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Silvestrini MMA, Alessio GD, Frias BED, Sales Júnior PA, Araújo MSS, Silvestrini CMA, Brito Alvim de Melo GE, Martins-Filho OA, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Martins HR. New insights into Trypanosoma cruzi genetic diversity, and its influence on parasite biology and clinical outcomes. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1342431. [PMID: 38655255 PMCID: PMC11035809 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1342431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, remains a serious public health problem worldwide. The parasite was subdivided into six distinct genetic groups, called "discrete typing units" (DTUs), from TcI to TcVI. Several studies have indicated that the heterogeneity of T. cruzi species directly affects the diversity of clinical manifestations of Chagas disease, control, diagnosis performance, and susceptibility to treatment. Thus, this review aims to describe how T. cruzi genetic diversity influences the biology of the parasite and/or clinical parameters in humans. Regarding the geographic dispersion of T. cruzi, evident differences were observed in the distribution of DTUs in distinct areas. For example, TcII is the main DTU detected in Brazilian patients from the central and southeastern regions, where there are also registers of TcVI as a secondary T. cruzi DTU. An important aspect observed in previous studies is that the genetic variability of T. cruzi can impact parasite infectivity, reproduction, and differentiation in the vectors. It has been proposed that T. cruzi DTU influences the host immune response and affects disease progression. Genetic aspects of the parasite play an important role in determining which host tissues will be infected, thus heavily influencing Chagas disease's pathogenesis. Several teams have investigated the correlation between T. cruzi DTU and the reactivation of Chagas disease. In agreement with these data, it is reasonable to suppose that the immunological condition of the patient, whether or not associated with the reactivation of the T. cruzi infection and the parasite strain, may have an important role in the pathogenesis of Chagas disease. In this context, understanding the genetics of T. cruzi and its biological and clinical implications will provide new knowledge that may contribute to additional strategies in the diagnosis and clinical outcome follow-up of patients with Chagas disease, in addition to the reactivation of immunocompromised patients infected with T. cruzi.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Glaucia Diniz Alessio
- Integrated Biomarker Research Group, René Rachou Institute, Fiocruz Minas, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Bruna Estefânia Diniz Frias
- Integrated Biomarker Research Group, René Rachou Institute, Fiocruz Minas, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Policarpo Ademar Sales Júnior
- Integrated Biomarker Research Group, René Rachou Institute, Fiocruz Minas, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Márcio Sobreira Silva Araújo
- Integrated Biomarker Research Group, René Rachou Institute, Fiocruz Minas, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | - Olindo Assis Martins-Filho
- Integrated Biomarker Research Group, René Rachou Institute, Fiocruz Minas, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Andréa Teixeira-Carvalho
- Integrated Biomarker Research Group, René Rachou Institute, Fiocruz Minas, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Helen Rodrigues Martins
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of the Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Leishmanicidal Activity of Guanidine Derivatives against Leishmania infantum. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:tropicalmed8030141. [PMID: 36977142 PMCID: PMC10051705 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8030141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical infectious disease with thousands of cases annually; it is of great concern to global health, particularly the most severe form, visceral leishmaniasis. Visceral leishmaniasis treatments are minimal and have severe adverse effects. As guanidine-bearing compounds have shown antimicrobial activity, we analyzed the cytotoxic effects of several guanidine-bearing compounds on Leishmania infantum in their promastigote and amastigote forms in vitro, their cytotoxicity in human cells, and their impact on reactive nitrogen species production. LQOFG-2, LQOFG-6, and LQOFG-7 had IC50 values of 12.7, 24.4, and 23.6 µM, respectively, in promastigotes. These compounds exhibited cytotoxicity in axenic amastigotes at 26.1, 21.1, and 18.6 µM, respectively. The compounds showed no apparent cytotoxicity in cells from healthy donors. To identify mechanisms of action, we evaluated cell death processes by annexin V and propidium iodide staining and nitrite production. Guanidine-containing compounds caused a significant percentage of death by apoptosis in amastigotes. Independent of L. infantum infection, LQOFG-7 increased nitrite production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, which suggests a potential mechanism of action for this compound. Therefore, these data suggest that guanidine derivatives are potential anti-microbial molecules, and further research is needed to fully understand their mechanism of action, especially in anti-leishmanial studies.
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Cui X, Liu L, Li J, Liu Y, Liu Y, Hu D, Zhang R, Huang S, Jiang Z, Wang Y, Qu Y, Pang SW, Lam RHW. A Microfluidic Platform Revealing Interactions between Leukocytes and Cancer Cells on Topographic Micropatterns. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:963. [PMID: 36354472 PMCID: PMC9687854 DOI: 10.3390/bios12110963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Immunoassay for detailed analysis of immune-cancer intercellular interactions can achieve more promising diagnosis and treatment strategies for cancers including nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC). In this study, we report a microfluidic live-cell immunoassay integrated with a microtopographic environment to meet the rising demand for monitoring intercellular interactions in different tumor microenvironments. The developed assay allows: (1) coculture of immune cells and cancer cells on tunable (flat or micrograting) substrates, (2) simultaneous detection of different cytokines in a wide working range of 5-5000 pg/mL, and (3) investigation of migration behaviors of mono- and co-cultured cells on flat/grating platforms for revealing the topography-induced intercellular and cytokine responses. Cytokine monitoring was achieved on-chip by implementing a sensitive and selective microbead-based sandwich assay with an antibody on microbeads, target cytokines, and the matching fluorescent-conjugated detection antibody in an array of active peristaltic mixer-assisted cytokine detection microchambers. Moreover, this immunoassay requires a low sample volume down to 0.5 μL and short assay time (30 min) for on-chip cytokine quantifications. We validated the biocompatibility of the co-culture strategy between immune cells and NPC cells and compared the different immunological states of undifferentiated THP-1 monocytic cells or PMA-differentiated THP-1 macrophages co-culturing with NP460 and NPC43 on topographical and planar substrates, respectively. Hence, the integrated microfluidic platform provides an efficient, broad-range and precise on-chip cytokine detection approach, eliminates the manual sampling procedures and allows on-chip continuous cytokine monitoring without perturbing intercellular microenvironments on different topographical ECM substrates, which has the potential of providing clinical significance in early immune diagnosis, personalized immunotherapy, and precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Cui
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 519070, China
| | - Lelin Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Research Center of Biological Computation, Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou 311100, China
| | - Jiyu Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Ya Liu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | | | - Ruolin Zhang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Siping Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Zhongning Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Yuchao Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Yun Qu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Stella W. Pang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Centre for Biosystems, Neuroscience, and Nanotechnology, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Raymond H. W. Lam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Centre for Biosystems, Neuroscience, and Nanotechnology, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Centre for Robotics and Automation, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China
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Pathogen diversity, immunity, and the fate of infections: lessons learned from Trypanosoma cruzi human–host interactions. THE LANCET MICROBE 2022; 3:e711-e722. [DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(21)00265-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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The Colombian Strain of Trypanosoma cruzi Induces a Proinflammatory Profile, Neuronal Death, and Collagen Deposition in the Intestine of C57BL/6 Mice Both during the Acute and Early Chronic Phase. Mediators Inflamm 2022; 2022:7641357. [PMID: 35069009 PMCID: PMC8769873 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7641357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the histopathological changes caused by infection with the Colombian strain of Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) in the acute and chronic experimental phases. C57Bl/6 mice were infected with 1000 trypomastigote forms of the Colombian strain of T. cruzi. After 30 days (acute phase) and 90 days (early chronic phase) of infection, the animals were euthanized, and the colon was collected and divided into two parts: proximal and distal. The distal portion was used for histopathological analysis, whereas the proximal portion was used for quantification of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. In addition, the weight of the animals and parasitemia were assessed. The infection induced gradual weight loss in the animals. In addition, the infection induced an increase in interferon gamma (IFNγ) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in the intestine in the acute phase, in which this increase continued until the early chronic phase. The same was observed in relation to the presence of intestinal inflammatory infiltrates. In relation to interleukin (IL)-10, there was an increase only in the early chronic phase. The Colombian strain infection was also able to induce neuronal loss in the myenteric plexus and deposition of the collagen fibers during the acute phase. The Colombian strain of T. cruzi is capable of causing histopathological changes in the intestine of infected mice, especially in inducing neuronal destructions. Thus, this strain can also be used to study the intestinal form of Chagas disease in experimental models.
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Chagas disease: Immunology of the disease at a glance. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2021; 62:15-22. [PMID: 34696979 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease is an important neglected disease that affects 6-7 million people worldwide. The disease has two phases: acute and chronic, in which there are different clinical symptoms. Controlling the infection depends on innate and acquired immune responses, which are activated during the initial infection and are critical for host survival. Furthermore, the immune system plays an important role in the therapeutic success. Here we summarize the importance of the immune system cytokines in the pathology outcome, as well as in the treatment.
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da Silveira-Lemos D, Alessio GD, Batista MA, de Azevedo PO, Reis-Cunha JL, Mendes TADO, Lourdes RDA, de Lana M, Fujiwara RT, Filho OAM, Bartholomeu DC. Phenotypic, functional and serological aspects of genotypic-specific immune response of experimental T. cruzi infection. Acta Trop 2021; 222:106021. [PMID: 34161815 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The complexity and multifactorial characteristics of Chagas disease pathogenesis hampers the establishment of appropriate experimental/epidemiological sets, and therefore, still represents one of the most challenging fields for novel insights and discovery. In this context, we used a set of attributes including phenotypic, functional and serological markers of immune response as candidates to decode the genotype-specific immune response of experimental T. cruzi infection. In this investigation, we have characterized in C57BL/6 J mice, the early (parasitemia peak) and late (post-parasitemia peak) aspects of the immune response elicited by T. cruzi strains representative of TcI, TcII or TcVI. The results demonstrated earlier parasitemia peak for TcII/Y strain followed by TcVI/CL-Brener and TcI/Colombiana strains. A panoramic overview of phenotypic and functional features of the TCD4+, TCD8+ and B-cells from splenocytes demonstrated that mice infected with TcI/Colombiana strain exhibited at early stages of infection low levels of most cytokine+ cells with a slight increase at late stages of infection. Conversely, mice infected with TcII/Y strain presented an early massive increase of cytokine+ cells, which decreases at late stages. The TcVI/CL-Brener strain showed an intermediate profile at early stages of infection with a slight increase later on at post-peak of parasitemia. The panoramic analysis of immunological connectivity demonstrated that early after infection, the TcI/Colombiana strain trigger immunological network characterized by a small number of connectivity, selectively amongst cytokines that further shade towards the late stages of infection. In contrast, the TcII/Y strain elicited in more imbricate networks early after infection, comprising a robust number of interactions between pro-inflammatory mediators, regulatory cytokines and activation markers that also decrease at late infection. On the other hand, the infection with TcVI/CL-Brener strain demonstrated an intermediate profile with connectivity axes more stable at early and late stages of infection. The analysis of IgG2a reactivity to AMA, TRYPO and EPI antigens revealed that at early stages of infection, the genotype-specific reactivity to AMA, TRYPO and EPI to distinguish was higher for TcI/Colombiana as compared to TcII/Y and TcVI/CL while, at late stages of infection, higher reactivity to AMA was observed in mice infected with TcVI/CL and TcII/Y strains. The novel systems biology approaches and the use of a flow cytometry platform demonstrated that distinct T. cruzi genotypes influenced in the phenotypic and functional features of the host immune response and the genotype-specific serological reactivity during early and late stages of experimental T. cruzi infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise da Silveira-Lemos
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Genômica de Parasitos - Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas/ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brasil; Grupo Integrado de Pesquisas em Biomarcadores - Instituto René Rachou/Fiocruz-MINAS, Minas Gerais, Brasil.
| | - Glaucia Diniz Alessio
- Grupo Integrado de Pesquisas em Biomarcadores - Instituto René Rachou/Fiocruz-MINAS, Minas Gerais, Brasil; Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brasil.
| | - Maurício Azevedo Batista
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Genômica de Parasitos - Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas/ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Patrick Orestes de Azevedo
- Grupo Integrado de Pesquisas em Biomarcadores - Instituto René Rachou/Fiocruz-MINAS, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - João Luís Reis-Cunha
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Genômica de Parasitos - Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas/ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Tiago Antônio de Oliveira Mendes
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Genômica de Parasitos - Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas/ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Rodrigo de Almeida Lourdes
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Genômica de Parasitos - Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas/ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Marta de Lana
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Ricardo Toshio Fujiwara
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Genômica de Parasitos - Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas/ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Olindo Assis Martins Filho
- Grupo Integrado de Pesquisas em Biomarcadores - Instituto René Rachou/Fiocruz-MINAS, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Daniella Castanheira Bartholomeu
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Genômica de Parasitos - Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas/ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brasil
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Castro-Sesquen YE, Saldaña A, Patino Nava D, Bayangos T, Paulette Evans D, DeToy K, Trevino A, Marcus R, Bern C, Gilman RH, Talaat KR. Use of a Latent Class Analysis in the Diagnosis of Chronic Chagas Disease in the Washington Metropolitan Area. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 72:e303-e310. [PMID: 32766826 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diversity of individuals at risk for Trypanosoma cruzi infection in the United States poses challenges for diagnosis. We evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-cleared tests in the Washington Metropolitan area (WMA). METHODS In total, 1514 individuals were evaluated (1078 from Mexico, Central and northern South America [TcI-predominant areas], and 436 from southern South America [TcII/V/VI-predominant areas]). Optical density (OD) values from the Hemagen EIA and Chagatest v.3 Wiener, and categorical results of the IgG-TESA-blot (Western blot with trypomastigote excretory-secretory antigen), and the Chagas detect plus (CDP), as well as information of area of origin were used to determine T. cruzi serostatus using latent class analysis. RESULTS We detected 2 latent class (LC) of seropositives with low (LC1) and high (LC2) antibody levels. A significantly lower number of seropositives were detected by the Wiener, IgG-TESA-blot, and CDP in LC1 (60.6%, P < .001, 93.1%, P = .014, and 84.9%, P = .002, respectively) as compared to LC2 (100%, 100%, and 98.2%, respectively). LC1 was the main type of seropositives in TcI-predominant areas, representing 65.0% of all seropositives as opposed to 22.8% in TcII/V/VI-predominant areas. The highest sensitivity was observed for the Hemagen (100%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 96.2-100.0), but this test has a low specificity (90.4%, 95% CI: 88.7-91.9). The best balance between positive (90.9%, 95% CI: 83.5-95.1), and negative (99.9%, 95% CI: 99.4-99.9) predictive values was obtained with the Wiener. CONCLUSIONS Deficiencies in current FDA-cleared assays were observed. Low antibody levels are the main type of seropositives in individuals from TcI-predominant areas, the most frequent immigrant group in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yagahira E Castro-Sesquen
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Antonella Saldaña
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Dhayanna Patino Nava
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tabitha Bayangos
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Diana Paulette Evans
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kelly DeToy
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alexia Trevino
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rachel Marcus
- MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Caryn Bern
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Robert H Gilman
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kawsar R Talaat
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Gil-Jaramillo N, Rocha AP, Raiol T, Motta FN, Favali C, Brigido MM, Bastos IMD, Santana JM. The First Contact of Human Dendritic Cells With Trypanosoma cruzi Reveals Response to Virus as an Unexplored Central Pathway. Front Immunol 2021; 12:638020. [PMID: 33897690 PMCID: PMC8062726 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.638020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease is a debilitating and neglected disease caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. Soon after infection, interactions among T. cruzi and host innate immunity cells can drive/contribute to disease outcome. Dendritic cells (DCs), present in all tissues, are one of the first immune cells to interact with Trypanosoma cruzi metacyclic trypomastigotes. Elucidating the immunological events triggered immediately after parasite-human DCs encounter may aid in understanding the role of DCs in the establishment of infection and in the course of the disease. Therefore, we performed a transcriptomic analysis of a 12 h interaction between T. cruzi and MoDCs (monocyte-derived DCs) from three human donors. Enrichment analyses of the 468 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) revealed viral infection response as the most regulated pathway. Additionally, exogenous antigen processing and presentation through MHC-I, chemokine signaling, lymphocyte co-stimulation, metallothioneins, and inflammasome activation were found up-regulated. Notable, we were able to identify the increased gene expression of alternative inflammasome sensors such as AIM2, IFI16, and RIG-I for the first time in a T. cruzi infection. Both transcript and protein expression levels suggest proinflammatory cytokine production during early T. cruzi-DCs contact. Our transcriptome data unveil antiviral pathways as an unexplored process during T. cruzi-DC initial interaction, disclosing a new panorama for the study of Chagas disease outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Gil-Jaramillo
- Laboratório de Interação Patógeno-Hospedeiro, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Amanda Pereira Rocha
- Laboratório de Interação Patógeno-Hospedeiro, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Tainá Raiol
- Fiocruz Brasília–Gerência Regional de Brasília (GEREB), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Brasília, Brazil
| | - Flávia Nader Motta
- Laboratório de Interação Patógeno-Hospedeiro, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
- Faculdade de Ceilândia, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Cecília Favali
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Marcelo M. Brigido
- Laboratório de Imunologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Izabela M. D. Bastos
- Laboratório de Interação Patógeno-Hospedeiro, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Jaime M. Santana
- Laboratório de Interação Patógeno-Hospedeiro, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
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Soares AKA, Neves PAF, Nascimento AV, Esmeraldo AAM, Moreira LR, Higino TMM, C B Q Figueiredo R, G A M Cavalcanti M, Martins SM, Carrazone C, Júnior WO, Gomes YM, Lorena VMB. Benznidazole: Hero or villain of cellular immune response in chronic Chagas disease patients? Immunobiology 2020; 226:152046. [PMID: 33341661 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2020.152046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Although the treatment of chronic Chagas disease (CCD) patients with Benznidazole (Bz) is still controversial, its use may prevent or delay the progression of the disease to the most severe forms. One of the main factors that can influence the effectiveness of the treatment is the possible cooperation between drug effect and the host immune response. Herein, we evaluated the immune response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) infected with Trypanosoma cruzi and submitted to Bz treatment. Blood samples of CCD patients (n = 7) and non-infected individuals (n = 6) were drawn to obtain PBMCs. After cell culture, the supernatants were harvested and stored, and the cell analyzed by flow cytometer. The results showed that Bz positively regulated the molecular process of cell activation (CD80) and antigen presentation (HLA-DR), increased phagocytosis receptor and macrophage activation (CD64), and did not induce an exacerbated immune response. In conclusion, these results highlight the relevance of using Bz that, despite not being a true hero, it is also not a villain, as it presents a wide range of pharmacological/immunological response interactions, important for the immune balance in the clinical progression of CCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana K A Soares
- Instituto Aggeu Magalhães - IAM/Fiocruz, Recife, PE, Brazil; Fundação Altino Ventura - FAV, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Patrícia A F Neves
- Instituto Aggeu Magalhães - IAM/Fiocruz, Recife, PE, Brazil; Hospital das Clínicas - HC/UFPE, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Taciana M M Higino
- Instituto Aggeu Magalhães - IAM/Fiocruz, Recife, PE, Brazil; Fundação Altino Ventura - FAV, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | | | - Maria G A M Cavalcanti
- Ambulatório de doença de Chagas e Insuficiência Cardíaca do Pronto Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco (PROCAPE) - Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Sílvia M Martins
- Ambulatório de doença de Chagas e Insuficiência Cardíaca do Pronto Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco (PROCAPE) - Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Cristina Carrazone
- Ambulatório de doença de Chagas e Insuficiência Cardíaca do Pronto Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco (PROCAPE) - Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Wilson O Júnior
- Ambulatório de doença de Chagas e Insuficiência Cardíaca do Pronto Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco (PROCAPE) - Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Yara M Gomes
- Instituto Aggeu Magalhães - IAM/Fiocruz, Recife, PE, Brazil
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11
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de Castro TBR, Canesso MCC, Boroni M, Chame DF, Souza DDL, de Toledo NE, Tahara EB, Pena SD, Machado CR, Chiari E, Macedo A, Franco GR. Differential Modulation of Mouse Heart Gene Expression by Infection With Two Trypanosoma cruzi Strains: A Transcriptome Analysis. Front Genet 2020; 11:1031. [PMID: 33088283 PMCID: PMC7495023 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.01031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) is a well-adapted parasite to mammalian hosts and the pathogen of Chagas disease in humans. As both host and T. cruzi are highly genetically diverse, many variables come into play during infection, making disease outcomes difficult to predict. One important challenge in the field of Chagas disease research is determining the main factors leading to parasite establishment in the chronic stage in some organs, mainly the heart and/or digestive system. Our group previously showed that distinct strains of T. cruzi (JG and Col1.7G2) acquired differential tissue distribution in the chronic stage in dually infected BALB/c mice. To investigate changes in the host triggered by the two distinct T. cruzi strains, we assessed the gene expression profiles of BALB/c mouse hearts infected with either JG, Col1.7G2 or an equivalent mixture of both parasites during the initial phase of infection. This study demonstrates the clear differences in modulation of host gene expression by both parasites. Col1.7G2 strongly activated Th1-polarized immune signature genes, whereas JG caused only minor activation of the host immune response. Moreover, JG strongly reduced the expression of genes encoding ribosomal proteins and mitochondrial proteins related to the electron transport chain. Interestingly, the evaluation of gene expression in mice inoculated with a mixture of the parasites produced expression profiles with both up- and downregulated genes, indicating the coexistence of both parasite strains in the heart during the acute phase. This study suggests that different strains of T. cruzi may be distinguished by their efficiency in activating the immune system, modulating host energy metabolism and reactive oxygen species production and decreasing protein synthesis during early infection, which may be crucial for parasite persistence in specific organs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mariana Boroni
- Laboratório de Bioinformática e Biologia Computacional, Centro de Pesquisas, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Daniela Ferreira Chame
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Daniela de Laet Souza
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Nayara Evelin de Toledo
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Eric Birelli Tahara
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Sergio Danilo Pena
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Carlos Renato Machado
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Egler Chiari
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Andrea Macedo
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Gloria Regina Franco
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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12
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Altamura F, Rajesh R, Catta-Preta CMC, Moretti NS, Cestari I. The current drug discovery landscape for trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis: Challenges and strategies to identify drug targets. Drug Dev Res 2020; 83:225-252. [PMID: 32249457 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis are vector-borne neglected tropical diseases caused by infection with the protozoan parasites Trypanosoma spp. and Leishmania spp., respectively. Once restricted to endemic areas, these diseases are now distributed worldwide due to human migration, climate change, and anthropogenic disturbance, causing significant health and economic burden globally. The current chemotherapy used to treat these diseases has limited efficacy, and drug resistance is spreading. Hence, new drugs are urgently needed. Phenotypic compound screenings have prevailed as the leading method to discover new drug candidates against these diseases. However, the publication of the complete genome sequences of multiple strains, advances in the application of CRISPR/Cas9 technology, and in vivo bioluminescence-based imaging have set the stage for advancing target-based drug discovery. This review analyses the limitations of the narrow pool of available drugs presently used for treating these diseases. It describes the current drug-based clinical trials highlighting the most promising leads. Furthermore, the review presents a focused discussion on the most important biological and pharmacological challenges that target-based drug discovery programs must overcome to advance drug candidates. Finally, it examines the advantages and limitations of modern research tools designed to identify and validate essential genes as drug targets, including genomic editing applications and in vivo imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Altamura
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Ste Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Rishi Rajesh
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Ste Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Nilmar S Moretti
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Igor Cestari
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Ste Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
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13
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Gómez-Olarte S, Bolaños NI, Cuéllar A, Puerta CJ, González JM. Diminished mitogen-induced T cell proliferation by Trypanosoma cruzi antigens associated with antigen-presenting cell modulation and CD3 signaling. Cell Immunol 2020; 348:103974. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2019.103974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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14
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Magalhães LMD, Passos LSA, Chiari E, Galvão LMC, Koh CC, Rodrigues-Alves ML, Giunchetti RC, Gollob K, Dutra WO. Co-infection with distinct Trypanosoma cruzi strains induces an activated immune response in human monocytes. Parasite Immunol 2019; 41:e12668. [PMID: 31494949 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of the study was to evaluate the immune response triggered by the first contact of human monocytes with two T cruzi strains from distinct discrete typing units (DTUs) IV and V, and whether co-infection with these strains leads to changes in monocyte immune profiles, which could in turn influence the subsequent infection outcome. METHODS AND RESULTS We evaluated the influence of in vitro single- and co-infection with AM64 and 3253 strains on immunological characteristics of human monocytes. Single infection of monocytes with AM64 or 3253 induced opposing anti-inflammatory and inflammatory responses, respectively. Co-infection was observed in over 50% of monocytes after 15 hours of culture, but this percentage dropped ten-fold after 72 hours. Co-infection led to high monocyte activation and an increased percentage of both IL-10 and TNF. The decreased percentage of co-infected cells observed after 72 hours was associated with a decreased frequency of TNF-expressing cells. CONCLUSION Our results show that the exacerbated response observed in co-infection with immune-polarizing strains is associated with a decreased frequency of co-infected cells, suggesting that the activated response favours parasite control. These findings may have implications for designing new Chagas disease preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luísa M D Magalhães
- Departamento de Morfologia, Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lívia S A Passos
- Departamento de Morfologia, Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Egler Chiari
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Laboratório de Biologia do Trypanosoma cruzi e doença de Chagas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lúcia M C Galvão
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Laboratório de Biologia do Trypanosoma cruzi e doença de Chagas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Carolina C Koh
- Departamento de Morfologia, Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Marina L Rodrigues-Alves
- Departamento de Morfologia, Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo C Giunchetti
- Departamento de Morfologia, Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Kenneth Gollob
- International Research Center, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Doenças Tropicais (INCT-DT), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Walderez O Dutra
- Departamento de Morfologia, Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Doenças Tropicais (INCT-DT), Salvador, Brazil
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15
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Gómez-Olarte S, Bolaños NI, Echeverry M, Rodríguez AN, Cuéllar A, Puerta CJ, Mariño A, González JM. Intermediate Monocytes and Cytokine Production Associated With Severe Forms of Chagas Disease. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1671. [PMID: 31379862 PMCID: PMC6658923 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytes are classified according to their CD14 and CD16 expression into classical (reparative), intermediate (inflammatory), and non-classical. This study assessed the frequency of monocyte and the relationship between monocyte subset percentages and the levels of blood cytokines in Colombian chagasic patients with different clinical forms. This study included chagasic patients in different clinical stages: indeterminate (IND) n = 14, chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy (CCC) n = 14, and heart transplant chagasic (HTCC) n = 9; controls with non-chagasic cardiopathy (NCC) n = 15, and healthy individuals (HI) n = 15. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated, labeled for CD14, CD16, and HLA-DR, and analyzed by flow cytometry. Cytokines were measured with a bead-based immunoassay. Percentages of total CD14+ CD16+ and CD14+ HLA-DR+ monocytes were higher in patients with heart involvement (CCC, HTCC, and NCC) than controls. Percentages of intermediate monocytes increased in symptomatic chagasic patients (CCC and HTCC) compared to asymptomatic chagasic patients (IND) and controls (HI). Asymptomatic chagasic patients (IND) had higher percentages of classical monocytes, an increased production of CCL17 chemokine compared to chagasic symptomatic patients (CCC), and their levels of CCL17 was positively correlated with the percentage of classical monocyte subset. In CCC, the percentages of intermediate and classical monocytes were positively correlated with IL-6 levels, which were higher in this group compared to HI, and negatively with IL-12p40 concentration, respectively. Remarkably, there also was an important increased of classical monocytes frequency in three chronic chagasic patients who underwent cardiac transplant, of which one received anti-parasitic treatment. Our findings suggest that cardiac chagasic patients have an increased percentage of inflammatory monocytes and produce more IL-6, a biomarker of heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction, whereas asymptomatic chagasic individuals present a higher percentage of reparative monocytes and CCL17.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Gómez-Olarte
- Grupo de Ciencias Básicas Médicas, School of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia.,Department of Biological Sciences, School of Sciences, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Natalia I Bolaños
- Grupo de Ciencias Básicas Médicas, School of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Mariana Echeverry
- Grupo de Ciencias Básicas Médicas, School of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Adriana Cuéllar
- Grupo de Ciencias del Laboratorio Clínico, School of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Concepción J Puerta
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, School of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Alejandro Mariño
- Failure and Heart Transplantation Clinic, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - John M González
- Grupo de Ciencias Básicas Médicas, School of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
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16
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Viana AG, Magalhães LMD, Giunchetti RC, Dutra WO, Gollob KJ. Leishmania infantum
induces expression of the negative regulatory checkpoint, CTLA‐4, by human naïve CD8
+
T cells. Parasite Immunol 2019; 41:e12659. [DOI: 10.1111/pim.12659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Agostinho Gonçalves Viana
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Brazil
| | - Luísa Mourão Dias Magalhães
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Brazil
| | - Rodolfo Cordeiro Giunchetti
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Brazil
| | - Walderez O. Dutra
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Brazil
- INCT‐DT Belo Horizonte Brazil
| | - Kenneth J. Gollob
- INCT‐DT Belo Horizonte Brazil
- International Center for Research AC Camargo Cancer Center São Paulo Brazil
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17
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Rodríguez ME, Rizzi M, Caeiro L, Masip Y, Sánchez DO, Tekiel V. Transmigration of Trypanosoma cruzi Trypomastigotes through 3D Spheroids Mimicking Host Tissues. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1955:165-177. [PMID: 30868526 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9148-8_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
While cellular invasion by T. cruzi trypomastigotes and intracellular amastigote replication are well-characterized events that have been described by using 2D monolayer cultures, other relevant parasite-host interactions, like the dynamics of tissue invasiveness, cannot be captured using monolayer cultures. Spheroids constitute a valuable three-dimensional (3D) culture system because they mimic the microarchitecture of tissues and provide an environment similar to the encountered in natural infections, which includes the presence of extracellular matrix as well as 3D cell-cell interactions. In this work, we describe a protocol for studying transmigration of T. cruzi trypomastigotes into 3D spheroids. In the experimental setup, cells and parasites are labelled with two fluorescent dyes, allowing their visualization by confocal microscopy. We also describe the general procedure and setting of the confocal microscope and downstream applications for acquisition and reconstruction of 3D images. This model was employed to analyze the transmigration of trypomastigotes from the highly virulent and pantropic RA T. cruzi strain. Of course, other aspects encountered by T. cruzi in the mammalian host environment can be studied with this methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matías Exequiel Rodríguez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas "Dr R. Ugalde", IIBIO, Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM) - CONICET, Pcia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariana Rizzi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas "Dr R. Ugalde", IIBIO, Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM) - CONICET, Pcia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucas Caeiro
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas "Dr R. Ugalde", IIBIO, Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM) - CONICET, Pcia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Yamil Masip
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas "Dr R. Ugalde", IIBIO, Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM) - CONICET, Pcia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniel O Sánchez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas "Dr R. Ugalde", IIBIO, Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM) - CONICET, Pcia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Valeria Tekiel
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas "Dr R. Ugalde", IIBIO, Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM) - CONICET, Pcia de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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18
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Chevillard C, Nunes JPS, Frade AF, Almeida RR, Pandey RP, Nascimento MS, Kalil J, Cunha-Neto E. Disease Tolerance and Pathogen Resistance Genes May Underlie Trypanosoma cruzi Persistence and Differential Progression to Chagas Disease Cardiomyopathy. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2791. [PMID: 30559742 PMCID: PMC6286977 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease is caused by infection with the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi and affects over 8 million people worldwide. In spite of a powerful innate and adaptive immune response in acute infection, the parasite evades eradication, leading to a chronic persistent infection with low parasitism. Chronically infected subjects display differential patterns of disease progression. While 30% develop chronic Chagas disease cardiomyopathy (CCC)—a severe inflammatory dilated cardiomyopathy—decades after infection, 60% of the patients remain disease-free, in the asymptomatic/indeterminate (ASY) form, and 10% develop gastrointestinal disease. Infection of genetically deficient mice provided a map of genes relevant for resistance to T. cruzi infection, leading to the identification of multiple genes linked to survival to infection. These include pathogen resistance genes (PRG) needed for intracellular parasite destruction, and genes involved in disease tolerance (protection against tissue damage and acute phase death—DTG). All identified DTGs were found to directly or indirectly inhibit IFN-γ production or Th1 differentiation. We hypothesize that the absolute need for DTG to control potentially lethal IFN-γ PRG activity leads to T. cruzi persistence and establishment of chronic infection. IFN-γ production is higher in CCC than ASY patients, and is the most highly expressed cytokine in CCC hearts. Key DTGs that downmodulate IFN-γ, like IL-10, and Ebi3/IL27p28, are higher in ASY patients. Polymorphisms in PRG and DTG are associated with differential disease progression. We thus hypothesize that ASY patients are disease tolerant, while an imbalance of DTG and IFN-γ PRG activity leads to the inflammatory heart damage of CCC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - João Paulo Silva Nunes
- Laboratorio de Imunologia, Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Disciplina de Imunologia Clínica e Alergia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Institute for Investigation in Immunology (iii), INCT, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Amanda Farage Frade
- Laboratorio de Imunologia, Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Institute for Investigation in Immunology (iii), INCT, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Bioengineering, Brazil University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Ribeiro Almeida
- Laboratorio de Imunologia, Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Disciplina de Imunologia Clínica e Alergia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Institute for Investigation in Immunology (iii), INCT, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ramendra Pati Pandey
- Laboratorio de Imunologia, Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Disciplina de Imunologia Clínica e Alergia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Institute for Investigation in Immunology (iii), INCT, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marilda Savóia Nascimento
- Laboratorio de Imunologia, Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Disciplina de Imunologia Clínica e Alergia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Institute for Investigation in Immunology (iii), INCT, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jorge Kalil
- Laboratorio de Imunologia, Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Disciplina de Imunologia Clínica e Alergia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Institute for Investigation in Immunology (iii), INCT, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edecio Cunha-Neto
- Laboratorio de Imunologia, Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Disciplina de Imunologia Clínica e Alergia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Institute for Investigation in Immunology (iii), INCT, São Paulo, Brazil
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19
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The Role of Co-Stimulatory Molecules in Chagas Disease. Cells 2018; 7:cells7110200. [PMID: 30405039 PMCID: PMC6262639 DOI: 10.3390/cells7110200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, is a potentially life-threatening tropical disease endemic to Latin American countries that affects approximately 8 million people. In the chronic phase of the disease, individuals are classified as belonging to the indeterminate clinical form or to the cardiac and/or digestive forms when clinical symptoms are apparent. The relationship between monocytes and lymphocytes may be an important point to help clarify the complexity that surrounds the clinical symptoms of the chronic phase of Chagas disease. The co-stimulatory signals are essential to determining the magnitude of T cell response to the antigen. The signals are known to determine the regulation of subsequent adaptive immune response. However, little is known about the expression and function of these molecules in Chagas disease. Therefore, this review aims to discuss the possible role of main pathways of co-stimulatory molecule-receptor interactions in this pathology that could be crucial to understand the disease dynamics.
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20
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Nunes MCP, Beaton A, Acquatella H, Bern C, Bolger AF, Echeverría LE, Dutra WO, Gascon J, Morillo CA, Oliveira-Filho J, Ribeiro ALP, Marin-Neto JA. Chagas Cardiomyopathy: An Update of Current Clinical Knowledge and Management: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation 2018; 138:e169-e209. [DOI: 10.1161/cir.0000000000000599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Chagas disease, resulting from the protozoan
Trypanosoma cruzi
, is an important cause of heart failure, stroke, arrhythmia, and sudden death. Traditionally regarded as a tropical disease found only in Central America and South America, Chagas disease now affects at least 300 000 residents of the United States and is growing in prevalence in other traditionally nonendemic areas. Healthcare providers and health systems outside of Latin America need to be equipped to recognize, diagnose, and treat Chagas disease and to prevent further disease transmission.
Methods and Results:
The American Heart Association and the Inter-American Society of Cardiology commissioned this statement to increase global awareness among providers who may encounter patients with Chagas disease outside of traditionally endemic environments. In this document, we summarize the most updated information on diagnosis, screening, and treatment of
T cruzi
infection, focusing primarily on its cardiovascular aspects. This document also provides quick reference tables, highlighting salient considerations for a patient with suspected or confirmed Chagas disease.
Conclusions:
This statement provides a broad summary of current knowledge and practice in the diagnosis and management of Chagas cardiomyopathy. It is our intent that this document will serve to increase the recognition of Chagas cardiomyopathy in low-prevalence areas and to improve care for patients with Chagas heart disease around the world.
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21
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Zingales B. Trypanosoma cruzi genetic diversity: Something new for something known about Chagas disease manifestations, serodiagnosis and drug sensitivity. Acta Trop 2018; 184:38-52. [PMID: 28941731 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The genetic diversity of Trypanosoma cruzi, the protozoan agent of Chagas disease, is widely recognized. At present, T. cruzi is partitioned into seven discrete typing units (DTUs), TcI-TcVI and Tcbat. This article reviews the present knowledge on the parasite population structure, the evolutionary relationships among DTUs and their distinct, but not exclusive ecological and epidemiological associations. Different models for the origin of hybrid DTUs are examined, which agree that genetic exchange among T. cruzi populations is frequent and has contributed to the present parasite population structure. The geographic distribution of the prevalent DTUs in humans from the southern United States to Argentina is here presented and the circumstantial evidence of a possible association between T. cruzi genotype and Chagas disease manifestations is discussed. The available information suggests that parasite strains detected in patients, regardless of the clinical presentation, reflect the principal DTU circulating in the domestic transmission cycles of a particular region. In contrast, in several orally transmitted outbreaks, sylvatic strains are implicated. As a consequence of the genotypic and phenotypic differences of T. cruzi strains and the differential geographic distribution of DTUs in humans, regional variations in the sensitivity of the serological tests are verified. The natural resistance to benznidazole and nifurtimox, verified in vivo and in vitro for some parasite stocks, is not associated with any particular DTU, and does not explain the marked difference in the anti-parasitic efficacy of both drugs in the acute and chronic phases of Chagas disease. Throughout this review, it is emphasized that the interplay between parasite and host genetics should have an important role in the definition of Chagas disease pathogenesis, anti-T. cruzi immune response and chemotherapy outcome and should be considered in future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Zingales
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes 748, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Sathler-Avelar R, Mattoso-Barbosa AM, Martins-Filho OA, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Vitelli-Avelar DM, VandeBerg JL, VandeBerg JF. Trypanosoma cruzi Infection in Non-Human Primates. Primates 2018. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.71652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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23
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Pinto BF, Medeiros NI, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Eloi-Santos SM, Fontes-Cal TCM, Rocha DA, Dutra WO, Correa-Oliveira R, Gomes JAS. CD86 Expression by Monocytes Influences an Immunomodulatory Profile in Asymptomatic Patients with Chronic Chagas Disease. Front Immunol 2018; 9:454. [PMID: 29599775 PMCID: PMC5857740 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In the chronic phase of Chagas disease, 60% of the patients develop the asymptomatic form known as indeterminate (IND). The remaining 30% of the patients develop a life-threatening form in which digestive and/or cardiac (CARD) alterations take place. The mechanisms underlying the development of severe forms of Chagas disease remain poorly understood. It is well known that interactions between immune cells such as monocytes and lymphocytes drive immune responses. Further, the co-stimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86 expressed by monocytes and subsets induce lymphocyte activation, thereby triggering cellular immune response. Here, we revealed, for the first time, the functional-phenotypic profile of monocytes subsets in Chagas disease. Using flow cytometry, we evaluated the effect of in vitro stimulation with Trypanosoma cruzi antigens on the expression of the co-stimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86 in different monocyte subsets of patients with IND and CARD clinical forms of Chagas disease. We also assessed the expression of toll-like receptor (TLR)-2, TLR-4, TLR-9, HLA-DR, IL-10, and IL-12 in the monocyte subsets and of CTLA-4 and CD28, ligands of CD80 and CD86, in T lymphocytes. CD86 expression in all monocyte subsets was higher in IND patients when compared with non-infected (NI) individuals. After stimulation with T. cruzi, these patients also showed a higher frequency of CD4+CTLA-4+ T lymphocytes than NI individuals. We found an association between CD80 and CD28, and between CD86 and CTLA-4 expression, with a high frequency of regulatory T (Treg) cells in IND patients. We proposed that CD86 may be involved in immunoregulation by its association with CTLA-4 in asymptomatic patients. CD86 and CTLA-4 interaction may influence Treg activation, and this could represent a new strategy to control inflammation and tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna F Pinto
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Nayara I Medeiros
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | | | - Tereza C M Fontes-Cal
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Débora A Rocha
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Walderez O Dutra
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais, INCT-DT, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Correa-Oliveira
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais, INCT-DT, Salvador, Brazil.,NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Juliana A S Gomes
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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24
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Gatto M, Oliveira LRC, De Nuzzi Dias F, Araújo Júnior JP, Lima CRG, Lordelo EP, Dos Santos RM, Kurokawa CS. Benznidazole affects expression of Th1, Th17 and Treg cytokines during acute experimental Trypanosoma cruzi infection. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2017; 23:47. [PMID: 29255475 PMCID: PMC5727918 DOI: 10.1186/s40409-017-0137-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The present study evaluated the effect of treatment with benznidazole on mRNA expression of IFN-γ, IL-17, IL-10, TGF-β and FoxP3 in spleen and heart tissue of BALB/c mice in the acute phase of an experimental infection with Trypanosoma cruzi, strains JLP or Y. Methods The mRNA expression of cytokines and parasite load were assessed by q-PCR. Dependent groups were compared using Student's paired t-test and independent groups were compared using Student's unpaired t-test. Results Infection with the JLP or Y strains increased expression of IFN-γ in the heart and of IL-10 and IL-17 in the spleen and heart compared to uninfected animals. Treatment increased the expression of IFN-γ and decreased the expression of IL-17, IL-10, TGF- β and Foxp3 in spleen and heart tissue compared to untreated infected animals. Conclusion Benznidazole can induce Th1 profile in the initial of the acute phase. The treatment decreased the parasite load in both organs, although the number of parasites in Y-strain-infected mice remained high. The data suggest that benznidazole may modulate cytokine expression in infection and can be dependent of the strain. However, treatment was not fully effective in the infection provoked by Y strain, probably due to the characteristics of the strain itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Gatto
- Department of Tropical Diseases, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista), Av. Professor Mário Rubens Guimarães Montenegro, s/n, Distrito de Rubião Júnior, Botucatu, 18.6186-87 SP Brazil
| | - Larissa Ragozo Cardoso Oliveira
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Botucatu Biosciences Institute, São Paulo State University (UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu, SP Brazil
| | - Fernanda De Nuzzi Dias
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista), Araraquara, SP Brazil
| | - João Pessoa Araújo Júnior
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Botucatu Biosciences Institute, São Paulo State University (UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu, SP Brazil
| | - Carlos Roberto Gonçalves Lima
- Department of Tropical Diseases, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista), Av. Professor Mário Rubens Guimarães Montenegro, s/n, Distrito de Rubião Júnior, Botucatu, 18.6186-87 SP Brazil
| | - Eliana Peresi Lordelo
- Department of Immunology, University of Western São Paulo (Unoeste), Presidente Prudente, SP Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Mattos Dos Santos
- Department of Tropical Diseases, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista), Av. Professor Mário Rubens Guimarães Montenegro, s/n, Distrito de Rubião Júnior, Botucatu, 18.6186-87 SP Brazil
| | - Cilmery Suemi Kurokawa
- Department of Tropical Diseases, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista), Av. Professor Mário Rubens Guimarães Montenegro, s/n, Distrito de Rubião Júnior, Botucatu, 18.6186-87 SP Brazil
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25
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Magalhães LMD, Viana A, de Jesus AC, Chiari E, Galvão L, Gomes JA, Gollob KJ, Dutra WO. Distinct Trypanosoma cruzi isolates induce activation and apoptosis of human neutrophils. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188083. [PMID: 29176759 PMCID: PMC5703490 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are critical players in the first line of defense against pathogens and in the activation of subsequent cellular responses. We aimed to determine the effects of the interaction of Trypanosoma cruzi with human neutrophils, using isolates of the two major discrete type units (DTUs) associated with Chagas’ disease in Latin America (clone Col1.7G2 and Y strain, DTU I and II, respectively). Thus, we used CFSE-stained trypomastigotes to measure neutrophil-T. cruzi interaction, neutrophil activation, cytokine expression and death, after infection with Col1.7G2 and Y strain. Our results show that the frequency of CFSE+ neutrophils, indicative of interaction, and CFSE intensity on a cell-per-cell basis were similar when comparing Col1.7G2 and Y strains. Interaction with T. cruzi increased neutrophil activation, as measured by CD282, CD284, TNF and IL-12 expression, although at different levels between the two strains. No change in IL-10 expression was observed after interaction of neutrophils with either strain. We observed that exposure to Y and Col1.7G2 caused marked neutrophil death. This was specific to neutrophils, since interaction of either strain with monocytes did not cause death. Our further analysis showed that neutrophil death was a result of apoptosis, which was associated with an upregulation of TNF-receptor, TNF and FasLigand, but not of Fas. Induction of TNF-associated neutrophil apoptosis by the different T. cruzi isolates may act as an effective common mechanism to decrease the host’s immune response and favor parasite survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luísa M. D. Magalhães
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Agostinho Viana
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Augusto C. de Jesus
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Egler Chiari
- Laboratório de Biologia do Trypanosoma cruzi e doença de Chagas, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lúcia Galvão
- Laboratório de Biologia do Trypanosoma cruzi e doença de Chagas, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Juliana A. Gomes
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Kenneth J. Gollob
- Núcleo de Ensino e Pesquisa, Instituto Mario Pena, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- BRISA Diagnósticos, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- AC Camargo Cancer Center, International Center for Research, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- INCT-DT, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Walderez O. Dutra
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- INCT-DT, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Akle V, Agudelo-Dueñas N, Molina-Rodriguez MA, Kartchner LB, Ruth AM, González JM, Forero-Shelton M. Establishment of Larval Zebrafish as an Animal Model to Investigate Trypanosoma cruzi Motility In Vivo. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28994774 PMCID: PMC5752350 DOI: 10.3791/56238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease is a parasitic infection caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, whose motility is not only important for localization, but also for cellular binding and invasion. Current animal models for the study of T. cruzi allow limited observation of parasites in vivo, representing a challenge for understanding parasite behavior during the initial stages of infection in humans. This protozoan has a flagellar stage in both vector and mammalian hosts, but there are no studies describing its motility in vivo.The objective of this project was to establish a live vertebrate zebrafish model to evaluate T. cruzi motility in the vascular system. Transparent zebrafish larvae were injected with fluorescently labeled trypomastigotes and observed using light sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM), a noninvasive method to visualize live organisms with high optical resolution. The parasites could be visualized for extended periods of time due to this technique's relatively low risk of photodamage compared to confocal or epifluorescence microscopy. T. cruzi parasites were observed traveling in the circulatory system of live zebrafish in different-sized blood vessels and the yolk. They could also be seen attached to the yolk sac wall and to the atrioventricular valve despite the strong forces associated with heart contractions. LSFM of T. cruzi-inoculated zebrafish larvae is a valuable method that can be used to visualize circulating parasites and evaluate their tropism, migration patterns, and motility in the dynamic environment of the cardiovascular system of a live animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Akle
- Laboratory of Neurosciences and Circadian Rhythms, School of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes;
| | - Nathalie Agudelo-Dueñas
- Laboratory of Neurosciences and Circadian Rhythms, School of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes; Biophysics Group, Department of Physics, Universidad de los Andes
| | | | - Laurel Brianne Kartchner
- Laboratory of Neurosciences and Circadian Rhythms, School of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes; Laboratory of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina; USAID Research and Innovation Fellowship program
| | - Annette Marie Ruth
- Laboratory of Neurosciences and Circadian Rhythms, School of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes; Laboratory of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes; Notre Dame Initiative for Global Development, University of Notre Dame; USAID Research and Innovation Fellowship program
| | - John M González
- Laboratory of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes
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27
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Expression of inhibitory receptors and polyfunctional responses of T cells are linked to the risk of congenital transmission of T. cruzi. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005627. [PMID: 28598971 PMCID: PMC5479596 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital T. cruzi infections involve multiple factors in which complex interactions between the parasite and the immune system of pregnant women play important roles. In this study, we used an experimental murine model of chronic infection with T. cruzi to evaluate the changes in the expression of inhibitory receptors and the polyfunctionality of T cells during gestation and their association with congenital transmission rate of T. cruzi infection. The results showed that pregnant naïve mice had a higher percentage of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells that expressed inhibitory receptors than cells from non-pregnant naïve mice. However, in mice chronically infected with T. cruzi, gestation induced a significant decrease in the frequency of T cells that expressed or co-expressed inhibitory receptors, as well as an increase in the frequency of polyfunctional CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. This different behavior may be due to the breakdown in the infected mice of the gestation-induced immune homeostasis, probably to control the parasite load. Remarkably, it was observed that the mothers that transmitted the parasite had a higher frequency of T cells that expressed and co-expressed inhibitory receptors as well as a lower frequency of polyfunctional parasite-specific T cells than those that did not transmit it, even though the parasitemia load was similar in both groups. All together these data suggest that the maternal immune profile of the CD4+ and CD8+ T cells could be a determining factor in the congenital transmission of T. cruzi. Chagas disease or American trypanosomiasis is a complex parasitic disease caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. This disease that affects approximately 10 million people worldwide may be mother-to-child transmitted which is an important public health problem with great relevance in endemic and non-endemic areas and regions where the vector transmission has been controlled. During gestation, the maternal immune system must defend both the mother and the fetus from infections, while, at the same time, it must tolerate a semiallogenic fetus. This immune homeostasis is characterized by a natural process of immunosuppression that in T. cruzi-infected pregnant women can lead to an increase in the mother´s parasite load that favors the risk of congenital transmission. In this study, it was determined the immunological modifications induced by gestation in an experimental model of T. cruzi chronic infection and their influence in the parasite congenital transmission. The results indicate that a T. cruzi infection induces a reversion of the pregnancy-associated homeostasis. Furthermore, it is shown that females who are not able to reverse the biological profile induced by pregnancy are those that transmit the parasite.
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Potential Role of Carvedilol in the Cardiac Immune Response Induced by Experimental Infection with Trypanosoma cruzi. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:9205062. [PMID: 28377930 PMCID: PMC5362721 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9205062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi causes a cardiac infection characterized by an inflammatory imbalance that could become the inciting factor of the illness. To this end, we evaluated the role of carvedilol, a beta-blocker with potential immunomodulatory properties, on the immune response in C57BL/6 mice infected with VL-10 strain of T. cruzi in the acute phase. Animals (n = 40) were grouped: (i) not infected, (ii) infected, (iii) infected + carvedilol, and (iv) not infected + carvedilol. We analyzed parameters related to parasitemia, plasma levels of TNF, IL-10, and CCL2, and cardiac histopathology after the administration of carvedilol for 30 days. We did not observe differences in the maximum peaks of parasitemia in the day of their detection among the groups. The plasma TNF was elevated at 60 days of infection in mice treated or not with carvedilol. However, we observed a decreased CCL2 level and increased IL-10 levels in those infected animals treated with carvedilol, which impacted the reduction of the inflammatory infiltration in cardiac tissue. For this experimental model, carvedilol therapy was not able to alter the levels of circulating parasites but modulates the pattern of CCL2 and IL-10 mediators when the VL10 strain of T. cruzi was used in C57BL6 mice.
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Balouz V, Agüero F, Buscaglia CA. Chagas Disease Diagnostic Applications: Present Knowledge and Future Steps. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2016; 97:1-45. [PMID: 28325368 PMCID: PMC5363286 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease, caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, is a lifelong and debilitating illness of major significance throughout Latin America and an emergent threat to global public health. Being a neglected disease, the vast majority of Chagasic patients have limited access to proper diagnosis and treatment, and there is only a marginal investment into R&D for drug and vaccine development. In this context, identification of novel biomarkers able to transcend the current limits of diagnostic methods surfaces as a main priority in Chagas disease applied research. The expectation is that these novel biomarkers will provide reliable, reproducible and accurate results irrespective of the genetic background, infecting parasite strain, stage of disease, and clinical-associated features of Chagasic populations. In addition, they should be able to address other still unmet diagnostic needs, including early detection of congenital T. cruzi transmission, rapid assessment of treatment efficiency or failure, indication/prediction of disease progression and direct parasite typification in clinical samples. The lack of access of poor and neglected populations to essential diagnostics also stresses the necessity of developing new methods operational in point-of-care settings. In summary, emergent diagnostic tests integrating these novel and tailored tools should provide a significant impact on the effectiveness of current intervention schemes and on the clinical management of Chagasic patients. In this chapter, we discuss the present knowledge and possible future steps in Chagas disease diagnostic applications, as well as the opportunity provided by recent advances in high-throughput methods for biomarker discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Balouz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas - Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIB-INTECH), Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Martín, B 1650 HMP, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernán Agüero
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas - Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIB-INTECH), Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Martín, B 1650 HMP, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos A. Buscaglia
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas - Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIB-INTECH), Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Martín, B 1650 HMP, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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30
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Passos LSA, Villani FNA, Magalhães LMD, Gollob KJ, Antonelli LRDV, Nunes MCP, Dutra WO. Blocking of CD1d Decreases Trypanosoma cruzi-Induced Activation of CD4-CD8- T Cells and Modulates the Inflammatory Response in Patients With Chagas Heart Disease. J Infect Dis 2016; 214:935-44. [PMID: 27368347 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The control of inflammatory responses to prevent the deadly cardiac pathology in human Chagas disease is a desirable and currently unattained goal. Double-negative (DN) T cells are important sources of inflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokines in patients with Chagas heart disease and those with the indeterminate clinical form of Chagas disease, respectively. Given the importance of DN T cells in immunoregulatory processes and their potential as targets for controlling inflammation-induced pathology, we studied the involvement of CD1 molecules in the activation and functional profile of Trypanosoma cruzi-specific DN T cells. We observed that parasite stimulation significantly increased the expression of CD1a, CD1b, CD1c, and CD1d by CD14(+) cells from patients with Chagas disease. Importantly, among the analyzed molecules, only CD1d expression showed an association with the activation of DN T cells, as well as with worse ventricular function in patients with Chagas disease. Blocking of CD1d-mediated antigen presentation led to a clear reduction of DN T-cell activation and a decrease in the expression of interferon γ (IFN-γ) by DN T cells. Thus, our results showed that antigen presentation via CD1d is associated with activation of DN T cells in Chagas disease and that CD1d blocking leads to downregulation of IFN-γ by DN T cells from patients with Chagas heart disease, which may be a potential target for preventing progression of inflammation-mediated dilated cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kenneth J Gollob
- Brazilian Research Institute for Scientific Advancement Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Doenças Tropicais Nucleo de Ensino e Pesquisa, Instituto Mario Penna
| | | | | | - Walderez Ornelas Dutra
- Department of Morphology Parasitology Graduate Program, Institute of Biological Sciences Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Doenças Tropicais
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31
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Gil-Jaramillo N, Motta FN, Favali CBF, Bastos IMD, Santana JM. Dendritic Cells: A Double-Edged Sword in Immune Responses during Chagas Disease. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1076. [PMID: 27471496 PMCID: PMC4943928 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most important member of the antigen presenting cells group due to their ability to recognize antigen at the infection site and their high specialized antigen internalization capacity. These cells have central role in connecting the innate and adaptive immune responses against Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease. These first line defense cells modulate host immune response depending on type, maturation level, cytokine milieu and DC receptor involved in the interactions with T. cruzi, influencing the development of the disease clinic forms. Here, we present a review of DCs-T. cruzi interactions both in human and murine models, pointing out the parasite ability to manipulate DCs activity for the purpose of evading innate immune response and assuring its own survival and persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Gil-Jaramillo
- Laboratório de Interação Patógeno-Hospedeiro, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de BrasíliaBrasília, Brazil
| | - Flávia N. Motta
- Laboratório de Interação Patógeno-Hospedeiro, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de BrasíliaBrasília, Brazil
- Faculdade de Ceilândia, Universidade de BrasíliaBrasília, Brazil
| | - Cecília B. F. Favali
- Laboratório de Biologia do Gene, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de BrasíliaBrasília, Brazil
| | - Izabela M. D. Bastos
- Laboratório de Interação Patógeno-Hospedeiro, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de BrasíliaBrasília, Brazil
| | - Jaime M. Santana
- Laboratório de Interação Patógeno-Hospedeiro, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de BrasíliaBrasília, Brazil
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