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Masum MHU, Rajia S, Bristi UP, Akter MS, Amin MR, Shishir TA, Ferdous J, Ahmed F, Rahaman MM, Saha O. In Silico Functional Characterization of a Hypothetical Protein From Pasteurella Multocida Reveals a Novel S-Adenosylmethionine-Dependent Methyltransferase Activity. Bioinform Biol Insights 2023; 17:11779322231184024. [PMID: 37424709 PMCID: PMC10328030 DOI: 10.1177/11779322231184024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Genomes may now be sequenced in a matter of weeks, leading to an influx of "hypothetical" proteins (HP) whose activities remain a mystery in GenBank. The information included inside these genes has quickly grown in prominence. Thus, we selected to look closely at the structure and function of an HP (AFF25514.1; 246 residues) from Pasteurella multocida (PM) subsp. multocida str. HN06. Possible insights into bacterial adaptation to new environments and metabolic changes might be gained by studying the functions of this protein. The PM HN06 2293 gene encodes an alkaline cytoplasmic protein with a molecular weight of 28352.60 Da, an isoelectric point (pI) of 9.18, and an overall average hydropathicity of around -0.565. One of its functional domains, tRNA (adenine (37)-N6)-methyltransferase TrmO, is a S-adenosylmethionine (SAM)-dependent methyltransferase (MTase), suggesting that it belongs to the Class VIII SAM-dependent MTase family. The tertiary structures represented by HHpred and I-TASSER models were found to be flawless. We predicted the model's active site using the Computed Atlas of Surface Topography of Proteins (CASTp) and FTSite servers, and then displayed it in 3 dimensional (3D) using PyMOL and BIOVIA Discovery Studio. Based on molecular docking (MD) results, we know that HP interacts with SAM and S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH), 2 crucial metabolites in the tRNA methylation process, with binding affinities of 7.4 and 7.5 kcal/mol, respectively. Molecular dynamic simulations (MDS) of the docked complex, which included only modest structural adjustments, corroborated the strong binding affinity of SAM and SAH to the HP. Evidence for HP's possible role as an SAM-dependent MTase was therefore given by the findings of Multiple sequence alignment (MSA), MD, and molecular dynamic modeling. These in silico data suggest that the investigated HP might be used as a useful adjunct in the investigation of Pasteurella infections and the development of drugs to treat zoonotic pasteurellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Habib Ullah Masum
- Department of Microbiology, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Sultana Rajia
- Department of Microbiology, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Uditi Paul Bristi
- Department of Microbiology, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Mir Salma Akter
- Department of Microbiology, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Ruhul Amin
- Department of Microbiology, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Tushar Ahmed Shishir
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Jannatul Ferdous
- Department of Medicine, Abdul Malek Ukil Medical College, Noakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Firoz Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh
| | | | - Otun Saha
- Department of Microbiology, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh
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Dunay E, Owens LA, Dunn CD, Rukundo J, Atencia R, Cole MF, Cantwell A, Emery Thompson M, Rosati AG, Goldberg TL. Viruses in sanctuary chimpanzees across Africa. Am J Primatol 2023; 85:e23452. [PMID: 36329642 PMCID: PMC9812903 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Infectious disease is a major concern for both wild and captive primate populations. Primate sanctuaries in Africa provide critical protection to thousands of wild-born, orphan primates confiscated from the bushmeat and pet trades. However, uncertainty about the infectious agents these individuals potentially harbor has important implications for their individual care and long-term conservation strategies. We used metagenomic next-generation sequencing to identify viruses in blood samples from chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in three sanctuaries in West, Central, and East Africa. Our goal was to evaluate whether viruses of human origin or other "atypical" or unknown viruses might infect these chimpanzees. We identified viruses from eight families: Anelloviridae, Flaviviridae, Genomoviridae, Hepadnaviridae, Parvoviridae, Picobirnaviridae, Picornaviridae, and Rhabdoviridae. The majority (15/26) of viruses identified were members of the family Anelloviridae and represent the genera Alphatorquevirus (torque teno viruses) and Betatorquevirus (torque teno mini viruses), which are common in chimpanzees and apathogenic. Of the remaining 11 viruses, 9 were typical constituents of the chimpanzee virome that have been identified in previous studies and are also thought to be apathogenic. One virus, a novel tibrovirus (Rhabdoviridae: Tibrovirus) is related to Bas-Congo virus, which was originally thought to be a human pathogen but is currently thought to be apathogenic, incidental, and vector-borne. The only virus associated with disease was rhinovirus C (Picornaviridae: Enterovirus) infecting one chimpanzee subsequent to an outbreak of respiratory illness at that sanctuary. Our results suggest that the blood-borne virome of African sanctuary chimpanzees does not differ appreciably from that of their wild counterparts, and that persistent infection with exogenous viruses may be less common than often assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Dunay
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Leah A Owens
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Christopher D Dunn
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Joshua Rukundo
- Ngamba Island Chimpanzee Sanctuary/Chimpanzee Trust, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Rebeca Atencia
- Jane Goodall Institute Congo, Pointe-Noire, Republic of Congo
| | - Megan F Cole
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Averill Cantwell
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Alexandra G Rosati
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Tony L Goldberg
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Smith E, Miller E, Aguayo JM, Figueroa CF, Nezworski J, Studniski M, Wileman B, Johnson T. Genomic diversity and molecular epidemiology of Pasteurella multocida. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249138. [PMID: 33822782 PMCID: PMC8023445 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pasteurella multocida is a bacterial pathogen with the ability to infect a multitude of hosts including humans, companion animals, livestock, and wildlife. This study used bioinformatic approaches to explore the genomic diversity of 656 P. multocida isolates and epidemiological associations between host factors and specific genotypes. Isolates included in this study originated from a variety of hosts, including poultry, cattle, swine, rabbits, rodents, and humans, from five different continents. Multi-locus sequence typing identified 69 different sequence types. In-silico methodology for determining capsular serogroup was developed, validated, and applied to all genome sequences, whereby capsular serogroups A, B, D, and F were found. Whole genome phylogeny was constructed from 237,670 core single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and demonstrated an overall lack of host or capsular serogroup specificity, with the exception of isolates from bovine sources. Specific SNVs within the srlB gene were identified in P. multocida subsp. septica genomes, representing specific mutations that may be useful for differentiating one of the three known subspecies. Significant associations were identified between capsular serogroup and virulence factors, including capsular serogroup A and OmpH1, OmpH3, PlpE, and PfhB1; capsular serogroup B and HgbA and PtfA; and capsular serogroup F and PtfA and PlpP. Various mobile genetic elements were identified including those similar to ICEPmu1, ICEhin1056, and IncQ1 plasmids, all of which harbored multiple antimicrobial resistance-encoding genes. Additional analyses were performed on a subset of 99 isolates obtained from turkeys during fowl cholera outbreaks from a single company which revealed that multiple strains of P. multocida were circulating during the outbreak, instead of a single, highly virulent clone. This study further demonstrates the extensive genomic diversity of P. multocida, provides epidemiological context to the various genotyping schemes that have traditionally been used for differentiating isolates, and introduces additional tools for P. multocida molecular typing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Smith
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Miller
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States of America
| | - Jeannette Munoz Aguayo
- Mid-Central Research and Outreach Center, University of Minnesota, Willmar, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Cristian Flores Figueroa
- Mid-Central Research and Outreach Center, University of Minnesota, Willmar, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Jill Nezworski
- Blue House Veterinary LLC, Buffalo Lake, Minnesota, United States of America
| | | | - Ben Wileman
- Select Genetics, Willmar, MN, United States of America
| | - Timothy Johnson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States of America
- Mid-Central Research and Outreach Center, University of Minnesota, Willmar, Minnesota, United States of America
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4
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A large-scale fatal outbreak of Pasteurella multocida among wild rodents in southwestern China. JOURNAL OF BIOSAFETY AND BIOSECURITY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jobb.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Abstract
Pasteurella multocida is a highly versatile pathogen capable of causing infections in a wide range of domestic and wild animals as well as in humans and nonhuman primates. Despite over 135 years of research, the molecular basis for the myriad manifestations of P. multocida pathogenesis and the determinants of P. multocida phylogeny remain poorly defined. The current availability of multiple P. multocida genome sequences now makes it possible to delve into the underlying genetic mechanisms of P. multocida fitness and virulence. Using whole-genome sequences, the genotypes, including the capsular genotypes, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) genotypes, and multilocus sequence types, as well as virulence factor-encoding genes of P. multocida isolates from different clinical presentations can be characterized rapidly and accurately. Putative genetic factors that contribute to virulence, fitness, host specificity, and disease predilection can also be identified through comparative genome analysis of different P. multocida isolates. However, although some knowledge about genotypes, fitness, and pathogenesis has been gained from the recent whole-genome sequencing and comparative analysis studies of P. multocida, there is still a long way to go before we fully understand the pathogenic mechanisms of this important zoonotic pathogen. The quality of several available genome sequences is low, as they are assemblies with relatively low coverage, and genomes of P. multocida isolates from some uncommon host species are still limited or lacking. Here, we review recent advances, as well as continuing knowledge gaps, in our understanding of determinants contributing to virulence, fitness, host specificity, disease predilection, and phylogeny of P. multocida.
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Ran X, Meng XZ, Geng HL, Chang C, Chen X, Wen X, Ni H. Generation of porcine Pasteurella multocida ghost vaccine and examination of its immunogenicity against virulent challenge in mice. Microb Pathog 2019; 132:208-214. [PMID: 30980881 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Pasteurella multocida (PM) causes a varity of clinical manifestation in domestic animals, even acute death. Vaccination is among effective strategy to prevent and control PM-related diseases. Bacterial ghosts (BGs) are empty bacterial envelopes, which sustain subtle antigenic comformation in bacterial outer-membrane and exhibit higher efficacy compared to inactivated vaccines. Here, a BG vaccine generated from the porcine PM reference strain CVCC446 (serotype B:2) was prepared upon lysis by E protein of bacteriophage PhiX174, and the safety and immunogenicity were evaluated its in a mouse model. Lysis rate was in 99.99% and the BG vaccine was completely inactivated by addition of freeze-dry procedure. Mice were immunized subcutaneously twice in 2-week intervals with BGs, or BGs plus adjuvant, or formalin-inactivated PM or an adjuvant control. Mice inoculated twice with BGs vaccines generated higher titer of antibodies, interleukin 4 and gamma interferon than those in the inactivated vaccine group or adjuvant placebo group (P < 0.05). CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte levels in spleen were higher in both BG groups than inactivated vaccine group or adjuvant group. Mice administered with the BGs plus adjuvant were completely protected against intraperitoneal challenge with 10 × LD50 dose of virulent isolate and exhibited decreased tissue lesion and lower bacterial loads, which was superior to the inactivated vaccine. The results demonstrated safety of the BG vaccine and primary immunogenicity in a mouse model, suggesting a potential of further evaluation in a pig model and vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhua Ran
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No.5, XinFeng Rd., Saertu District, Daqing, Heilongjiang Province, 163319, China
| | - Xiang-Zhu Meng
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No.5, XinFeng Rd., Saertu District, Daqing, Heilongjiang Province, 163319, China
| | - Hong-Li Geng
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No.5, XinFeng Rd., Saertu District, Daqing, Heilongjiang Province, 163319, China
| | - Chunlong Chang
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No.5, XinFeng Rd., Saertu District, Daqing, Heilongjiang Province, 163319, China
| | - Xiaohong Chen
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No.5, XinFeng Rd., Saertu District, Daqing, Heilongjiang Province, 163319, China
| | - Xiaobo Wen
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No.5, XinFeng Rd., Saertu District, Daqing, Heilongjiang Province, 163319, China.
| | - Hongbo Ni
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No.5, XinFeng Rd., Saertu District, Daqing, Heilongjiang Province, 163319, China.
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7
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Loy DE, Plenderleith LJ, Sundararaman SA, Liu W, Gruszczyk J, Chen YJ, Trimboli S, Learn GH, MacLean OA, Morgan ALK, Li Y, Avitto AN, Giles J, Calvignac-Spencer S, Sachse A, Leendertz FH, Speede S, Ayouba A, Peeters M, Rayner JC, Tham WH, Sharp PM, Hahn BH. Evolutionary history of human Plasmodium vivax revealed by genome-wide analyses of related ape parasites. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E8450-E8459. [PMID: 30127015 PMCID: PMC6130405 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1810053115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Wild-living African apes are endemically infected with parasites that are closely related to human Plasmodium vivax, a leading cause of malaria outside Africa. This finding suggests that the origin of P. vivax was in Africa, even though the parasite is now rare in humans there. To elucidate the emergence of human P. vivax and its relationship to the ape parasites, we analyzed genome sequence data of P. vivax strains infecting six chimpanzees and one gorilla from Cameroon, Gabon, and Côte d'Ivoire. We found that ape and human parasites share nearly identical core genomes, differing by only 2% of coding sequences. However, compared with the ape parasites, human strains of P. vivax exhibit about 10-fold less diversity and have a relative excess of nonsynonymous nucleotide polymorphisms, with site-frequency spectra suggesting they are subject to greatly relaxed purifying selection. These data suggest that human P. vivax has undergone an extreme bottleneck, followed by rapid population expansion. Investigating potential host-specificity determinants, we found that ape P. vivax parasites encode intact orthologs of three reticulocyte-binding protein genes (rbp2d, rbp2e, and rbp3), which are pseudogenes in all human P. vivax strains. However, binding studies of recombinant RBP2e and RBP3 proteins to human, chimpanzee, and gorilla erythrocytes revealed no evidence of host-specific barriers to red blood cell invasion. These data suggest that, from an ancient stock of P. vivax parasites capable of infecting both humans and apes, a severely bottlenecked lineage emerged out of Africa and underwent rapid population growth as it spread globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy E Loy
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Lindsey J Plenderleith
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, United Kingdom
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, United Kingdom
| | - Sesh A Sundararaman
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Weimin Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Jakub Gruszczyk
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Yi-Jun Chen
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, United Kingdom
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Stephanie Trimboli
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Gerald H Learn
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Oscar A MacLean
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, United Kingdom
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, United Kingdom
| | - Alex L K Morgan
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, United Kingdom
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, United Kingdom
| | - Yingying Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Alexa N Avitto
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Jasmin Giles
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | | | | | | | - Sheri Speede
- Sanaga-Yong Chimpanzee Rescue Center, International Development Association-Africa, Portland, OR 97208
| | - Ahidjo Ayouba
- Recherche Translationnelle Appliquée au VIH et aux Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, University of Montpellier, INSERM, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Martine Peeters
- Recherche Translationnelle Appliquée au VIH et aux Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, University of Montpellier, INSERM, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Julian C Rayner
- Malaria Programme, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Wai-Hong Tham
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Paul M Sharp
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, United Kingdom
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, United Kingdom
| | - Beatrice H Hahn
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104;
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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Emery Thompson M, Machanda ZP, Scully EJ, Enigk DK, Otali E, Muller MN, Goldberg TL, Chapman CA, Wrangham RW. Risk factors for respiratory illness in a community of wild chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii). ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:180840. [PMID: 30839693 PMCID: PMC6170528 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.180840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory illnesses have caused significant mortality in African great ape populations. While much effort has been given to identifying the responsible pathogens, little is known about the factors that influence disease transmission or individual susceptibility. In the Kanyawara community of wild chimpanzees, respiratory illness has been the leading cause of mortality over 31 years, contributing to 27% of deaths. Deaths were common in all age groups except juveniles. Over 22 years of health observations, respiratory signs were rare among infants and most common among older adults of both sexes. Respiratory signs were also common among males during the transition to adulthood (ages 10-20 years), particularly among those of low rank. Respiratory signs peaked conspicuously in March, a pattern that we could not explain after modelling climatic factors, group sizes, diet or exposure to humans. Furthermore, rates of respiratory illness in the chimpanzees did not track seasonal rates of illness in the nearby village. Our data indicate that the epidemiology of chimpanzee respiratory illness warrants more investigation but clearly differs in important ways from humans. Findings on individual susceptibility patterns suggest that respiratory signs are a robust indicator for investigating immunocompetence in wild chimpanzees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Emery Thompson
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
- Kibale Chimpanzee Project, Fort Portal, Uganda
| | - Zarin P. Machanda
- Kibale Chimpanzee Project, Fort Portal, Uganda
- Department of Anthropology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Erik J. Scully
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Drew K. Enigk
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Emily Otali
- Kibale Chimpanzee Project, Fort Portal, Uganda
| | - Martin N. Muller
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
- Kibale Chimpanzee Project, Fort Portal, Uganda
| | - Tony L. Goldberg
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences and Global Health Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Colin A. Chapman
- Department of Anthropology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Richard W. Wrangham
- Kibale Chimpanzee Project, Fort Portal, Uganda
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Ahmad TA, Rammah SS, Sheweita SA, Haroun M, Hamdy El-Sayed2,4 L. The Enhancement of the Pasteurella's Bacterin by Propolis Extracts. Rep Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 6:208-218. [PMID: 29766005 PMCID: PMC5941127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pasteurella multocida continues to pose a danger to prone farm and wild animals all over the world. Chemotherapeutic treatments are progressively losing their effectiveness, last for long time, and cost a lot of money, as well as being toxic to human consumers. Therefore, clearing the way for immunization as a big-wheel alternative against the economic grain. Yet, the vaccines available in the market do not confer the necessary protection against the pathogen. The integration of the well adjuvanted killed vaccine with the attenuated vaccines proved to offer an effective protection to the host animals. However, the bare use of the killed bacterin to provide protection from the possible harm of the live attenuated vaccine was doubtful. METHODS In the present study, propolis extracts were used to ameliorate the immunogenicity of the Pasteurella bacterin. The cellular and humoral activities were assessed for the different bacterin formulations. RESULTS Propolis extracts adjuvants proved to broaden and extend the IgG potency, as well as to induce a unique mucosal protection against the bacterium. Simultaneously it offered an anti-inflammatory effect that increased the tolerability to the bacterin. While the cellular activity was relatively reduced with propolis extracts. CONCLUSION These results confirm the effectiveness of the formulation of the bacterin with propolis to offer a potent homologous primary protection to the animals against the long-life use of the attenuated Pasteurella vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Adnan Ahmad
- Special Projects Department, Bibliotheca Alexandrina, Alexandria, Egypt.
- SeptivaK Research Group, Immunology and Allergy Department, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Samar Saeed Rammah
- Biotechnology Department, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Salah Ahmed Sheweita
- Biotechnology Department, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Medhat Haroun
- Biotechnology Department, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Laila Hamdy El-Sayed2,4
- SeptivaK Research Group, Immunology and Allergy Department, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
- Immunology and Allergy Department, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
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Lowenstine LJ, McManamon R, Terio KA. Apes. PATHOLOGY OF WILDLIFE AND ZOO ANIMALS 2018. [PMCID: PMC7173580 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-805306-5.00015-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Köndgen S, Calvignac-Spencer S, Grützmacher K, Keil V, Mätz-Rensing K, Nowak K, Metzger S, Kiyang J, Lübke-Becker A, Deschner T, Wittig RM, Lankester F, Leendertz FH. Evidence for Human Streptococcus pneumoniae in wild and captive chimpanzees: A potential threat to wild populations. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14581. [PMID: 29109465 PMCID: PMC5674046 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14769-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Habituation of wild great apes for tourism and research has had a significant positive effect on the conservation of these species. However, risks associated with such activities have been identified, specifically the transmission of human respiratory viruses to wild great apes, causing high morbidity and, occasionally, mortality. Here, we investigate the source of bacterial-viral co-infections in wild and captive chimpanzee communities in the course of several respiratory disease outbreaks. Molecular analyses showed that human respiratory syncytial viruses (HRSV) and human metapneumoviruses (HMPV) were involved in the etiology of the disease. In addition our analysis provide evidence for coinfection with Streptococcus (S.) pneumoniae. Characterisation of isolates from wild chimpanzees point towards a human origin of these bacteria. Transmission of these bacteria is of concern because - in contrast to HRSV and HMPV - S. pneumoniae can become part of the nasopharyngeal flora, contributing to the severity of respiratory disease progression. Furthermore these bacteria have the potential to spread to other individuals in the community and ultimately into the population. Targeted vaccination programs could be used to vaccinate habituated great apes but also human populations around great ape habitats, bringing health benefits to both humans and wild great apes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Köndgen
- Epidemiology of highly pathogenic microorganisms, Robert Koch-Institute, 13353, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Medical Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Kim Grützmacher
- Epidemiology of highly pathogenic microorganisms, Robert Koch-Institute, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Verena Keil
- Epidemiology of highly pathogenic microorganisms, Robert Koch-Institute, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Kathrin Nowak
- Epidemiology of highly pathogenic microorganisms, Robert Koch-Institute, 13353, Berlin, Germany.,Department for Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Robert-Koch-Institute, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sonja Metzger
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Department of Primatology, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.,Evolutionary Ecology, Leipniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, 10315, Berlin, Germany
| | - John Kiyang
- Limbe Wildlife Centre, Limbe, SW Region, Cameroon
| | - Antina Lübke-Becker
- Berlin Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Deschner
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Department of Primatology, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Roman M Wittig
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Department of Primatology, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.,Taï Chimpanzee Project, Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques, 01 BP 1303, Abidjan, Ivory Coast
| | - Felix Lankester
- Limbe Wildlife Centre, Limbe, SW Region, Cameroon.,Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Fabian H Leendertz
- Epidemiology of highly pathogenic microorganisms, Robert Koch-Institute, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
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12
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Zimmermann F, Köhler SM, Nowak K, Dupke S, Barduhn A, Düx A, Lang A, De Nys HM, Gogarten JF, Grunow R, Couacy-Hymann E, Wittig RM, Klee SR, Leendertz FH. Low antibody prevalence against Bacillus cereus biovar anthracis in Taï National Park, Côte d'Ivoire, indicates high rate of lethal infections in wildlife. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005960. [PMID: 28934219 PMCID: PMC5626515 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus cereus biovar anthracis (Bcbva) is a member of the B. cereus group which carries both B. anthracis virulence plasmids, causes anthrax-like disease in various wildlife species and was described in several sub-Saharan African rainforests. Long-term monitoring of carcasses in Taï National Park, Côte d'Ivoire, revealed continuous wildlife mortality due to Bcbva in a broad range of mammalian species. While non-lethal anthrax infections in wildlife have been described for B. anthracis, nothing is known about the odds of survival following an anthrax infection caused by Bcbva. To address this gap, we present the results of a serological study of anthrax in five wildlife species known to succumb to Bcbva in this ecosystem. Specific antibodies were only detected in two out of 15 wild red colobus monkeys (Procolobus badius) and one out of 10 black-and-white colobus monkeys (Colobus polykomos), but in none of 16 sooty mangabeys (Cercocebus atys), 9 chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) and 9 Maxwell's duikers (Cephalophus maxwellii). The combination of high mortality and low antibody detection rates indicates high virulence of this disease across these different mammalian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fee Zimmermann
- Robert Koch Institute, P3: “Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms", Seestraße 10, Berlin, Germany
- Robert Koch Institute, ZBS 2: Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Seestraße 10, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne M. Köhler
- Robert Koch Institute, P3: “Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms", Seestraße 10, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kathrin Nowak
- Robert Koch Institute, P3: “Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms", Seestraße 10, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susann Dupke
- Robert Koch Institute, ZBS 2: Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Seestraße 10, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne Barduhn
- Robert Koch Institute, ZBS 2: Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Seestraße 10, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ariane Düx
- Robert Koch Institute, P3: “Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms", Seestraße 10, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Lang
- Robert Koch Institute, P3: “Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms", Seestraße 10, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hélène M. De Nys
- Robert Koch Institute, P3: “Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms", Seestraße 10, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan F. Gogarten
- Robert Koch Institute, P3: “Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms", Seestraße 10, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Primatology Department, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Roland Grunow
- Robert Koch Institute, ZBS 2: Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Seestraße 10, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Roman M. Wittig
- Primatology Department, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, Leipzig, Germany
- Taï Chimpanzee Project, Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques, Abidjan 01, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Silke R. Klee
- Robert Koch Institute, ZBS 2: Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Seestraße 10, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fabian H. Leendertz
- Robert Koch Institute, P3: “Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms", Seestraße 10, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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13
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Gluecks IV, Bethe A, Younan M, Ewers C. Molecular study on Pasteurella multocida and Mannheimia granulomatis from Kenyan Camels (Camelus dromedarius). BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:265. [PMID: 28830429 PMCID: PMC5567471 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1189-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Outbreaks of a Haemorrhagic Septicaemia (HS) like disease causing large mortalities in camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Asia and in Africa have been reported since 1890. Yet the aetiology of this condition remains elusive. This study is the first to apply state of the art molecular methods to shed light on the nasopharyngeal carrier state of Pasteurellaceae in camels. The study focused on HS causing Pasteurella multocida capsular types B and E. Other Pasteurellaceae, implicated in common respiratory infections of animals, were also investigated. METHODS In 2007 and 2008, 388 nasopharyngeal swabs were collected at 12 locations in North Kenya from 246 clinically healthy camels in 81 herds that had been affected by HS-like disease. Swabs were used to cultivate bacteria on blood agar and to extract DNA for subsequent PCR analysis targeting P. multocida and Mannheimia-specific gene sequences. RESULTS Forty-five samples were positive for P. multocida genes kmt and psl and for the P. multocida Haemorrhagic Septicaemia (HS) specific sequences KTSP61/KTT72 but lacked HS-associated capsular type B and E genes capB and capE. This indicates circulation of HS strains in camels that lack established capsular types. Sequence analysis of the partial 16S rRNA gene identified 17 nasal swab isolates as 99% identical with Mannheimia granulomatis, demonstrating a hitherto unrecognised active carrier state for M. granulomatis or a closely related Mannheimia sp. in camels. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study provide evidence for the presence of acapsular P. multocida or of hitherto unknown capsular types of P. multocida in camels, closely related to P. multocida strains causing HS in bovines. Further isolations and molecular studies of camelid P. multocida from healthy carriers and from HS-like disease in camels are necessary to provide conclusive answers. This paper is the first report on the isolation of M. granulomatis or a closely related new Mannheimia species from camelids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Astrid Bethe
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mario Younan
- Vétérinaires sans Frontières Germany, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Christa Ewers
- Institute of Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
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14
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Hassell JM, Zimmerman D, Cranfield MR, Gilardi K, Mudakikwa A, Ramer J, Nyirakaragire E, Lowenstine LJ. Morbidity and mortality in infant mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei): A 46-year retrospective review. Am J Primatol 2017; 79. [PMID: 28749595 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Long-term studies of morbidity and mortality in free-ranging primates are scarce, but may have important implications for the conservation of extant populations. Infants comprise a particularly important age group, as variation in survival rates may have a strong influence on population dynamics. Since 1968, the Mountain Gorilla Veterinary Project (MGVP, Inc.) and government partners have conducted a comprehensive health monitoring and disease investigation program on mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei) in Rwanda, Uganda, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. In an effort to better understand diseases in this species, we reviewed reliable field reports (n = 37), gross post-mortem (n = 66), and histopathology (n = 53) reports for 103 infants (less than 3.5 years) mountain gorillas in the Virunga Massif. Our aim was to conduct the first comprehensive analysis of causes of infant mortality and to correlate histological evidence with antemortem morbidity in infant mountain gorillas. Causes of morbidity and mortality were described, and compared by age, sex, and over time. Trauma was the most common cause of death in infants (56%), followed by respiratory infections and aspiration (13%). Gastrointestinal parasitism (33%), atypical lymphoid hyperplasia (suggestive of infectious disease) (31%), and hepatic capillariasis (25%) were the most significant causes of antemortem morbidity identified post-mortem. Identifying the causes of mortality and morbidity in infants of this critically endangered species will help to inform policy aimed at their protection and guide ante- and post-mortem health monitoring and clinical decision-making in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Hassell
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK.,Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, UK
| | | | - Michael R Cranfield
- Gorilla Doctors, MGVP, Inc. and Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Kirsten Gilardi
- Gorilla Doctors, MGVP, Inc. and Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | | | | | | | - Linda J Lowenstine
- Gorilla Doctors, MGVP, Inc. and Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
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15
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García-Alvarez A, Vela AI, San Martín E, Chaves F, Fernández-Garayzábal JF, Lucas D, Cid D. Characterization of Pasteurella multocida associated with ovine pneumonia using multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) and virulence-associated gene profile analysis and comparison with porcine isolates. Vet Microbiol 2017; 204:180-187. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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16
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Yoshino M, Sasaki J, Kuramochi K, Ikezawa M, Mukaizawa N, Goryo M. Outbreak of pasteurellosis in captive Bolivian squirrel monkeys (Saimiri boliviensis). J Vet Med Sci 2017; 79:584-587. [PMID: 28190821 PMCID: PMC5383181 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.16-0515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In September 2012, five Bolivian squirrel monkeys housed in a zoological park died within sequential several days without obvious clinical signs. In a
necrospy, one monkey presented swelling of the kidney with multifocal white nodules in the parenchyma, and other two had pulmonary congestion.
Histopathologically, multifocal bacterial colonies of gram-negative coccobacillus were found in the sinusoid of the liver in all monkeys examined (Nos.1−4).
Additionally, purulent pyelonephritis, pneumonia and disseminated small bacterial colonies in blood vessels were observed. Immunohistochemically, the bacterial
colonies from two monkeys were positive for P. multocida capsular serotype D. Based on these findings, these monkeys were diagnosed as
septicemia caused by acute P. multocida infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuki Yoshino
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Ueda 3-18-8, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
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17
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Grützmacher K, Keil V, Leinert V, Leguillon F, Henlin A, Couacy-Hymann E, Köndgen S, Lang A, Deschner T, Wittig RM, Leendertz FH. Human quarantine: Toward reducing infectious pressure on chimpanzees at the Taï Chimpanzee Project, Côte d'Ivoire. Am J Primatol 2017; 80. [PMID: 28095600 PMCID: PMC7161855 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Due to their genetic relatedness, great apes are highly susceptible to common human respiratory pathogens. Although most respiratory pathogens, such as human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) and human metapneumovirus (HMPV), rarely cause severe disease in healthy human adults, they are associated with considerable morbidity and mortality in wild great apes habituated to humans for research or tourism. To prevent pathogen transmission, most great ape projects have established a set of hygiene measures ranging from keeping a specific distance, to the use of surgical masks and establishment of quarantines. This study investigates the incidence of respiratory symptoms and human respiratory viruses in humans at a human‐great ape interface, the Taï Chimpanzee Project (TCP) in Côte d'Ivoire, and consequently, the effectiveness of a 5‐day quarantine designed to reduce the risk of potential exposure to human respiratory pathogens. To assess the impact of quarantine as a preventative measure, we monitored the quarantine process and tested 262 throat swabs for respiratory viruses, collected during quarantine over a period of 1 year. Although only 1 subject tested positive for a respiratory virus (HRSV), 17 subjects developed symptoms of infection while in quarantine and were subsequently kept from approaching the chimpanzees, preventing potential exposure in 18 cases. Our results suggest that quarantine—in combination with monitoring for symptoms—is effective in reducing the risk of potential pathogen exposure. This research contributes to our understanding of how endangered great apes can be protected from human‐borne infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Grützmacher
- Project Group Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Verena Keil
- Project Group Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vera Leinert
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Floraine Leguillon
- Project Group Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany.,University Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France
| | - Arthur Henlin
- Project Group Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany.,University Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France
| | - Emmanuel Couacy-Hymann
- Laboratoire National d'appui au Développement Agricole/Laboratoire Central de Pathologie Animale, Bingerville, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Sophie Köndgen
- Project Group Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Lang
- Project Group Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Deschner
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Roman M Wittig
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.,Taï Chimpanzee Project, CSRS, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Fabian H Leendertz
- Project Group Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany
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18
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Grützmacher KS, Köndgen S, Keil V, Todd A, Feistner A, Herbinger I, Petrzelkova K, Fuh T, Leendertz SA, Calvignac-Spencer S, Leendertz FH. Codetection of Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Habituated Wild Western Lowland Gorillas and Humans During a Respiratory Disease Outbreak. ECOHEALTH 2016; 13:499-510. [PMID: 27436109 PMCID: PMC7088376 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-016-1144-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Pneumoviruses have been identified as causative agents in several respiratory disease outbreaks in habituated wild great apes. Based on phylogenetic evidence, transmission from humans is likely. However, the pathogens have never been detected in the local human population prior to or at the same time as an outbreak. Here, we report the first simultaneous detection of a human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) infection in western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) and in the local human population at a field program in the Central African Republic. A total of 15 gorilla and 15 human fecal samples and 80 human throat swabs were tested for HRSV, human metapneumovirus, and other respiratory viruses. We were able to obtain identical sequences for HRSV A from four gorillas and four humans. In contrast, we did not detect HRSV or any other classic human respiratory virus in gorilla fecal samples in two other outbreaks in the same field program. Enterovirus sequences were detected but the implication of these viruses in the etiology of these outbreaks remains speculative. Our findings of HRSV in wild but human-habituated gorillas underline, once again, the risk of interspecies transmission from humans to endangered great apes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim S Grützmacher
- Project group Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Robert Koch-Institute, Seestr 10, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sophie Köndgen
- Project group Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Robert Koch-Institute, Seestr 10, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Verena Keil
- Project group Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Robert Koch-Institute, Seestr 10, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Angelique Todd
- World Wildlife Fund (WWF), Dzanga Sangha Protected Areas, Bayanga, Central African Republic
| | - Anna Feistner
- World Wildlife Fund (WWF), Dzanga Sangha Protected Areas, Bayanga, Central African Republic
| | | | - Klara Petrzelkova
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences, Brno, 60365, Czech Republic
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Terrence Fuh
- World Wildlife Fund (WWF), Dzanga Sangha Protected Areas, Bayanga, Central African Republic
| | - Siv Aina Leendertz
- Project group Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Robert Koch-Institute, Seestr 10, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sébastien Calvignac-Spencer
- Project group Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Robert Koch-Institute, Seestr 10, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fabian H Leendertz
- Project group Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Robert Koch-Institute, Seestr 10, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
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19
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An ST11 clone of Pasteurella multocida, widely spread among farmed rabbits in the Iberian Peninsula, demonstrates respiratory niche association. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 34:81-7. [PMID: 26192377 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Pasteurella multocida is a veterinary pathogen causing diseases with considerable economic repercussions in a wide range of animal hosts. In rabbits, P. multocida infections cause a variety of clinical manifestations including rhinitis, pneumonia, septicemia, abscesses, mastitis, and pyometra. In this study, 100 P. multocida isolates from different commercial rabbit farms located throughout the Iberian Peninsula were molecularly characterized by capsular typing, detection of four virulence-associated genes (tbpA, toxA, hgbB, and pfhA), and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Rabbit P. multocida isolates belonged to three different capsular types: A (47.0%), D (28.0%), and F (25.0%). One group of P. multocida isolates of capsular type D and positive for the hgbB gene was significantly associated with the clinical presentation of respiratory disease (OR 5.91; 95%CI, 1.63-21.38). These isolates belonged to same sequence type, ST11, in the P. multocida Multi-host MLST database. The ST11 clone also includes isolates from porcine and avian pneumonia. This clonal group of epidemiologically unrelated P. multocida isolates could be a virulent clone with some degree of specificity for respiratory disease. These findings could be relevant in the development of vaccines for pasteurellosis prevention, especially respiratory disease.
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20
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Kouassi RYW, McGraw SW, Yao PK, Abou-Bacar A, Brunet J, Pesson B, Bonfoh B, N’goran EK, Candolfi E. Diversity and prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in seven non-human primates of the Taï National Park, Côte d'Ivoire. Parasite 2015; 22:1. [PMID: 25619957 PMCID: PMC4306024 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2015001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasites and infectious diseases are well-known threats to primate populations. The main objective of this study was to provide baseline data on fecal parasites in the cercopithecid monkeys inhabiting Côte d'Ivoire's Taï National Park. Seven of eight cercopithecid species present in the park were sampled: Cercopithecus diana, Cercopithecus campbelli, Cercopithecus petaurista, Procolobus badius, Procolobus verus, Colobus polykomos, and Cercocebus atys. We collected 3142 monkey stool samples between November 2009 and December 2010. Stool samples were processed by direct wet mount examination, formalin-ethyl acetate concentration, and MIF (merthiolate, iodine, formalin) concentration methods. Slides were examined under microscope and parasite identification was based on the morphology of cysts, eggs, and adult worms. A total of 23 species of parasites was recovered including 9 protozoa (Entamoeba coli, Entamoeba histolytica/dispar, Entamoeba hartmanni, Endolimax nana, Iodamoeba butschlii, Chilomastix mesnili, Giardia sp., Balantidium coli, and Blastocystis sp.), 13 nematodes (Oesophagostomum sp., Ancylostoma sp., Anatrichosoma sp., Capillariidae Gen. sp. 1, Capillariidae Gen. sp. 2, Chitwoodspirura sp., Subulura sp., spirurids [cf Protospirura muricola], Ternidens sp., Strongyloides sp., Trichostrongylus sp., and Trichuris sp.), and 1 trematode (Dicrocoelium sp.). Diversity indices and parasite richness were high for all monkey taxa, but C. diana, C. petaurista, C. atys, and C. campbelli exhibited a greater diversity of parasite species and a more equitable distribution. The parasitological data reported are the first available for these cercopithecid species within Taï National Park.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Yao Wa Kouassi
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Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët Boigny 22 BP 770 Abidjan 22 Côte d’Ivoire
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Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire 01 BP 1303 Abidjan 01 Côte d’Ivoire
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Laboratoire de Parasitologie et de Mycologie Médicale, Plateau Technique de Microbiologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg 1 rue Koeberlé 67000
Strasbourg France
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Institut de Parasitologie et de Pathologie Tropicale, EA 7292, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Université de Strasbourg 3 rue Koeberlé 67000
Strasbourg France
| | - Scott William McGraw
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Department of Anthropology, Ohio State University, 4064 Smith Laboratory 174 West 18th Avenue Columbus Ohio
43210 USA
| | - Patrick Kouassi Yao
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Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët Boigny 22 BP 770 Abidjan 22 Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Ahmed Abou-Bacar
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Laboratoire de Parasitologie et de Mycologie Médicale, Plateau Technique de Microbiologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg 1 rue Koeberlé 67000
Strasbourg France
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Institut de Parasitologie et de Pathologie Tropicale, EA 7292, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Université de Strasbourg 3 rue Koeberlé 67000
Strasbourg France
| | - Julie Brunet
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Laboratoire de Parasitologie et de Mycologie Médicale, Plateau Technique de Microbiologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg 1 rue Koeberlé 67000
Strasbourg France
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Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg 74 route du Rhin 67401
Illkirch cedex France
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Institut de Parasitologie et de Pathologie Tropicale, EA 7292, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Université de Strasbourg 3 rue Koeberlé 67000
Strasbourg France
| | - Bernard Pesson
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Laboratoire de Parasitologie et de Mycologie Médicale, Plateau Technique de Microbiologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg 1 rue Koeberlé 67000
Strasbourg France
| | - Bassirou Bonfoh
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Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire 01 BP 1303 Abidjan 01 Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Eliezer Kouakou N’goran
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Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët Boigny 22 BP 770 Abidjan 22 Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Ermanno Candolfi
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Laboratoire de Parasitologie et de Mycologie Médicale, Plateau Technique de Microbiologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg 1 rue Koeberlé 67000
Strasbourg France
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Institut de Parasitologie et de Pathologie Tropicale, EA 7292, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Université de Strasbourg 3 rue Koeberlé 67000
Strasbourg France
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21
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Bittar F, Keita MB, Lagier JC, Peeters M, Delaporte E, Raoult D. Gorilla gorilla gorilla gut: a potential reservoir of pathogenic bacteria as revealed using culturomics and molecular tools. Sci Rep 2014; 4:7174. [PMID: 25417711 PMCID: PMC4241516 DOI: 10.1038/srep07174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild apes are considered to be the most serious reservoir and source of zoonoses. However, little data are available about the gut microbiota and pathogenic bacteria in gorillas. For this propose, a total of 48 fecal samples obtained from 21 Gorilla gorilla gorilla individuals (as revealed via microsatellite analysis) were screened for human bacterial pathogens using culturomics and molecular techniques. By applying culturomics to one index gorilla and using specific media supplemented by plants, we tested 12,800 colonies and identified 147 different bacterial species, including 5 new species. Many opportunistic pathogens were isolated, including 8 frequently associated with human diseases; Mycobacterium bolletii, Proteus mirabilis, Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium botulinum. The genus Treponema accounted for 27.4% of the total reads identified at the genus level via 454 pyrosequencing. Using specific real-time PCR on 48 gorilla fecal samples, in addition to classical human pathogens, we also observed the fastidious bacteria Bartonella spp. Borrelia spp., Coxiella burnetii and Tropheryma whipplei in the gorilla population. We estimated that the prevalence of these pathogens vary between 4.76% and 85.7%. Therefore, gorillas share many bacterial pathogens with humans suggesting that they could be a reservoir for their emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadi Bittar
- Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Mamadou B Keita
- Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Lagier
- Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Martine Peeters
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, University Montpellier 1, UMI 233, Montpellier, France
| | - Eric Delaporte
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, University Montpellier 1, UMI 233, Montpellier, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, 13005 Marseille, France
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22
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Keita MB, Hamad I, Bittar F. Looking in apes as a source of human pathogens. Microb Pathog 2014; 77:149-54. [PMID: 25220240 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Because of the close genetic relatedness between apes and humans, apes are susceptible to many human infectious agents and can serve as carriers of these pathogens. Consequently, they present a serious health hazard to humans. Moreover, many emerging infectious diseases originate in wildlife and continue to threaten human populations, especially vector-borne diseases described in great apes, such as malaria and rickettsiosis. These wild primates may be permanent reservoirs and important sources of human pathogens. In this special issue, we report that apes, including chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), bonobos (Pan paniscus), gorillas (Gorilla gorilla and Gorilla beringei), orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus and Pongo abelii), gibbons (Hylobates spp., Hoolock spp. and Nomascus spp) and siamangs (Symphalangus syndactylus syndactylus and Symphalangus continentis), have many bacterial, viral, fungal and parasitic species that are capable of infecting humans. Serious measures should be adopted in tropical forests and sub-tropical areas where habitat overlaps are frequent to survey and prevent infectious diseases from spreading from apes to people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamadou B Keita
- Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Ibrahim Hamad
- Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Fadi Bittar
- Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, 13005 Marseille, France.
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Cress BF, Englaender JA, He W, Kasper D, Linhardt RJ, Koffas MAG. Masquerading microbial pathogens: capsular polysaccharides mimic host-tissue molecules. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2014; 38:660-97. [PMID: 24372337 PMCID: PMC4120193 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6976.12056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria portends an impending postantibiotic age, characterized by diminishing efficacy of common antibiotics and routine application of multifaceted, complementary therapeutic approaches to treat bacterial infections, particularly multidrug-resistant organisms. The first line of defense for most bacterial pathogens consists of a physical and immunologic barrier known as the capsule, commonly composed of a viscous layer of carbohydrates that are covalently bound to the cell wall in Gram-positive bacteria or often to lipids of the outer membrane in many Gram-negative bacteria. Bacterial capsular polysaccharides are a diverse class of high molecular weight polysaccharides contributing to virulence of many human pathogens in the gut, respiratory tree, urinary tract, and other host tissues, by hiding cell surface components that might otherwise elicit host immune response. This review highlights capsular polysaccharides that are structurally identical or similar to polysaccharides found in mammalian tissues, including polysialic acid and glycosaminoglycan capsules hyaluronan, heparosan, and chondroitin. Such nonimmunogenic coatings render pathogens insensitive to certain immune responses, effectively increasing residence time in host tissues and enabling pathologically relevant population densities to be reached. Biosynthetic pathways and capsular involvement in immune system evasion are described, providing a basis for potential therapies aimed at supplementing or replacing antibiotic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brady F Cress
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
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24
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Ahmad TA, Rammah SS, Sheweita SA, Haroun M, El-Sayed LH. Development of immunization trials against Pasteurella multocida. Vaccine 2013; 32:909-17. [PMID: 24295805 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.11.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Pasteurellosis is one of the most important respiratory diseases facing economically valuable farm animals such as poultry, rabbit, cattle, goats and pigs. It causes severe economic loss due to its symptoms that range from primary local infection to fatal septicemia. Pasteurella multocida is the responsible pathogen for this contagious disease. Chemotherapeutic treatment of Pasteurella is expensive, lengthy, and ineffective due to the increasing antibiotics resistance of the bacterium, as well as its toxicity to human consumers. Though, biosecurity measures played a role in diminishing the spread of the pathogen, the immunization methods were always the most potent preventive measures. Since the early 1950s, several trials for constructing and formulating effective vaccines were followed. This up-to-date review classifies and documents such trials. A section is devoted to discussing each group benefits and defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek A Ahmad
- Scientific Support and Projects Section, Bibliotheca Alexandrina, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Samar S Rammah
- Biotechnology Department, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Salah A Sheweita
- Biotechnology Department, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Medhat Haroun
- Biotechnology Department, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Laila H El-Sayed
- Immunology Department, Medical Researches Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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25
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Abstract
In a world where most emerging and reemerging infectious diseases are zoonotic in nature and our contacts with both domestic and wild animals abound, there is growing awareness of the potential for human acquisition of animal diseases. Like other Pasteurellaceae, Pasteurella species are highly prevalent among animal populations, where they are often found as part of the normal microbiota of the oral, nasopharyngeal, and upper respiratory tracts. Many Pasteurella species are opportunistic pathogens that can cause endemic disease and are associated increasingly with epizootic outbreaks. Zoonotic transmission to humans usually occurs through animal bites or contact with nasal secretions, with P. multocida being the most prevalent isolate observed in human infections. Here we review recent comparative genomics and molecular pathogenesis studies that have advanced our understanding of the multiple virulence mechanisms employed by Pasteurella species to establish acute and chronic infections. We also summarize efforts being explored to enhance our ability to rapidly and accurately identify and distinguish among clinical isolates and to control pasteurellosis by improved development of new vaccines and treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda A Wilson
- Department of Microbiology and Host-Microbe Systems Theme of the Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.
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Bisgaard M, Petersen A, Christensen H. Multilocus sequence analysis of Pasteurella multocida demonstrates a type species under development. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2013; 159:580-590. [PMID: 23329677 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.063461-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to use multilocus sequence typing (MLST) of a diverse collection of Pasteurella multocida with regard to animal source, place and date of collection, including all available serovars of Carter, Heddleston, Little & Lyon, Namioka, Cornelius and Roberts, to further investigate the evolution of this species with a focus on two lineages, A (P. multocida subsp. multocida and P. multocida subsp. gallicida) and B (P. multocida subsp. septica), previously reported. Isolates of P. multocida (n = 116) including reference strains of major serotyping systems were investigated by MLST based on partial sequences of the genes adk, est, gdh, mdh, pgi, pmi and zwf, and 67 sequence types (STs) were observed. Phylogenetic analysis of these concatenated sequences confirmed the separation of groups A (41 STs, 71 isolates) and B (22 STs, 38 isolates) out of the 67 STs. All Carter serovars, 12 Heddleston serovars, all three Little-Lyon types, six out of seven Namioka serovars, all five Roberts types and all four Cornelius serovars were allocated to the A group, while group B included the remaining four Heddleston serovars, 6, 7, 8 and 13, in addition to Namioka type 8 : A. The overrepresentation of reference strains of serotyping systems in the A group contrasts with the high number of isolates obtained from diseased birds in the B group, the effect of which should be addressed in future vaccine development. Isolates from birds (25) dominated the B group, which also included four isolates from Felidae, whereas group A included isolates from all types of hosts. The evolutionary implications of the lack of capsular type D, pig and bovine isolates in group B, as well as its association with Aves and Felidae that also applied to the whole Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation (RIRDC) MLST database, need further investigation. The combination of rpoB and 16S rRNA gene sequence comparison as well as the developed PCR test assigned isolates to lineage A, represented by the type strain of P. multocida subsp. Multocida, or lineage B represented by the type strain of P. multocida subsp. septica. It was not possible to circumscribe either the A or B lineages with a set of conserved phenotypic characters, calling into question the validity of subspecies within P. multocida. Phylogenetic analysis carried out on individual MLST genes showed deviations as to single or multiple genes for 17 % of group A and 43 % of group B, indicating that lineage A probably developed from lineage B, and that major changes are ongoing. From a genotypical point of view, we conclude that P. multocida subsp. gallicida represents an artificial unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magne Bisgaard
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas Petersen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Christensen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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27
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Blackall P. An update on the MLST scheme for Pasteurella multocida. MICROBIOLOGY AUSTRALIA 2013. [DOI: 10.1071/ma13010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Calvignac-Spencer S, Leendertz SAJ, Gillespie TR, Leendertz FH. Wild great apes as sentinels and sources of infectious disease. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012; 18:521-7. [PMID: 22448813 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2012.03816.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Emerging zoonotic infectious diseases pose a serious threat to global health. This is especially true in relation to the great apes, whose close phylogenetic relationship with humans results in a high potential for microorganism exchange. In this review, we show how studies of the microorganisms of wild great apes can lead to the discovery of novel pathogens of importance for humans. We also illustrate how these primates, living in their natural habitats, can serve as sentinels for outbreaks of human disease in regions with a high likelihood of disease emergence. Greater sampling efforts and improvements in sample preservation and diagnostic capacity are rapidly improving our understanding of the diversity and distribution of microorganisms in wild great apes. Linking non-invasive diagnostic data with observational health data from great apes habituated to human presence is a promising approach for the discovery of pathogens of high relevance for humans.
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