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Ishii T, Kobayakawa T, Matsuda K, Nigorikawa K, Bolah P, Noborio A, Tsuji K, Ohashi N, Yoshimura K, Nomura W, Mitsuya H, Maeda K, Tamamura H. Discovery of Potent DAG-Lactone Derivatives as HIV Latency Reversing Agents. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:2250-2261. [PMID: 38771724 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.4c00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Toward human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) cure, cells latently infected with HIV-1 must be eliminated from people living with HIV-1. We previously developed a protein kinase C (PKC) activator, diacylglycerol (DAG)-lactone derivative 3, with high HIV-1 latency-reversing activity, based on YSE028 (2) as a lead compound and found that the activity was correlated with binding affinity for PKC and stability against esterase-mediated hydrolysis. Here, we synthesized new DAG-lactone derivatives not only containing a tertiary ester group or an isoxazole surrogate but also several symmetric alkylidene moieties to improve HIV-1 latency reversing activity. Compound 9a, with a dimethyl group at the α-position of the ester group, exerted twice higher HIV-1 latency reversing activity than compound 3, and compound 26, with the isoxazole moiety, was significantly active. In addition, DAG-lactone derivatives with moderate hydrophobicity and potent biostability showed high biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Ishii
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Takuya Kobayakawa
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Kouki Matsuda
- Division of Antiviral Therapy, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Kiyomi Nigorikawa
- Department of Genome and Biomolecular Engineering for Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Peter Bolah
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Airi Noborio
- Division of Antiviral Therapy, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Kohei Tsuji
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Nami Ohashi
- Laboratory of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Yoshimura
- Institute of Public Health, Bureau of Social Welfare and Public Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Government, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan
| | - Wataru Nomura
- Department of Genome and Biomolecular Engineering for Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Mitsuya
- Department of Refractory Viral Infections, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
- Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kumamoto University Hospital, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Kenji Maeda
- Division of Antiviral Therapy, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tamamura
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
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Dimapasoc M, Moran JA, Cole SW, Ranjan A, Hourani R, Kim JT, Wender PA, Marsden MD, Zack JA. Defining the Effects of PKC Modulator HIV Latency-Reversing Agents on Natural Killer Cells. Pathog Immun 2024; 9:108-137. [PMID: 38765786 PMCID: PMC11101012 DOI: 10.20411/pai.v9i1.673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Latency reversing agents (LRAs) such as protein kinase C (PKC) modulators can reduce rebound-competent HIV reservoirs in small animal models. Furthermore, administration of natural killer (NK) cells following LRA treatment improves this reservoir reduction. It is currently unknown why the combination of a PKC modulator and NK cells is so potent and whether exposure to PKC modulators may augment NK cell function in some way. Methods Primary human NK cells were treated with PKC modulators (bryostatin-1, prostratin, or the designed, synthetic bryostatin-1 analog SUW133), and evaluated by examining expression of activation markers by flow cytometry, analyzing transcriptomic profiles by RNA sequencing, measuring cytotoxicity by co-culturing with K562 cells, assessing cytokine production by Luminex assay, and examining the ability of cytokines and secreted factors to independently reverse HIV latency by co-culturing with Jurkat-Latency (J-Lat) cells. Results PKC modulators increased expression of proteins involved in NK cell activation. Transcriptomic profiles from PKC-treated NK cells displayed signatures of cellular activation and enrichment of genes associated with the NFκB pathway. NK cell cytotoxicity was unaffected by prostratin but significantly decreased by bryostatin-1 and SUW133. Cytokines from PKC-stimulated NK cells did not induce latency reversal in J-Lat cell lines. Conclusions Although PKC modulators have some significant effects on NK cells, their contribution in "kick and kill" strategies is likely due to upregulating HIV expression in CD4+ T cells, not directly enhancing the effector functions of NK cells. This suggests that PKC modulators are primarily augmenting the "kick" rather than the "kill" arm of this HIV cure approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Dimapasoc
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jose A. Moran
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, California
| | - Steve W. Cole
- UCLA Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Alok Ranjan
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Rami Hourani
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Jocelyn T. Kim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Paul A. Wender
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Matthew D. Marsden
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, California
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Jerome A. Zack
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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Duggan NN, Dragic T, Chanda SK, Pache L. Breaking the Silence: Regulation of HIV Transcription and Latency on the Road to a Cure. Viruses 2023; 15:2435. [PMID: 38140676 PMCID: PMC10747579 DOI: 10.3390/v15122435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has brought the HIV/AIDS epidemic under control, but a curative strategy for viral eradication is still needed. The cessation of ART results in rapid viral rebound from latently infected CD4+ T cells, showing that control of viral replication alone does not fully restore immune function, nor does it eradicate viral reservoirs. With a better understanding of factors and mechanisms that promote viral latency, current approaches are primarily focused on the permanent silencing of latently infected cells ("block and lock") or reactivating HIV-1 gene expression in latently infected cells, in combination with immune restoration strategies to eliminate HIV infected cells from the host ("shock and kill"). In this review, we provide a summary of the current, most promising approaches for HIV-1 cure strategies, including an analysis of both latency-promoting agents (LPA) and latency-reversing agents (LRA) that have shown promise in vitro, ex vivo, and in human clinical trials to reduce the HIV-1 reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha N. Duggan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tatjana Dragic
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sumit K. Chanda
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Lars Pache
- NCI Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Torices S, Daire L, Simon S, Naranjo O, Mendoza L, Teglas T, Fattakhov N, Adesse D, Toborek M. Occludin: a gatekeeper of brain Infection by HIV-1. Fluids Barriers CNS 2023; 20:73. [PMID: 37840143 PMCID: PMC10577960 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-023-00476-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Compromised structure and function of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is one of the pathological hallmarks of brain infection by HIV-1. BBB damage during HIV-1 infection has been associated with modified expression of tight junction (TJ) proteins, including occludin. Recent evidence indicated occludin as a redox-sensitive, multifunctional protein that can act as both an NADH oxidase and influence cellular metabolism through AMPK kinase. One of the newly identified functions of occludin is its involvement in regulating HIV-1 infection. Studies suggest that occludin expression levels and the rate of HIV-1 infection share a reverse, bidirectional relationship; however, the mechanisms of this relationship are unclear. In this review, we describe the pathways involved in the regulation of HIV-1 infection by occludin. We propose that occludin may serve as a potential therapeutic target to control HIV-1 infection and to improve the lives of people living with HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Torices
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami School of Medicine, 528E Gautier Bldg. 1011 NW 15th Street Miami, Miami, FL, 11336, USA
| | - Leah Daire
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami School of Medicine, 528E Gautier Bldg. 1011 NW 15th Street Miami, Miami, FL, 11336, USA
| | - Sierra Simon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami School of Medicine, 528E Gautier Bldg. 1011 NW 15th Street Miami, Miami, FL, 11336, USA
| | - Oandy Naranjo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami School of Medicine, 528E Gautier Bldg. 1011 NW 15th Street Miami, Miami, FL, 11336, USA
| | - Luisa Mendoza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami School of Medicine, 528E Gautier Bldg. 1011 NW 15th Street Miami, Miami, FL, 11336, USA
| | - Timea Teglas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami School of Medicine, 528E Gautier Bldg. 1011 NW 15th Street Miami, Miami, FL, 11336, USA
| | - Nikolai Fattakhov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami School of Medicine, 528E Gautier Bldg. 1011 NW 15th Street Miami, Miami, FL, 11336, USA
| | - Daniel Adesse
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami School of Medicine, 528E Gautier Bldg. 1011 NW 15th Street Miami, Miami, FL, 11336, USA
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Michal Toborek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami School of Medicine, 528E Gautier Bldg. 1011 NW 15th Street Miami, Miami, FL, 11336, USA.
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Zhu Y, Jiang Z, Liu L, Yang X, Li M, Cheng Y, Xu J, Yin C, Zhu H. Scopoletin Reactivates Latent HIV-1 by Inducing NF-κB Expression without Global T Cell Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12649. [PMID: 37628826 PMCID: PMC10454185 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Reversing HIV-1 latency promotes the killing of infected cells and is essential for cure strategies. However, current latency-reversing agents (LRAs) are not entirely effective and safe in activating latent viruses in patients. In this study, we investigated whether Scopoletin (6-Methoxy-7-hydroxycoumarin), an important coumarin phytoalexin found in plants with multiple pharmacological activities, can reactivate HIV-1 latency and elucidated its underlying mechanism. Using the Jurkat T cell model of HIV-1 latency, we found that Scopoletin can reactivate latent HIV-1 replication with a similar potency to Prostratin and did so in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Moreover, we provide evidence indicating that Scopoletin-induced HIV-1 reactivation involves the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway. Importantly, Scopoletin did not have a stimulatory effect on T lymphocyte receptors or HIV-1 receptors. In conclusion, our study suggests that Scopoletin has the potential to reactivate latent HIV-1 without causing global T-cell activation, making it a promising treatment option for anti-HIV-1 latency strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.J.); (L.L.); (X.Y.); (M.L.); (Y.C.); (C.Y.)
| | - Zhengtao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.J.); (L.L.); (X.Y.); (M.L.); (Y.C.); (C.Y.)
| | - Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.J.); (L.L.); (X.Y.); (M.L.); (Y.C.); (C.Y.)
| | - Xinyi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.J.); (L.L.); (X.Y.); (M.L.); (Y.C.); (C.Y.)
| | - Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.J.); (L.L.); (X.Y.); (M.L.); (Y.C.); (C.Y.)
| | - Yipeng Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.J.); (L.L.); (X.Y.); (M.L.); (Y.C.); (C.Y.)
| | - Jianqing Xu
- Scientific Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China;
| | - Chunhua Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.J.); (L.L.); (X.Y.); (M.L.); (Y.C.); (C.Y.)
| | - Huanzhang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.J.); (L.L.); (X.Y.); (M.L.); (Y.C.); (C.Y.)
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Ishii T, Kobayakawa T, Matsuda K, Tsuji K, Ohashi N, Nakahata S, Noborio A, Yoshimura K, Mitsuya H, Maeda K, Tamamura H. Synthesis and evaluation of DAG-lactone derivatives with HIV-1 latency reversing activity. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 256:115449. [PMID: 37224601 PMCID: PMC10683555 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Cells latently infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) prevent people living with HIV-1 from obtaining a cure to the infectious disease. Latency reversing agents (LRAs) such as protein kinase C (PKC) activators and histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors can reactivate cells latently infected with HIV-1. Several trials based on treatment with HDAC inhibitors alone, however, failed to reduce the number of latent HIV-1 reservoirs. Herein, we have focused on a diacylglycerol (DAG)-lactone derivative, YSE028 (1), which is a PKC activator with latency reversing activity and no significant cytotoxicity. Caspase-3 activation of YSE028 (1) led to cell apoptosis, specifically in HIV-1 latently infected cells. Structure-activity relationship studies of YSE028 (1) have produced several useful derivatives. Among these, compound 2 is approximately ten times more potent than YSE028 (1) in reactivation of cells latently infected with HIV-1. The activity of DAG-lactone derivatives was correlated with the binding affinity for PKC and the stability against esterase-mediated hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Ishii
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0062, Japan
| | - Takuya Kobayakawa
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0062, Japan
| | - Kouki Matsuda
- Division of Antiviral Therapy, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan; AIDS Clinical Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8655, Japan
| | - Kohei Tsuji
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0062, Japan
| | - Nami Ohashi
- Laboratory of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, 194-8543, Japan
| | - Shingo Nakahata
- Division of HTLV-1/ATL Carcinogenesis and Therapeutics, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan
| | - Airi Noborio
- Division of Antiviral Therapy, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Yoshimura
- Institute of Public Health, Bureau of Social Welfare and Public Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Government, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-0073, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Mitsuya
- Department of Refractory Viral Infections, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8655, Japan; Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, United States; Department of Clinical Sciences, Kumamoto University Hospital, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Kenji Maeda
- Division of Antiviral Therapy, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tamamura
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0062, Japan.
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7
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Moran JA, Ranjan A, Hourani R, Kim JT, Wender PA, Zack JA, Marsden MD. Secreted factors induced by PKC modulators do not indirectly cause HIV latency reversal. Virology 2023; 581:8-14. [PMID: 36842270 PMCID: PMC10103183 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
HIV can establish a long-lived latent infection in cells harboring integrated non-expressing proviruses. Latency reversing agents (LRAs), including protein kinase C (PKC) modulators, can induce expression of latent HIV, thereby reducing the latent reservoir in animal models. However, PKC modulators such as bryostatin-1 also cause cytokine upregulation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), including cytokines that might independently reverse HIV latency. To determine whether cytokines induced by PKC modulators contribute to latency reversal, primary human PBMCs were treated with bryostatin-1 or the bryostatin analog SUW133, a superior LRA, and supernatant was collected. As anticipated, LRA-treated cell supernatant contained increased levels of cytokines compared to untreated cell supernatant. However, exposure of latently-infected cells with this supernatant did not result in latency reactivation. These results indicate that PKC modulators do not have significant indirect effects on HIV latency reversal in vitro and thus are targeted in their latency reversing ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A Moran
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Alok Ranjan
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA; Department of Systems and Chemical Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Rami Hourani
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA; Department of Systems and Chemical Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jocelyn T Kim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Paul A Wender
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA; Department of Systems and Chemical Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jerome A Zack
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Matthew D Marsden
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, CA, 92697, USA; Department of Medicine (Division of Infectious Diseases), School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
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8
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Kataria R, Kaur S, Kaundal R. Deciphering the complete human-monkeypox virus interactome: Identifying immune responses and potential drug targets. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1116988. [PMID: 37051239 PMCID: PMC10083500 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1116988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is a dsDNA virus, belonging to Poxviridae family. The outbreak of monkeypox disease in humans is critical in European and Western countries, owing to its origin in African regions. The highest number of cases of the disease were found in the United States, followed by Spain and Brazil. Understanding the complete infection mechanism of diverse MPXV strains and their interaction with humans is important for therapeutic drug development, and to avoid any future epidemics. Using computational systems biology, we deciphered the genome-wide protein-protein interactions (PPIs) between 22 MPXV strains and human proteome. Based on phylogenomics and disease severity, 3 different strains of MPXV: Zaire-96-I-16, MPXV-UK_P2, and MPXV_USA_2022_MA001 were selected for comparative functional analysis of the proteins involved in the interactions. On an average, we predicted around 92,880 non-redundant PPIs between human and MPXV proteomes, involving 8014 host and 116 pathogen proteins from the 3 strains. The gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis revealed 10,624 common GO terms in which the host proteins of 3 strains were highly enriched. These include significant GO terms such as platelet activation (GO:0030168), GABA-A receptor complex (GO:1902711), and metalloendopeptidase activity (GO:0004222). The host proteins were also significantly enriched in calcium signaling pathway (hsa04020), MAPK signaling pathway (hsa04010), and inflammatory mediator regulation of TRP channels (hsa04750). These significantly enriched GO terms and KEGG pathways are known to be implicated in immunomodulatory and therapeutic role in humans during viral infection. The protein hubs analysis revealed that most of the MPXV proteins form hubs with the protein kinases and AGC kinase C-terminal domains. Furthermore, subcellular localization revealed that most of the human proteins were localized in cytoplasm (29.22%) and nucleus (26.79%). A few drugs including Fostamatinib, Tamoxifen and others were identified as potential drug candidates against the monkeypox virus disease. This study reports the genome-scale PPIs elucidation in human-monkeypox virus pathosystem, thus facilitating the research community with functional insights into the monkeypox disease infection mechanism and augment the drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghav Kataria
- Department of Plants, Soils, and Climate, College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Logan, United States
| | - Simardeep Kaur
- Department of Plants, Soils, and Climate, College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Logan, United States
- Bioinformatics Facility, Center for Integrated BioSystems, Logan, United States
- Division of Biochemistry, Indian Agricultural Research Institute (ICAR), New Delhi, India
| | - Rakesh Kaundal
- Department of Plants, Soils, and Climate, College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Logan, United States
- Bioinformatics Facility, Center for Integrated BioSystems, Logan, United States
- Department of Computer Science, College of Science, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
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9
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Insertion Depth Modulates Protein Kinase C-δ-C1b Domain Interactions with Membrane Cholesterol as Revealed by MD Simulations. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054598. [PMID: 36902029 PMCID: PMC10002858 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase C delta (PKC-δ) is an important signaling molecule in human cells that has both proapoptotic as well as antiapoptotic functions. These conflicting activities can be modulated by two classes of ligands, phorbol esters and bryostatins. Phorbol esters are known tumor promoters, while bryostatins have anti-cancer properties. This is despite both ligands binding to the C1b domain of PKC-δ (δC1b) with a similar affinity. The molecular mechanism behind this discrepancy in cellular effects remains unknown. Here, we have used molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the structure and intermolecular interactions of these ligands bound to δC1b with heterogeneous membranes. We observed clear interactions between the δC1b-phorbol complex and membrane cholesterol, primarily through the backbone amide of L250 and through the K256 side-chain amine. In contrast, the δC1b-bryostatin complex did not exhibit interactions with cholesterol. Topological maps of the membrane insertion depth of the δC1b-ligand complexes suggest that insertion depth can modulate δC1b interactions with cholesterol. The lack of cholesterol interactions suggests that bryostatin-bound δC1b may not readily translocate to cholesterol-rich domains within the plasma membrane, which could significantly alter the substrate specificity of PKC-δ compared to δC1b-phorbol complexes.
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Hany L, Turmel M, Barat C, Ouellet M, Tremblay MJ. Impact of latency-reversing agents on human macrophage physiology. Immun Inflamm Dis 2022; 11:e590. [PMID: 36480653 PMCID: PMC9753817 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION HIV-1 eradication is hindered by the presence of inducible long-lived reservoirs of latently infected cells which rapidly disseminate viral particles upon treatment interruption. Eliminating these reservoirs by the so-called shock and kill strategy represents a crucial concept toward an HIV-1 cure. Several molecules called latency-reversing agents (LRAs) are under intensive investigations to reactivate virus gene expression. These studies are mainly conducted on CD4+ T cells where LRAs are well tolerated and did not induce global cellular activation. However, despite their broad spectrum, the putative impact of LRAs on other cellular reservoirs such as macrophages is still ill-defined. METHODS We investigated the impact of the protein kinase C (PKC) activator bryostatin-1, bromodomain inhibitor JQ1 and histone deacetylase inhibitor romidepsin used either alone or in combination on human primary monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs). RESULTS We demonstrate that bryostatin-1, JQ1, and romidepsin or their combinations are not toxic at nanomolar concentrations but induce metabolic and morphologic alterations of MDMs. Bryostatin-1 triggered the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, while JQ-1 decreased it. Phagocytosis and endocytosis were modestly impaired upon bryostatin-1 treatment whereas efferocytosis was markedly downregulated by romidepsin. Despite its pro-inflammatory profile, bryostatin-1 did not induce classically activated macrophage markers. Finally, we reveal that conditioned medium from bryostatin-1-treated macrophages did not potentiate its reactivation feature. CONCLUSIONS Our study reveals that LRAs can diversely impact basic physiologic features of human primary macrophages and could potentially decrease reactivation of nearby CD4+ T cells latently infected with HIV-1. Our observations further stress the need to include different cell populations when assessing HIV-1 cure strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Hany
- Axe des Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec‐Université LavalQuébecCanada
| | - Marc‐Olivier Turmel
- Axe des Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec‐Université LavalQuébecCanada
| | - Corinne Barat
- Axe des Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec‐Université LavalQuébecCanada
| | - Michel Ouellet
- Axe des Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec‐Université LavalQuébecCanada
| | - Michel J. Tremblay
- Axe des Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec‐Université LavalQuébecCanada,Département de Microbiologie‐Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de médecineUniversité LavalQuébecCanada
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11
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Tembeni B, Sciorillo A, Invernizzi L, Klimkait T, Urda L, Moyo P, Naidoo-Maharaj D, Levitties N, Gyampoh K, Zu G, Yuan Z, Mounzer K, Nkabinde S, Nkabinde M, Gqaleni N, Tietjen I, Montaner LJ, Maharaj V. HPLC-Based Purification and Isolation of Potent Anti-HIV and Latency Reversing Daphnane Diterpenes from the Medicinal Plant Gnidia sericocephala ( Thymelaeaceae). Viruses 2022; 14:1437. [PMID: 35891417 PMCID: PMC9318819 DOI: 10.3390/v14071437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the success of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), HIV persists in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) due to emerging drug resistance and insufficient drug accessibility. Furthermore, cART does not target latently-infected CD4+ T cells, which represent a major barrier to HIV eradication. The “shock and kill” therapeutic approach aims to reactivate provirus expression in latently-infected cells in the presence of cART and target virus-expressing cells for elimination. An attractive therapeutic prototype in LMICs would therefore be capable of simultaneously inhibiting viral replication and inducing latency reversal. Here we report that Gnidia sericocephala, which is used by traditional health practitioners in South Africa for HIV/AIDS management to supplement cART, contains at least four daphnane-type compounds (yuanhuacine A (1), yuanhuacine as part of a mixture (2), yuanhuajine (3), and gniditrin (4)) that inhibit viral replication and/or reverse HIV latency. For example, 1 and 2 inhibit HIV replication in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) by >80% at 0.08 µg/mL, while 1 further inhibits a subtype C virus in PBMC with a half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) of 0.03 µM without cytotoxicity. Both 1 and 2 also reverse HIV latency in vitro consistent with protein kinase C activation but at 16.7-fold lower concentrations than the control prostratin. Both 1 and 2 also reverse latency in primary CD4+ T cells from cART-suppressed donors with HIV similar to prostratin but at 6.7-fold lower concentrations. These results highlight G. sericocephala and components 1 and 2 as anti-HIV agents for improving cART efficacy and supporting HIV cure efforts in resource-limited regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babalwa Tembeni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa; (B.T.); (L.I.); (P.M.); (D.N.-M.)
| | - Amanda Sciorillo
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (A.S.); (N.L.); (K.G.); (G.Z.); (Z.Y.); (I.T.)
| | - Luke Invernizzi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa; (B.T.); (L.I.); (P.M.); (D.N.-M.)
| | - Thomas Klimkait
- Molecular Virology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; (T.K.); (L.U.)
| | - Lorena Urda
- Molecular Virology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; (T.K.); (L.U.)
| | - Phanankosi Moyo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa; (B.T.); (L.I.); (P.M.); (D.N.-M.)
| | - Dashnie Naidoo-Maharaj
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa; (B.T.); (L.I.); (P.M.); (D.N.-M.)
- Agricultural Research Council-Vegetables, Industrial and Medicinal Plants, Private Bag X293, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Nathan Levitties
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (A.S.); (N.L.); (K.G.); (G.Z.); (Z.Y.); (I.T.)
| | - Kwasi Gyampoh
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (A.S.); (N.L.); (K.G.); (G.Z.); (Z.Y.); (I.T.)
| | - Guorui Zu
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (A.S.); (N.L.); (K.G.); (G.Z.); (Z.Y.); (I.T.)
| | - Zhe Yuan
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (A.S.); (N.L.); (K.G.); (G.Z.); (Z.Y.); (I.T.)
| | - Karam Mounzer
- Jonathan Lax Immune Disorders Treatment Center, Philadelphia Fight Community Health Centers, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA;
| | | | - Magugu Nkabinde
- Ungangezulu Indigenous Remedies, J Uitval, Wasbank 2920, South Africa; (S.N.); (M.N.)
| | - Nceba Gqaleni
- Africa Health Research Institute, Congella 4013, South Africa;
- Discipline of Traditional Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Ian Tietjen
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (A.S.); (N.L.); (K.G.); (G.Z.); (Z.Y.); (I.T.)
| | - Luis J. Montaner
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (A.S.); (N.L.); (K.G.); (G.Z.); (Z.Y.); (I.T.)
| | - Vinesh Maharaj
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa; (B.T.); (L.I.); (P.M.); (D.N.-M.)
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12
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Tang X, Liu T, Li X, Sheng X, Xing J, Chi H, Zhan W. Protein phosphorylation in hemocytes of Fenneropenaeus chinensis in response to white spot syndrome virus infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 122:106-114. [PMID: 35092807 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation are the most common and important regulatory mechanisms in signal transduction, which play a vital role in immune defense response. Our previous study has found the level of tyrosine phosphorylation was significantly changed in the hemocytes of Fenneropenaeus chinensis upon white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection. In order to explore the relationship between protein phosphorylation and WSSV infection, the quantitative phosphoproteomics was employed to identify differential phosphorylated proteins in hemocytes of F. chinensis before and after WSSV infection, and elucidate the role of key differential phosphorylated proteins in WSSV infection process. The results showed that a total of 147 differential phosphorylated proteins were identified in the hemocytes, including 64 phosphorylated proteins and 83 dephosphorylated proteins, which were mostly enriched in pyruvate metabolism, TCA cycle, glycolysis, and ribosomal biosynthesis. Functional analysis of differential phosphorylated proteins showed that they were involved in cell apoptosis, cell phagocytosis, cell metabolism and antiviral infection. A total of 236 differential phosphorylation sites were found, including 91 modified sites in the phosphorylation proteins and 145 modified sites in the dephosphorylation proteins. Motif analysis showed that these phosphorylation sites could activate mitogen-activated protein kinase, P70 S6 kinase and other kinases in hemocytes. Moveover, the phosphorylation levels of eukaryotic protein initiation factor 4E binding proteins and histone H3 were further determined by ELISA and Western blotting, which both exhibited a significant increase post WSSV infection and reach their peak levels at 6 and 12 h, respectively. Moreover, we found that lactate, a metabolite closely related to pyruvate metabolism, TCA cycle and glycolysis, was significantly increased in the hemocytes after WSSV infection. This study revealed the protein phosphorylation response in hemocytes of F. chinensis to WSSV infection, which help to clarify the response characteristics and virus resistance mechanism of hemocytes in F. chinensis, and also facilitate further understanding of the interaction between WSSV and shrimp hemocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Tang
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Ting Liu
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xiaoai Li
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xiuzhen Sheng
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Jing Xing
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Heng Chi
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Wenbin Zhan
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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13
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Okoye AA, Fromentin R, Takata H, Brehm JH, Fukazawa Y, Randall B, Pardons M, Tai V, Tang J, Smedley J, Axthelm M, Lifson JD, Picker LJ, Favre D, Trautmann L, Chomont N. The ingenol-based protein kinase C agonist GSK445A is a potent inducer of HIV and SIV RNA transcription. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010245. [PMID: 35041707 PMCID: PMC8797195 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway by Protein Kinase C (PKC) agonists is a potent mechanism for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) latency disruption in vitro. However, significant toxicity risks and the lack of evidence supporting their activity in vivo have limited further evaluation of PKC agonists as HIV latency-reversing agents (LRA) in cure strategies. Here we evaluated whether GSK445A, a stabilized ingenol-B derivative, can induce HIV/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) transcription and virus production in vitro and demonstrate pharmacological activity in nonhuman primates (NHP). CD4+ T cells from people living with HIV and from SIV+ rhesus macaques (RM) on antiretroviral therapy (ART) exposed in vitro to 25 nM of GSK445A produced cell-associated viral transcripts as well as viral particles at levels similar to those induced by PMA/Ionomycin, indicating that GSK445A can potently reverse HIV/SIV latency. Importantly, these concentrations of GSK445A did not impair the proliferation or survival of HIV-specific CD8+ T cells, but instead, increased their numbers and enhanced IFN-γ production in response to HIV peptides. In vivo, GSK445A tolerability was established in SIV-naïve RM at 15 μg/kg although tolerability was reduced in SIV-infected RM on ART. Increases in plasma viremia following GSK445A administration were suggestive of increased SIV transcription in vivo. Collectively, these results indicate that GSK445A is a potent HIV/SIV LRA in vitro and has a tolerable safety profile amenable for further evaluation in vivo in NHP models of HIV cure/remission. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is not a definitive cure for HIV infection, in part, because the virus is able to integrate its genetic material in the host cell and remain in a dormant but fully replication-competent form during ART. These latently-infected cells can persist for long periods of time and remain hidden from the host’s immune system. If ART is stopped, the virus can reactivate from this pool of infected cells and resume HIV replication and disease progression. As such, finding and eliminating cells with latent HIV infection is priority for HIV cure research. One approach is to use compounds referred to as latency-reversing agents, that can induce HIV reactivation during ART. The goal of this approach is to facilitate elimination of infected cells by the virus itself once it reactivates or by the host’s immune system, once virus induction renders the cells detectable by the immune system, while also preventing the virus from infecting new cells due to the continued presence of ART. In this study we report on the activity of a novel latency-reversing agent called GSK445A, a potent activator of the enzyme protein kinase C (PKC). We show that GSK445A can induce HIV and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) latency reversal in vitro and has a tolerable saftey profile in nonhuman primates that should permit further testing of this PKC-agonist in strategies to cure HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afam A Okoye
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America.,Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Rémi Fromentin
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Hiroshi Takata
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Jessica H Brehm
- ViiV Healthcare, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Yoshinori Fukazawa
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America.,Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Bryan Randall
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America.,Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Marion Pardons
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Vincent Tai
- ViiV Healthcare, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jun Tang
- ViiV Healthcare, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jeremy Smedley
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America.,Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Michael Axthelm
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America.,Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey D Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Louis J Picker
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America.,Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - David Favre
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America.,HIV Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Lydie Trautmann
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Nicolas Chomont
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
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14
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A synthetic resveratrol analog termed Q205 reactivates latent HIV-1 through activation of P-TEFb. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 197:114901. [PMID: 34971588 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The persistence of HIV-1 latent reservoir creates the major obstacle toward an HIV-1 cure. The "shock and kill" strategy aims to reverse HIV-1 proviral latency using latency-reversing agents (LRAs), thus boosting immune recognition and clearance to residual infected cells. Unfortunately, to date, none of these tested LRA candidates has been demonstrated effectiveness and/or safety in reactivation HIV-1 latency. The discovery and development of effective, safe and affordable LRA candidates are urgently needed for creating an HIV-1 functional cure. Here, we designed and synthesized a series of small-molecule phenoxyacetic acid derivatives based on the resveratrol scaffold and found one of them, named 5, 7-dimethoxy-2-(5-(methoxymethyl) furan-2-yl) quinazolin-4(3H)-one (Q205), effectively reactivated latent HIV-1 in latent HIV-1-infected cells without a corresponding increase in induction of potentially damaging cytokines. The molecular mechanism of Q205 is shown to increase the phosphorylation of the CDK9 T-loop at position Thr186, dissociate positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb) from BRD4, and promote the Tat-mediated HIV-1 transcription and RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) C-terminal domain (CTD) on Ser (CTD-Ser2P) to bind to the HIV promoter. This study provides a unique insight into resveratrol modified derivatives as promising leads for preclinical LRAs, which in turn may help toward inhibitor design and chemical optimization for improving HIV-1 shock-and kill-based efforts.
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15
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Bryostatin-1 decreases HIV-1 infection and viral production in human primary macrophages. J Virol 2021; 96:e0195321. [PMID: 34878918 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01953-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
While combination antiretroviral therapy maintains undetectable viremia in People Living With HIV (PLWH), a life-long treatment is necessary to prevent viremic rebound after therapy cessation. This rebound seemed mainly caused by long lived HIV-1 latently infected cells reversing to a viral productive status. Reversing latency and elimination of these cells by the so-called shock and kill strategy is one of the main investigated leads to achieve an HIV-1 cure. Small molecules referred as latency reversal agents (LRAs) proved to efficiently reactivate latent CD4+ T cells. However, LRAs impact on de novo infection or HIV-1 production in productively infected macrophages remain elusive. Nontoxic doses of bryostatin-1, JQ1 and romidepsin were investigated in human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs). Treatment with bryostatin-1 or romidepsin resulted in a downregulation of CD4 and CCR5 receptors respectively, accompanied by a reduction of R5 tropic virus infection. HIV-1 replication was mainly regulated by receptor modulation for bryostatin-1, while romidepsin effect rely on upregulation of SAMHD1 activity. LRA stimulation of chronically infected cells did not enhance neither HIV-1 production nor gene expression. Surprisingly, bryostatin-1 caused a major decrease in viral production. This effect was not viral strain specific but appears to occur only in myeloid cells. Bryostatin-1 treatment of infected MDMs led to decreased amounts of capsid and matrix mature proteins with little to no modulation of precursors. Our observations revealed that bryostatin-1-treated myeloid and CD4+ T cells are responding differently upon HIV-1 infection. Therefore, additional studies are warranted to more fully assess the efficiency of HIV-1 eradicating strategies. Importance HIV-1 persists in a cellular latent form despite therapy that quickly propagates infection upon treatment interruption. Reversing latency would contribute to eradicate these cells, closing a gap to a cure. Macrophages are an acknowledged HIV-1 reservoir during therapy and are suspected to harbor latency establishment in vivo. Yet, the impact of latency reversal agents (LRAs) on HIV-1 infection and viral production in human macrophages is poorly known but nonetheless crucial to probe the safety of this strategy. In this in vitro study, we discovered encouraging anti-replicative features of distinct LRAs in human macrophages. We also described a new viral production inhibition mechanism by protein kinase C agonists which is specific to myeloid cells. This study provides new insights on HIV-1 propagation restriction potentials by LRAs in human macrophages and underline the importance of assessing latency reversal strategy on all HIV-1 targeted cells.
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Su Z, Zhao J. Comparative Study of the Effects of Tai Chi and Square Dance on Immune Function, Physical Health, and Life Satisfaction in Urban Empty-Nest Older Adults. Front Physiol 2021; 12:721758. [PMID: 34675816 PMCID: PMC8523935 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.721758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To compare the effects of Tai Chi and Square dance on immune function, physical health, and life satisfaction in urban, empty-nest older adults. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 249 older adults (60–69 years) who were categorized into Tai Chi (n = 81), Square dance (n = 90), and control groups (n = 78). We evaluated immunoglobulin G (IgG) and interleukin-2 (IL-2) levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity by MTT assay, physical health indices by physical fitness levels, and life satisfaction by Life Satisfaction Index A (LSIA) scores. Results: Immune function, physical health, and life satisfaction in older adults in the Tai Chi and Square dance groups were significantly better than those in the control group (P < 0.05). Regarding immune function and physical health, the Tai Chi group exhibited significantly higher levels of IgG (15.41 ± 0.26 g/L vs. 11.99 ± 0.35 g/L, P < 0.05), IL-2 (4.60 ± 0.20 ng/mL vs. 4.45 ± 0.21 ng/mL, P < 0.05), and NK cell cytotoxicity (0.28 ± 0.02 vs. 0.22 ± 0.02, P < 0.05) than the square dance group, significantly lower waist-to-hip ratio (0.87 ± 0.02 vs. 0.89 ± 0.02, P < 0.05), resting pulse (78.4 ± 4.6 beats/min vs. 81.0 ± 3.1 beats/min, P < 0.05), systolic blood pressure (132.0 ± 5.2 mmHg vs. 136.2 ± 3.2 mmHg, P < 0.05), diastolic blood pressure (80.0 ± 2.6 mmHg vs. 83.0 ± 2.7 mmHg, P < 0.05), and significantly higher vital capacity (2978.0 ± 263.0 mL vs. 2628.3 ± 262.8 mL, P < 0.05) and duration of one-leg standing with eyes closed (16.2 ± 1.9 s vs. 12.0 ± 1.7 s). However, there was no significant difference in LSIA scores between the Tai Chi and Square dance groups (12.05 ± 1.96 vs. 13.07 ± 1.51, P > 0.05). Further, there was a significant correlation between LSIA scores and immune function (r = 0.50, P = 0.00) and physical health (r = 0.64, P = 0.00). Conclusion: (1) Both Tai Chi and square dance practitioners had better health outcomes, compared with sedentary individuals; (2) Tai Chi practitioners had better physical health and immune function than Square dance practitioners. (3) Tai Chi and Square dance exercises had similar effects on life satisfaction among urban empty-nest older adults. Suggestions: For urban empty-nest older adults who want to have better physical health and immune function, long-term Tai Chi exercise may be a better choice; however, those who are concerned about life satisfaction can choose either Tai Chi or Square dance exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZhongJun Su
- College of Physical Education and Health, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - JieXiu Zhao
- China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing, China
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17
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Activators and Inhibitors of Protein Kinase C (PKC): Their Applications in Clinical Trials. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13111748. [PMID: 34834162 PMCID: PMC8621927 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC), a family of phospholipid-dependent serine/threonine kinase, is classed into three subfamilies based on their structural and activation characteristics: conventional or classic PKC isozymes (cPKCs; α, βI, βII, and γ), novel or non-classic PKC isozymes (nPKCs; δ, ε, η, and θ), and atypical PKC isozymes (aPKCs; ζ, ι, and λ). PKC inhibitors and activators are used to understand PKC-mediated intracellular signaling pathways and for the diagnosis and treatment of various PKC-associated diseases, such as cancers, neurological diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and infections. Many clinical trials of PKC inhibitors in cancers showed no significant clinical benefits, meaning that there is a limitation to design a cancer therapeutic strategy targeting PKC alone. This review will focus on the activators and inhibitors of PKC and their applications in clinical trials.
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18
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Siliciano JD, Siliciano RF. Low Inducibility of Latent Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Proviruses as a Major Barrier to Cure. J Infect Dis 2021; 223:13-21. [PMID: 33586775 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The latent reservoir for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in resting CD4+ T cells is a major barrier to cure. The dimensions of the reservoir problem can be defined with 2 assays. A definitive minimal estimate of the frequency of latently infected cells is provided by the quantitative viral outgrowth assay (QVOA), which detects cells that can be induced by T-cell activation to release infectious virus. In contrast, the intact proviral DNA assay (IPDA) detects all genetically intact proviruses and provides a more accurate upper limit on reservoir size than standard single-amplicon polymerase chain reaction assays which mainly detect defective proviruses. The frequency of cells capable of initiating viral rebound on interruption of antiretroviral therapy lies between the values produced by the QVOA and the IPDA. We argue here that the 1-2-log difference between QVOA and IPDA values in part reflects that the fact that many replication-competent proviruses are not readily induced by T-cell activation. Findings of earlier studies suggest that latently infected cells can be activated to proliferate in vivo without expressing viral genes. The proliferating cells nevertheless retain the ability to produce virus on subsequent stimulation. The low inducibility of latent proviruses is a major problem for the shock-and-kill strategy for curing HIV-1 infection, which uses latency-reversing agents to induce viral gene expression and render infected cells susceptible to immune clearance. The latency-reversing agents developed to date are much less effective at reversing latency than T-cell activation. Taken together, these results indicate that HIV-1 eradication will require the discovery of much more effective ways to induce viral gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet D Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert F Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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19
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Potential Utility of Natural Killer Cells for Eliminating Cells Harboring Reactivated Latent HIV-1 Following the Removal of CD8 + T Cell-Mediated Pro-Latency Effect(s). Viruses 2021; 13:v13081451. [PMID: 34452317 PMCID: PMC8402732 DOI: 10.3390/v13081451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
An impediment to curing HIV-1 infection is the persistence of latently infected cells in ART-treated people living with HIV (PLWH). A key strategy for curing HIV-1 infection is to activate transcription and translation of latent virus using latency reversing agents (LRAs) and eliminate cells harboring reactivated virus via viral cytopathic effect or immune clearance. In this review, we provide an overview of available LRAs and their use in clinical trials. Furthermore, we describe recent data suggesting that CD8+ T cells promote HIV-1 latency in the context of ART, even in the presence of LRAs, which might at least partially explain the clinical inefficiency of previous “shock and kill” trials. Here, we propose a novel cure strategy called “unlock, shock, disarm, and kill”. The general premise of this strategy is to shut down the pro-latency function(s) of CD8+ T cells, use LRAs to reverse HIV-1 latency, counteract anti-apoptotic molecules, and engage natural killer (NK) cells to mediate the killing of cells harboring reactivated latent HIV-1.
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20
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Singh RK, Kumar S, Tomar MS, Verma PK, Kumar A, Kumar S, Kumar N, Singh JP, Acharya A. Putative role of natural products as Protein Kinase C modulator in different disease conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 29:397-414. [PMID: 34216003 DOI: 10.1007/s40199-021-00401-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Protein kinase C (PKC) is a promising drug target for various therapeutic areas. Natural products derived from plants, animals, microorganisms, and marine organisms have been used by humans as medicine from prehistoric times. Recently, several compounds derived from plants have been found to modulate PKC activities through competitive binding with ATP binding site, and other allosteric regions of PKC. As a result fresh race has been started in academia and pharmaceutical companies to develop an effective naturally derived small-molecule inhibitor to target PKC activities. Herein, in this review, we have discussed several natural products and their derivatives, which are reported to have an impact on PKC signaling cascade. METHODS All information presented in this review article regarding the regulation of PKC by natural products has been acquired by a systematic search of various electronic databases, including ScienceDirect, Scopus, Google Scholar, Web of science, ResearchGate, and PubMed. The keywords PKC, natural products, curcumin, rottlerin, quercetin, ellagic acid, epigallocatechin-3 gallate, ingenol 3 angelate, resveratrol, protocatechuic acid, tannic acid, PKC modulators from marine organism, bryostatin, staurosporine, midostaurin, sangivamycin, and other relevant key words were explored. RESULTS The natural products and their derivatives including curcumin, rottlerin, quercetin, ellagic acid, epigallocatechin-3 gallate, ingenol 3 angelate, resveratrol, bryostatin, staurosporine, and midostaurin play a major role in the management of PKC activity during various disease progression. CONCLUSION Based on the comprehensive literature survey, it could be concluded that various natural products can regulate PKC activity during disease progression. However, extensive research is needed to circumvent the challenge of isoform specific regulation of PKC by natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi Kant Singh
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, BHU, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | | | - Munendra Singh Tomar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado, Denver, USA
| | | | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, BHU, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, BHU, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Naveen Kumar
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, BHU, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Jai Prakash Singh
- Department of Panchkarma, Institute of Medical Science, BHU, Varanasi, India, 221005
| | - Arbind Acharya
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, BHU, Varanasi, 221005, India.
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21
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Sarabia I, Novis CL, Macedo AB, Takata H, Nell R, Kakazu JC, Furler RL, Shakya B, Schubert HL, Hill CP, DePaula-Silva AB, Spivak AM, Trautmann L, Planelles V, Bosque A. Activation of the Anti-Oxidative Stress Response Reactivates Latent HIV-1 Through the Mitochondrial Antiviral Signaling Protein Isoform MiniMAVS. Front Immunol 2021; 12:682182. [PMID: 34194436 PMCID: PMC8236643 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.682182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) is part of the cell's innate immune mechanism of defense. MAVS mRNA is bicistronic and can give rise to a full length-MAVS and a shorter isoform termed miniMAVS. In response to viral infections, viral RNA can be sensed by the cytosolic RNA sensors retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) and/or melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5) and activate NF-κB through interaction with MAVS. MAVS can also sense cellular stress and activate an anti-oxidative stress (AOS) response through the activation of NF-κB. Because NF-κB is a main cellular transcription factor for HIV-1, we wanted to address what role MAVS plays in HIV-1 reactivation from latency in CD4 T cells. Our results indicate that RIG-I agonists required full length-MAVS whereas the AOS response induced by Dynasore through its catechol group can reactivate latent HIV-1 in a MAVS dependent manner through miniMAVS isoform. Furthermore, we uncover that PKC agonists, a class of latency-reversing agents, induce an AOS response in CD4 T cells and require miniMAVS to fully reactivate latent HIV-1. Our results indicate that the AOS response, through miniMAVS, can induce HIV-1 transcription in response to cellular stress and targeting this pathway adds to the repertoire of approaches to reactivate latent HIV-1 in 'shock-and-kill' strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indra Sarabia
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Camille L. Novis
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Amanda B. Macedo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Hiroshi Takata
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Racheal Nell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Juyeon C. Kakazu
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Robert L. Furler
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Binita Shakya
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Heidi L. Schubert
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Christopher P. Hill
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Ana Beatriz DePaula-Silva
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Adam M. Spivak
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Lydie Trautmann
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Vicente Planelles
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Alberto Bosque
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
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22
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Justice JN, Gubbi S, Kulkarni AS, Bartley JM, Kuchel GA, Barzilai N. A geroscience perspective on immune resilience and infectious diseases: a potential case for metformin. GeroScience 2021; 43:1093-1112. [PMID: 32902818 PMCID: PMC7479299 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-020-00261-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We are in the midst of the global pandemic. Though acute respiratory coronavirus (SARS-COV2) that leads to COVID-19 infects people of all ages, severe symptoms and mortality occur disproportionately in older adults. Geroscience interventions that target biological aging could decrease risk across multiple age-related diseases and improve outcomes in response to infectious disease. This offers hope for a new host-directed therapeutic approach that could (i) improve outcomes following exposure or shorten treatment regimens; (ii) reduce the chronic pathology associated with the infectious disease and subsequent comorbidity, frailty, and disability; and (iii) promote development of immunological memory that protects against relapse or improves response to vaccination. We review the possibility of this approach by examining available evidence in metformin: a generic drug with a proven safety record that will be used in a large-scale multicenter clinical trial. Though rigorous translational research and clinical trials are needed to test this empirically, metformin may improve host immune defenses and confer protection against long-term health consequences of infectious disease, age-related chronic diseases, and geriatric syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie N Justice
- Sticht Center for Healthy Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Internal Medicine - Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
| | - Sriram Gubbi
- Metabolic Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Ameya S Kulkarni
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
- Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Jenna M Bartley
- Center on Aging, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - George A Kuchel
- Center on Aging, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Nir Barzilai
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
- Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
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23
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Lenz KD, Klosterman KE, Mukundan H, Kubicek-Sutherland JZ. Macrolides: From Toxins to Therapeutics. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:347. [PMID: 34065929 PMCID: PMC8150546 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13050347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrolides are a diverse class of hydrophobic compounds characterized by a macrocyclic lactone ring and distinguished by variable side chains/groups. Some of the most well characterized macrolides are toxins produced by marine bacteria, sea sponges, and other species. Many marine macrolide toxins act as biomimetic molecules to natural actin-binding proteins, affecting actin polymerization, while other toxins act on different cytoskeletal components. The disruption of natural cytoskeletal processes affects cell motility and cytokinesis, and can result in cellular death. While many macrolides are toxic in nature, others have been shown to display therapeutic properties. Indeed, some of the most well known antibiotic compounds, including erythromycin, are macrolides. In addition to antibiotic properties, macrolides have been shown to display antiviral, antiparasitic, antifungal, and immunosuppressive actions. Here, we review each functional class of macrolides for their common structures, mechanisms of action, pharmacology, and human cellular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jessica Z. Kubicek-Sutherland
- Physical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA; (K.D.L.); (K.E.K.); (H.M.)
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24
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Matsuda K, Kobayakawa T, Kariya R, Tsuchiya K, Ryu S, Tsuji K, Ishii T, Gatanaga H, Yoshimura K, Okada S, Hamada A, Mitsuya H, Tamamura H, Maeda K. A Therapeutic Strategy to Combat HIV-1 Latently Infected Cells With a Combination of Latency-Reversing Agents Containing DAG-Lactone PKC Activators. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:636276. [PMID: 33815322 PMCID: PMC8010149 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.636276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in antiviral therapy have dramatically improved the therapeutic effects on HIV type 1 (HIV-1) infection. However, even with potent combined antiretroviral therapy, HIV-1 latently infected cells cannot be fully eradicated. Latency-reversing agents (LRAs) are considered a potential tool for eliminating such cells; however, recent in vitro and in vivo studies have raised serious concerns regarding the efficacy and safety of the "shock and kill" strategy using LRAs. In the present study, we examined the activity and safety of a panel of protein kinase C (PKC) activators with a diacylglycerol (DAG)-lactone structure that mimics DAG, an endogenous ligand for PKC isozymes. YSE028, a DAG-lactone derivative, reversed HIV-1 latency in vitro when tested using HIV-1 latently infected cells (e.g., ACH2 and J-Lat cells) and primary cells from HIV-1-infected individuals. The activity of YSE028 in reversing HIV-1 latency was synergistically enhanced when combined with JQ1, a bromodomain and extra-terminal inhibitor LRA. DAG-lactone PKC activators also induced caspase-mediated apoptosis, specifically in HIV-1 latently infected cells. In addition, these DAG-lactone PKC activators showed minimal toxicity in vitro and in vivo. These data suggest that DAG-lactone PKC activators may serve as potential candidates for combination therapy against HIV-1 latently infected cells, especially when combined with other LRAs with a different mechanism, to minimize side effects and achieve maximum efficacy in various reservoir cells of the whole body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouki Matsuda
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuya Kobayakawa
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyō, Japan
| | - Ryusho Kariya
- Division of Hematopoiesis, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kiyoto Tsuchiya
- AIDS Clinical Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku, Japan
| | - Shoraku Ryu
- Division of Molecular Pharmacology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kohei Tsuji
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyō, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ishii
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyō, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Gatanaga
- AIDS Clinical Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Yoshimura
- AIDS Research Centre, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.,Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiji Okada
- Division of Hematopoiesis, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Akinobu Hamada
- Division of Molecular Pharmacology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Mitsuya
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.,HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Hirokazu Tamamura
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyō, Japan
| | - Kenji Maeda
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
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25
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Heinson AI, Woo J, Mukim A, White CH, Moesker B, Bosque A, Spina CA, Woelk CH, Macarthur BD, Beliakova-Bethell N. Micro RNA Targets in HIV Latency: Insights into Novel Layers of Latency Control. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2021; 37:109-121. [PMID: 33045840 PMCID: PMC7876363 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2020.0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the considerable progress that has been made in identifying cellular factors and pathways that contribute to establishment and maintenance of the latent HIV reservoir, it remains the major obstacle to eradicating this virus. Most recently, noncoding genes have been implicated in regulation of HIV expression. In this study, small RNA sequencing was used to profile expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) in a primary CD4+ T cell in vitro model of HIV latency. Previously, we have shown that protein-coding genes dysregulated in this model were enriched for the p53 signaling pathway, which was confirmed experimentally. We further found a link between p53 signaling and dysregulated long noncoding RNAs. In this study, we hypothesized that miRNAs may provide an additional level of regulation of the p53 signaling pathway during HIV latency. Twenty-six miRNAs were identified to be dysregulated in our latency model. A subset of these miRNAs was validated by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Predicted messenger RNA (mRNA) targets and cellular pathways enriched for mRNA targets were identified using several analytical methods. Our analyses showed that many protein-coding genes and pathways targeted by dysregulated miRNAs have relevance to regulation of HIV expression or establishment of HIV latency. The p53 signaling pathway was found among pathways that were targeted by dysregulated miRNAs at a greater level than expected by chance. This study provides a mechanistic insight into regulation of the p53 pathway through miRNAs that may contribute to the establishment of latency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley I. Heinson
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Jeongmin Woo
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Amey Mukim
- VA San Diego Healthcare System and Veterans Medical Research Foundation, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Cory H. White
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Bastiaan Moesker
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Alberto Bosque
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Celsa A. Spina
- VA San Diego Healthcare System and Veterans Medical Research Foundation, San Diego, California, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | - Ben D. Macarthur
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Nadejda Beliakova-Bethell
- VA San Diego Healthcare System and Veterans Medical Research Foundation, San Diego, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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26
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HIV latency reversal agents: A potential path for functional cure? Eur J Med Chem 2021; 213:113213. [PMID: 33540228 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite the advances in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) treatment, the cure for all HIV patients still poses a major challenge, which needs to be surpassed in the coming years. Among the strategies pursuing this aim, the 'kick-and-kill' approach, which involves the reactivation and elimination of a latent HIV reservoir that resides in some CD4+ T cells, appears promising. The first step of this approach requires the use of latency reversal agents (LRAs) that induce the reactivation of the latent virus. Although several classes of LRAs have been reported so far, some limitations of these compounds still need to be overcome before their clinical use. The complete exhaustion of the reservoir of latent virus will contribute to promote the second step of this approach, facilitating the elimination of the reactivated HIV. Therefore, potent, safe, and non-toxic LRAs are necessary to promote efficient elimination of the HIV-1 virus from its reservoir. In this review article, we focus on the promising LRAs that have been described in the literature over the past few years, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of their use in the 'kick and kill' approach, thus opening a new avenue in the development of a potential cure.
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27
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Epigenetic Compound Screening Uncovers Small Molecules for Reactivation of Latent HIV-1. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 65:AAC.01815-20. [PMID: 33139279 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01815-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During infection with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), latent reservoirs are established that circumvent full eradication of the virus by antiretroviral therapy (ART) and are the source for viral rebound after cessation of therapy. As these reservoirs are phenotypically indistinguishable from infected cells, current strategies aim to reactivate these reservoirs, followed by pharmaceutical and immunological destruction of the cells. Here, we employed a simple and convenient cell-based reporter system, which enables sample handling under biosafety level (BSL)-1 conditions, to screen for compounds that were able to reactivate latent HIV-1. The assay showed a high dynamic signal range and reproducibility with an average Z-factor of 0.77, classifying the system as robust. The assay was used for high-throughput screening (HTS) of an epigenetic compound library in combination with titration and cell-toxicity studies and revealed several potential new latency-reversing agents (LRAs). Further validation in well-known latency model systems verified earlier studies and identified two novel compounds with very high reactivation efficiencies and low toxicity. Both drugs, namely, N-hydroxy-4-(2-[(2-hydroxyethyl)(phenyl)amino]-2-oxoethyl)benzamide (HPOB) and 2',3'-difluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-carboxylic acid, 2-butylhydrazide (SR-4370), showed comparable performances to other already known LRAs, did not activate CD4+ T cells, and did not cause changes in the composition of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), as shown by flow cytometry analyses. Both compounds may represent effective new treatment possibilities for reversal of latency in HIV-1-infected individuals.
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Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) can effectively inhibit human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) replication, but is not curative due to the existence of a stable viral latent reservoir harboring replication-competent proviruses. In order to reduce or eliminate the HIV-1 latent reservoir, characteristics of the latently infected cells need to be intensively studied, and a comprehensive understanding of the heterogenous nature of the latent reservoir will be critical to develop novel therapeutic strategies. Here, we discuss the different cell types and mechanisms contributing to the complexity and heterogeneity of HIV-1 latent reservoirs, and summarize the key challenges to the development of cure strategies for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Cong Zhao
- Institute of Human Virology, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
- Department of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Kai Deng
- Institute of Human Virology, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
- Department of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
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29
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Fujinaga K, Cary DC. Experimental Systems for Measuring HIV Latency and Reactivation. Viruses 2020; 12:v12111279. [PMID: 33182414 PMCID: PMC7696534 DOI: 10.3390/v12111279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The final obstacle to achieving a cure to HIV/AIDS is the presence of latent HIV reservoirs scattered throughout the body. Although antiretroviral therapy maintains plasma viral loads below the levels of detection, upon cessation of therapy, the latent reservoir immediately produces infectious progeny viruses. This results in elevated plasma viremia, which leads to clinical progression to AIDS. Thus, if a HIV cure is ever to become a reality, it will be necessary to target and eliminate the latent reservoir. To this end, tremendous effort has been dedicated to locate the viral reservoir, understand the mechanisms contributing to latency, find optimal methods to reactivate HIV, and specifically kill latently infected cells. Although we have not yet identified a therapeutic approach to completely eliminate HIV from patients, these efforts have provided many technological breakthroughs in understanding the underlying mechanisms that regulate HIV latency and reactivation in vitro. In this review, we summarize and compare experimental systems which are frequently used to study HIV latency. While none of these models are a perfect proxy for the complex systems at work in HIV+ patients, each aim to replicate HIV latency in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koh Fujinaga
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0703, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-415-502-1908
| | - Daniele C. Cary
- Department of Medicine, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0703, USA;
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Latency-Reversing Agents Induce Differential Responses in Distinct Memory CD4 T Cell Subsets in Individuals on Antiretroviral Therapy. Cell Rep 2020; 29:2783-2795.e5. [PMID: 31775045 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.10.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Latent proviruses persist in central (TCM), transitional (TTM), and effector (TEM) memory cells. We measured the levels of cellular factors involved in HIV gene expression in these subsets. The highest levels of acetylated H4, active nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), and active positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb) were measured in TEM, TCM, and TTM cells, respectively. Vorinostat and romidepsin display opposite abilities to induce H4 acetylation across subsets. Protein kinase C (PKC) agonists are more efficient at inducing NF-κB phosphorylation in TCM cells but more potent at activating PTEF-b in the TEM subset. We selected the most efficient latency-reversing agents (LRAs) and measured their ability to reverse latency in each subset. While ingenol alone has modest activities in the three subsets, its combination with a histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) dramatically increases latency reversal in TCM cells. Altogether, these results indicate that cellular HIV reservoirs are differentially responsive to common LRAs and suggest that combination of compounds will be required to achieve latency reversal in all subsets.
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French AJ, Natesampillai S, Krogman A, Correia C, Peterson KL, Alto A, Chandrasekar AP, Misra A, Li Y, Kaufmann SH, Badley AD, Cummins NW. Reactivating latent HIV with PKC agonists induces resistance to apoptosis and is associated with phosphorylation and activation of BCL2. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008906. [PMID: 33075109 PMCID: PMC7595626 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Eradication of HIV-1 by the "kick and kill" strategy requires reactivation of latent virus to cause death of infected cells by either HIV-induced or immune-mediated apoptosis. To date this strategy has been unsuccessful, possibly due to insufficient cell death in reactivated cells to effectively reduce HIV-1 reservoir size. As a possible cause for this cell death resistance, we examined whether leading latency reversal agents (LRAs) affected apoptosis sensitivity of CD4 T cells. Multiple LRAs of different classes inhibited apoptosis in CD4 T cells. Protein kinase C (PKC) agonists bryostatin-1 and prostratin induced phosphorylation and enhanced neutralizing capability of the anti-apoptotic protein BCL2 in a PKC-dependent manner, leading to resistance to apoptosis induced by both intrinsic and extrinsic death stimuli. Furthermore, HIV-1 producing CD4 T cells expressed more BCL2 than uninfected cells, both in vivo and after ex vivo reactivation. Therefore, activation of BCL2 likely contributes to HIV-1 persistence after latency reversal with PKC agonists. The effects of LRAs on apoptosis sensitivity should be considered in designing HIV cure strategies predicated upon the "kick and kill" paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J. French
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Sekar Natesampillai
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Ashton Krogman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Cristina Correia
- Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Kevin L. Peterson
- Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Alecia Alto
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Aswath P. Chandrasekar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Anisha Misra
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Ying Li
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Scott H. Kaufmann
- Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Andrew D. Badley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Nathan W. Cummins
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Perdigão PR, Cunha-Santos C, Barbas CF, Santa-Marta M, Goncalves J. Protein Delivery of Cell-Penetrating Zinc-Finger Activators Stimulates Latent HIV-1-Infected Cells. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2020; 18:145-158. [PMID: 32637446 PMCID: PMC7317221 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2020.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite efforts to develop effective treatments for eradicating HIV-1, a cure has not yet been achieved. Whereas antiretroviral drugs target an actively replicating virus, latent, nonreplicative forms persist during treatment. Pharmacological strategies that reactivate latent HIV-1 and expose cellular reservoirs to antiretroviral therapy and the host immune system have, so far, been unsuccessful, often triggering severe side effects, mainly due to systemic immune activation. Here, we present an alternative approach for stimulating latent HIV-1 expression via direct protein delivery of cell-penetrating zinc-finger activators (ZFAs). Cys2-His2 zinc-fingers, fused to a transcription activation domain, were engineered to recognize the HIV-1 promoter and induce targeted viral transcription. Following conjugation with multiple positively charged nuclear localization signal (NLS) repeats, protein delivery of a single ZFA (3NLS-PBS1-VP64) efficiently internalized HIV-1 latently infected T-lymphocytes and specifically stimulated viral expression. We show that short-term treatment with this ZFA protein induces higher levels of viral reactivation in cell line models of HIV-1 latency than those observed with gene delivery. Our work establishes protein delivery of ZFA as a novel and safe approach toward eradication of HIV-1 reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro R.L. Perdigão
- Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology Department, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Catarina Cunha-Santos
- Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology Department, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Carlos F. Barbas
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mariana Santa-Marta
- Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology Department, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joao Goncalves
- Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology Department, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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Jaimalai T, Meeroekyai S, Suree N, Prangkio P. Drug Delivery System Targeting CD4 + T Cells for HIV-1 Latency Reactivation Towards the Viral Eradication. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:3013-3020. [PMID: 32593715 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Development of a cure for HIV/AIDS has been a great challenge due to the establishment of the HIV-1 viral reservoir, mainly within resting CD4+ memory T cells. As a step towards a cure for HIV, this study aimed to develop an approach that reactivates HIV-1 latently infected cells by employing a drug delivery system using immunoliposomes targeting CD4+ T cells. The immunoliposomes were examined for physicochemical properties and determined for their potential stability. A histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor SAHA was used as a model drug being encapsulated within the immunoliposomes that are conjugated with anti-CD4 antibodies. The immunoliposomes are effectively and specifically taken up by the CD4+ J-Lat 10.6 cells, and significantly less so by the CD4- ACH-2 cells. For HIV-1 latent cell reactivation, SAHA-encapsulated immunoliposomes (SAHA-IL) and SAHA-encapsulated liposomes (SAHA-LP) can reactivate HIV latency as effectively as SAHA compound alone. Additionally, a combination of SAHA-IL and a protein kinase C activator, bryostatin-1, also exhibits a synergistic effect on the reactivation. The developed system thus presents a viable option to become a promising approach for HIV-1 latency reversing treatment, a strategy towards developing a functional cure for HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanapak Jaimalai
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology, The Graduate School, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry and Biochemical Technology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Suthasinee Meeroekyai
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology, The Graduate School, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry and Biochemical Technology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nuttee Suree
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry and Biochemical Technology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Materials Science and Technology, Chiang Mai University, 239 Huay Kaew Road, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Panchika Prangkio
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry and Biochemical Technology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Materials Science and Technology, Chiang Mai University, 239 Huay Kaew Road, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
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Trost BM, Wang Y, Buckl AK, Huang Z, Nguyen MH, Kuzmina O. Total synthesis of bryostatin 3. Science 2020; 368:1007-1011. [PMID: 32467391 DOI: 10.1126/science.abb7271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Bryostatins are a family of 21 complex marine natural products with a wide range of potent biological activities. Among all the 21 bryostatins, bryostatin 3 is structurally the most complex. Whereas nine total syntheses of bryostatins have been achieved to date, bryostatin 3 has only been targeted once and required the highest number of steps to synthesize (43 steps in the longest linear sequence and 88 total steps). Here, we report a concise total synthesis of bryostatin 3 using 22 steps in the longest linear sequence and 31 total steps through a highly convergent synthetic plan by the use of highly atom-economical and chemoselective transformations in which alkynes played a major role in reducing step count.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry M Trost
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5080, USA.
| | - Youliang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5080, USA
| | - Andreas K Buckl
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5080, USA
| | - Zhongxing Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5080, USA
| | - Minh H Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5080, USA
| | - Olesya Kuzmina
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5080, USA
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Manning TJ, Thomas-Richardson J, Cowan M, Beard T. Vaporization, bioactive formulations and a marine natural product: different perspectives on antivirals. Drug Discov Today 2020; 25:956-958. [PMID: 32325124 PMCID: PMC7169894 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Concept draws on 20 years of research with cancer drugs, antibiotics and synthesis of an antiviral. Advantages of inhalation sought include lower dose and improved efficacy for species such as hydroxychloroquine, with a bioactive bulk solvent Bulk constituents in vaporization process have some antiviral activity Bioactive ingredients can be included in the formulation that can accelerate viral replication which disrupts other processes improving the efficacy of the pharmaceutical Marine natural product bryostatin-1 has antiviral properties; when extracted from host, the complex mixture of bryostatin structures should be considered for medicinal administration
This article examines three aspects of antivirals, such as hydroxychloroquine, chloroquine, and remdesvir, as they might relate to the treatment of a viral infection such as COVID-19: (i) the use of vaporization for the delivery of antivirals, with the bulk constituents having mild antiviral efficacy; (ii) the application of a marine natural product extract as opposed to a single molecule as an antiviral agent; and (iii) a counter intuitive approach to formulation that is, in part, based on delivering multiple species that fall into three categories: building blocks for the virus to accelerate replication; an energy source for the infected cell to boost its immune response; and the species that antagonize or provide toxicity to the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Matthew Cowan
- Chemistry, Valdosta State University, Valdosta, GA 31698, USA
| | - Torien Beard
- Chemistry, Valdosta State University, Valdosta, GA 31698, USA
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Proust A, Barat C, Leboeuf M, Drouin J, Gagnon MT, Vanasse F, Tremblay MJ. HIV-1 infection and latency-reversing agents bryostatin-1 and JQ1 disrupt amyloid beta homeostasis in human astrocytes. Glia 2020; 68:2212-2227. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.23833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alizé Proust
- Axe des Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Pavillon CHUL; Québec QC Canada
| | - Corinne Barat
- Axe des Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Pavillon CHUL; Québec QC Canada
| | - Mathieu Leboeuf
- Département d'obstétrique, gynécologie et reproduction, Faculté de Médecine; Université Laval; Québec QC Canada
| | - Jean Drouin
- Département de médecine familiale et médecine d'urgence, Faculté de Médecine; Université Laval; Québec QC Canada
| | - Marie-Thérèse Gagnon
- Clinique de planification des naissances, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, Hôpital Saint-François d'Assise; Québec QC Canada
| | - François Vanasse
- Clinique de planification des naissances, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, Hôpital Saint-François d'Assise; Québec QC Canada
| | - Michel J. Tremblay
- Axe des Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Pavillon CHUL; Québec QC Canada
- Département de Microbiologie-infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de Médecine; Université Laval; Québec QC Canada
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De la Torre-Tarazona HE, Jiménez R, Bueno P, Camarero S, Román L, Fernández-García JL, Beltrán M, Nothias LF, Cachet X, Paolini J, Litaudon M, Alcami J, Bedoya LM. 4-Deoxyphorbol inhibits HIV-1 infection in synergism with antiretroviral drugs and reactivates viral reservoirs through PKC/MEK activation synergizing with vorinostat. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 177:113937. [PMID: 32224142 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.113937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Latent HIV reservoirs are the main obstacle to eradicate HIV infection. One strategy proposes to eliminate these viral reservoirs by pharmacologically reactivating the latently infected T cells. We show here that a 4-deoxyphorbol ester derivative isolated from Euphorbia amygdaloides ssp. semiperfoliata, 4β-dPE A, reactivates HIV-1 from latency and could potentially contribute to decrease the viral reservoir. 4β-dPE A shows two effects in the HIV replication cycle, infection inhibition and HIV transactivation, similarly to other phorboids PKC agonists such PMA and prostratin and to other diterpene esters such SJ23B. Our data suggest 4β-dPE A is non-tumorigenic, unlike the related compound PMA. As the compounds are highly similar, the lack of tumorigenicity by 4β-dPE A could be due to the lack of a long side lipophilic chain that is present in PMA. 4β-dPE activates HIV transcription at nanomolar concentrations, lower than the concentration needed by other latency reversing agents (LRAs) such as prostratin and similar to bryostatin. PKCθ/MEK activation is required for the transcriptional activity, and thus, anti-latency activity of 4β-dPE A. However, CD4, CXCR4 and CCR5 receptors down-regulation effect seems to be independent of PCK/MEK, suggesting the existence of at least two different targets for 4β-dPE A. Furthermore, NF-κb transcription factor is involved in 4β-dPE HIV reactivation, as previously shown for other PKCs agonists. We also studied the effects of 4β-dPE A in combination with other LRAs. When 4β-dPE A was combined with another PKC agonists such as prostratin an antagonic effect was achieved, while, when combined with an HDAC inhibitor such as vorinostat, a strong synergistic effect was obtained. Interestingly, the latency reversing effect of the combination was synergistically diminishing the EC50 value but also increasing the efficacy showed by the drugs alone. In addition, combinations of 4β-dPE A with antiretroviral drugs as CCR5 antagonist, NRTIs, NNRTIs and PIs, showed a consistent synergistic effect, suggesting that the combination would not interefer with antiretroviral therapy (ART). Finally, 4β-dPE A induced latent HIV reactivation in CD4 + T cells of infected patients under ART at similar levels than the tumorigenic phorbol derivative PMA, showing a clear reactivation effect. In summary, we describe here the mechanism of action of a new potent deoxyphorbol derivative as a latency reversing agent candidate to decrease the size of HIV reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- H E De la Torre-Tarazona
- AIDS Immunopathology Department, National Centre of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Ctra. Pozuelo Km. 2. Majadahonda, 28224 Madrid, Spain
| | - R Jiménez
- AIDS Immunopathology Department, National Centre of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Ctra. Pozuelo Km. 2. Majadahonda, 28224 Madrid, Spain
| | - P Bueno
- AIDS Immunopathology Department, National Centre of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Ctra. Pozuelo Km. 2. Majadahonda, 28224 Madrid, Spain
| | - S Camarero
- AIDS Immunopathology Department, National Centre of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Ctra. Pozuelo Km. 2. Majadahonda, 28224 Madrid, Spain
| | - L Román
- AIDS Immunopathology Department, National Centre of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Ctra. Pozuelo Km. 2. Majadahonda, 28224 Madrid, Spain
| | - J L Fernández-García
- AIDS Immunopathology Department, National Centre of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Ctra. Pozuelo Km. 2. Majadahonda, 28224 Madrid, Spain; Pharmacology Department, Pharmacy Faculty, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Pz. Ramón Y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M Beltrán
- AIDS Immunopathology Department, National Centre of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Ctra. Pozuelo Km. 2. Majadahonda, 28224 Madrid, Spain
| | - L F Nothias
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, University of Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - X Cachet
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, University of Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; CiTCoM Laboratory, UMR 8038 CNRS-University of Paris, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Paris, 75006 Paris, France
| | - J Paolini
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Produits Naturels, CNRS, UMR SPE 6134, University of Corsica, 20250 Corte, France
| | - M Litaudon
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, University of Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - J Alcami
- AIDS Immunopathology Department, National Centre of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Ctra. Pozuelo Km. 2. Majadahonda, 28224 Madrid, Spain; Infectious Diseases Unit, IBIDAPS, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain.
| | - L M Bedoya
- AIDS Immunopathology Department, National Centre of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Ctra. Pozuelo Km. 2. Majadahonda, 28224 Madrid, Spain; Pharmacology Department, Pharmacy Faculty, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Pz. Ramón Y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Oliveira Silva Martins D, de Andrade Santos I, Moraes de Oliveira D, Riquena Grosche V, Carolina Gomes Jardim A. Antivirals against Chikungunya Virus: Is the Solution in Nature? Viruses 2020; 12:v12030272. [PMID: 32121393 PMCID: PMC7150839 DOI: 10.3390/v12030272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The worldwide outbreaks of the chikungunya virus (CHIKV) in the last years demonstrated the need for studies to screen antivirals against CHIKV. The virus was first isolated in Tanzania in 1952 and was responsible for outbreaks in Africa and Southwest Asia in subsequent years. Between 2007 and 2014, some cases were documented in Europe and America. The infection is associated with low rates of death; however, it can progress to a chronic disease characterized by severe arthralgias in infected patients. This infection is also associated with Guillain–Barré syndrome. There is no specific antivirus against CHIKV. Treatment of infected patients is palliative and based on analgesics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to reduce arthralgias. Several natural molecules have been described as antiviruses against viruses such as dengue, yellow fever, hepatitis C, and influenza. This review aims to summarize the natural compounds that have demonstrated antiviral activity against chikungunya virus in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Oliveira Silva Martins
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biomedical Science, ICBIM, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG 38408-100, Brazil; (D.O.S.M.); (I.d.A.S.); (D.M.d.O.); (V.R.G.)
- São Paulo State University, Institute of Biosciences, Letters and Exact Sciences (IBILCE), State University of São Paulo, São José do Rio Preto, SP 15054-000, Brazil
| | - Igor de Andrade Santos
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biomedical Science, ICBIM, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG 38408-100, Brazil; (D.O.S.M.); (I.d.A.S.); (D.M.d.O.); (V.R.G.)
| | - Débora Moraes de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biomedical Science, ICBIM, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG 38408-100, Brazil; (D.O.S.M.); (I.d.A.S.); (D.M.d.O.); (V.R.G.)
| | - Victória Riquena Grosche
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biomedical Science, ICBIM, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG 38408-100, Brazil; (D.O.S.M.); (I.d.A.S.); (D.M.d.O.); (V.R.G.)
| | - Ana Carolina Gomes Jardim
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biomedical Science, ICBIM, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG 38408-100, Brazil; (D.O.S.M.); (I.d.A.S.); (D.M.d.O.); (V.R.G.)
- São Paulo State University, Institute of Biosciences, Letters and Exact Sciences (IBILCE), State University of São Paulo, São José do Rio Preto, SP 15054-000, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-(34)-3225-8679
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Saxena SK, Maurya VK, Kumar S, Bhatt MLB. Modern Approaches in Nanomedicine for NeuroAIDS and CNS Drug Delivery. Nanobiomedicine (Rij) 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9898-9_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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40
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Puri RV, Yerrathota S, Home T, Idowu JY, Chakravarthi VP, Ward CJ, Singhal PC, Vanden Heuvel GB, Fields TA, Sharma M. Notch4 activation aggravates NF-κB-mediated inflammation in HIV-1-associated nephropathy. Dis Model Mech 2019; 12:dmm.040642. [PMID: 31727625 PMCID: PMC6918754 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.040642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Notch pathway activation plays a central role in the pathogenesis of many glomerular diseases. We have previously shown that Notch4 expression was upregulated in various renal cells in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) patients and rodent models of HIVAN. In this study, we examined whether the Notch pathway can be distinctly activated by HIV-1 gene products and whether Notch4, in particular, can influence disease progression. Using luciferase reporter assays, we did not observe activation of the NOTCH4 promoter with the HIV protein Nef in podocytes. Further, we observed upregulated expression of a gamma secretase complex protein, presenilin 1, but not Notch4, in podocytes infected with an HIV-1 expression construct. To assess the effects of Notch4 on HIVAN disease progression, we engineered Tg26 mice with global deletion of the Notch4 intracellular domain (Notch4dl), which is required for signaling function. These mice (Notch4d1/Tg26+) showed a significant improvement in renal function and a significant decrease in mortality compared to Tg26 mice. Histological examination of kidneys showed that Notch4d1/Tg26+ mice had overall glomerular, tubulointerstitial injury and a marked decrease in interstitial inflammation. A significant decrease in the proliferating cells was observed in the tubulointerstitial compartments of Notch4d1/Tg26+ mice. Consistent with the diminished inflammation, kidneys from Notch4d1/Tg26+ mice also showed a significant decrease in expression of the inflammatory cytokine transcripts Il-6 and Ccl2, as well as the master inflammatory transcription factor NF-κB (Nfkb1 transcripts and p65 protein). These data identify Notch4 as an important mediator of tubulointerstitial injury and inflammation in HIVAN and a potential therapeutic target. Summary: Notch4 activation contributes to the inflammation seen in HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN), and inhibition of Notch4 ameliorates inflammation and prolongs life in a mouse model of HIVAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajni Vaid Puri
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.,The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Sireesha Yerrathota
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.,The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Trisha Home
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.,The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Jessica Y Idowu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.,The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - V Praveen Chakravarthi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Christopher J Ward
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.,The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Pravin C Singhal
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research and Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra-Northwell, New York, NY 11549, USA
| | | | - Timothy A Fields
- The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Madhulika Sharma
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA .,The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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41
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HIV-1 Latency and Latency Reversal: Does Subtype Matter? Viruses 2019; 11:v11121104. [PMID: 31795223 PMCID: PMC6950696 DOI: 10.3390/v11121104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells that are latently infected with HIV-1 preclude an HIV-1 cure, as antiretroviral therapy does not target this latent population. HIV-1 is highly genetically diverse, with over 10 subtypes and numerous recombinant forms circulating worldwide. In spite of this vast diversity, much of our understanding of latency and latency reversal is largely based on subtype B viruses. As such, most of the development of cure strategies targeting HIV-1 are solely based on subtype B. It is currently assumed that subtype does not influence the establishment or reactivation of latent viruses. However, this has not been conclusively proven one way or the other. A better understanding of the factors that influence HIV-1 latency in all viral subtypes will help develop therapeutic strategies that can be applied worldwide. Here, we review the latest literature on subtype-specific factors that affect viral replication, pathogenesis, and, most importantly, latency and its reversal.
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Herzig E, Kim KC, Packard TA, Vardi N, Schwarzer R, Gramatica A, Deeks SG, Williams SR, Landgraf K, Killeen N, Martin DW, Weinberger LS, Greene WC. Attacking Latent HIV with convertibleCAR-T Cells, a Highly Adaptable Killing Platform. Cell 2019; 179:880-894.e10. [PMID: 31668804 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Current approaches to reducing the latent HIV reservoir entail first reactivating virus-containing cells to become visible to the immune system. A critical second step is killing these cells to reduce reservoir size. Endogenous cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs) may not be adequate because of cellular exhaustion and the evolution of CTL-resistant viruses. We have designed a universal CAR-T cell platform based on CTLs engineered to bind a variety of broadly neutralizing anti-HIV antibodies. We show that this platform, convertibleCAR-T cells, effectively kills HIV-infected, but not uninfected, CD4 T cells from blood, tonsil, or spleen and only when armed with anti-HIV antibodies. convertibleCAR-T cells also kill within 48 h more than half of the inducible reservoir found in blood of HIV-infected individuals on antiretroviral therapy. The modularity of convertibleCAR-T cell system, which allows multiplexing with several anti-HIV antibodies yielding greater breadth and control, makes it a promising tool for attacking the latent HIV reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eytan Herzig
- Gladstone Center for HIV Cure Research, Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Departments of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Kaman Chan Kim
- Xyphos Biosciences, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Thomas A Packard
- Gladstone Center for HIV Cure Research, Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Departments of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Noam Vardi
- Gladstone Center for Cell Circuitry, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Departments of Biochemistry and Biophysics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Roland Schwarzer
- Gladstone Center for HIV Cure Research, Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Departments of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Andrea Gramatica
- Gladstone Center for HIV Cure Research, Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Departments of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Steven G Deeks
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | | | - Kyle Landgraf
- Xyphos Biosciences, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Nigel Killeen
- Xyphos Biosciences, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - David W Martin
- Xyphos Biosciences, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Leor S Weinberger
- Gladstone Center for HIV Cure Research, Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Gladstone Center for Cell Circuitry, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Departments of Biochemistry and Biophysics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Warner C Greene
- Gladstone Center for HIV Cure Research, Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Departments of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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43
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Relaño-Rodríguez I, Juárez-Sánchez R, Pavicic C, Muñoz E, Muñoz-Fernández MÁ. Polyanionic carbosilane dendrimers as a new adjuvant in combination with latency reversal agents for HIV treatment. J Nanobiotechnology 2019; 17:69. [PMID: 31113488 PMCID: PMC6529996 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-019-0500-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The major obstacle impeding human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) eradication in antiretroviral treatment (ART) treated HIV-1 subjects is the establishment of long-lived latently infected resting CD4+ T cells. Due to the fact that no drug has been effective, the search for new drugs and combinations are a priority in the HIV cure. Treatments based on nanotechnology have emerged as an innovative and promising alternative to current and conventional therapies. In this respect, nanotechnology opens up a new door for eliminating latent HIV infection. We studied the role of G1-S4, G2-S16 and G3-S16 polyanionic carbosilane dendrimers in the context of latent HIV-1 persistence. Moreover, we study the efficiency of these dendrimers in combination with latency reversal agents (LRAs) against HIV-1 infection. Methods J89GFP lymphocyte and THP89GFP monocyte derived cell lines latently infected with HIV-1 p89GFP were used as an in vitro model of latency for our study. Viability assays by 3-(4-5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were performed to determine the working concentrations of dendrimers and LRAs. Both cell lines were treated with G1-S4, G2-S16 and G3-S16 either alone or in combination with bryostatin (BRY), romidepsin (RMD) or panobinostat (PNB) for 24 and 48 h. The expression pattern of GFP was measured by flow cytometry and referred as measure of viral reactivation. Results and discussion The combination treatment of the dendrimers with the protein kinase C (PKC) agonist did not modify the antilatency activity in J89GFP lymphocyte cell line. Interestingly enough, G3-S16 dendrimer alone and its combination with BRY, RMD or PNB showed a significant increased expression of GFP in the THP89GFP monocyte cell line. Conclusion We showed for the first time that nanoparticles, in this case, G3-S16 anionic carbosilan dendrimer may play an important role in new treatments against HIV-1 infection.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Relaño-Rodríguez
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.,Health Research Institute Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Spanish HIV HGM BioBank, Madrid, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain.,Innohealth, Parque Científico de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Juárez-Sánchez
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.,Health Research Institute Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Spanish HIV HGM BioBank, Madrid, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Eduardo Muñoz
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Instituto Maimónides de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Córdoba (IMIBIC)/Reina Sofia University Hospital University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Maria Ángeles Muñoz-Fernández
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain. .,Health Research Institute Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Spanish HIV HGM BioBank, Madrid, Spain. .,Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain.
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44
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Cao S, Woodrow KA. Nanotechnology approaches to eradicating HIV reservoirs. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 138:48-63. [PMID: 29879528 PMCID: PMC6279622 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The advent of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has transformed HIV-1 infection into a controllable chronic disease, but these therapies are incapable of eradicating the virus to bring about an HIV cure. Multiple strategies have been proposed and investigated to eradicate latent viral reservoirs from various biological sanctuaries. However, due to the complexity of HIV infection and latency maintenance, a single drug is unlikely to eliminate all HIV reservoirs and novel strategies may be needed to achieve better efficacy while limiting systemic toxicity. In this review, we describe HIV latency in cellular and anatomical reservoirs, and present an overview of current strategies for HIV cure with a focus on their challenges for clinical translation. Then we provide a summary of nanotechnology solutions that have been used to address challenges in HIV cure by delivering physicochemically diverse agents for combination therapy or targeting HIV reservoir sites. We also review nanocarrier-based gene delivery and immunotherapy used in cancer treatment but may have potential applications in HIV cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Cao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Kim A Woodrow
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
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45
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Jean MJ, Zhou D, Fiches G, Kong W, Huang H, Purmal A, Gurova K, Santoso NG, Zhu J. Curaxin CBL0137 has the potential to reverse HIV-1 latency. J Med Virol 2019; 91:1571-1576. [PMID: 30989696 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A cure for human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) has been hampered by the limitation of current combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) to address the latent reservoirs in HIV-1 patients. One strategy proposed to eradicate these reservoirs is the "shock and kill" approach, where latency-reversing agents (LRAs) are used to reactivate and promote viral cell death and/or immune killing of reactivated cells. Here, we report that curaxin CBL0137, an antitumor compound, can potentiate tumor necrosis factor-α-mediated reactivation of latently infected HIV-1cell lines. Additionally, the single use of CBL0137 is sufficient to reactivate HIV-1 latent reservoirs in peripheral mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from HIV-1 positive, cART-treated, aviremic patients. Thus, CBL0137 possesses capabilities as a LRA and could be considered for the "shock and kill" approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime J Jean
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Dawei Zhou
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Guillaume Fiches
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Weili Kong
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Huachao Huang
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Andrei Purmal
- Division of Chemistry, Incuron LLC, Buffalo, New York
| | - Katerina Gurova
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Netty G Santoso
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jian Zhu
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
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46
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Timilsina U, Ghimire D, Sharma S, Gaur R. Role of APOBEC3 proteins in proteasome inhibitor-mediated reactivation of latent HIV-1 viruses. J Gen Virol 2019; 100:523-532. [PMID: 30566069 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteasome inhibitors (PIs) have been identified as an emerging class of HIV-1 latency-reversing agents (LRAs). These inhibitors can reactivate latent HIV-1 to produce non-infectious viruses. The mechanism underlying reduced infectivity of reactivated viruses is unknown. In this study, we analysed PI-reactivated viruses using biochemical and virological assays and demonstrated that these PIs stabilized the cellular expression of HIV-1 restriction factor, APOBEC3G, facilitating its packaging in the released viruses. Using infectivity assay and immunoblotting, we observed that the reduction in viral infectivity was due to enhanced levels of functionally active APOBEC3 proteins packaged in the virions. Sequencing of the proviral genome in the target cells revealed the presence of APOBEC3 signature hypermutations. Our study strengthens the role of PIs as bifunctional LRAs and demonstrates that the loss of infectivity of reactivated HIV-1 virions may be due to the increased packaging of APOBEC3 proteins in the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uddhav Timilsina
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi-110021, Delhi
| | - Dibya Ghimire
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi-110021, Delhi
| | - Shilpa Sharma
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi-110021, Delhi
| | - Ritu Gaur
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi-110021, Delhi
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Li Z, Wu J, Chavez L, Hoh R, Deeks SG, Pillai SK, Zhou Q. Reiterative Enrichment and Authentication of CRISPRi Targets (REACT) identifies the proteasome as a key contributor to HIV-1 latency. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007498. [PMID: 30645648 PMCID: PMC6333332 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The establishment of HIV-1 latency gives rise to persistent chronic infection that requires life-long treatment. To reverse latency for viral eradiation, the HIV-1 Tat protein and its associated ELL2-containing Super Elongation Complexes (ELL2-SECs) are essential to activate HIV-1 transcription. Despite efforts to identify effective latency-reversing agents (LRA), avenues for exposing latent HIV-1 remain inadequate, prompting the need to identify novel LRA targets. Here, by conducting a CRISPR interference-based screen to reiteratively enrich loss-of-function genotypes that increase HIV-1 transcription in latently infected CD4+ T cells, we have discovered a key role of the proteasome in maintaining viral latency. Downregulating or inhibiting the proteasome promotes Tat-transactivation in cell line models. Furthermore, the FDA-approved proteasome inhibitors bortezomib and carfilzomib strongly synergize with existing LRAs to reactivate HIV-1 in CD4+ T cells from antiretroviral therapy-suppressed individuals without inducing cell activation or proliferation. Mechanistically, downregulating/inhibiting the proteasome elevates the levels of ELL2 and ELL2-SECs to enable Tat-transactivation, indicating the proteasome-ELL2 axis as a key regulator of HIV-1 latency and promising target for therapeutic intervention. To cure chronic HIV-1 infection requires reversal of HIV-1 latency from latently infected CD4+ T cells. A key step in HIV latency reversal is the recruitment of Super Elongation Complexes (SECs) that contain ELL2 by an HIV-encoded protein, Tat, to activate proviral transcription. To identify novel drug targets, we conducted a CRISPRi-based screen to enrich the sgRNAs that increase HIV transcription in latently infected CD4+ T cells. Three of the six most prominent hits in our screen are proteasome subunits. We further proved that antagonizing the proteasome promotes Tat-induced HIV-1 transcription in cell line-based latency models. Furthermore, we found that two FDA-approved proteasome inhibitors strongly synergize with existing LRAs ex vivo without inducing cell activation or proliferation. We further found that antagonizing the proteasome elevates the levels of ELL2 and ELL2-containing SECs in the cells, thus enabling Tat-transactivation. These results indicate that the proteasome-ELL2 axis is a key regulator of HIV-1 latency could potentially be targeted for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zichong Li
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Jun Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Leonard Chavez
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Hoh
- University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Steven G. Deeks
- University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Satish K. Pillai
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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48
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Abstract
HIV is a chronic well manageable disease. Highly active antiretroviral therapy improves the quality of life of people living with HIV, but the treatment has to be continued lifelong, as the total cure has not been established. Cost of treatment, drug toxicities, interaction with other drugs and persistence of inflammation and acceleration of the aging process, all put together, warrant an urgent need for a total cure. Even though one case had been proved to be cured, still a practical cure is far beyond the reach. Numerous approaches and strategies had been put forth to achieve a cure; still they are to be proved with human studies. This article reviews the major approaches, recent advances in the venture of HIV cure, and the safety concerns involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murugan Sankaranantham
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology, Sree Mookambika Institute of Medical Sciences, Kulasekharam, Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu, India
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49
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Jean MJ, Fiches G, Hayashi T, Zhu J. Current Strategies for Elimination of HIV-1 Latent Reservoirs Using Chemical Compounds Targeting Host and Viral Factors. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2019; 35:1-24. [PMID: 30351168 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2018.0153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the implementation of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), rates of HIV type 1 (HIV-1) mortality, morbidity, and newly acquired infections have decreased dramatically. In fact, HIV-1-infected individuals under effective suppressive cART approach normal life span and quality of life. However, long-term therapy is required because the virus establish a reversible state of latency in memory CD4+ T cells. Two principle strategies, namely "shock and kill" approach and "block and lock" approach, are currently being investigated for the eradication of these HIV-1 latent reservoirs. Actually, both of these contrasting approaches are based on the use of small-molecule compounds to achieve the cure for HIV-1. In this review, we discuss the recent progress that has been made in designing and developing small-molecule compounds for both strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime J. Jean
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Guillaume Fiches
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Tsuyoshi Hayashi
- National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jian Zhu
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
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50
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Implications of HIV-1 Nef for "Shock and Kill" Strategies to Eliminate Latent Viral Reservoirs. Viruses 2018; 10:v10120677. [PMID: 30513570 PMCID: PMC6316150 DOI: 10.3390/v10120677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Finding a cure for HIV is challenging because the virus is able to integrate itself into the host cell genome and establish a silent state, called latency, allowing it to evade antiviral drugs and the immune system. Various “shock and kill” strategies are being explored in attempts to eliminate latent HIV reservoirs. The goal of these approaches is to reactivate latent viruses (“shock”), thereby exposing them to clearance by viral cytopathic effects or immune-mediated responses (“kill”). To date, there has been limited clinical success using these methods. In this review, we highlight various functions of the HIV accessory protein Nef and discuss their double-edged effects that may contribute to the limited effectiveness of current “shock and kill” methods to eradicate latent HIV reservoirs in treated individuals.
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