop Med 2019; 10:43-90. [PMID: 31239804 PMCID: PMC6554002 DOI: 10.2147/rrtm.s134186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is targeted for elimination by the year 2020. The Global Programme for Elimination of LF (GPELF) aims to achieve elimination by interrupting transmission through annual mass drug administration (MDA) of albendazole with ivermectin or diethylcarbamazine. The program has successfully eliminated the disease in 11 of the 72 endemic countries, putting in enormous efforts on systematic planning and implementation of the strategy. Mapping areas endemic for LF is a pre-requisite for implementing MDA, monitoring and evaluation are the components of programme implementation. This review was undertaken to assess how the mapping and impact monitoring activities have evolved to become more robust over the years and steered the LF elimination programme towards its goal. The findings showed that the WHO recommended mapping strategy aided 17 countries to delimit, plan and implement MDA in only those areas endemic for LF thereby saving resources. Availability of serological tools for detecting infection in humans (antigen/antibody assays) and molecular xenomonitoring (MX) in vectors greatly facilitated programme monitoring and evaluation in endemic countries. Results of this review are discussed on how these existing mapping and monitoring procedures can be used for re-mapping of unsurveyed and uncertain areas to ensure there is no resurgence during post-MDA surveillance. Further the appropriateness of the tests (Microfilaria (Mf)/antigenemia (Ag)/antibody(Ab) surveys in humans or MX of vectors for infection) used currently for post-MDA surveillance and their role in the development of a monitoring and evaluation strategy for the recently WHO recommended triple drug regimen in MDA for accelerated LF elimination are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adinarayanan Srividya
- Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Operations Research, ICMR - Vector Control Research Centre, Puducherry, India
| | - Swaminathan Subramanian
- Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Operations Research, ICMR - Vector Control Research Centre, Puducherry, India
| | - Purushothaman Jambulingam
- Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Operations Research, ICMR - Vector Control Research Centre, Puducherry, India
| | - Balakrishnan Vijayakumar
- Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Operations Research, ICMR - Vector Control Research Centre, Puducherry, India
| | - Jeyapal Dinesh Raja
- Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Operations Research, ICMR - Vector Control Research Centre, Puducherry, India
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Biological role of excretory-secretory proteins in endemic parasites of Latin America and the Caribbean. J Helminthol 2019; 94:e53. [PMID: 31092301 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x19000312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) share certain traits: they are parasitic infections, prevailing in tropical environments and affecting marginalized sectors of the population. Six NTDs - ascariasis, cysticercosis, echinococcosis, hookworm infection, onchocerciasis and trichuriasis - all of them endemic in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), are analysed in this work. This review aims to discuss key information on the function of excretory/secretory (E/S) proteins from these parasites in their infectivity, pathogeny and diagnosis. The modulation of the host immune system to favour the permanence and survival of the parasite is also discussed. An updated knowledge on the function of E/S molecules in endemic parasitoses in LAC may lead to new approaches for the clinical management and diagnosis of these diseases. In turn, this could allow us to optimize their treatment and make it more affordable - a relevant goal given the economic constraints that the region is facing.
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Mapping Multi-Disease Risk during El Niño: An Ecosyndemic Approach. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15122639. [PMID: 30477272 PMCID: PMC6313459 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15122639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
El Niño is a quasi-periodic pattern of climate variability and extremes often associated with hazards and disease. While El Niño links to individual diseases have been examined, less is known about the cluster of multi-disease risk referred to as an ecosyndemic, which emerges during extreme events. The objective of this study was to explore a mapping approach to represent the spatial distribution of ecosyndemics in Piura, Peru at the district-level during the first few months of 1998. Using geographic information systems and multivariate analysis, descriptive and analytical methodologies were employed to map disease overlap of 7 climate-sensitive diseases and construct an ecosyndemic index, which was then mapped and applied to another El Niño period as proof of concept. The main findings showed that many districts across Piura faced multi-disease risk over several weeks in the austral summer of 1998. The distribution of ecosyndemics were spatially clustered in western Piura among 11 districts. Furthermore, the ecosydemic index in 1998 when compared to 1983 showed a strong positive correlation, demonstrating the potential utility of the index. The study supports PAHO efforts to develop multi-disease based and interprogrammatic approaches to control and prevention, particularly for climate and poverty-related infections in Latin America and the Caribbean.
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Using the health belief model to identify communication opportunities to prevent Chagas disease in Southern Ecuador. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006841. [PMID: 30260961 PMCID: PMC6177199 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chagas disease (CD) is a life-threatening illness caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, which is transmitted by triatomine bugs. Triatomine bugs inhabit poorly constructed homes that create multiple hiding spots for the bugs. Modifying the actual structure of a home, along with the homeowners’ practices, can reduce triatomine infestation. This research was designed to collect culturally-relevant information to develop a health campaign to decrease risk of CD transmission by promoting home maintenance and better hygiene in rural communities of southern Ecuador. Methods and main findings The Health Belief Model (HBM) guided focus group discussions and the interpretation of the results. Four focus groups ranging from 4 to 10 participants were conducted between May and June 2014 in three communities of Loja province in Southern Ecuador. A thematic analysis was used to identify within the data related to perceptions of susceptibility, severity, benefits, barriers and self-efficacy related to CD and its prevention. The results provide clear guidance for the development of Chagas-prevention messages. Conclusion Data obtained emphasize the importance of standardizing messages presented to the communities for CD prevention. Messages should provide more information on the protective nature of the behaviors promoted for CD prevention; overcoming barriers such as cost and convenience, and build on facilitating factors, including community members’ interest on quality of life, protection of their families, and relationship with the land. This study focuses on Chagas disease (CD) prevention in southern Ecuador. This region has a high rate of triatomine infestation. We used the Health Belief Model (HBM) to understand why people do or do not engage in CD preventive behaviors, particularly those related to home improvement. Additionally, we wanted to learn how to communicate most effectively about CD prevention. We gathered information about community member’s perceptions of CD in four focus groups, with a total of 26 participants. Our results indicate that communities do not see triatomines and CD as a threat. Lack of structures, cost, and convenience were the three key barriers mentioned by research participants for implementing CD preventive behaviors. However, participants were open to work with prevention programs since they saw it as an opportunity for community members to work together under the motivation of improving their living conditions. Capitalizing on motivators and removing barriers will be important for subsequent communication campaigns. Messages evoking fear of triatomine bugs and CD will contradict participants’ personal experience; instead, messages focusing how these behaviors will improve communities’ quality of life, protect their families, and strengthen their relationship with the land, will be more acceptable and appealing.
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Rubin AK, Burk KS, Staller K, Kunitake H, Robbins GK, Deshpande V. Case 30-2018: A 66-Year-Old Woman with Chronic Abdominal Pain. N Engl J Med 2018; 379:1263-1272. [PMID: 30257156 DOI: 10.1056/nejmcpc1802831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Rubin
- From the Departments of Medicine (A.K.R., K.S., G.K.R.), Radiology (K.S.B.), Surgery (H.K.), and Pathology (V.D.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Medicine (A.K.R., K.S., G.K.R.), Radiology (K.S.B.), Surgery (H.K.), and Pathology (V.D.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston
| | - Kristine S Burk
- From the Departments of Medicine (A.K.R., K.S., G.K.R.), Radiology (K.S.B.), Surgery (H.K.), and Pathology (V.D.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Medicine (A.K.R., K.S., G.K.R.), Radiology (K.S.B.), Surgery (H.K.), and Pathology (V.D.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston
| | - Kyle Staller
- From the Departments of Medicine (A.K.R., K.S., G.K.R.), Radiology (K.S.B.), Surgery (H.K.), and Pathology (V.D.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Medicine (A.K.R., K.S., G.K.R.), Radiology (K.S.B.), Surgery (H.K.), and Pathology (V.D.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston
| | - Hiroko Kunitake
- From the Departments of Medicine (A.K.R., K.S., G.K.R.), Radiology (K.S.B.), Surgery (H.K.), and Pathology (V.D.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Medicine (A.K.R., K.S., G.K.R.), Radiology (K.S.B.), Surgery (H.K.), and Pathology (V.D.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston
| | - Gregory K Robbins
- From the Departments of Medicine (A.K.R., K.S., G.K.R.), Radiology (K.S.B.), Surgery (H.K.), and Pathology (V.D.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Medicine (A.K.R., K.S., G.K.R.), Radiology (K.S.B.), Surgery (H.K.), and Pathology (V.D.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston
| | - Vikram Deshpande
- From the Departments of Medicine (A.K.R., K.S., G.K.R.), Radiology (K.S.B.), Surgery (H.K.), and Pathology (V.D.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Medicine (A.K.R., K.S., G.K.R.), Radiology (K.S.B.), Surgery (H.K.), and Pathology (V.D.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston
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Arias-Orozco P, Bástida-González F, Cruz L, Villatoro J, Espinoza E, Zárate-Segura PB, Recuenco S. Spatiotemporal analysis of canine rabies in El Salvador: Violence and poverty as social factors of canine rabies. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201305. [PMID: 30118490 PMCID: PMC6097665 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of canine rabies cases in El Salvador has decreased in the last decade since the establishment of intense control programs, such as massive vaccination campaigns implemented by the Ministry of Health. Socioeconomic crises in recent years have limited the access to certain areas across the country and have impacted surveillance and prevention campaigns, which places the country at risk for a resurgence of canine rabies.We aimedto describe the spatiotemporal patterns of canine rabies and its association with critical social factors in El Salvador from 2005 to 2014. METHOD We included 459 cases of canine rabies. Several socioeconomic, demographic, and surveillance variables were modeled using a Poisson regression to evaluate their associations with the incidence of canine rabies. Spatial scan statistics were adjusted or unadjusted with covariates and applied to identify statistically significant clusters of canine rabies. Finally, a canine rabies risk map was created. RESULTS A positive association and higher risk of canine rabies were found for low poverty zones, where it is suspected that urban slums contribute to ongoing rabies transmission (RR = 7.74). Violence had a negative association with rabies (RR = 0.663), which is likely due to reporting bias. Significant clusters were identified in all five epidemiological regions, and the Eastern region had the highest risk (RR = 50.62). The influences of the selected variables in cluster detection were confirmed by the adjusted analysis. Higher-risk townships were distributed from the Western to the Eastern regions of the country. CONCLUSION Social factors are determinants of rabies in El Salvador and play a major role in national spatial patterns of the disease. There are high-risk areas for canine rabies across the country, and there were two persistent rabies foci during the study period. Examining the role of social factors can provide better insight into rabies in vulnerable countries, and socioeconomic factors can be key elements in developing better policies and interventions for rabies control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Arias-Orozco
- Laboratorio de Medicina Traslacional, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, St. Salvador Díaz Mirón Esquina Plan de San Luis, Santo Tomas, Miguel Hidalgo, México
| | - Fernando Bástida-González
- Laboratorio de Medicina Traslacional, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, St. Salvador Díaz Mirón Esquina Plan de San Luis, Santo Tomas, Miguel Hidalgo, México
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Laboratorio Estatal de Salud Pública del Estado de México, Paseo Tollocan s/n, Col. La Moderna de la Cruz, Toluca, Mexico
| | - Lilian Cruz
- Unidad de Zoonosis, Laboratorio Nacional de Referencia, Ministerio de Salud, San Salvador, El Salvador
| | - Jacqueline Villatoro
- Unidad de Zoonosis, Laboratorio Nacional de Referencia, Ministerio de Salud, San Salvador, El Salvador
| | | | - Paola Berenice Zárate-Segura
- Laboratorio de Medicina Traslacional, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, St. Salvador Díaz Mirón Esquina Plan de San Luis, Santo Tomas, Miguel Hidalgo, México
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Snakebite envenomation in the Caribbean: The role of medical and scientific cooperation. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006441. [PMID: 30001319 PMCID: PMC6042683 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Rodrigues KMDP, Moreira BM. Preventing diseases in round-the-world travelers: a contemporary challenge for travel medicine advice. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2018; 51:125-132. [PMID: 29768543 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0418-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Providing advice for travelers embarking on long-term trips poses a challenge in travel medicine. A long duration of risk exposure is associated with underuse of protective measures and poor adherence to chemoprophylaxis, increasing the chances of acquiring infections. Recently, in our clinic, we observed an increase in the number of travelers undertaking round-the-world trips. These individuals are typically aged around 32 years and quit their jobs to embark on one-to-two-year journeys. Their destinations include countries in two or more continents, invariably Southeast Asia and Indonesia, and mostly involve land travel and visiting rural areas. Such trips involve flexible plans, increasing the challenge, especially with regard to malaria prophylaxis. Advising round-the-world travelers is time-consuming because of the amount of information that must be provided to the traveler. Advisors must develop strategies to commit the traveler to his/her own health, and verify their learnings on disease-prevention measures. Contacting the advisor after the appointment or during the trip can be helpful to clarify unclear instructions or diagnosis made and prescriptions given abroad. Infectious diseases are among the most frequent problems affecting travelers, many of which are preventable by vaccines, medicines, and precautionary measures. The dissemination of counterfeit medicines, particularly antibiotics and antimalarial medicines, emphasizes the need for travelers to carry medicines that they may possibly need on their trip. Additional advice on altitude, scuba diving, and other possible risks may also be given. Considering the difficulties in advising this group, we present a review of the main recommendations on advising these travelers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karis Maria de Pinho Rodrigues
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Centro de Informação em Saúde para Viajantes (Cives), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Beatriz Meurer Moreira
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Goés, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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Freire de Carvalho M, Vigilato MAN, Pompei JA, Rocha F, Vokaty A, Molina-Flores B, Cosivi O, Del Rio Vilas VJ. Rabies in the Americas: 1998-2014. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006271. [PMID: 29558465 PMCID: PMC5877887 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Through national efforts and regional cooperation under the umbrella of the Regional Program for the Elimination of Rabies, dog and human rabies have decreased significantly in Latin America and Caribbean (LAC) countries over the last three decades. To achieve this decline, LAC countries had to develop national plans, and consolidate capabilities such as regular mass dog vaccination, opportune post-exposure prophylaxis and sensitive surveillance. This paper presents longitudinal data for 21 LAC countries on dog vaccination, PEP and rabies surveillance collected from the biannual regional meeting for rabies directors from 1998-2014 and from the Regional Epidemiologic Surveillance System for Rabies (SIRVERA). Differences in human and dog rabies incidence rates and dog vaccination rates were shown between low, middle and high-income countries. At the peak, over 50 million dogs were vaccinated annually in national campaigns in the countries represented. The reported number of animal exposures remained fairly stable during the study period with an incidence rate ranging from 123 to 191 reported exposures per 100,000 people. On average, over 2 million doses of human vaccine were applied annually. In the most recent survey, only 37% of countries reported that they had sufficient financial resources to meet the program objectives. The data show a sufficient and sustained effort of the LAC countries in the area of dog vaccination and provide understanding of the baseline effort required to reduce dog-mediated rabies incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Freire de Carvalho
- Zoonosis group, Pan American Foot-and-Mouth Disease Center (PANAFTOSA), Pan American Health Organization (PAHO/WHO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marco A. N. Vigilato
- Zoonosis group, Pan American Foot-and-Mouth Disease Center (PANAFTOSA), Pan American Health Organization (PAHO/WHO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Julio A. Pompei
- Zoonosis group, Pan American Foot-and-Mouth Disease Center (PANAFTOSA), Pan American Health Organization (PAHO/WHO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Felipe Rocha
- Zoonosis group, Pan American Foot-and-Mouth Disease Center (PANAFTOSA), Pan American Health Organization (PAHO/WHO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alexandra Vokaty
- Zoonosis group, Pan American Foot-and-Mouth Disease Center (PANAFTOSA), Pan American Health Organization (PAHO/WHO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Baldomero Molina-Flores
- Zoonosis group, Pan American Foot-and-Mouth Disease Center (PANAFTOSA), Pan American Health Organization (PAHO/WHO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ottorino Cosivi
- Zoonosis group, Pan American Foot-and-Mouth Disease Center (PANAFTOSA), Pan American Health Organization (PAHO/WHO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Victor J. Del Rio Vilas
- Zoonosis group, Pan American Foot-and-Mouth Disease Center (PANAFTOSA), Pan American Health Organization (PAHO/WHO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
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Schistosomiasis and Strongyloidiasis Recommendations for Solid-Organ Transplant Recipients and Donors. Transplantation 2018; 102:S27-S34. [DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000002016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
Effective methods to increase awareness of preventable infectious diseases are key components of successful control programmes. Rabies is an example of a disease with significant impact, where public awareness is variable. A recent awareness campaign in a rabies endemic region of Azerbaijan provided a unique opportunity to assess the efficacy of such campaigns. A cluster cross-sectional survey concerning rabies was undertaken following the awareness campaign in 600 households in 38 randomly selected towns, in districts covered by the campaign and matched control regions. This survey demonstrated that the relatively simple awareness campaign was effective at improving knowledge of rabies symptoms and vaccination schedules. Crucially, those in the awareness campaign group were also 1·4 times more likely to report that they had vaccinated their pets, an essential component of human rabies prevention. In addition, low knowledge of appropriate post-exposure treatment and animal sources of rabies provide information useful for future public awareness campaigns in the region and other similar areas.
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Clavijo A, Freire de Carvalho MH, Orciari LA, Velasco-Villa A, Ellison JA, Greenberg L, Yager PA, Green DB, Vigilato MA, Cosivi O, Del Rio-Vilas VJ. An inter- laboratory proficiency testing exercise for rabies diagnosis in Latin America and the Caribbean. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005427. [PMID: 28369139 PMCID: PMC5391118 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The direct fluorescent antibody test (DFA), is performed in all rabies reference laboratories across Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). Despite DFA being a critical capacity in the control of rabies, there is not a standardized protocol in the region. We describe the results of the first inter-laboratory proficiency exercise of national rabies laboratories in LAC countries as part of the regional efforts towards dog-maintained rabies elimination in the American region. Twenty three laboratories affiliated to the Ministries of Health and Ministries of Agriculture participated in this exercise. In addition, the laboratories completed an online questionnaire to assess laboratory practices. Answers to the online questionnaire indicated large variability in the laboratories throughput, equipment used, protocols availability, quality control standards and biosafety requirements. Our results will inform actions to improve and harmonize laboratory rabies capacities across LAC in support for the regional efforts towards elimination of dog-maintained rabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Clavijo
- Pan American Foot-and-Mouth Disease Center, Pan American Health Organization, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Lillian A. Orciari
- National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Andres Velasco-Villa
- National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - James A. Ellison
- National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Lauren Greenberg
- National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Pamela A. Yager
- National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Douglas B. Green
- National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Marco A. Vigilato
- Pan American Foot-and-Mouth Disease Center, Pan American Health Organization, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ottorino Cosivi
- Pan American Foot-and-Mouth Disease Center, Pan American Health Organization, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Victor J. Del Rio-Vilas
- Pan American Foot-and-Mouth Disease Center, Pan American Health Organization, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Maxwell MJ, Freire de Carvalho MH, Hoet AE, Vigilato MAN, Pompei JC, Cosivi O, del Rio Vilas VJ. Building the road to a regional zoonoses strategy: A survey of zoonoses programmes in the Americas. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174175. [PMID: 28333986 PMCID: PMC5363932 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In recent years, global public health security has been threatened by zoonotic disease emergence as exemplified by outbreaks of H5N1 and H1N1 influenza, SARS, and most recently Ebola and Zika. Additionally, endemic zoonoses, such as rabies, burden countries year after year, placing demands on limited finances and personnel. To survey the baseline status of the emerging and endemic zoonoses programmes of the Latin American and the Caribbean (LAC) countries, the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) conducted a survey of priority emerging and endemic zoonoses, countries´ prioritization criteria and methodologies, and suggestions to strengthen countries capacities and regional approaches to zoonoses control. Methods A fillable online questionnaire was sent to the zoonoses programme managers of the Ministries of Health (MOH) and Ministries of Agriculture (MAg) of 33 LAC countries from January to April of 2015. The questionnaire comprised 36 single, multiple choice and open-ended questions to inform the objectives of the survey. A descriptive exploratory analysis was completed. Results Fifty-four ministries (26 MOH, 25 MAg, and 3 combined responses) in 31 LAC countries responded to the survey. Within the ministries, 22 (85%) MOH, 5 (20%) MAg, and 2 (67%) combined entities indicated they had specialized zoonoses units. For endemic zoonoses, 32 of 54 ministries responded that they conduct formal prioritization exercises, most of them annually (69%). The three priority endemic zoonoses for the MOHs were leptospirosis, rabies, and brucellosis while the three priorities for the MAgs were brucellosis, rabies, and tuberculosis. Diagnosis for rabies and leptospirosis were cited as the capacities most in need of development. The most needed cross-cutting capacity was coordination between stakeholders. For emerging zoonoses, 28 ministries performed formal prioritization exercises. The top prioritization criteria were probability of introduction into the country and impact. The three priority emerging zoonoses for the MOHs were Ebola viral disease, avian influenza, and Chikungunya while for the MAgs were avian influenza, bovine spongiform encephalopathy and West Nile virus disease. Surveillance for avian influenza and Ebola, and diagnosis for BSE were quoted as the capacities most needed. For all zoonoses, the majority of respondents (69%) ranked their relationship with the other Ministry as productive or very productive, and 31% minimally productive. Many countries requested a formal regional network, better regional communication and collaboration, and integrated surveillance. Conclusions The survey is the first comprehensive effort to date to inform the status of zoonoses programmes in LAC. The information collected here will be used to develop a regional strategy for zoonoses (both endemic and emerging), increase efforts, advocacy, and promote prompt identification and management of EIDs and improvement of endemic programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Armando E. Hoet
- Veterinary Public Health Program, Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Division of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
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Guo F, Forde MS, Werre SR, Krecek RC, Zhu G. Seroprevalence of five parasitic pathogens in pregnant women in ten Caribbean countries. Parasitol Res 2016; 116:347-358. [PMID: 27778108 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5297-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
To date, published epidemiological studies of parasitic infections in humans in the Caribbean region are very limited. Here, we report the seroprevalence of five parasitic pathogens, including Ascaris lumbricoides, Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, Schistosoma mansoni, and Toxocara canis in 435 serum samples collected between 2008 and 2011 from pregnant women in ten Caribbean islands. We tested the serum samples for IgG antibodies against the five parasites by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Among them, 66.2 % were serologically positive for at least one parasite. The most prevalent parasite was G. lamblia (40.5 %), followed by A. lumbricoides (37.9 %), T. canis (14.5 %), E. histolytica (6.7 %), and S. mansoni (3.0 %). Evidence of infections of G. lamblia and A. lumbricoides were detected in all ten Caribbean countries. Seroprevalence estimates significantly differed between countries for A. lumbricoides, E. histolytica, and T. canis (p values <0.001). For S. mansoni, significance was observed by Fisher's exact test (p = 0.013) but not by multiple comparisons. The prevalence of G. lamblia was not significantly different between countries (p = 0.089). A significant negative correlation between the gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and overall seroprevalence by country was also observed (Pearson's r = -0.9202, p = 0.0002). The data strongly indicates that neglected parasitic infections remain a significant health burden on people in these countries. Thus, justification has been provided to regional health planners to enhance existing public health surveillance programs on parasitic diseases and to heighten the public's awareness through education and outreach programs on how they can minimize the occurrence of parasitic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengguang Guo
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Martin S Forde
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, St. George's University, St. George's, West Indies, Grenada
| | - Stephen R Werre
- Laboratory for Study Design and Statistical Analysis, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Rosina C Krecek
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA. .,Texas A&M University One Health Initiative Program, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA. .,Department of Zoology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Guan Zhu
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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Euzébio DM, Oliveira GG, Costa FOD, Correia D, Costa BG, Silva AM. New cases of Chagas disease in a rural area of Northeast Brazilian. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2016; 49:245-7. [PMID: 27192597 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0340-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chagas disease is considered one of the 17 most neglected tropical diseases in the World, with the most common form of vector transmission. METHODS This structured cross-sectional study was conducted through an epidemiological survey in the Tobias Barreto municipality of Sergipe. RESULTS Of the 255 participants, 1 (0.4%) participant was positive for human Chagas disease. Approximately 30.2% of the participants found the triatomine bugs in their houses and outbuildings. CONCLUSIONS The detection of a case indicated transmission, which was also evidenced by the presence of triatomines and poor housing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Matos Euzébio
- Programa de Graduação em Biologia Parasitária - Mestrado, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | | | | | - Dalmo Correia
- Disciplina de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Angela Maria Silva
- Disciplina de Doenças Infecciosas, Hospital Universitário, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
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Kim SM. Dracunculiasis in oral and maxillofacial surgery. J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg 2016; 42:67-76. [PMID: 27162746 PMCID: PMC4860382 DOI: 10.5125/jkaoms.2016.42.2.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dracunculiasis, otherwise known as guinea worm disease (GWD), is caused by infection with the nematode Dracunculus medinensis. This nematode is transmitted to humans exclusively via contaminated drinking water. The transmitting vectors are Cyclops copepods (water fleas), which are tiny free-swimming crustaceans usually found abundantly in freshwater ponds. Humans can acquire GWD by drinking water that contains vectors infected with guinea worm larvae. This disease is prevalent in some of the most deprived areas of the world, and no vaccine or medicine is currently available. International efforts to eradicate dracunculiasis began in the early 1980s. Most dentists and maxillofacial surgeons have neglected this kind of parasite infection. However, when performing charitable work in developing countries near the tropic lines or other regions where GWD is endemic, it is important to consider GWD in cases of swelling or tumors of unknown origin. This paper reviews the pathogenesis, epidemiology, clinical criteria, diagnostic criteria, treatment, and prevention of dracunculiasis. It also summarizes important factors for maxillofacial surgeons to consider.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soung Min Kim
- Oral and Maxillofacial Microvascular Reconstruction Lab, Sunyani Regional Hospital, Sunyani, Brong Ahafo, Ghana.; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Abstract
The uptake and acceptance of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technology has increased since the early 1990s and public health applications are rapidly expanding. In this paper, we summarize the common uses of GIS technology in the public health sector, emphasizing applications related to mapping and understanding of parasitic diseases. We also present some of the success stories, and discuss the challenges that still prevent a full scope application of GIS technology in the public health context. Geographical analysis has allowed researchers to interlink health, population and environmental data, thus enabling them to evaluate and quantify relationships between health-related variables and environmental risk factors at different geographical scales. The ability to access, share and utilize satellite and remote-sensing data has made possible even wider understanding of disease processes and of their links to the environment, an important consideration in the study of parasitic diseases. For example, disease prevention and control strategies resulting from investigations conducted in a GIS environment have been applied in many areas, particularly in Africa. However, there remain several challenges to a more widespread use of GIS technology, such as: limited access to GIS infrastructure, inadequate technical and analytical skills, and uneven data availability. Opportunities exist for international collaboration to address these limitations through knowledge sharing and governance.
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Schneider MC, Najera P, Pereira MM, Machado G, dos Anjos CB, Rodrigues RO, Cavagni GM, Muñoz-Zanzi C, Corbellini LG, Leone M, Buss DF, Aldighieri S, Espinal MA. Leptospirosis in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil: An Ecosystem Approach in the Animal-Human Interface. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0004095. [PMID: 26562157 PMCID: PMC4643048 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leptospirosis is an epidemic-prone neglected disease that affects humans and animals, mostly in vulnerable populations. The One Health approach is a recommended strategy to identify drivers of the disease and plan for its prevention and control. In that context, the aim of this study was to analyze the distribution of human cases of leptospirosis in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, and to explore possible drivers. Additionally, it sought to provide further evidence to support interventions and to identify hypotheses for new research at the human-animal-ecosystem interface. METHODOLOGY AND FINDINGS The risk for human infection was described in relation to environmental, socioeconomic, and livestock variables. This ecological study used aggregated data by municipality (all 496). Data were extracted from secondary, publicly available sources. Thematic maps were constructed and univariate analysis performed for all variables. Negative binomial regression was used for multivariable statistical analysis of leptospirosis cases. An annual average of 428 human cases of leptospirosis was reported in the state from 2008 to 2012. The cumulative incidence in rural populations was eight times higher than in urban populations. Variables significantly associated with leptospirosis cases in the final model were: Parana/Paraiba ecoregion (RR: 2.25; CI95%: 2.03-2.49); Neossolo Litolítico soil (RR: 1.93; CI95%: 1.26-2.96); and, to a lesser extent, the production of tobacco (RR: 1.10; CI95%: 1.09-1.11) and rice (RR: 1.003; CI95%: 1.002-1.04). CONCLUSION Urban cases were concentrated in the capital and rural cases in a specific ecoregion. The major drivers identified in this study were related to environmental and production processes that are permanent features of the state. This study contributes to the basic knowledge on leptospirosis distribution and drivers in the state and encourages a comprehensive approach to address the disease in the animal-human-ecosystem interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cristina Schneider
- Department of Communicable Diseases and Health Analysis, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Patricia Najera
- Department of Communicable Diseases and Health Analysis, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Martha M. Pereira
- Laboratório de Referência Nacional para Leptospirose, Centro Colaborador da Organização Mundial da Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Machado
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Laboratório de Epidemiologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Celso B. dos Anjos
- Secretaria de Saúde do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Rogério O. Rodrigues
- Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Fundacão Estadual de Pesquisa Agropecuária (FEPAGRO), Eldorado do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Gabriela M. Cavagni
- Secretaria da Agricultura Pecuária do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Claudia Muñoz-Zanzi
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Luis G. Corbellini
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Laboratório de Epidemiologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Mariana Leone
- Department of Communicable Diseases and Health Analysis, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Daniel F. Buss
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Promoção da Saúde Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sylvain Aldighieri
- Department of Communicable Diseases and Health Analysis, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Marcos A. Espinal
- Department of Communicable Diseases and Health Analysis, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, D.C., United States of America
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Rocha SM, de Oliveira SV, Heinemann MB, Gonçalves VSP. Epidemiological Profile of Wild Rabies in Brazil (2002-2012). Transbound Emerg Dis 2015; 64:624-633. [PMID: 26423323 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Rabies is one of the most important zoonosis in the world with high impact on public health. Studies report the presence of Lyssavirus in reservoirs of the wild cycle, highlighting the role of wild canines, marmosets, and vampire and non-vampire bats as potential vectors of the disease to domestic animals and human beings. Therefore, the reintroduction of rabies in urban environments from reservoirs of the wild cycle is a matter of concern. This study describes the profile of rabies cases documented in Brazil from 2002 to 2012, with emphasis on the wild transmission cycle of the disease. We carried out a descriptive study using records with information on the time of infection, persons with infection and location of confirmed cases of rabies in humans and animals, as well as data on anti-rabies treatments obtained from the Information System of Notifiable Diseases (Sinan) database. Within the study period, 82 cases of rabies transmitted by wild animals to humans were reported, predominantly in rural areas of the northern and north-eastern regions. Of the cases in humans, 72% did not receive post-exposure prophylaxis. Among wild mammals, vampire bats were the most frequent vectors of the disease. In the north-east region, 460 terrestrial wild mammals were reported with confirmed rabies. Over the study period, 1703 bats were reported to carry the rabies virus. In the south-east region, the most frequently reported carriers of the virus were non-vampire bats. The midwest and northern regions presented a lower number of records of rabies cases among terrestrial wild mammals. However, the high number of rabies cases among bovines reflects the role of the vampire bat as a maintainer of the rabies virus in the rural cycle. The present results are key to adjust the planning of rabies control in Brazil to the current epidemiological trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Rocha
- Unidade Técnica de Vigilância de Zoonoses da Coordenação Geral de Doenças Transmissíveis, Departamento de Vigilância das Doenças Transmissíveis da Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Brasilia, Brasil.,EpiPlan, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Brasília, Brasilia, Brasil
| | - S V de Oliveira
- Unidade Técnica de Vigilância de Zoonoses da Coordenação Geral de Doenças Transmissíveis, Departamento de Vigilância das Doenças Transmissíveis da Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Brasilia, Brasil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade de Brasília, Brasilia, Brasil
| | - M B Heinemann
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - V S P Gonçalves
- EpiPlan, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Brasília, Brasilia, Brasil
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Paniz-Mondolfi AE, Gárate T, Stavropoulos C, Fan W, González LM, Eberhard M, Kimmelstiel F, Sordillo EM. Zoonotic filariasis caused by novel Brugia sp. nematode, United States, 2011. Emerg Infect Dis 2015; 20:1248-50. [PMID: 24963722 PMCID: PMC4073870 DOI: 10.3201/eid2007.131654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Ben-Chetrit E, Schwartz E. Vector-borne diseases in Haiti: a review. Travel Med Infect Dis 2015; 13:150-8. [PMID: 25765486 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Haiti lies on the western third of the island of Hispaniola in the Caribbean, and is one of the poorest nations in the Western hemisphere. Haiti attracts a lot of medical attention and support due to severe natural disasters followed by disastrous health consequences. Vector-borne infections are still prevalent there with some unique aspects comparing it to Latin American countries and other Caribbean islands. Although vector-borne viral diseases such as dengue and recently chikungunya can be found in many of the Caribbean islands, including Haiti, there is an apparent distinction of the vector-borne parasitic diseases. Contrary to neighboring Carribbean islands, Haiti is highly endemic for malaria, lymphatic filariasis and mansonellosis. Affected by repeat natural disasters, poverty and lack of adequate infrastructure, control of transmission within Haiti and prevention of dissemination of vector-borne pathogens to other regions is challenging. In this review we summarize some aspects concerning diseases caused by vector-borne pathogens in Haiti.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli Ben-Chetrit
- Infectious Disease Unit, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Affiliated with the Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, 12 Bayit Street, 91031 Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Eli Schwartz
- The Center for Geographic Medicine and Tropical Diseases, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer & Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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Noya O, Katz N, Pointier JP, Theron A, de Noya BA. Schistosomiasis in America. NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-1422-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Muñoz-Antoli C, Pavón A, Marcilla A, Toledo R, Esteban JG. Prevalence and risk factors related to intestinal parasites among children in Department of Rio San Juan, Nicaragua. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2014; 108:774-82. [PMID: 25344696 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/tru160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study was carried out to assess the prevalence of intestinal parasite infections among children in Department of Rio San Juan (Nicaragua), to explore the extent of polyparasitism, and to identify the risk factors that might favour transmission of these parasites. METHODS A coprological study of single stool specimen, collected at random from 382 children (167 boys and 215 girls) aged 2-15 years from two municipalities, and a questionnaire, concerning demographic and epidemiological data on sanitary and behavioural habits, was filled in to identify risk factors. RESULTS About 93% of the children presented infection. Blastocystis hominis, the most frequently protozoa, and Trichuris trichiura, Ascaris lumbricoides and hookworm, the most prevalent helminths. Polyparasitism (85.4%[326/382]), with the highest percentages detected in females (p=0.001), in the 6-11 year age group (p<0.001) and having a rural background (p<0.001). A firm relationship between any parasite and age (OR=1.2, p=0.036) and rural background (OR=0.3, p=0.027) was detected. Living in rural areas and drinking river water were also positively associated with each of the STH species detected, and walking barefoot was also associated with hookworm infection. CONCLUSIONS Government efforts should be focused on controlling the risk factors associated with these enteroparasites, with health education programmes in rural areas of Nicaragua.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Muñoz-Antoli
- Departamento Parasitología, Facultad Farmacia, Universidad Valencia, Avda, Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot-Valencia, Spain
| | - A Pavón
- Departamento Bionálisis Clínico, Instituto Politécnico de la Salud (IPS-Polisal), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua, Managua, Nicaragua
| | - A Marcilla
- Departamento Parasitología, Facultad Farmacia, Universidad Valencia, Avda, Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot-Valencia, Spain
| | - R Toledo
- Departamento Parasitología, Facultad Farmacia, Universidad Valencia, Avda, Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot-Valencia, Spain
| | - J G Esteban
- Departamento Parasitología, Facultad Farmacia, Universidad Valencia, Avda, Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot-Valencia, Spain
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Prevalence and intensity of soil-transmitted helminthiasis, prevalence of malaria and nutritional status of school going children in honduras. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3248. [PMID: 25330010 PMCID: PMC4199552 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many small studies have been done in Honduras estimating soil-transmitted helminthiasis (STH) prevalence but a country-wide study was last done in 2005. The country has the highest burden of malaria among all Central American countries. The present study was done to estimate country-wide STH prevalence and intensity, malaria prevalence and nutritional status in school going children. Methods and Findings A cross-sectional study was conducted following PAHO/WHO guidelines to select a sample of school going children of 3rd to 5th grades, representative of ecological regions in the country. A survey questionnaire was filled; anthropometric measurements, stool sample for STH and blood sample for malaria were taken. Kato-Katz method was used for STH prevalence and intensity and rapid diagnostic tests, microscopy, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were used for malaria parasite detection. A total of 2554 students were studied of which 43.5% had one or more STH. Trichuriasis was the most prevalent (34%) followed by ascariasis (22.3%) and hookworm (0.9%). Ecological regions II (59.7%) and VI (55.6%) in the north had the highest STH prevalence rates while IV had the lowest (10.6%). Prevalence of one or more high intensity STH was low (1.6%). Plasmodium vivax was detected by PCR in only 5 students (0.2%), all of which belonged to the same municipality; no P. falciparum infection was detected. The majority of children (83%) had normal body mass index for their respective age but a significant proportion were overweight (10.42%) and obese (4.35%). Conclusions Biannual deworming campaigns would be necessary in ecological regions II and VI, where STH prevalence is >50%. High prevalence of obesity in school going children is a worrying trend and portends of future increase in obesity related diseases. Malaria prevalence, both symptomatic and asymptomatic, was low and provides evidence for Honduras to embark on elimination of the disease. Soil-transmitted helminthiasis (STH) are one of the most important neglected infectious diseases (NID). These not only have the potential to affect the growth and development of children, but can have irreversible consequences that carry into adulthood. However its prevalence has not been estimated since many years in Honduras. Although Honduras is the country with the highest burden of malaria in Central America, efforts to reduce the number of cases due to Plasmodium falciparum have lead the country towards an initiative for elimination. Using common platforms to do mapping of NID allows countries to reduce costs, build local capacities and strengthen monitoring and evaluation systems to track progress towards control and elimination goals. Honduras, one of the poorest countries in Central America, took advantage of an initiative to establish the prevalence of STH in school age children to assess the prevalence of malaria as a step in compiling evidence to support a future process of elimination of the disease. This innovative manner to put together epidemiological information for several NID might be replicated in other countries in the Americas to produce baseline and follow-up data to support decision making for processes to reach the goals established for these diseases.
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Cano J, Rebollo MP, Golding N, Pullan RL, Crellen T, Soler A, Kelly-Hope LA, Lindsay SW, Hay SI, Bockarie MJ, Brooker SJ. The global distribution and transmission limits of lymphatic filariasis: past and present. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:466. [PMID: 25303991 PMCID: PMC4197264 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-014-0466-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is one of the neglected tropical diseases targeted for global elimination by 2020 and to guide elimination efforts countries have, in recent years, conducted extensive mapping surveys. Documenting the past and present distribution of LF and its environmental limits is important for a number of reasons. Here, we present an initiative to develop a global atlas of LF and present a new global map of the limits of LF transmission. METHODS We undertook a systematic search and assembly of prevalence data worldwide and used a suite of environmental and climatic data and boosted regression trees (BRT) modelling to map the transmission limits of LF. RESULTS Data were identified for 66 of the 72 countries currently endemic and for a further 17 countries where LF is no longer endemic. Our map highlights a restricted and highly heterogeneous distribution in sub-Saharan Africa, with transmission more widespread in West Africa compared to east, central and southern Africa where pockets of transmission occur. Contemporary transmission occurs across much of south and South-east Asia and the Pacific. Interestingly, the risk map reflects environmental conditions suitable for LF transmission across Central and South America, including the southern States of America, although active transmission is only known in a few isolated foci. In countries that have eliminated LF, our predictions of environmental suitability are consistent with historical distribution. CONCLUSIONS The global distribution of LF is highly heterogeneous and geographically targeted and sustained control will be required to achieve elimination. This first global map can help evaluate the progress of interventions and guide surveillance activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Cano
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Maria P Rebollo
- NTD Support Center, Task Force for Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, United States of America.
- Department of Parasitology, Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
| | - Nick Golding
- Department of Zoology, Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Tinbergen Building, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK.
| | - Rachel L Pullan
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Thomas Crellen
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Anna Soler
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Louise A Kelly-Hope
- Department of Parasitology, Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
| | - Steve W Lindsay
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom.
| | - Simon I Hay
- Department of Zoology, Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Tinbergen Building, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK.
| | - Moses J Bockarie
- Department of Parasitology, Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
| | - Simon J Brooker
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
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Pinheiro CS, Ribeiro APD, Cardoso FC, Martins VP, Figueiredo BCP, Assis NRG, Morais SB, Caliari MV, Loukas A, Oliveira SC. A multivalent chimeric vaccine composed of Schistosoma mansoni SmTSP-2 and Sm29 was able to induce protection against infection in mice. Parasite Immunol 2014; 36:303-12. [PMID: 24749785 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Schistosoma mansoni is a blood fluke parasite responsible for schistosomiasis. The best long-term strategy to control schistosomiasis is through immunization combined with drug treatment. In this study, we cloned, expressed and purified SmTSP-2 fused to the N- and C-terminal halves of Sm29 and tested these chimeras as vaccine candidates using an adjuvant approved to be used in humans. The results demonstrated that vaccination with SmTSP-2 fused to N- or C-terminus of Sm29-induced reduction in worm burden and liver pathology when compared to control animals. Additionally, we detected high levels of mouse-specific IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a against both chimeras and significant amounts of IFN-γ and TNF-α and no IL-4. Finally, studies with sera from patients resistant to infection and living in schistosomiasis endemic areas revealed high levels of specific IgG to both chimeras when compared to healthy individuals. In conclusion, SmTSP-2/Sm29 chimeras tested here induced partial protection against infection and might be a potential vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Pinheiro
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia do Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Departamento de Biointeração do Instituto de ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
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Saraiva DS, Thomaz EBAF, Caldas ADJM. Raiva humana transmitida por cães no Maranhão: avaliação das diretrizes básicas de eliminação da doença. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/1414-462x201400030010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Objetivou-se avaliar as diretrizes básicas do programa de eliminação da raiva humana transmitida por cães (RHTC) no Maranhão. Realizou-se estudo transversal de avaliação normativa nos municípios com casos de RHTC no Estado do Maranhão por meio de consulta a dados primários e secundários de cinco municípios com casos notificados de RHTC de 2006 a 2010. As diretrizes investigadas foram: a) treinamento de profissionais de saúde; b) educação em saúde dirigida à comunidade; c) profilaxia pós-exposição (PPE); e d) vacinação em massa de cães. Muitos profissionais nunca participaram de treinamento sobre RHTC ou o fizeram havia muitos anos. Mais de 70% da população entrevistada jamais recebeu instruções sobre a doença, e quase 100% não sabiam como proceder frente a uma agressão por cão. Verificaram-se deficiências nas ações de PPE e irregularidades nas redes de frio. A cobertura de vacinação animal foi superior a 80% nos municípios, exceto um. Conclui-se que há deficiências no cumprimento das diretrizes básicas para a eliminação da RHTC no Maranhão, podendo resultar em novos casos humanos no Estado.
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Freitas DFS, do Valle ACF, da Silva MBT, Campos DP, Lyra MR, de Souza RV, Veloso VG, Zancopé-Oliveira RM, Bastos FI, Galhardo MCG. Sporotrichosis: an emerging neglected opportunistic infection in HIV-infected patients in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3110. [PMID: 25166475 PMCID: PMC4148221 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporotrichosis associated with zoonotic transmission remains a relevant public health problem in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, affecting a large at-risk population, which includes HIV-infected individuals. We assessed patients co-infected by Sporothrix spp. and HIV over time in the context of an unabated sporotrichosis epidemic. A retrospective cohort retrieved information from a National reference institute for infectious diseases regarding 48 patients with sporotrichosis-HIV co-infection (group 1) as well as 3,570 patients with sporotrichosis (group 2), from 1987 through March 2013. Most patients from group 1 were male (68.8%), whereas women were predominant in group 2 (69.1%; p<0.0001). Patients from group 1 were younger than those from group 2 (μ = 38.38±10.17 vs. 46.34±15.85; p<0.001) and differed from group 2 in terms of their race/ethnic background, with 70.8% non-white patients in group 1 vs. 38.6% from group 2 (p<0.0001). Close to half (∼44%) of the patients from group 1 were hospitalized due to sporotrichosis over time, whereas hospitalization was very unlikely in group 2, among whom approximately 1% were hospitalized over time. Dissemination of sporotrichosis was the main cause of hospitalization in both groups, although it was more common among hospitalized patients from group 1 (19/21 [90.5%] vs. 16/37 [43.2%]; p<0.001). Over the period under analysis, eight patients died due to sporotrichosis (3/48 vs. 5/3,570). The diagnosis of sporotrichosis elicited HIV testing and subsequent diagnosis in 19/48 patients, whereas 23/48 patients were simultaneously diagnosed with the two infections. HIV infection aggravates sporotrichosis, with a higher incidence of severe disseminated cases and a higher number of hospitalizations and deaths. Underserved populations, among whom sporotrichosis has been propagated, have been affected by different transmissible (e.g., HIV) and non-transmissible diseases. These populations should be targeted by community development programs and entitled to integrated management and care of their superimposed burdens. Sporotrichosis is a subcutaneous, worldwide-distributed mycosis, endemic in some areas and is caused by dimorphic fungi from the complex Sporothrix schenckii. Its association with zoonotic transmission remains a relevant public health problem in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, affecting a large at-risk population, which includes HIV-infected individuals. A comprehensive search of a National reference institute for infectious diseases' database retrieved information regarding 48 patients with sporotrichosis-HIV co-infection (group 1), as well as 3,570 patients with sporotrichosis (group 2), registered from 1987 through March 2013. Group 1 mainly comprised young, non-white men, while group 2 was predominantly comprised of white middle-aged women. HIV infection aggravates sporotrichosis, as seen with patients from group 1, who presented more severe disseminated sporotrichosis, a higher need for hospitalization and risk of death due to this mycosis. Due to its aggressive presentation, sporotrichosis elicited HIV testing and subsequent diagnosis in 19/48 patients. Underserved populations, among whom sporotrichosis has propagated, have been affected by different transmissible (e.g., HIV) and non-transmissible diseases. These populations should be targeted by community development programs and entitled to integrated management and care of their superimposed burdens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dayse Pereira Campos
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Rosandiski Lyra
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rogerio Valls de Souza
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Valdiléa Gonçalves Veloso
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Francisco Inácio Bastos
- Instituto de Comunicação e Informação Científica e Tecnológica em Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Hotez PJ, Fujiwara RT. Brazil's neglected tropical diseases: an overview and a report card. Microbes Infect 2014; 16:601-6. [PMID: 25088506 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2014.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Today, the nation of Brazil leads the Western Hemisphere in terms of the number of its citizens living with neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). These diseases continue to trap Brazil's "bottom 20 million" in extreme poverty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Hotez
- Sabin Vaccine Institute and Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Virology and Microbiology, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX, United States; James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States.
| | - Ricardo T Fujiwara
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Fung H, Calzada J, Saldaña A, Santamaria A, Pineda V, Gonzalez K, Chaves L, Garner B, Gottdenker N. Domestic dog health worsens with socio-economic deprivation of their home communities. Acta Trop 2014; 135:67-74. [PMID: 24681221 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Dogs play an important role in infectious disease transmission as reservoir hosts of many zoonotic and wildlife pathogens. Nevertheless, unlike wildlife species involved in the life cycle of pathogens, whose health status might be a direct reflection of their fitness and competitive abilities, dog health condition could be sensitive to socio-economic factors impacting the well-being of their owners. Here, we compare several dog health indicators in three rural communities of Panama with different degrees of socio-economic deprivation. From a total of 78 individuals, we collected blood and fecal samples, and assessed their body condition. With the blood samples, we performed routine hematologic evaluation (complete blood counts) and measured cytokine levels (Interferon-γ and Interleukin-10) through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. With the fecal samples we diagnosed helminthiases. Dogs were also serologically tested for exposure to Trypanosoma cruzi and canine distemper virus, and molecular tests were done to assess T. cruzi infection status. We found significant differences between dog health measurements, pathogen prevalence, parasite richness, and economic status of the human communities where the dogs lived. We found dogs that were less healthy, more likely to be infected with zoonotic pathogens, and more likely to be seropositive to canine distemper virus in the communities with lower economic status. This study concludes that isolated communities of lower economic status in Panama may have less healthy dogs that could become major reservoirs in the transmission of diseases to humans and sympatric wildlife.
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Hotez PJ, Woc-Colburn L, Bottazzi ME. Neglected tropical diseases in Central America and Panama: review of their prevalence, populations at risk and impact on regional development. Int J Parasitol 2014; 44:597-603. [PMID: 24846528 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A review of the literature since 2009 reveals a staggering health and economic burden resulting from neglected tropical diseases in Panama and the six countries of Central America (referred to collectively here as 'Central America'). Particularly at risk are the 10.2million people in the region who live on less than $2 per day, mostly in Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and El Salvador. Indigenous populations are especially vulnerable to neglected tropical diseases. Currently, more than 8million Central American children require mass drug treatments annually (or more frequently) for their intestinal helminth infections, while vector-borne diseases are widespread. Among the vector-borne parasitic infections, almost 40% of the population is at risk for malaria (mostly Plasmodium vivax infection), more than 800,000 people live with Chagas disease, and up to 39,000 people have cutaneous leishmaniasis. In contrast, an important recent success story is the elimination of onchocerciasis from Central America. Dengue is the leading arbovirus infection with 4-5million people affected annually and hantavirus is an important rodent-borne viral neglected tropical disease. The leading bacterial neglected tropical diseases include leptospirosis and trachoma, for which there are no disease burden estimates. Overall there is an extreme dearth of epidemiological data on neglected tropical diseases based on active surveillance as well as estimates of their economic impact. Limited information to date, however, suggests that neglected tropical diseases are a major hindrance to the region's economic development, in both the most impoverished Central American countries listed above, as well as for Panama and Costa Rica where a substantial (but largely hidden) minority of people live in extreme poverty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Hotez
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Sabin Vaccine Institute and Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, TX, United States; James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States.
| | - Laila Woc-Colburn
- Department of Medicine, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Maria Elena Bottazzi
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Sabin Vaccine Institute and Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, TX, United States
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Clavijo A, Del Rio Vilas VJ, Mayen FL, Yadon ZE, Beloto AJ, Vigilato MAN, Schneider MC, Cosivi O. Gains and future road map for the elimination of dog-transmitted rabies in the Americas. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2014; 89:1040-2. [PMID: 24306030 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.13-0229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Clavijo
- Pan American Health Organization, Veterinary Public Health Unit, Health Surveillance and Disease Prevention and Control, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Pan American Health Organization, Communicable Diseases, Health Surveillance and Disease Prevention and Control, Washington, DC; Veterinary Public Health Consultant, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Pan American Health Organization, Peru Country Office, Lima, Peru; Pan American Health Organization, International Health Regulations-Alert and Response and Epidemic Diseases, Health Surveillance and Disease Prevention and Control, Washington, DC
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Jackson AC. Recovery from rabies: a call to arms. J Neurol Sci 2014; 339:5-7. [PMID: 24607333 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2014.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alan C Jackson
- Department of Internal Medicine (Neurology), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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Sanchez AL, Gabrie JA, Rueda MM, Mejia RE, Bottazzi ME, Canales M. A scoping review and prevalence analysis of soil-transmitted helminth infections in Honduras. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2653. [PMID: 24466359 PMCID: PMC3900402 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Honduras is endemic for soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections, but critical information gaps still remain on the prevalence and intensity of these infections as well as on their spatial distribution at subnational levels. OBJECTIVES Firstly, to review the research activity on STH infections in Honduras and secondly, to carry out a national prevalence analysis and map the geographical distribution of these infections in children. METHODS A systematic search was conducted of the published and grey literature to identify scientific work on the impact and prevalence of STH infections done between May 1930 and June 30, 2012. International databases and Honduran journals were searched. Grey literature was gleaned from local libraries and key informants. Select studies conducted between 2001 and 2012 were used to produce prevalence maps and to investigate association between STH prevalence and socio-economic and environmental factors. RESULTS Of 257 identified studies, 211 (21.4% peer-reviewed) were retained for analysis and categorized as clinical research (10.9%), treatment efficacy studies (8.1%) or epidemiological studies (81%). Prevalence analysis and geographical mapping included 36 epidemiological studies from Honduras's 18 departments and 23% of its municipalities. Overall STH prevalence was >50% in 40.6% of municipalities. Prevalences above 20% for each trichuriasis, ascariasis, and hookworm infection were found in 68%, 47.8%, and 7.2% of studied municipalities, respectively. Municipalities with lower human development index, less access to of potable water, and with higher annual precipitation showed higher STH prevalences. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to provide a comprehensive historic review of STH research activity and prevalence in Honduras, revealing important knowledge gaps related to infection risk factors, disease burden, and anti-parasitic drug efficacy, among others. Our decade-long prevalence analysis reveals geographical differences in STH prevalence and these findings suggest that differential intervention strategies might be necessary in Honduras for the control of these infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lourdes Sanchez
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - José Antonio Gabrie
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - María Mercedes Rueda
- School of Microbiology, National Autonomous University of Honduras (UNAH), Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Rosa Elena Mejia
- National Surveillance Laboratory, Honduras Ministry of Health, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Maria Elena Bottazzi
- National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Maritza Canales
- School of Microbiology, National Autonomous University of Honduras (UNAH), Tegucigalpa, Honduras
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Menezes VM, Nery JAC, Sales AM, Miranda A, Galhardo MCG, Bastos FI, Sarno EN, Hacker MA. Epidemiological and clinical patterns of 92 patients co-infected with HIV and Mycobacterium leprae from Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2013; 108:63-70. [PMID: 24361943 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trt113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many articles have shown that HIV infection can modify the clinical course of leprosy, but very scant epidemiological and clinical data about this co-infection are available in the peer-reviewed literature. METHODS We herein describe the geographical distribution and demographic characteristics of 92 HIV/Mycobacterium leprae co-infected patients assisted in a Brazilian Leprosy referral center. A multivariate analysis was performed in order to establish clinical factors associated with type 1 reaction. RESULTS Co-infected patient admissions have steadily increased over the last years at this referral center. Most patients were men, with a mean age of 32.3 years and presenting with the paucibacillary form of leprosy. The use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) was the only factor associated with type 1 reaction. Most patients were living in the metropolitan area and the north sub area of Rio de Janeiro City. CONCLUSION Co-infected patients receiving ART have a greater chance to develop type 1 reaction. Patients living with both HIV and leprosy are likely to live in regions characterized by a high density impoverished population.
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Rollinson D, Knopp S, Levitz S, Stothard JR, Tchuem Tchuenté LA, Garba A, Mohammed KA, Schur N, Person B, Colley DG, Utzinger J. Time to set the agenda for schistosomiasis elimination. Acta Trop 2013; 128:423-40. [PMID: 22580511 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2012.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 376] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
It is time to raise global awareness to the possibility of schistosomiasis elimination and to support endemic countries in their quest to determine the most appropriate approaches to eliminate this persistent and debilitating disease. The main interventions for schistosomiasis control are reviewed, including preventive chemotherapy using praziquantel, snail control, sanitation, safe water supplies, and behaviour change strategies supported by information, education and communication (IEC) materials. Differences in the biology and transmission of the three main Schistosoma species (i.e. Schistosoma haematobium, S. mansoni and S. japonicum), which impact on control interventions, are considered. Sensitive diagnostic procedures to ensure adequate surveillance in areas attaining low endemicity are required. The importance of capacity building is highlighted. To achieve elimination, an intersectoral approach is necessary, with advocacy and action from local communities and the health community to foster cooperative ventures with engineers, the private sector, governments and non-governmental organizations specialized in water supply and sanitation. Examples of successful schistosomiasis control programmes are reviewed to highlight what has been learnt in terms of strategy for control and elimination. These include St. Lucia and other Caribbean islands, Brazil and Venezuela for S. mansoni; Saudi Arabia and Egypt for both S. mansoni and S. haematobium; Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria, Mauritius and the Islamic Republic of Iran for S. haematobium; Japan and the People's Republic of China for S. japonicum. Additional targets for elimination or even eradication could be the two minor human schistosome species S. guineenisis and S. intercalatum, which have a restricted distribution in West and Central Africa. The examples show that elimination of schistosomiasis is an achievable and desirable goal requiring full integration of preventive chemotherapy with the tools of transmission control. An agenda for the elimination of schistosomiasis would aim to identify the gaps in knowledge, and define the tools, strategies and guidelines that will help national control programmes move towards elimination, including an internationally accepted mechanism that allows verification/confirmation of elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Rollinson
- Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Department of Zoology, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK.
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Vigilato MAN, Cosivi O, Knöbl T, Clavijo A, Silva HMT. Rabies update for Latin America and the Caribbean. Emerg Infect Dis 2013; 19:678-9. [PMID: 23750499 PMCID: PMC3647423 DOI: 10.3201/eid1904.121482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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