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Gonçalves SM, Pereira I, Feys S, Cunha C, Chamilos G, Hoenigl M, Wauters J, van de Veerdonk FL, Carvalho A. Integrating genetic and immune factors to uncover pathogenetic mechanisms of viral-associated pulmonary aspergillosis. mBio 2024; 15:e0198223. [PMID: 38651925 PMCID: PMC11237550 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01982-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis is a severe fungal infection primarily affecting immunocompromised patients. Individuals with severe viral infections have recently been identified as vulnerable to developing invasive fungal infections. Both influenza-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (IAPA) and COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA) are linked to high mortality rates, emphasizing the urgent need for an improved understanding of disease pathogenesis to unveil new molecular targets with diagnostic and therapeutic potential. The recent establishment of animal models replicating the co-infection context has offered crucial insights into the mechanisms that underlie susceptibility to disease. However, the development and progression of human viral-fungal co-infections exhibit a significant degree of interindividual variability, even among patients with similar clinical conditions. This observation implies a significant role for host genetics, but information regarding the genetic basis for viral-fungal co-infections is currently limited. In this review, we discuss how genetic factors known to affect either antiviral or antifungal immunity could potentially reveal pathogenetic mechanisms that predispose to IAPA or CAPA and influence the overall disease course. These insights are anticipated to foster further research in both pre-clinical models and human patients, aiming to elucidate the complex pathophysiology of viral-associated pulmonary aspergillosis and contributing to the identification of new diagnostic and therapeutic targets to improve the management of these co-infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M Gonçalves
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Guimarães/Braga, Portugal
| | - Inês Pereira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Guimarães/Braga, Portugal
| | - Simon Feys
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Department of General Internal Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Cristina Cunha
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Guimarães/Braga, Portugal
| | - Georgios Chamilos
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Martin Hoenigl
- Division of Infectious Diseases, ECMM Excellence Center for Medical Mycology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed, Graz, Austria
| | - Joost Wauters
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Department of General Internal Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frank L van de Veerdonk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Agostinho Carvalho
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Guimarães/Braga, Portugal
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Lim PN, Cervantes MM, Pham LK, Doherty S, Tufts A, Dubey D, Mai D, Aderem A, Diercks AH, Rothchild AC. Absence of c-Maf and IL-10 enables Type I IFN enhancement of innate responses to low-dose LPS in alveolar macrophages. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.22.594428. [PMID: 38826239 PMCID: PMC11142172 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.22.594428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Alveolar macrophages (AMs) are lower-airway resident myeloid cells and are among the first to respond to inhaled pathogens. Here, we interrogate AM innate sensing to Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) and determine AMs have decreased responses to low-dose LPS compared to other macrophages, as measured by TNF, IL-6, Ifnb, and Ifit3. We find the reduced response to low-dose LPS correlates with minimal TLR4 and CD14 surface expression, despite sufficient internal expression of TLR4. Additionally, we find that AMs do not produce IL-10 in response to a variety of PAMPs due to low expression of transcription factor c-Maf and that lack of IL-10 production contributes to an enhancement of pro-inflammatory responses by Type I IFN. Our findings demonstrate that AMs have cell-intrinsic dampened responses to LPS, which is enhanced by type I IFN exposure. These data implicate conditions where AMs may have reduced or enhanced sentinel responses to bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamelia N. Lim
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Maritza M. Cervantes
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Linh K. Pham
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003
- Graduate Program in Animal Biotechnology & Biomedical Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Sydney Doherty
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Ankita Tufts
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Divya Dubey
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Dat Mai
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98019
| | - Alan Aderem
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98019
| | - Alan H. Diercks
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98019
| | - Alissa C. Rothchild
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003
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Yang Q, Barbachano-Guerrero A, Fairchild LM, Rowland TJ, Dowell RD, Allen MA, Warren CJ, Sawyer SL. Macrophages derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) serve as a high-fidelity cellular model for investigating HIV-1, dengue, and influenza viruses. J Virol 2024; 98:e0156323. [PMID: 38323811 PMCID: PMC10949493 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01563-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are important target cells for diverse viruses and thus represent a valuable system for studying virus biology. Isolation of primary human macrophages is done by culture of dissociated tissues or from differentiated blood monocytes, but these methods are both time consuming and result in low numbers of recovered macrophages. Here, we explore whether macrophages derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)-which proliferate indefinitely and potentially provide unlimited starting material-could serve as a faithful model system for studying virus biology. Human iPSC-derived monocytes were differentiated into macrophages and then infected with HIV-1, dengue virus, or influenza virus as model human viruses. We show that iPSC-derived macrophages support the replication of these viruses with kinetics and phenotypes similar to human blood monocyte-derived macrophages. These iPSC-derived macrophages were virtually indistinguishable from human blood monocyte-derived macrophages based on surface marker expression (flow cytometry), transcriptomics (RNA sequencing), and chromatin accessibility profiling. iPSC lines were additionally generated from non-human primate (chimpanzee) fibroblasts. When challenged with dengue virus, human and chimpanzee iPSC-derived macrophages show differential susceptibility to infection, thus providing a valuable resource for studying the species-tropism of viruses. We also show that blood- and iPSC-derived macrophages both restrict influenza virus at a late stage of the virus lifecycle. Collectively, our results substantiate iPSC-derived macrophages as an alternative to blood monocyte-derived macrophages for the study of virus biology. IMPORTANCE Macrophages have complex relationships with viruses: while macrophages aid in the removal of pathogenic viruses from the body, macrophages are also manipulated by some viruses to serve as vessels for viral replication, dissemination, and long-term persistence. Here, we show that iPSC-derived macrophages are an excellent model that can be exploited in virology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yang
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Laurence M. Fairchild
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Teisha J. Rowland
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Robin D. Dowell
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome Boulder Branch, BioFrontiers Institute, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Mary A. Allen
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome Boulder Branch, BioFrontiers Institute, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Cody J. Warren
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Viruses and Emerging Pathogens Program, Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Sara L. Sawyer
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
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Sun Z, Zhang W, Li J, Yang K, Zhang Y, Li Z. H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus Downregulates FcRY Expression in Chicken Macrophage Cell Line HD11 by Activating the JNK MAPK Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2650. [PMID: 38473897 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The H9N2 avian influenza virus causes reduced production performance and immunosuppression in chickens. The chicken yolk sac immunoglobulins (IgY) receptor (FcRY) transports from the yolk into the embryo, providing offspring with passive immunity to infection against common poultry pathogens. FcRY is expressed in many tissues/organs of the chicken; however, there are no reports investigating FcRY expression in chicken macrophage cells, and how H9N2-infected HD11 cells (a chicken macrophage-like cell line) regulate FcRY expression remains uninvestigated. This study used the H9N2 virus as a model pathogen to explore the regulation of FcRY expression in avian macrophages. FcRY was highly expressed in HD11 cells, as shown by reverse transcription polymerase chain reactions, and indirect immunofluorescence indicated that FcRY was widely expressed in HD11 cells. HD11 cells infected with live H9N2 virus exhibited downregulated FcRY expression. Transfection of eukaryotic expression plasmids encoding each viral protein of H9N2 into HD11 cells revealed that nonstructural protein (NS1) and matrix protein (M1) downregulated FcRY expression. In addition, the use of a c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activator inhibited the expression of FcRY, while a JNK inhibitor antagonized the downregulation of FcRY expression by live H9N2 virus, NS1 and M1 proteins. Finally, a dual luciferase reporter system showed that both the M1 protein and the transcription factor c-jun inhibited FcRY expression at the transcriptional level. Taken together, the transcription factor c-jun was a negative regulator of FcRY, while the live H9N2 virus, NS1, and M1 proteins downregulated the FcRY expression through activating the JNK signaling pathway. This provides an experimental basis for a novel mechanism of immunosuppression in the H9N2 avian influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijian Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Kang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yanhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zili Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China
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Cardenas M, Seibert B, Cowan B, Fraiha ALS, Carnaccini S, Gay LC, Faccin FC, Caceres CJ, Anderson TK, Vincent Baker AL, Perez DR, Rajao DS. Amino acid 138 in the HA of a H3N2 subtype influenza A virus increases affinity for the lower respiratory tract and alveolar macrophages in pigs. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012026. [PMID: 38377132 PMCID: PMC10906893 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (FLUAV) infects a wide range of hosts and human-to-swine spillover events are frequently reported. However, only a few of these human viruses have become established in pigs and the host barriers and molecular mechanisms driving adaptation to the swine host remain poorly understood. We previously found that infection of pigs with a 2:6 reassortant virus (hVIC/11) containing the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) gene segments from the human strain A/Victoria/361/2011 (H3N2) and internal gene segments of an endemic swine strain (sOH/04) resulted in a fixed amino acid substitution in the HA (A138S, mature H3 HA numbering). In silico analysis revealed that S138 became predominant among swine H3N2 virus sequences deposited in public databases, while 138A predominates in human isolates. To understand the role of the HA A138S substitution in the adaptation of a human-origin FLUAV HA to swine, we infected pigs with the hVIC/11A138S mutant and analyzed pathogenesis and transmission compared to hVIC/11 and sOH/04. Our results showed that the hVIC/11A138S virus had an intermediary pathogenesis between hVIC/11 and sOH/04. The hVIC/11A138S infected the upper respiratory tract, right caudal, and both cranial lobes while hVIC/11 was only detected in nose and trachea samples. Viruses induced a distinct expression pattern of various pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-8, TNF-α, and IFN-β. Flow cytometric analysis of lung samples revealed a significant reduction of porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) in hVIC/11A138S-infected pigs compared to hVIC/11 while a MHCIIlowCD163neg population was increased. The hVIC/11A138S showed a higher affinity for PAMs than hVIC/11, noted as an increase of infected PAMs in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and showed no differences in the percentage of HA-positive PAMs compared to sOH/04. This increased infection of PAMs led to an increase of granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) stimulation but a reduced expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) in the sOH/04-infected group. Analysis using the PAM cell line 3D4/21 revealed that the A138S substitution improved replication and apoptosis induction in this cell type compared to hVIC/11 but at lower levels than sOH/04. Overall, our study indicates that adaptation of human viruses to the swine host involves an increased affinity for the lower respiratory tract and alveolar macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matias Cardenas
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Brittany Seibert
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Brianna Cowan
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ana Luiza S. Fraiha
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Silvia Carnaccini
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - L. Claire Gay
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Flavio Cargnin Faccin
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - C. Joaquin Caceres
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Tavis K. Anderson
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Amy L. Vincent Baker
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Daniel R. Perez
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Daniela S. Rajao
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
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Jordan PM, Günther K, Nischang V, Ning Y, Deinhardt-Emmer S, Ehrhardt C, Werz O. Influenza A virus selectively elevates prostaglandin E 2 formation in pro-resolving macrophages. iScience 2024; 27:108775. [PMID: 38261967 PMCID: PMC10797193 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Respiratory influenza A virus (IAV) infections are major health concerns worldwide, where bacterial superinfections substantially increase morbidity and mortality. The underlying mechanisms of how IAV impairs host defense remain elusive. Macrophages are pivotal for the innate immune response and crucially regulate the entire inflammatory process, occurring as inflammatory M1- or pro-resolving M2-like phenotypes. Lipid mediators (LM), produced from polyunsaturated fatty acids by macrophages, are potent immune regulators and impact all stages of inflammation. Using LM metabololipidomics, we show that human pro-resolving M2-macrophages respond to IAV infections with specific and robust production of prostaglandin (PG)E2 along with upregulation of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), which persists after co-infection with Staphylococcus aureus. In contrast, cytokine/interferon production in macrophages was essentially unaffected by IAV infection, and the functionality of M1-macrophages was not influenced. Conclusively, IAV infection of M2-macrophages selectively elevates PGE2 formation, suggesting inhibition of the COX-2/PGE2 axis as strategy to limit IAV exacerbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M. Jordan
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM); Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Kerstin Günther
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Vivien Nischang
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Yuping Ning
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | | | - Christina Ehrhardt
- Section of Experimental Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Jena University Hospital, Hans-Knoell-Str. 2, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Oliver Werz
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM); Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
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Vu TH, Hong Y, Heo J, Kang S, Lillehoj HS, Hong YH. Chicken miR-148a-3p regulates immune responses against AIV by targeting the MAPK signalling pathway and IFN-γ. Vet Res 2023; 54:110. [PMID: 37993949 PMCID: PMC10664352 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01240-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs are involved in the immune systems of host animals and play essential roles in several immune-related pathways. In the current study, we investigated the systemic biological function of the chicken miRNA gga-miR-148a-3p on immune responses in chicken lines resistant and susceptible to HPAIV-H5N1. We found that gga-miR-148a expression in the lung tissue of H5N1-resistant chickens was significantly downregulated during HPAIV-H5N1 infection. Overexpression of gga-miR-148a and a reporter construct with wild type or mutant IFN-γ, MAPK11, and TGF-β2 3' untranslated region (3' UTR)-luciferase in chicken fibroblasts showed that gga-miR-148a acted as a direct translational repressor of IFN-γ, MAPK11, and TGF-β2 by targeting their 3' UTRs. Furthermore, miR-148a directly and negatively influenced the expression of signalling molecules related to the MAPK signalling pathway, including MAPK11, TGF-β2, and Jun, and regulated antiviral responses through interferon-stimulated genes and MHC class I and class II genes by targeting IFN-γ. Downstream of the MAPK signalling pathway, several proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IFN-γ, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-β, and interferon-stimulated genes were downregulated by the overexpression of gga-miR-148a. Our data suggest that gga-miR-148a-3p is an important regulator of the MAPK signalling pathway and antiviral response. These findings improve our understanding of the biological functions of gga-miR-148a-3p, the mechanisms underlying the MAPK signalling pathway, and the antiviral response to HPAIV-H5N1 infection in chickens as well as the role of gga-miR-148a-3p in improving the overall performance of chicken immune responses for breeding disease-resistant chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Hao Vu
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam
| | - Yeojin Hong
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Jubi Heo
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Suyeon Kang
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun S Lillehoj
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Services, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Yeong Ho Hong
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546, Republic of Korea.
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Savchenko IV, Zlotnikov ID, Kudryashova EV. Biomimetic Systems Involving Macrophages and Their Potential for Targeted Drug Delivery. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:543. [PMID: 37999184 PMCID: PMC10669405 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8070543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The concept of targeted drug delivery can be described in terms of the drug systems' ability to mimic the biological objects' property to localize to target cells or tissues. For example, drug delivery systems based on red blood cells or mimicking some of their useful features, such as long circulation in stealth mode, have been known for decades. On the contrary, therapeutic strategies based on macrophages have gained very limited attention until recently. Here, we review two biomimetic strategies associated with macrophages that can be used to develop new therapeutic modalities: first, the mimicry of certain types of macrophages (i.e., the use of macrophages, including tumor-associated or macrophage-derived particles as a carrier for the targeted delivery of therapeutic agents); second, the mimicry of ligands, naturally absorbed by macrophages (i.e., the use of therapeutic agents specifically targeted at macrophages). We discuss the potential applications of biomimetic systems involving macrophages for new advancements in the treatment of infections, inflammatory diseases, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elena V. Kudryashova
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia (I.D.Z.)
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Wei L, Wang X, Zhou H. Interaction among inflammasome, PANoptosise, and innate immune cells in infection of influenza virus: Updated review. Immun Inflamm Dis 2023; 11:e997. [PMID: 37773712 PMCID: PMC10521376 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza virus (IV) is a leading cause of respiratory tract infections, eliciting responses from key innate immune cells such as Macrophages (MQs), Neutrophils, and Dendritic Cells (DCs). These cells employ diverse mechanisms to combat IV, with Inflammasomes playing a pivotal role in viral infection control. Cellular death mechanisms, including Pyroptosis, Apoptosis, and Necroptosis (collectively called PANoptosis), significantly contribute to the innate immune response. METHODS In this updated review, we delve into the intricate relationship between PANoptosis and Inflammasomes within innate immune cells (MQs, Neutrophils, and DCs) during IV infections. We explore the strategies employed by IV to evade these immune defenses and the consequences of unchecked PANoptosis and inflammasome activation, including the potential development of severe complications such as cytokine storms and tissue damage. RESULTS Our analysis underscores the interplay between PANoptosis and Inflammasomes as a critical aspect of the innate immune response against IV. We provide insights into IV's various mechanisms to subvert these immune pathways and highlight the importance of understanding these interactions to develop effective antiviral medications. CONCLUSION A comprehensive understanding of the dynamic interactions between PANoptosis, Inflammasomes, and IV is essential for advancing our knowledge of innate immune responses to viral infections. This knowledge will be invaluable in developing targeted antiviral therapies to combat IV and mitigate potential complications, including cytokine storms and tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wei
- Intensive Care Unit, Huzhou Third Municipal hospitalThe Affiliated hospital of Huzhou UniversityHuzhouChina
| | - Xufang Wang
- Intensive Care Unit, Huzhou Third Municipal hospitalThe Affiliated hospital of Huzhou UniversityHuzhouChina
| | - Huifei Zhou
- Intensive Care Unit, Huzhou Third Municipal hospitalThe Affiliated hospital of Huzhou UniversityHuzhouChina
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10
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Mitsui Y, Suzuki T, Kuniyoshi K, Inamo J, Yamaguchi K, Komuro M, Watanabe J, Edamoto M, Li S, Kouno T, Oba S, Hosoya T, Masuhiro K, Naito Y, Koyama S, Sakaguchi N, Standley DM, Shin JW, Akira S, Yasuda S, Miyazaki Y, Kochi Y, Kumanogoh A, Okamoto T, Satoh T. Expression of the readthrough transcript CiDRE in alveolar macrophages boosts SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility and promotes COVID-19 severity. Immunity 2023; 56:1939-1954.e12. [PMID: 37442134 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Lung infection during severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) via the angiotensin-I-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor induces a cytokine storm. However, the precise mechanisms involved in severe COVID-19 pneumonia are unknown. Here, we showed that interleukin-10 (IL-10) induced the expression of ACE2 in normal alveolar macrophages, causing them to become vectors for SARS-CoV-2. The inhibition of this system in hamster models attenuated SARS-CoV-2 pathogenicity. Genome-wide association and quantitative trait locus analyses identified a IFNAR2-IL10RB readthrough transcript, COVID-19 infectivity-enhancing dual receptor (CiDRE), which was highly expressed in patients harboring COVID-19 risk variants at the IFNAR2 locus. We showed that CiDRE exerted synergistic effects via the IL-10-ACE2 axis in alveolar macrophages and functioned as a decoy receptor for type I interferons. Collectively, our data show that high IL-10 and CiDRE expression are potential risk factors for severe COVID-19. Thus, IL-10R and CiDRE inhibitors might be useful COVID-19 therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Mitsui
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8510, Japan; Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Suzuki
- Institute for Advanced Co-Creation Studies, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Department of Microbiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Kanako Kuniyoshi
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Jun Inamo
- Department of Genomic Function and Diversity, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Kensuke Yamaguchi
- Department of Genomic Function and Diversity, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Mariko Komuro
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Junya Watanabe
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Mio Edamoto
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Songling Li
- Laboratory of Systems Immunology, World Premier Institute Immunology Frontier Research Center, WPI-IFReC, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Kouno
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Seiya Oba
- Department of Rheumatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Tadashi Hosoya
- Department of Rheumatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Kentaro Masuhiro
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yujiro Naito
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shohei Koyama
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | | | - Daron M Standley
- Laboratory of Systems Immunology, World Premier Institute Immunology Frontier Research Center, WPI-IFReC, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jay W Shin
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Shizuo Akira
- Innate Cell Therapy Inc., Osaka 530-0017, Japan; Laboratory of Host Defense, World Premier Institute Immunology Frontier Research Center, WPI-IFReC, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Yasuda
- Department of Rheumatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Yasunari Miyazaki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Yuta Kochi
- Department of Genomic Function and Diversity, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kumanogoh
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Toru Okamoto
- Institute for Advanced Co-Creation Studies, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Department of Microbiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Takashi Satoh
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8510, Japan; Innate Cell Therapy Inc., Osaka 530-0017, Japan.
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11
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Yang M, Ma L, Su R, Guo R, Zhou N, Liu M, Wu J, Wang Y, Hao Y. The Extract of Scutellaria baicalensis Attenuates the Pattern Recognition Receptor Pathway Activation Induced by Influenza A Virus in Macrophages. Viruses 2023; 15:1524. [PMID: 37515209 PMCID: PMC10384909 DOI: 10.3390/v15071524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The dual strategy of inhibiting the viral life cycle and reducing the host inflammatory response should be considered in the development of therapeutic drugs for influenza A virus (IAV). In this study, an extract of Scutellaria baicalinase (SBE) containing seven flavonoids was identified to exert both antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects in macrophages infected with IAV. We performed transcriptome analysis using high-throughput RNA sequencing and identified 315 genes whose transcription levels were increased after IAV infection but were able to be decreased after SBE intervention. Combined with Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis, these genes were mainly involved in TLR3/7/8, RIG-I/MDA5, NLRP3 and cGAS pattern recognition receptor (PRR)-mediated signaling pathways. SBE inhibited the transcription of essential genes in the above pathways and nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 as confirmed by RT-qPCR and immunofluorescence, respectively, indicating that SBE reversed PR8-induced over-activation of the PRR signaling pathway and inflammation in macrophages. This study provides an experimental basis for applying Scutellaria baicalensis and its main effects in the clinical treatment of viral pneumonia. It also provides novel targets for screening and developing novel drugs to prevent and treat IAV infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingrui Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Luyao Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Rina Su
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Rui Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Na Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Menghua Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Jun Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yu Hao
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
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12
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Obar JJ, Shepardson KM. Coinfections in the lung: How viral infection creates a favorable environment for bacterial and fungal infections. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011334. [PMID: 37141196 PMCID: PMC10159189 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Obar
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Kelly M Shepardson
- University of California, Merced, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Merced, California, United States of America
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13
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Maishan M, Sarma A, Chun LF, Caldera S, Fang X, Abbott J, Christenson SA, Langelier CR, Calfee CS, Gotts JE, Matthay MA. Aerosolized nicotine from e-cigarettes alters gene expression, increases lung protein permeability, and impairs viral clearance in murine influenza infection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1076772. [PMID: 36999019 PMCID: PMC10043316 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1076772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
E-cigarette use has rapidly increased as an alternative means of nicotine delivery by heated aerosolization. Recent studies demonstrate nicotine-containing e-cigarette aerosols can have immunosuppressive and pro-inflammatory effects, but it remains unclear how e-cigarettes and the constituents of e-liquids may impact acute lung injury and the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by viral pneumonia. Therefore, in these studies, mice were exposed one hour per day over nine consecutive days to aerosol generated by the clinically-relevant tank-style Aspire Nautilus aerosolizing e-liquid containing a mixture of vegetable glycerin and propylene glycol (VG/PG) with or without nicotine. Exposure to the nicotine-containing aerosol resulted in clinically-relevant levels of plasma cotinine, a nicotine-derived metabolite, and an increase in the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-17A, CXCL1, and MCP-1 in the distal airspaces. Following the e-cigarette exposure, mice were intranasally inoculated with influenza A virus (H1N1 PR8 strain). Exposure to aerosols generated from VG/PG with and without nicotine caused greater influenza-induced production in the distal airspaces of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ, TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17A, and MCP-1 at 7 days post inoculation (dpi). Compared to the aerosolized carrier VG/PG, in mice exposed to aerosolized nicotine there was a significantly lower amount of Mucin 5 subtype AC (MUC5AC) in the distal airspaces and significantly higher lung permeability to protein and viral load in lungs at 7 dpi with influenza. Additionally, nicotine caused relative downregulation of genes associated with ciliary function and fluid clearance and an increased expression of pro-inflammatory pathways at 7 dpi. These results show that (1) the e-liquid carrier VG/PG increases the pro-inflammatory immune responses to viral pneumonia and that (2) nicotine in an e-cigarette aerosol alters the transcriptomic response to pathogens, blunts host defense mechanisms, increases lung barrier permeability, and reduces viral clearance during influenza infection. In conclusion, acute exposure to aerosolized nicotine can impair clearance of viral infection and exacerbate lung injury, findings that have implications for the regulation of e-cigarette products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazharul Maishan
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Aartik Sarma
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Lauren F. Chun
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | | | - Xiaohui Fang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jason Abbott
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Stephanie A. Christenson
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Charles R. Langelier
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Carolyn S. Calfee
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jeffrey E. Gotts
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Michael A. Matthay
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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14
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Vangeti S, Falck-Jones S, Yu M, Österberg B, Liu S, Asghar M, Sondén K, Paterson C, Whitley P, Albert J, Johansson N, Färnert A, Smed-Sörensen A. Human influenza virus infection elicits distinct patterns of monocyte and dendritic cell mobilization in blood and the nasopharynx. eLife 2023; 12:77345. [PMID: 36752598 PMCID: PMC9977282 DOI: 10.7554/elife.77345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
During respiratory viral infections, the precise roles of monocytes and dendritic cells (DCs) in the nasopharynx in limiting infection and influencing disease severity are incompletely described. We studied circulating and nasopharyngeal monocytes and DCs in healthy controls (HCs) and in patients with mild to moderate infections (primarily influenza A virus [IAV]). As compared to HCs, patients with acute IAV infection displayed reduced DC but increased intermediate monocytes frequencies in blood, and an accumulation of most monocyte and DC subsets in the nasopharynx. IAV patients had more mature monocytes and DCs in the nasopharynx, and higher levels of TNFα, IL-6, and IFNα in plasma and the nasopharynx than HCs. In blood, monocytes were the most frequent cellular source of TNFα during IAV infection and remained responsive to additional stimulation with TLR7/8L. Immune responses in older patients skewed towards increased monocyte frequencies rather than DCs, suggesting a contributory role for monocytes in disease severity. In patients with other respiratory virus infections, we observed changes in monocyte and DC frequencies in the nasopharynx distinct from IAV patients, while differences in blood were more similar across infection groups. Using SomaScan, a high-throughput aptamer-based assay to study proteomic changes between patients and HCs, we found differential expression of innate immunity-related proteins in plasma and nasopharyngeal secretions of IAV and SARS-CoV-2 patients. Together, our findings demonstrate tissue-specific and pathogen-specific patterns of monocyte and DC function during human respiratory viral infections and highlight the importance of comparative investigations in blood and the nasopharynx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindhu Vangeti
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
| | - Sara Falck-Jones
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
| | - Meng Yu
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
| | - Björn Österberg
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
| | - Sang Liu
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
| | - Muhammad Asghar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
| | - Klara Sondén
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
| | | | | | - Jan Albert
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
| | - Niclas Johansson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
| | - Anna Färnert
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
| | - Anna Smed-Sörensen
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
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15
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Macrophages: From Simple Phagocyte to an Integrative Regulatory Cell for Inflammation and Tissue Regeneration-A Review of the Literature. Cells 2023; 12:cells12020276. [PMID: 36672212 PMCID: PMC9856654 DOI: 10.3390/cells12020276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The understanding of macrophages and their pathophysiological role has dramatically changed within the last decades. Macrophages represent a very interesting cell type with regard to biomaterial-based tissue engineering and regeneration. In this context, macrophages play a crucial role in the biocompatibility and degradation of implanted biomaterials. Furthermore, a better understanding of the functionality of macrophages opens perspectives for potential guidance and modulation to turn inflammation into regeneration. Such knowledge may help to improve not only the biocompatibility of scaffold materials but also the integration, maturation, and preservation of scaffold-cell constructs or induce regeneration. Nowadays, macrophages are classified into two subpopulations, the classically activated macrophages (M1 macrophages) with pro-inflammatory properties and the alternatively activated macrophages (M2 macrophages) with anti-inflammatory properties. The present narrative review gives an overview of the different functions of macrophages and summarizes the recent state of knowledge regarding different types of macrophages and their functions, with special emphasis on tissue engineering and tissue regeneration.
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16
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Cen M, Ouyang W, Lin X, Du X, Hu H, Lu H, Zhang W, Xia J, Qin X, Xu F. FBXO6 regulates the antiviral immune responses via mediating alveolar macrophages survival. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28203. [PMID: 36217277 PMCID: PMC10092588 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Inducing early apoptosis in alveolar macrophages is one of the strategies influenza A virus (IAV) evolved to subvert host immunity. Correspondingly, the host mitochondrial protein nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor (NLR)X1 is reported to interact with virus polymerase basic protein 1-frame 2 (PB1-F2) accessory protein to counteract virus-induced apoptosis. Herein, we report that one of the F-box proteins, FBXO6, promotes proteasomal degradation of NLRX1, and thus facilitates IAV-induced alveolar macrophages apoptosis and modulates both macrophage survival and type I interferon (IFN) signaling. We observed that FBXO6-deficient mice infected with IAV exhibited decreased pulmonary viral replication, alleviated inflammatory-associated pulmonary dysfunction, and less mortality. Analysis of the lungs of IAV-infected mice revealed markedly reduced leukocyte recruitment but enhanced production of type I IFN in Fbxo6-/- mice. Furthermore, increased type I IFN production and decreased viral replication were recapitulated in FBXO6 knockdown macrophages and associated with reduced apoptosis. Through gain- and loss-of-function studies, we found lung resident macrophages but not bone marrow-derived macrophages play a key role in the differences FBXO6 signaling pathway brings in the antiviral immune response. In further investigation, we identified that FBXO6 interacted with and promoted the proteasomal degradation of NLRX1. Together, our results demonstrate that FBXO6 negatively regulates immunity against IAV infection by enhancing the degradation of NLRX1 and thus impairs the survival of alveolar macrophages and antiviral immunity of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Cen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Wei Ouyang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiuhui Lin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohong Du
- Institute of Clinical Medicine Research, Suzhou Science and Technology Town Hospital, Suzhou, China
| | - Huiqun Hu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huidan Lu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wanying Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingyan Xia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofeng Qin
- Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Research Center for Life Science and Human Health, Binjiang Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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17
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Abadi B, Ilaghi M, Shahsavani Y, Faramarzpour M, Oghazian MB, Rahimi HR. Antibiotics with Antiviral and Anti-Inflammatory Potential Against Covid-19: A Review. Curr Rev Clin Exp Pharmacol 2023; 18:51-63. [PMID: 34994339 DOI: 10.2174/2772432817666220106162013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In Covid-19 cases, elderly patients in long-term care facilities, children younger than five years with moderate symptoms, and patients admitted to ICU or with comorbidities are at a high risk of coinfection, as suggested by the evidence. Thus, in these patients, antibiotic therapy based on empirical evidence is necessary. Finding appropriate antimicrobial agents, especially with antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties, is a promising approach to target the virus and its complications, hyper-inflammation, and microorganisms resulting in co-infection. Moreover, indiscriminate use of antibiotics can be accompanied by Clostridioides difficile colitis, the emergence of resistant microorganisms, and adverse drug reactions, particularly kidney damage and QT prolongation. Therefore, rational administration of efficient antibiotics is an important issue. The main objective of the present review is to provide a summary of antibiotics with possible antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 and anti-immunomodulatory effects to guide scientists for further research. Besides, the findings can help health professionals in the rational prescription of antibiotics in Covid-19 patients with a high risk of co-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banafshe Abadi
- Brain Cancer Research Core (BCRC), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mehran Ilaghi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Afzalipour Hospital, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Yasamin Shahsavani
- Student Research Committee, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mahsa Faramarzpour
- Brain Cancer Research Core (BCRC), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Bagher Oghazian
- Natural Products and Medicinal Plants Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Hamid-Reza Rahimi
- Student Research Committee, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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18
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P. Tavares L, Brüggemann TR, M. Rezende R, G. Machado M, Cagnina RE, Shay AE, C. Garcia C, Nijmeh J, M. Teixeira M, Levy BD. Cysteinyl Maresins Reprogram Macrophages to Protect Mice from Streptococcus pneumoniae after Influenza A Virus Infection. mBio 2022; 13:e0126722. [PMID: 35913160 PMCID: PMC9426576 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01267-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) infections are a leading cause of mortality worldwide. Excess mortality during IAV epidemics and pandemics is attributable to secondary bacterial infections, particularly pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Resident alveolar macrophages (rAMs) are early responders to respiratory infections that coordinate initial host defense responses. Maresin conjugates in tissue regeneration (MCTRs) are recently elucidated cysteinyl maresins that are produced by and act on macrophages. Roles for MCTRs in responses to respiratory infections remain to be determined. Here, IAV infection led to transient decreases in rAM numbers. Repopulated lung macrophages displayed transcriptional alterations 21 days post-IAV with prolonged susceptibility to secondary pneumococcal infection. Administration of a mix of MCTR1 to 3 or MCTR3 alone post-IAV decreased lung inflammation and bacterial load 48 and 72 h after secondary pneumococcal infection. MCTR-exposed rAMs had increased migration and phagocytosis of Streptococcus pneumoniae, reduced secretion of CXCL1, and a reversion toward baseline levels of several IAV-induced pneumonia susceptibility genes. Together, MCTRs counter regulated post-IAV changes in rAMs to promote a rapid return of bacteria host defense. IMPORTANCE Secondary bacterial pneumonia is a serious and common complication of IAV infection, leading to excess morbidity and mortality. New host-directed approaches are needed to complement antibiotics to better address this important global infectious disease. Here, we show that harnessing endogenous resolution mechanisms for inflammation by exogenous administration of a family of specialized proresolving mediators (i.e., cys-MCTRs) increased macrophage resilience mechanisms after IAV to protect against secondary infection from Streptococcus pneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana P. Tavares
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Thayse R. Brüggemann
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rafael M. Rezende
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marina G. Machado
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - R. Elaine Cagnina
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ashley E. Shay
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Cristiana C. Garcia
- Laboratório de Vírus Respiratórios e do Sarampo, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Julie Nijmeh
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mauro M. Teixeira
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Bruce D. Levy
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Zhang H, Alford T, Liu S, Zhou D, Wang J. Influenza virus causes lung immunopathology through down-regulating PPARγ activity in macrophages. Front Immunol 2022; 13:958801. [PMID: 36091002 PMCID: PMC9452838 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.958801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatal influenza (flu) virus infection often activates excessive inflammatory signals, leading to multi-organ failure and death, also referred to as cytokine storm. PPARγ (Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma) agonists are well-known candidates for cytokine storm modulation. The present study identified that influenza infection reduced PPARγ expression and decreased PPARγ transcription activity in human alveolar macrophages (AMs) from different donors. Treatment with PPARγ agonist Troglitazone ameliorated virus-induced proinflammatory cytokine secretion but did not interfere with the IFN-induced antiviral pathway in human AMs. In contrast, PPARγ antagonist and knockdown of PPARγ in human AMs further enhanced virus-stimulated proinflammatory response. In a mouse model of influenza infection, flu virus dose-dependently reduced PPARγ transcriptional activity and decreased expression of PPARγ. Moreover, PPARγ agonist troglitazone significantly reduced high doses of influenza infection-induced lung pathology. In addition, flu infection reduced PPARγ expression in all mouse macrophages, including AMs, interstitial macrophages, and bone-marrow-derived macrophages but not in alveolar epithelial cells. Our results indicate that the influenza virus specifically targets the PPARγ pathway in macrophages to cause acute injury to the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Dongming Zhou, ; Hongbo Zhang,
| | - Taylor Alford
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Shuangquan Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Southern China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Dongming Zhou
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Dongming Zhou, ; Hongbo Zhang,
| | - Jieru Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
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20
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Virus Infection and Systemic Inflammation: Lessons Learnt from COVID-19 and Beyond. Cells 2022; 11:cells11142198. [PMID: 35883640 PMCID: PMC9316821 DOI: 10.3390/cells11142198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory infections with newly emerging zoonotic viruses such as SARS-CoV-2, the etiological agent of COVID-19, often lead to the perturbation of the human innate and adaptive immune responses causing severe disease with high mortality. The responsible mechanisms are commonly virus-specific and often include either over-activated or delayed local interferon responses, which facilitate efficient viral replication in the primary target organ, systemic viral spread, and rapid onset of organ-specific and harmful inflammatory responses. Despite the distinct replication strategies, human infections with SARS-CoV-2 and highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses demonstrate remarkable similarities and differences regarding the mechanisms of immune induction, disease dynamics, as well as the long-term sequelae, which will be discussed in this review. In addition, we will highlight some important lessons about the effectiveness of antiviral and immunomodulatory therapeutic strategies that this pandemic has taught us.
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21
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Zhang J, Wang J, Gong Y, Gu Y, Xiang Q, Tang LL. Interleukin-6 and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor as predictors of the prognosis of influenza-associated pneumonia. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:343. [PMID: 35382755 PMCID: PMC8983324 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07321-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pneumonia is a common complication of influenza and closely related to mortality in influenza patients. The present study examines cytokines as predictors of the prognosis of influenza-associated pneumonia. Methods This study included 101 inpatients with influenza (64 pneumonia and 37 non-pneumonia patients). 48 cytokines were detected in the serum samples of the patients and the clinical characteristics were analyzed. The correlation between them was analyzed to identify predictive biomarkers for the prognosis of influenza-associated pneumonia. Results Seventeen patients had poor prognosis and developed pneumonia. Among patients with influenza-associated pneumonia, the levels of 8 cytokines were significantly higher in those who had a poor prognosis: interleukin-6 (IL-6), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), monocyte colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), monocyte chemoattractant protein-3, Interleukin-2 receptor subunit alpha and Hepatocyte growth factor. Correlation analysis showed that the IL-6, G-CSF, M-CSF, IFN-γ, and MCP-1 levels had positive correlations with the severity of pneumonia. IL-6 and G-CSF showed a strong and positive correlation with poor prognosis in influenza-associated pneumonia patients. The combined effect of the two cytokines resulted in the largest area (0.926) under the receiver-operating characteristic curve. Conclusion The results indicate that the probability of poor prognosis in influenza patients with pneumonia is significantly increased. IL-6, G-CSF, M-CSF, IFN-γ, and MCP-1 levels had a positive correlation with the severity of pneumonia. Importantly, IL-6 and G-CSF were identified as significant predictors of the severity of influenza-associated pneumonia. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-022-07321-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingxia Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiwen Gong
- Zhejiang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hangzhou, 310000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yudan Gu
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Qiangqiang Xiang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China.,Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Shuren University, Shulan International Medical College, Hangzhou, 310000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling-Ling Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China. .,Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Shuren University, Shulan International Medical College, Hangzhou, 310000, People's Republic of China.
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22
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Ferrero MR, Tavares LP, Garcia CC. The Dual Role of CCR5 in the Course of Influenza Infection: Exploring Treatment Opportunities. Front Immunol 2022; 12:826621. [PMID: 35126379 PMCID: PMC8810482 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.826621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza is one of the most relevant respiratory viruses to human health causing annual epidemics, and recurrent pandemics. Influenza disease is principally associated with inappropriate activation of the immune response. Chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) and its cognate chemokines CCL3, CCL4 and CCL5 are rapidly induced upon influenza infection, contributing to leukocyte recruitment into the airways and a consequent effective antiviral response. Here we discuss the existing evidence for CCR5 role in the host immune responses to influenza virus. Complete absence of CCR5 in mice revealed the receptor’s role in coping with influenza via the recruitment of early memory CD8+ T cells, B cell activation and later recruitment of activated CD4+ T cells. Moreover, CCR5 contributes to inflammatory resolution by enhancing alveolar macrophages survival and reprogramming macrophages to pro-resolving phenotypes. In contrast, CCR5 activation is associated with excessive recruitment of neutrophils, inflammatory monocytes, and NK cells in models of severe influenza pneumonia. The available data suggests that, while CCL5 can play a protective role in influenza infection, CCL3 may contribute to an overwhelming inflammatory process that can harm the lung tissue. In humans, the gene encoding CCR5 might contain a 32-base pair deletion, resulting in a truncated protein. While discordant data in literature regarding this CCR5 mutation and influenza severity, the association of CCR5delta32 and HIV resistance fostered the development of different CCR5 inhibitors, now being tested in lung inflammation therapy. The potential use of CCR5 inhibitors to modulate the inflammatory response in severe human influenza infections is to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximiliano Ruben Ferrero
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA)-CONICET-Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Laboratory of Inflammation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Maximiliano Ruben Ferrero,
| | - Luciana Pádua Tavares
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Cristiana Couto Garcia
- Laboratory of Respiratory Virus and Measles, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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23
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Costa-Martins AG, Mane K, Lindsey BB, Ogava RL, Castro Í, Jagne YJ, Sallah HJ, Armitage EP, Jarju S, Ahadzie B, Ellis-Watson R, Tregoning JS, Bingle CD, Bogaert D, Clarke E, Ordovas-Montanes J, Jeffries D, Kampmann B, Nakaya HI, de Silva TI. Prior upregulation of interferon pathways in the nasopharynx impacts viral shedding following live attenuated influenza vaccine challenge in children. Cell Rep Med 2021; 2:100465. [PMID: 35028607 PMCID: PMC8714852 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In children lacking influenza-specific adaptive immunity, upper respiratory tract innate immune responses may influence viral replication and disease outcome. We use trivalent live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) as a surrogate challenge model in children aged 24-59 months to identify pre-infection mucosal transcriptomic signatures associated with subsequent viral shedding. Upregulation of interferon signaling pathways prior to LAIV is significantly associated with lower strain-specific viral loads (VLs) at days 2 and 7. Several interferon-stimulated genes are differentially expressed in children with pre-LAIV asymptomatic respiratory viral infections and negatively correlated with LAIV VLs. Upregulation of genes enriched in macrophages, neutrophils, and eosinophils is associated with lower VLs and found more commonly in children with asymptomatic viral infections. Variability in pre-infection mucosal interferon gene expression in children may impact the course of subsequent influenza infections. This variability may be due to frequent respiratory viral infections, demonstrating the potential importance of mucosal virus-virus interactions in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- André G. Costa-Martins
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Scientific Platform Pasteur, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karim Mane
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, P.O. Box 273, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Benjamin B. Lindsey
- The Florey Institute for Host-Pathogen Interactions and Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Rodrigo L.T. Ogava
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ícaro Castro
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ya Jankey Jagne
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, P.O. Box 273, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Hadijatou J. Sallah
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, P.O. Box 273, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Edwin P. Armitage
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, P.O. Box 273, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Sheikh Jarju
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, P.O. Box 273, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Bankole Ahadzie
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, P.O. Box 273, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Rebecca Ellis-Watson
- The University of Edinburgh/MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - John S. Tregoning
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London W2 1NY, UK
| | - Colin D. Bingle
- The Florey Institute for Host-Pathogen Interactions and Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Debby Bogaert
- The University of Edinburgh/MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Ed Clarke
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, P.O. Box 273, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Jose Ordovas-Montanes
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Program in Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - David Jeffries
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, P.O. Box 273, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Beate Kampmann
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, P.O. Box 273, Fajara, The Gambia
- The Vaccine Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Helder I. Nakaya
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Scientific Platform Pasteur, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Corresponding author
| | - Thushan I. de Silva
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, P.O. Box 273, Fajara, The Gambia
- The Florey Institute for Host-Pathogen Interactions and Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
- Corresponding author
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Cystic Fibrosis: Systems Biology Analysis from Homozygous p.Phe508del Variant Patients' Samples Reveals Perturbations in Tissue-Specific Pathways. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:5262000. [PMID: 34901273 PMCID: PMC8660202 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5262000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive disorder, caused by diverse genetic variants for the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein. Among these, p.Phe508del is the most prevalent variant. The effects of this variant on the physiology of each tissue remains unknown. This study is aimed at predicting cell signaling pathways present in different tissues of fibrocystic patients, homozygous for p.Phe508del. The study involved analysis of two microarray datasets, E-GEOD-15568 and E-MTAB-360 corresponding to the rectal and bronchial epithelium, respectively, obtained from the ArrayExpress repository. Particularly, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were predicted, protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks were designed, and centrality and functional interaction networks were analyzed. The study reported that p.Phe508del-mutated CFTR-allele in homozygous state influenced the whole gene expression in each tissue differently. Interestingly, gene ontology (GO) term enrichment analysis revealed that only “neutrophil activation” was shared between both tissues; however, nonshared DEGs were grouped into the same GO term. For further verification, functional interaction networks were generated, wherein no shared nodes were reported between these tissues. These results suggested that the p.Phe508del-mutated CFTR-allele in homozygous state promoted tissue-specific pathways in fibrocystic patients. The generated data might further assist in prediction diagnosis to define biomarkers or devising therapeutic strategies.
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25
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Altered ISGylation drives aberrant macrophage-dependent immune responses during SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat Immunol 2021; 22:1416-1427. [PMID: 34663977 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-021-01035-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitin-like protein ISG15 (interferon-stimulated gene 15) (ISG15) is a ubiquitin-like modifier induced during infections and involved in host defense mechanisms. Not surprisingly, many viruses encode deISGylating activities to antagonize its effect. Here we show that infection by Zika, SARS-CoV-2 and influenza viruses induce ISG15-modifying enzymes. While influenza and Zika viruses induce ISGylation, SARS-CoV-2 triggers deISGylation instead to generate free ISG15. The ratio of free versus conjugated ISG15 driven by the papain-like protease (PLpro) enzyme of SARS-CoV-2 correlates with macrophage polarization toward a pro-inflammatory phenotype and attenuated antigen presentation. In vitro characterization of purified wild-type and mutant PLpro revealed its strong deISGylating over deubiquitylating activity. Quantitative proteomic analyses of PLpro substrates and secretome from SARS-CoV-2-infected macrophages revealed several glycolytic enzymes previously implicated in the expression of inflammatory genes and pro-inflammatory cytokines, respectively. Collectively, our results indicate that altered free versus conjugated ISG15 dysregulates macrophage responses and probably contributes to the cytokine storms triggered by SARS-CoV-2.
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26
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Effah CY, Drokow EK, Agboyibor C, Ding L, He S, Liu S, Akorli SY, Nuamah E, Sun T, Zhou X, Liu H, Xu Z, Feng F, Wu Y, Zhang X. Neutrophil-Dependent Immunity During Pulmonary Infections and Inflammations. Front Immunol 2021; 12:689866. [PMID: 34737734 PMCID: PMC8560714 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.689866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid recruitment of neutrophils to an inflamed site is one of the hallmarks of an effective host defense mechanism. The main pathway through which this happens is by the innate immune response. Neutrophils, which play an important part in innate immune defense, migrate into lungs through the modulation actions of chemokines to execute a variety of pro-inflammatory functions. Despite the importance of chemokines in host immunity, little has been discussed on their roles in host immunity. A holistic understanding of neutrophil recruitment, pattern recognition pathways, the roles of chemokines and the pathophysiological roles of neutrophils in host immunity may allow for new approaches in the treatment of infectious and inflammatory disease of the lung. Herein, this review aims at highlighting some of the developments in lung neutrophil-immunity by focusing on the functions and roles of CXC/CC chemokines and pattern recognition receptors in neutrophil immunity during pulmonary inflammations. The pathophysiological roles of neutrophils in COVID-19 and thromboembolism have also been summarized. We finally summarized various neutrophil biomarkers that can be utilized as prognostic molecules in pulmonary inflammations and discussed various neutrophil-targeted therapies for neutrophil-driven pulmonary inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emmanuel Kwateng Drokow
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital & Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Clement Agboyibor
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lihua Ding
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Sitian He
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shaohua Liu
- General ICU, Henan Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Senyo Yao Akorli
- College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Emmanuel Nuamah
- College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Tongwen Sun
- General ICU, Henan Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaolei Zhou
- Department of Respiratory, Henan Provincial Chest Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Respiratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhiwei Xu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Feifei Feng
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yongjun Wu
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaoju Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
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27
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Pulmonary macrophages and their different roles in health and disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2021; 141:106095. [PMID: 34653619 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2021.106095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are a heterogeneous population of myeloid cells with phenotype and function modulated according to the microenvironment in which they are found. The lung resident macrophages known as Alveolar Macrophages (AM) and Interstitial Macrophages (IM) are localized in two different compartments. During lung homeostasis, macrophages can remove inhaled particulates, cellular debris and contribute to some metabolic processes. Macrophages may assume a pro-inflammatory phenotype after being classically activated (M1) or anti-inflammatory when being alternatively activated (M2). M1 and M2 have different transcription profiles and act by eliminating bacteria, viruses and fungi from the host or repairing the damage triggered by inflammation, respectively. Nevertheless, macrophages also may contribute to lung damage during persistent inflammation or continuous exposure to antigens. In this review, we discuss the origin and function of pulmonary macrophages in the context of homeostasis, infectious and non-infectious lung diseases.
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28
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Silva T, Temerozo JR, do Vale G, Ferreira AC, Soares VC, Dias SSG, Sardella G, Bou-Habib DC, Siqueira M, Souza TML, Miranda M. The Chemokine CCL5 Inhibits the Replication of Influenza A Virus Through SAMHD1 Modulation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:549020. [PMID: 34490131 PMCID: PMC8418070 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.549020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) is the main etiological agent of acute respiratory tract infections. During IAV infection, interferon triggers the overexpression of restriction factors (RFs), the intracellular antiviral branch of the innate immune system. Conversely, severe influenza is associated with an unbalanced pro-inflammatory cytokine release. It is unclear whether other cytokines and chemokines released during IAV infection modulate RFs to control virus replication. Among the molecules enhanced in the infected respiratory tract, ligands of the CCR5 receptor play a key role, as they stimulate the migration of inflammatory cells to the alveoli. We investigated here whether ligands of the CCR5 receptor could enhance RFs to levels able to inhibit IAV replication. For this purpose, the human alveolar basal epithelial cell line (A549) was treated with endogenous (CCL3, CCL4 and CCL5) or exogenous (HIV-1 gp120) ligands prior to IAV infection. The three CC-chemokines tested reduced infectious titers between 30% to 45% upon 24 hours of infection. Eploying RT-PCR, a panel of RF mRNA levels from cells treated with CCR5 agonists was evaluated, which showed that the SAMHD1 expression was up-regulated four times over control upon exposure to CCL3, CCL4 and CCL5. We also found that IAV inhibition by CCL5 was dependent on PKC and that SAMHD1 protein levels were also increased after treatment with CCL5. In functional assays, we observed that the knockdown of SAMHD1 resulted in enhanced IAV replication in A549 cells and abolished both CCL5-mediated inhibition of IAV replication and CCL5-mediated cell death inhibition. Our data show that stimuli unrelated to interferon may trigger the upregulation of SAMHD1 and that this RF may directly interfere with IAV replication in alveolar epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thauane Silva
- Laboratory of Respiratory Viruses and Measles, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jairo R Temerozo
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,National Institute for Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gabriele do Vale
- Laboratory of Respiratory Viruses and Measles, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - André C Ferreira
- Iguaçu University, Nova Iguaçu, Brazil.,Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,National Institute for Science and Technology on Innovation on Diseases of Neglected Populations (INCT/IDPN), Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Cardoso Soares
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Program of Immunology and Inflammation, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Suelen Silva Gomes Dias
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Sardella
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Dumith Chequer Bou-Habib
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,National Institute for Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marilda Siqueira
- Laboratory of Respiratory Viruses and Measles, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thiago Moreno L Souza
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,National Institute for Science and Technology on Innovation on Diseases of Neglected Populations (INCT/IDPN), Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Milene Miranda
- Laboratory of Respiratory Viruses and Measles, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Knoll R, Schultze JL, Schulte-Schrepping J. Monocytes and Macrophages in COVID-19. Front Immunol 2021; 12:720109. [PMID: 34367190 PMCID: PMC8335157 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.720109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is a contagious viral disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 that led to an ongoing pandemic with massive global health and socioeconomic consequences. The disease is characterized primarily, but not exclusively, by respiratory clinical manifestations ranging from mild common cold symptoms, including cough and fever, to severe respiratory distress and multi-organ failure. Macrophages, a heterogeneous group of yolk-sac derived, tissue-resident mononuclear phagocytes of complex ontogeny present in all mammalian organs, play critical roles in developmental, homeostatic and host defense processes with tissue-dependent plasticity. In case of infection, they are responsible for early pathogen recognition, initiation and resolution of inflammation, as well as repair of tissue damage. Monocytes, bone-marrow derived blood-resident phagocytes, are recruited under pathological conditions such as viral infections to the affected tissue to defend the organism against invading pathogens and to aid in efficient resolution of inflammation. Given their pivotal function in host defense and the potential danger posed by their dysregulated hyperinflammation, understanding monocyte and macrophage phenotypes in COVID-19 is key for tackling the disease's pathological mechanisms. Here, we outline current knowledge on monocytes and macrophages in homeostasis and viral infections and summarize concepts and key findings on their role in COVID-19. While monocytes in the blood of patients with moderate COVID-19 present with an inflammatory, interferon-stimulated gene (ISG)-driven phenotype, cellular dysfunction epitomized by loss of HLA-DR expression and induction of S100 alarmin expression is their dominant feature in severe disease. Pulmonary macrophages in COVID-19 derived from infiltrating inflammatory monocytes are in a hyperactivated state resulting in a detrimental loop of pro-inflammatory cytokine release and recruitment of cytotoxic effector cells thereby exacerbating tissue damage at the site of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Knoll
- Systems Medicine, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
- Genomics & Immunoregulation, Life & Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Joachim L. Schultze
- Systems Medicine, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
- Genomics & Immunoregulation, Life & Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- PRECISE Platform for Single Cell Genomics and Epigenomics, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE) and the University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jonas Schulte-Schrepping
- Systems Medicine, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
- Genomics & Immunoregulation, Life & Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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30
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Corleis B, Cho JL, Gates SJ, Linder AH, Dickey A, Lisanti-Park AC, Schiff AE, Ghebremichael M, Kohli P, Winkler T, Harris RS, Medoff BD, Kwon DS. Smoking and HIV-1 Infection Promote Retention of CD8+ T Cells in the Airway Mucosa. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2021; 65:513-520. [PMID: 34166603 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2021-0168oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Smoking and HIV-1 infection are risk factors for COPD, which is among the most common comorbid conditions in people living with HIV-1. HIV-1 infection leads to persistent expansion of CD8+ T cells, and CD8+ T cell-mediated inflammation has been implicated in COPD pathogenesis. In this study, we investigated the effects of HIV-1 infection and smoking on T cell dynamics in patients at risk of COPD. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), endobronchial brushings and blood from HIV-1 infected and uninfected non-smokers and smokers were analyzed by flow cytometry, and lungs were imaged by computed tomography. Chemokines were measured in BAL fluid, and CD8+ T cell chemotaxis in the presence of cigarette smoke extract was assessed in vitro. HIV-1 infection increased CD8+ T cells in the BAL, but this increase was abrogated by smoking. Smokers had reduced BAL levels of the T cell-recruiting chemokines CXCL10 and CCL5, and cigarette smoke extract inhibited CXCL10 and CCL5 production by macrophages and CD8+ T cell transmigration in vitro. In contrast to the BAL, CD8+ T cells in endobronchial brushings were increased in HIV-1 infected smokers, driven by an accumulation of effector memory T cells in the airway mucosa and an increase in tissue resident memory T cells. Mucosal CD8+ T cell numbers inversely correlated with lung aeration, suggesting an association with inflammation and remodeling. HIV-1 infection and smoking lead to retention of CD8+ T cells within the airway mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Corleis
- Ragon Institute, 200750, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States.,Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 39023, Institute of Immunology, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Josalyn L Cho
- University of Iowa Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, 12243, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Occupational Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, United States;
| | - Samantha J Gates
- Ragon Institute, 200750, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Alice H Linder
- Ragon Institute, 200750, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Amy Dickey
- Massachusetts General Hospital, 2348, Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | | | - Abigail E Schiff
- Ragon Institute, 200750, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States
| | | | - Puja Kohli
- Massachusetts General Hospital, 2348, Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Tilo Winkler
- Massachusetts General Hospital, 2348, Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - R Scott Harris
- Massachusetts General Hospital, 2348, Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Benjamin D Medoff
- Massachusetts General Hospital, 2348, Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Douglas S Kwon
- Massachusetts General Hospital, 2348, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston, Massachusetts, United States.,Ragon Institute, 200750, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States
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Harpur CM, Le Page MA, Tate MD. Too young to die? How aging affects cellular innate immune responses to influenza virus and disease severity. Virulence 2021; 12:1629-1646. [PMID: 34152253 PMCID: PMC8218692 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1939608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza is a respiratory viral infection that causes significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. The innate immune cell response elicited during influenza A virus (IAV) infection forms the critical first line of defense, which typically is impaired as we age. As such, elderly individuals more commonly succumb to influenza-associated complications, which is reflected in most aged animal models of IAV infection. Here, we review the important roles of several major innate immune cell populations in influenza pathogenesis, some of which being deleterious to the host, and the current knowledge of how age-associated numerical, phenotypic and functional cell changes impact disease development. Further investigation into age-related modulation of innate immune cell responses, using appropriate animal models, will help reveal how immunity to IAV may be compromised by aging and inform the development of novel therapies, tailored for use in this vulnerable group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Harpur
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Mélanie A Le Page
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Michelle D Tate
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
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Li K, Cao P, McCaw JM. Modelling the Effect of MUC1 on Influenza Virus Infection Kinetics and Macrophage Dynamics. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050850. [PMID: 34066999 PMCID: PMC8150684 DOI: 10.3390/v13050850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
MUC1 belongs to the family of cell surface (cs-) mucins. Experimental evidence indicates that its presence reduces in vivo influenza viral infection severity. However, the mechanisms by which MUC1 influences viral dynamics and the host immune response are not yet well understood, limiting our ability to predict the efficacy of potential treatments that target MUC1. To address this limitation, we use available in vivo kinetic data for both virus and macrophage populations in wildtype and MUC1 knockout mice. We apply two mathematical models of within-host influenza dynamics to this data. The models differ in how they categorise the mechanisms of viral control. Both models provide evidence that MUC1 reduces the susceptibility of epithelial cells to influenza virus and regulates macrophage recruitment. Furthermore, we predict and compare some key infection-related quantities between the two mice groups. We find that MUC1 significantly reduces the basic reproduction number of viral replication as well as the number of cumulative macrophages but has little impact on the cumulative viral load. Our analyses suggest that the viral replication rate in the early stages of infection influences the kinetics of the host immune response, with consequences for infection outcomes, such as severity. We also show that MUC1 plays a strong anti-inflammatory role in the regulation of the host immune response. This study improves our understanding of the dynamic role of MUC1 against influenza infection and may support the development of novel antiviral treatments and immunomodulators that target MUC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Li
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (P.C.); (J.M.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Pengxing Cao
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (P.C.); (J.M.M.)
| | - James M. McCaw
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (P.C.); (J.M.M.)
- Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The Royal Melbourne Hospital and The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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Asha K, Khanna M, Kumar B. Current Insights into the Host Immune Response to Respiratory Viral Infections. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1313:59-83. [PMID: 34661891 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-67452-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory viral infections often lead to severe illnesses varying from mild or asymptomatic upper respiratory tract infections to severe bronchiolitis and pneumonia or/and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Common viral infections, including but not limited to influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, rhinovirus and coronavirus, are often the leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Since the lungs are continuously exposed to foreign particles, including respiratory pathogens, it is also well equipped for recognition and antiviral defense utilizing the complex network of innate and adaptive immune cells. Immediately upon infection, a range of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines and an interferon response is generated, thereby making the immune response a two edged sword, on one hand it is required to eliminate viral pathogens while on other hand it's prolonged response can lead to chronic infection and significant pulmonary damage. Since vaccines to all respiratory viruses are not available, a better understanding of the virus-host interactions, leading to the development of immune response, is critically needed to design effective therapies to limit the severity of inflammatory damage, enhance viral clearance and to compliment the current strategies targeting the virus. In this chapter, we discuss the host responses to common respiratory viral infections, the key players of adaptive and innate immunity and the fine balance that exists between the viral clearance and immune-mediated damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumari Asha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Madhu Khanna
- Department of Virology, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Binod Kumar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
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Bei Y, Tia B, Li Y, Guo Y, Deng S, Huang R, Zeng H, Li R, Wang GF, Dai J. Anti-influenza A Virus Effects and Mechanisms of Emodin and Its Analogs via Regulating PPAR α/ γ-AMPK-SIRT1 Pathway and Fatty Acid Metabolism. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:9066938. [PMID: 34540999 PMCID: PMC8445710 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9066938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) α/γ-adenosine 5'-monophosphate- (AMP-) activated protein kinase- (AMPK-) sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) pathway and fatty acid metabolism are reported to be involved in influenza A virus (IAV) replication and IAV-pneumonia. Through a cell-based peroxisome proliferator responsive element- (PPRE-) driven luciferase bioassay, we have investigated 145 examples of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs). Several TCMs, such as Polygonum cuspidatum, Rheum officinale Baillon, and Aloe vera var. Chinensis (Haw.) Berg., were found to possess high activity. We have further detected the anti-IAV activities of emodin (EMO) and its analogs, a group of common important compounds of these TCMs. The results showed that emodin and its several analogs possess excellent anti-IAV activities. The pharmacological tests showed that emodin significantly activated PPARα/γ and AMPK, decreased fatty acid biosynthesis, and increased intracellular ATP levels. Pharmaceutical inhibitors, siRNAs for PPARα/γ and AMPKα1, and exogenous palmitate impaired the inhibition of emodin. The in vivo test also showed that emodin significantly protected mice from IAV infection and pneumonia. Pharmacological inhibitors for PPARα/γ and AMPK signal and exogenous palmitate could partially counteract the effects of emodin in vivo. In conclusion, emodin and its analogs are a group of promising anti-IAV drug precursors, and the pharmacological mechanism of emodin is linked to its ability to regulate the PPARα/γ-AMPK pathway and fatty acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Bei
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20th Xisi Road, 226 001 Nantong, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Xinling Road, 22, Shantou, Guangdong 515 041, China
| | - Boyu Tia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Xinling Road, 22, Shantou, Guangdong 515 041, China
| | - Yuze Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Xinling Road, 22, Shantou, Guangdong 515 041, China
| | - Yingzhu Guo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Xinling Road, 22, Shantou, Guangdong 515 041, China
| | - Shufei Deng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Xinling Road, 22, Shantou, Guangdong 515 041, China
| | - Rouyu Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Xinling Road, 22, Shantou, Guangdong 515 041, China
| | - Huiling Zeng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Xinling Road, 22, Shantou, Guangdong 515 041, China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Xinling Road, 22, Shantou, Guangdong 515 041, China
| | - Ge-Fei Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Xinling Road, 22, Shantou, Guangdong 515 041, China
| | - Jianping Dai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Xinling Road, 22, Shantou, Guangdong 515 041, China
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Lin S, Lin M, Ma H, Wang X, Zhang D, Wu W, Lin J, Gao H. Identification of miR-4793-3p as a potential biomarker for bacterial infection in patients with hepatitis B virus-related liver cirrhosis: A pilot study. Exp Ther Med 2020; 21:120. [PMID: 33335583 PMCID: PMC7739867 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus-related liver cirrhosis (HBV-LC) is susceptible to bacterial infections, which could lead to adverse prognosis in patients. MicroRNAs (miRs/miRNAs) are easily detected in peripheral blood and are involved in multiple liver diseases. The present pilot study aimed to investigate differentially expressed (DE) miRNAs in the serum of patients with HBV-LC and bacterial infection, and to identify potential biomarkers. The first batch of clinical samples was collected, including four patients with HBV-LC and infection, four patients with HBV-LC without infection, four patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and four healthy controls. miRNA expression was analyzed by Affymetrix GeneChip miRNA 4.0 Array. A total of 385 DE miRNAs (upregulated, 160; downregulated, 225) were detected in patients with HBV-LC and infection compared with patients with HBV-LC without infection. miR-4793-3p was significantly upregulated in patients with HBV-LC and infection compared with its levels in the other three groups: HBV-LC without infection [log-transformed fold change (logFC)=7.96; P=0.0458), CHB (logFC=34.53; P=0.0003) and healthy controls (logFC=3.34; P=0.0219)]. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was performed to validate miR-4793-3p expression in another batch of clinical samples. RT-qPCR showed that miR-4793-3p was highly expressed in patients with HBV-LC and infection compared with its levels in patients with HBV-LC without infection (P<0.05). The non-parametric random forest regression model was built to access the diagnostic value of miR-4793-3p, and the receiver operating characteristic curve demonstrated that the area under the curve was 92.2%. Target gene analysis with bioinformatics tools and Gene Expression Omnibus data (GSE46955) showed that miR-4793-3p could participate in the TGF-β signaling pathway. Functional experiments revealed that overexpressed miR-4793-3p could impair TGF-β function by downregulating Gremlin-1. The present pilot study suggests that miR-4793-3p could be a feasible indicator for bacterial infection in patients with HBV-LC, and it would be valuable for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenglong Lin
- Department of Severe Hepatopathy, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P.R. China.,Department of Hepatology, Fuzhou Infectious Diseases Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P.R. China.,Department of Hepatology, Infectious Diseases Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P.R. China
| | - Minghua Lin
- Department of Severe Hepatopathy, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P.R. China.,Department of Hepatology, Fuzhou Infectious Diseases Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P.R. China.,Department of Hepatology, Infectious Diseases Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P.R. China
| | - Huaxi Ma
- Department of Severe Hepatopathy, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P.R. China.,Department of Hepatology, Fuzhou Infectious Diseases Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P.R. China.,Department of Hepatology, Infectious Diseases Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P.R. China
| | - Xiangmei Wang
- Department of Severe Hepatopathy, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P.R. China.,Department of Hepatology, Fuzhou Infectious Diseases Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P.R. China.,Department of Hepatology, Infectious Diseases Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P.R. China
| | - Dongqing Zhang
- Department of Severe Hepatopathy, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P.R. China.,Department of Hepatology, Fuzhou Infectious Diseases Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P.R. China.,Department of Hepatology, Infectious Diseases Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P.R. China
| | - Wenjun Wu
- Department of Severe Hepatopathy, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P.R. China.,Department of Hepatology, Fuzhou Infectious Diseases Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P.R. China.,Department of Hepatology, Infectious Diseases Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P.R. China
| | - Jiahuang Lin
- Department of Severe Hepatopathy, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P.R. China.,Department of Hepatology, Fuzhou Infectious Diseases Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P.R. China.,Department of Hepatology, Infectious Diseases Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P.R. China
| | - Haibing Gao
- Department of Severe Hepatopathy, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P.R. China.,Department of Hepatology, Fuzhou Infectious Diseases Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P.R. China.,Department of Hepatology, Infectious Diseases Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P.R. China
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Boal‐Carvalho I, Mazel‐Sanchez B, Silva F, Garnier L, Yildiz S, Bonifacio JPPL, Niu C, Williams N, Francois P, Schwerk N, Schöning J, Carlens J, Viemann D, Hugues S, Schmolke M. Influenza A viruses limit NLRP3-NEK7-complex formation and pyroptosis in human macrophages. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e50421. [PMID: 33180976 PMCID: PMC7726813 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202050421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyroptosis is a fulminant form of macrophage cell death, contributing to release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In humans, it depends on caspase 1/4-activation of gasdermin D and is characterized by the release of cytoplasmic content. Pathogens apply strategies to avoid or antagonize this host response. We demonstrate here that a small accessory protein (PB1-F2) of contemporary H5N1 and H3N2 influenza A viruses (IAV) curtails fulminant cell death of infected human macrophages. Infection of macrophages with a PB1-F2-deficient mutant of a contemporary IAV resulted in higher levels of caspase-1 activation, cleavage of gasdermin D, and release of LDH and IL-1β. Mechanistically, PB1-F2 limits transition of NLRP3 from its auto-repressed and closed confirmation into its active state. Consequently, interaction of a recently identified licensing kinase NEK7 with NLRP3 is diminished, which is required to initiate inflammasome assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Boal‐Carvalho
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular MedicineUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Béryl Mazel‐Sanchez
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular MedicineUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Filo Silva
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular MedicineUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Laure Garnier
- Department of Pathology and ImmunologyUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Soner Yildiz
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular MedicineUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Joao PPL Bonifacio
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular MedicineUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Chengyue Niu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular MedicineUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Nathalia Williams
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular MedicineUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Patrice Francois
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular MedicineUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Nicolaus Schwerk
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and NeonatologyHannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
| | - Jennifer Schöning
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and NeonatologyHannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
| | - Julia Carlens
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and NeonatologyHannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
| | - Dorothee Viemann
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and NeonatologyHannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155)Hannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
| | - Stephanie Hugues
- Department of Pathology and ImmunologyUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Mirco Schmolke
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular MedicineUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
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Kim DH, Lee JY, Kim YJ, Kim HJ, Park W. Rubi Fructus Water Extract Alleviates LPS-Stimulated Macrophage Activation via an ER Stress-Induced Calcium/CHOP Signaling Pathway. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113577. [PMID: 33266427 PMCID: PMC7700618 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the availability of antibiotics and vaccines, many intractable infectious diseases still threaten human health across the globe. Uncontrolled infections can lead to systemic inflammatory response syndrome and the excessive production of inflammatory cytokines, known as a cytokine storm. As cytokines also play necessary and positive roles in fighting infections, it is important to identify nontoxic and anti-inflammatory natural products that can modulate cytokine production caused by infections. Rubi Fructus, the unripe fruits of Rubus coreanus Miquel, are known to possess antioxidative properties. In this study, the effect of the water extract of Rubi Fructus (RF) on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory response in RAW 264.7 macrophages was investigated using biochemical and cell biology techniques. Our data indicated that RF inhibits p38 phosphorylation, intracellular calcium release, and the production of nitric oxide (NO), interleukin (IL)-6, monocyte chemotactic activating factor (MCP)-1, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), lipopolysaccharide-induced CXC chemokine (LIX), granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α, MIP-1β, MIP-2, and regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) in LPS-treated macrophages. In addition, we observed decreasing mRNA expression of Chop, Camk2a, Stat1, Stat3, Jak2, Fas, c-Jun, c-Fos, Nos2, and Ptgs2 without cytotoxic effects. We concluded that RF demonstrated immunoregulatory activity on LPS-stimulated macrophages via an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced calcium/CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) pathway and the Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do-Hoon Kim
- Department of Medical Classics and History, College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea;
| | - Ji-Young Lee
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea; (J.-Y.L.); (Y.-J.K.); (H.-J.K.)
| | - Young-Jin Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea; (J.-Y.L.); (Y.-J.K.); (H.-J.K.)
| | - Hyun-Ju Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea; (J.-Y.L.); (Y.-J.K.); (H.-J.K.)
| | - Wansu Park
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea; (J.-Y.L.); (Y.-J.K.); (H.-J.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-750-8821
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Dalskov L, Møhlenberg M, Thyrsted J, Blay-Cadanet J, Poulsen ET, Folkersen BH, Skaarup SH, Olagnier D, Reinert L, Enghild JJ, Hoffmann HJ, Holm CK, Hartmann R. SARS-CoV-2 evades immune detection in alveolar macrophages. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e51252. [PMID: 33112036 PMCID: PMC7645910 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202051252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory infections, like the current COVID‐19 pandemic, target epithelial cells in the respiratory tract. Alveolar macrophages (AMs) are tissue‐resident macrophages located within the lung. They play a key role in the early phases of an immune response to respiratory viruses. AMs are likely the first immune cells to encounter SARS‐CoV‐2 during an infection, and their reaction to the virus will have a profound impact on the outcome of the infection. Interferons (IFNs) are antiviral cytokines and among the first cytokines produced upon viral infection. In this study, AMs from non‐infectious donors are challenged with SARS‐CoV‐2. We demonstrate that challenged AMs are incapable of sensing SARS‐CoV‐2 and of producing an IFN response in contrast to other respiratory viruses, like influenza A virus and Sendai virus, which trigger a robust IFN response. The absence of IFN production in AMs upon challenge with SARS‐CoV‐2 could explain the initial asymptotic phase observed during COVID‐19 and argues against AMs being the sources of pro‐inflammatory cytokines later during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Dalskov
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Michelle Møhlenberg
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jacob Thyrsted
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Søren Helbo Skaarup
- Department of Respiratory Diseases and Allergy, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - David Olagnier
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Line Reinert
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jan Johannes Enghild
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Hans Jürgen Hoffmann
- Department of Respiratory Diseases and Allergy, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Rune Hartmann
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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39
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Hartshorn KL. Innate Immunity and Influenza A Virus Pathogenesis: Lessons for COVID-19. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:563850. [PMID: 33194802 PMCID: PMC7642997 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.563850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
There is abundant evidence that the innate immune response to influenza A virus (IAV) is highly complex and plays a key role in protection against IAV induced infection and illness. Unfortunately it also clear that aspects of innate immunity can lead to severe morbidity or mortality from IAV, including inflammatory lung injury, bacterial superinfection, and exacerbation of reactive airways disease. We review broadly the virus and host factors that result in adverse outcomes from IAV and show evidence that inflammatory responses can become damaging even apart from changes in viral replication per se, with special focus on the positive and adverse effects of neutrophils and monocytes. We then evaluate in detail the role of soluble innate inhibitors including surfactant protein D and antimicrobial peptides that have a potential dual capacity for down-regulating viral replication and also inhibiting excessive inflammatory responses and how these innate host factors could possibly be harnessed to treat IAV infection. Where appropriate we draw comparisons and contrasts the SARS-CoV viruses and IAV in an effort to point out where the extensive knowledge existing regarding severe IAV infection could help guide research into severe COVID 19 illness or vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevan L Hartshorn
- Section of Hematology Oncology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
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40
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Horman WSJ, Nguyen THO, Kedzierska K, Butler J, Shan S, Layton R, Bingham J, Payne J, Bean AGD, Layton DS. The Dynamics of the Ferret Immune Response During H7N9 Influenza Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2020; 11:559113. [PMID: 33072098 PMCID: PMC7541917 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.559113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
As the recent outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 has highlighted, the threat of a pandemic event from zoonotic viruses, such as the deadly influenza A/H7N9 virus subtype, continues to be a major global health concern. H7N9 virus strains appear to exhibit greater disease severity in mammalian hosts compared to natural avian hosts, though the exact mechanisms underlying this are somewhat unclear. Knowledge of the H7N9 host-pathogen interactions have mainly been constrained to natural sporadic human infections. To elucidate the cellular immune mechanisms associated with disease severity and progression, we used a ferret model to closely resemble disease outcomes in humans following influenza virus infection. Intriguingly, we observed variable disease outcomes when ferrets were inoculated with the A/Anhui/1/2013 (H7N9) strain. We observed relatively reduced antigen-presenting cell activation in lymphoid tissues which may be correlative with increased disease severity. Additionally, depletions in CD8+ T cells were not apparent in sick animals. This study provides further insight into the ways that lymphocytes maturate and traffic in response to H7N9 infection in the ferret model.
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Affiliation(s)
- William S J Horman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Health and Biosecurity, Australian Centre for Disease Prevention, East Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Thi H O Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Butler
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Australian Centre for Disease Prevention, East Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Songhua Shan
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Australian Centre for Disease Prevention, East Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Rachel Layton
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Australian Centre for Disease Prevention, East Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - John Bingham
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Australian Centre for Disease Prevention, East Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Jean Payne
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Australian Centre for Disease Prevention, East Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew G D Bean
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Health and Biosecurity, Australian Centre for Disease Prevention, East Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Daniel S Layton
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Health and Biosecurity, Australian Centre for Disease Prevention, East Geelong, VIC, Australia
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41
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Torres Acosta MA, Singer BD. Pathogenesis of COVID-19-induced ARDS: implications for an ageing population. Eur Respir J 2020; 56:13993003.02049-2020. [PMID: 32747391 PMCID: PMC7397945 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.02049-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has elicited a swift response by the scientific community to elucidate the pathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)-induced lung injury and develop effective therapeutics. Clinical data indicate that severe COVID-19 most commonly manifests as viral pneumonia-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), a clinical entity mechanistically understood best in the context of influenza A virus-induced pneumonia. Similar to influenza, advanced age has emerged as the leading host risk factor for developing severe COVID-19. In this review we connect the current understanding of the SARS-CoV-2 replication cycle and host response to the clinical presentation of COVID-19, borrowing concepts from influenza A virus-induced ARDS pathogenesis and discussing how these ideas inform our evolving understanding of COVID-19-induced ARDS. We also consider important differences between COVID-19 and influenza, mainly the protean clinical presentation and associated lymphopenia of COVID-19, the contrasting role of interferon-γ in mediating the host immune response to these viruses, and the tropism for vascular endothelial cells of SARS-CoV-2, commenting on the potential limitations of influenza as a model for COVID-19. Finally, we explore hallmarks of ageing that could explain the association between advanced age and susceptibility to severe COVID-19. Review of viral ARDS pathogenesis, how it informs evolving models of COVID-19, and how hallmarks of ageing explain the age-related morbidity and mortality of severe COVID-19https://bit.ly/39Ca0c0
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel A Torres Acosta
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Dept of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Benjamin D Singer
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Dept of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA .,Dept of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Simpson Querrey Center for Epigenetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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42
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Yim HCH, Leon TYY, Li JCB. MXD1 regulates the H9N2 and H1N1 influenza A virus-induced chemokine expression and their replications in human macrophage. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:1631-1640. [PMID: 32794336 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4ma0620-703rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human infection with influenza A/Hong Kong/156/97 (H5N1) avian influenza virus is associated with a high mortality rate of 60%. This virus is originated from influenza A/Quail/Hong Kong/G1/97 (H9N2/G1) avian influenza virus. Since the 1990s, four lineages of H9N2 viruses have been circulating in poultry and cause occasional infection in humans in different countries. Due to its zoonotic and genetic reassortment potential, H9N2/G1 and H5N1 viruses are believed to be the next pandemic candidates. Previous reports, including ours, showed that the virulence of avian virus strains correlates with their ability to dysregulate cytokine expression, including TNF-α, CXCL10, and related chemokines in the virus-infected cells. However, the transcriptional factors required for this cytokine dysregulation remains undefined. In light of our previous report showing the unconventional role of MYC, an onco-transcriptional factor, for regulating the antibacterial responses, we hypothesize that the influenza virus-induced cytokine productions may be governed by MYC/MAX/MXD1 network members. Here, we demonstrated that the influenza A/Hong Kong/54/98 (H1N1)- or H9N2/G1 virus-induced CXCL10 expressions can be significantly attenuated by knocking down the MXD1 expression in primary human blood macrophages. Indeed, only the MXD1 expression was up-regulated by both H1N1 and H9N2/G1 viruses, but not other MYC/MAX/MXD1 members. The MXD1 expression and the CXCL10 hyperinduction were dependent on MEK1/2 activation. By using EMSAs, we revealed that MXD1 directly binds to the CXCL10 promoter-derived oligonucleotides upon infection of both viruses. Furthermore, silencing of MXD1 decreased the replication of H9N2 but not H1N1 viruses. Our results provide a new insight into the role of MXD1 for the pathogenicity of avian influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard C H Yim
- Microbiome Research Centre, St George and Sutherland Clinical School, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Thomas Y Y Leon
- Dr. Li Dak-Sum Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, P.R. China
| | - James C B Li
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, P.R. China
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43
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Boehme JD, Frentzel S, Bruder D. NMP4: a nuclear driver of innate inflammatory responses during influenza A virus infection. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 17:1220-1221. [PMID: 32747686 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-0517-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Julia D Boehme
- Infection Immunology Group, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Infection Control and Prevention, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,Immune Regulation Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sarah Frentzel
- Infection Immunology Group, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Infection Control and Prevention, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,Immune Regulation Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Dunja Bruder
- Infection Immunology Group, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Infection Control and Prevention, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany. .,Immune Regulation Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.
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44
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Stairiker CJ, van Meurs M, Leon LG, Brouwers-Haspels AA, Rijsbergen L, Mueller YM, Katsikis PD. Heatr9 is an infection responsive gene that affects cytokine production in alveolar epithelial cells. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236195. [PMID: 32678841 PMCID: PMC7367486 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
During infection, viruses enter susceptible host cells in order to replicate their components for production of new virions. In the process of infection, the gene expression of infected cells undergoes changes because of the production of viral components and due to the host response from detection of viral products. In the advent of RNA sequencing, the discovery of new genes and their functions in the host response generates new avenues for interventions in the host-pathogen interaction. We have identified a novel gene, Heatr9, as a virus and cytokine inducible viral responsive gene. We confirm Heatr9’s expression in vitro and in vivo during virus infection and correlate it with viral burden. Heatr9 is induced by influenza virus and RSV. Heatr9 knockdown during viral infection was shown to affect chemokine expression. Our studies identify Heatr9 as a novel inflammatory and virus infection induced gene that can regulate the induction of specific cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Stairiker
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Marjan van Meurs
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leticia G. Leon
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A. A. Brouwers-Haspels
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Laurine Rijsbergen
- Department of Virology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yvonne M. Mueller
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter D. Katsikis
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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45
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Yu J, Sun X, Goie JYG, Zhang Y. Regulation of Host Immune Responses against Influenza A Virus Infection by Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (MAPKs). Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8071067. [PMID: 32709018 PMCID: PMC7409222 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8071067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza is a major respiratory viral disease caused by infections from the influenza A virus (IAV) that persists across various seasonal outbreaks globally each year. Host immune response is a key factor determining disease severity of influenza infection, presenting an attractive target for the development of novel therapies for treatments. Among the multiple signal transduction pathways regulating the host immune activation and function in response to IAV infections, the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways are important signalling axes, downstream of various pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), activated by IAVs that regulate various cellular processes in immune cells of both innate and adaptive immunity. Moreover, aberrant MAPK activation underpins overexuberant production of inflammatory mediators, promoting the development of the “cytokine storm”, a characteristic of severe respiratory viral diseases. Therefore, elucidation of the regulatory roles of MAPK in immune responses against IAVs is not only essential for understanding the pathogenesis of severe influenza, but also critical for developing MAPK-dependent therapies for treatment of respiratory viral diseases. In this review, we will summarise the current understanding of MAPK functions in both innate and adaptive immune response against IAVs and discuss their contributions towards the cytokine storm caused by highly pathogenic influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabo Yu
- Integrative Biomedical Sciences Programme, University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University, International Campus Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China; (J.Y.); (X.S.)
| | - Xiang Sun
- Integrative Biomedical Sciences Programme, University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University, International Campus Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China; (J.Y.); (X.S.)
| | - Jian Yi Gerald Goie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore;
- The Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Yongliang Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore;
- The Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +65-65166407
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46
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Pani A, Lauriola M, Romandini A, Scaglione F. Macrolides and viral infections: focus on azithromycin in COVID-19 pathology. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2020; 56:106053. [PMID: 32534189 PMCID: PMC7286256 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
It is necessary to quickly find therapeutic options for treating novel SARS-CoV2 Azithromycin has been demonstrated to have antiviral and immunomodulatory effects, which could be effective in the hyper-inflammatory syndrome caused by SARS-CoV2 Azithromycin has also shown clinical efficacy in respiratory distress syndrome and viral infections Preliminary results regarding the efficacy of the combination of azithromycin and hydroxychloroquine in COVID-19 are conflicting There are some concerns regarding the association of azithromycin and hydroxychloroquine because of QT prolongation Further studies have to be performed to investigate the safety and efficacy of azithromycin and the combination with hydroxychloroquine in COVID-19
The emergence of the new COVID-19 virus is proving to be a challenge in seeking effective therapies. Since the most severe clinical manifestation of COVID-19 appears to be a severe acute respiratory syndrome, azithromycin has been proposed as a potential treatment. Azithromycin is known to have immunomodulating and antiviral properties. In vitro studies have demonstrated the capacity of azithromycin in reducing production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-8, IL-6, TNF alpha, reduce oxidative stress, and modulate T-helper functions. At the same time there are multiple clinical evidences of the role of azithromycin in acute respiratory distress syndrome and against Middle East Respiratory syndrome (MERS). Some preliminary evidence has demonstrated controversial results regarding efficacy of azithromycin in combination with hydroxychloroquine in COVID-19. First, a French trial demonstrated 100% virological negativizing of six patients treated with azithromycin plus hydroxychloroquine vs. 57.1% of patients treated with only hydroxychloroquine and 12.5% of the control group (P < 0.05). On the other hand, another case series revealed no efficacy at all on 11 patients treated with the same combination and doses. Furthermore, there are some concerns regarding the association of azithromycin and hydroxychloroquine because of potential QT prolongation. In fact, both drugs have this as a potential side effect and evidence regarding the safe use of this combination is controversial. Despite the necessity to quickly find solutions for COVID-19, extreme caution must be used in evaluating the risk-benefit balance. However, based on preclinical and clinical evidence and some preliminary results in COVID-19, azithromycin could have potential in the fight against this new disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Pani
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-oncology, Postgraduate School of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Clinical Pharmacology Unit, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Alessandra Romandini
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-oncology, Postgraduate School of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Clinical Pharmacology Unit, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Scaglione
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-oncology, Postgraduate School of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Clinical Pharmacology Unit, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy.
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47
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Somerville L, Cardani A, Braciale TJ. Alveolar Macrophages in Influenza A Infection Guarding the Castle with Sleeping Dragons. Infect Dis Ther 2020; 1. [PMID: 33681871 DOI: 10.31038/idt.2020114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Somerville
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America.,Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Amber Cardani
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America.,Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Thomas J Braciale
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America.,Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America.,Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
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48
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LeMessurier KS, Tiwary M, Morin NP, Samarasinghe AE. Respiratory Barrier as a Safeguard and Regulator of Defense Against Influenza A Virus and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Front Immunol 2020; 11:3. [PMID: 32117216 PMCID: PMC7011736 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary function of the respiratory system of gas exchange renders it vulnerable to environmental pathogens that circulate in the air. Physical and cellular barriers of the respiratory tract mucosal surface utilize a variety of strategies to obstruct microbe entry. Physical barrier defenses including the surface fluid replete with antimicrobials, neutralizing immunoglobulins, mucus, and the epithelial cell layer with rapidly beating cilia form a near impenetrable wall that separates the external environment from the internal soft tissue of the host. Resident leukocytes, primarily of the innate immune branch, also maintain airway integrity by constant surveillance and the maintenance of homeostasis through the release of cytokines and growth factors. Unfortunately, pathogens such as influenza virus and Streptococcus pneumoniae require hosts for their replication and dissemination, and prey on the respiratory tract as an ideal environment causing severe damage to the host during their invasion. In this review, we outline the host-pathogen interactions during influenza and post-influenza bacterial pneumonia with a focus on inter- and intra-cellular crosstalk important in pulmonary immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim S LeMessurier
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States.,Division of Pulmonology, Allergy-Immunology, and Sleep, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States.,Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Children's Foundation Research Institute, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Meenakshi Tiwary
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States.,Division of Pulmonology, Allergy-Immunology, and Sleep, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States.,Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Children's Foundation Research Institute, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Nicholas P Morin
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States.,Division of Critical Care Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Amali E Samarasinghe
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States.,Division of Pulmonology, Allergy-Immunology, and Sleep, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States.,Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Children's Foundation Research Institute, Memphis, TN, United States
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49
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Galeas-Pena M, McLaughlin N, Pociask D. The role of the innate immune system on pulmonary infections. Biol Chem 2019; 400:443-456. [PMID: 29604208 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2018-0304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Inhalation is required for respiration and life in all vertebrates. This process is not without risk, as it potentially exposes the host to environmental pathogens with every breath. This makes the upper respiratory tract one of the most common routes of infection and one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the world. To combat this, the lung relies on the innate immune defenses. In contrast to the adaptive immune system, the innate immune system does not require sensitization, previous exposure or priming to attack foreign particles. In the lung, the innate immune response starts with the epithelial barrier and mucus production and is reinforced by phagocytic cells and T cells. These cells are vital for the production of cytokines, chemokines and anti-microbial peptides that are critical for clearance of infectious agents. In this review, we discuss all aspects of the innate immune response, with a special emphasis on ways to target aspects of the immune response to combat antibiotic resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Galeas-Pena
- Department of Pulmonary Critical Care and Environmental Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, 333 S. Liberty St., New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Nathaniel McLaughlin
- Department of Pulmonary Critical Care and Environmental Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, 333 S. Liberty St., New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Derek Pociask
- Department of Pulmonary Critical Care and Environmental Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, 333 S. Liberty St., New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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50
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The Role of Innate Leukocytes during Influenza Virus Infection. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:8028725. [PMID: 31612153 PMCID: PMC6757286 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8028725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus infection is a serious threat to humans and animals, with the potential to cause severe pneumonia and death. Annual vaccination strategies are a mainstay to prevent complications related to influenza. However, protection from the emerging subtypes of influenza A viruses (IAV) even in vaccinated individuals is challenging. Innate immune cells are the first cells to respond to IAV infection in the respiratory tract. Virus replication-induced production of cytokines from airway epithelium recruits innate immune cells to the site of infection. These leukocytes, namely, neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, eosinophils, natural killer cells, innate lymphoid cells, and γδ T cells, become activated in response to IAV, to contain the virus and protect the airway epithelium while triggering the adaptive arm of the immune system. This review addresses different anti-influenza virus schemes of innate immune cells and how these cells fine-tune the balance between immunoprotection and immunopathology during IAV infection. Detailed understanding on how these innate responders execute anti-influenza activity will help to identify novel therapeutic targets to halt IAV replication and associated immunopathology.
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