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Rozhkova IN, Okotrub SV, Brusentsev EY, Uldanova KE, Chuyko EА, Naprimerov VA, Lipina TV, Amstislavskaya TG, Amstislavsky SY. Alterations in the social-conditioned place preference and density of dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area in Clsnt2-KO mice. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2023; 27:177-184. [PMID: 37063509 PMCID: PMC10090113 DOI: 10.18699/vjgb-23-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) constantly increases in the world. Studying the mechanisms underlying ASD as well as searching for new therapeutic targets are crucial tasks. Many researchers agree that autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder. Clstn2-KO mouse strain with a knockout of calsyntenin 2 gene (Clstn2) is model for investigating ASD. This study aims to evaluate the social-conditioned place preference as well as density of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), which belongs to the brain reward system, in the males of the Clstn2-KO strain using wild type C57BL/6J males as controls. Social-conditioned place preference test evaluates a reward-dependent component of social behavior. The results of this test revealed differences between the Clstn2-KO and the control males, as the former did not value socializing with the familiar partner, spending equal time in the isolation- and socializing-associated compartments. The Clstn2-KO group entered both compartments more frequently, but spent less time in the socializing-associated compartment compared to the controls. By contrast, the control males of the C57BL/6J strain spent more time in socializing-associated compartment and less time in the compartment that was associated with loneness. At the same time, an increased number of DA and possibly GABA neurons labeled with antibodies against the type 2 dopamine receptor as well as against tyrosine hydroxylase were detected in the VTA of the Clstn2-KO mice. Thus, a change in social-conditioned place preference in Clstn2-KO mice as well as a higher number of neurons expressing type 2 dopamine receptors and tyrosine hydroxylase in the VTA, the key structure of the mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway, were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- I N Rozhkova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - S V Okotrub
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - E Yu Brusentsev
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - K E Uldanova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - E А Chuyko
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - V A Naprimerov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia Novosibirsk State Agricultural University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | - T G Amstislavskaya
- Scientific Research Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - S Ya Amstislavsky
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
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Uhl GR. Selecting the appropriate hurdles and endpoints for pentilludin, a novel antiaddiction pharmacotherapeutic targeting the receptor type protein tyrosine phosphatase D. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1031283. [PMID: 37139308 PMCID: PMC10149857 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1031283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Substance use disorders provide challenges for development of effective medications. Use of abused substances is likely initiated, sustained and "quit" by complex brain and pharmacological mechanisms that have both genetic and environmental determinants. Medical utilities of prescribed stimulants and opioids provide complex challenges for prevention: how can we minimize their contribution to substance use disorders while retaining medical benefits for pain, restless leg syndrome, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, narcolepsy and other indications. Data required to support assessments of reduced abuse liability and resulting regulatory scheduling differs from information required to support licensing of novel prophylactic or therapeutic anti-addiction medications, adding further complexity and challenges. I describe some of these challenges in the context of our current efforts to develop pentilludin as a novel anti-addiction therapeutic for a target that is strongly supported by human and mouse genetic and pharmacologic studies, the receptor type protein tyrosine phosphatase D (PTPRD).
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Affiliation(s)
- George R. Uhl
- Departments of Neurology and Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Neurology Service, VA Maryland Healthcare System, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: George R. Uhl
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O'Malley KY, Hart CL, Casey S, Downey LA. Methamphetamine, amphetamine, and aggression in humans: A systematic review of drug administration studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 141:104805. [PMID: 35926727 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between amphetamine use and aggressive or violent behaviour is unclear. This review examined laboratory data collected in humans, who were administered an acute dose of amphetamine or methamphetamine, in order to investigate the link between amphetamines and aggression. It is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42019127711). Included in the analysis are data from twenty-eight studies. Behavioural and/or subjective measures of aggression were assessed in one thousand and sixty-nine research participants, with limited amphetamine-use histories, following a single amphetamine dose (0-35mg). The available published evidence indicates that neither amphetamine nor methamphetamine acutely increased aggression as assessed by traditional laboratory measures. Future research should assess supratherapeutic amphetamine doses as well as include a broader range of multiple aggression measures, facilitating simultaneous assessment of the various components that comprise this complex, multifaceted construct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Y O'Malley
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University, 427-451 Burwood Road Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia 3122; Department of Psychology, Columbia University, 1190 Amsterdam Avenue, 406 Schermerhorn, MC 5501, New York, NY 10027.
| | - Carl L Hart
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, 1190 Amsterdam Avenue, 406 Schermerhorn, MC 5501, New York, NY 10027; Division on Substance Use, New York State Psychiatric Institute, and Department of Psychiatry, 1051 Riverside Drive, MC 120, New York, NY 10032
| | - Sharon Casey
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University, 427-451 Burwood Road Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia 3122; Centre for Investigative Interviewing, Griffith, 176 Messines Ridge Road, Mount Gravatt, QLD, 4122
| | - Luke A Downey
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University, 427-451 Burwood Road Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia 3122; Institute for Breathing and Sleep, Austin Hospital, 145 Studley Road Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia 3084
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Genetic characterization of outbred Sprague Dawley rats and utility for genome-wide association studies. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010234. [PMID: 35639796 PMCID: PMC9187121 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sprague Dawley (SD) rats are among the most widely used outbred laboratory rat populations. Despite this, the genetic characteristics of SD rats have not been clearly described, and SD rats are rarely used for experiments aimed at exploring genotype-phenotype relationships. In order to use SD rats to perform a genome-wide association study (GWAS), we collected behavioral data from 4,625 SD rats that were predominantly obtained from two commercial vendors, Charles River Laboratories and Harlan Sprague Dawley Inc. Using double-digest genotyping-by-sequencing (ddGBS), we obtained dense, high-quality genotypes at 291,438 SNPs across 4,061 rats. This genetic data allowed us to characterize the variation present in Charles River vs. Harlan SD rats. We found that the two populations are highly diverged (FST > 0.4). Furthermore, even for rats obtained from the same vendor, there was strong population structure across breeding facilities and even between rooms at the same facility. We performed multiple separate GWAS by fitting a linear mixed model that accounted for population structure and using meta-analysis to jointly analyze all cohorts. Our study examined Pavlovian conditioned approach (PavCA) behavior, which assesses the propensity for rats to attribute incentive salience to reward-associated cues. We identified 46 significant associations for the various metrics used to define PavCA. The surprising degree of population structure among SD rats from different sources has important implications for their use in both genetic and non-genetic studies. Outbred Sprague Dawley rats are among the most commonly used rats for neuroscience, physiology and pharmacological research; in the year 2020, 4,188 publications contained the keyword “Sprague Dawley”. Rats identified as “Sprague Dawley” are sold by several commercial vendors, including Charles River Laboratories and Harlan Sprague Dawley Inc. (now Envigo). Despite their widespread use, little is known about the genetic diversity of SD. We genotyped more than 4,000 SD rats, which we used for a genome-wide association study (GWAS) and to characterize genetic differences between SD rats from Charles River Laboratories and Harlan. Our analysis revealed extensive population structure both between and within vendors. The GWAS for Pavlovian conditioned approach (PavCA) identified a number of genome-wide significant loci for that complex behavioral trait. Our results demonstrate that, despite sharing an identical name, SD rats that are obtained from different vendors are very different. Future studies should carefully define the exact source of SD rats being used and may exploit their genetic diversity for genetic studies of complex traits.
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Henderson IM, Zeng F, Bhuiyan NH, Luo D, Martinez M, Smoake J, Bi F, Perera C, Johnson D, Prisinzano TE, Wang W, Uhl GR. Structure-activity studies of PTPRD phosphatase inhibitors identify a 7-cyclopentymethoxy illudalic acid analog candidate for development. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 195:114868. [PMID: 34863978 PMCID: PMC9248268 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Interest in development of potent, selective inhibitors of the phosphatase from the receptor type protein tyrosine phosphatase PTPRD as antiaddiction agents is supported by human genetics, mouse models and studies of our lead compound PTPRD phosphatase inhibitor, 7-butoxy illudalic acid analog 1 (7-BIA). We now report structure-activity relationships for almost 70 7-BIA-related compounds and results that nominate a 7- cyclopentyl methoxy analog as a candidate for further development. While efforts to design 7-BIA analogs with substitutions for other parts failed to yield potent inhibitors of PTPRD's phosphatase, ten 7-position substituted analogs displayed greater potency at PTPRD than 7-BIA. Several were more selective for PTPRD vs the receptor type protein tyrosine phosphatases S, F and J or the nonreceptor type protein tyrosine phosphatase N1 (PTPRS, PTPRF, PTPRJ or PTPN1/PTP1B), phosphatases at which 7-BIA displays activity. In silico studies aided design of novel analogs. A 7-position cyclopentyl methoxy substituted 7-BIA analog termed NHB1109 displayed 600-700 nM potencies in inhibiting PTPRD and PTPRS, improved selectivity vs PTPRS, PTPRF, PTPRJ or PTPN1/PTP1B phosphatases, no substantial potency at other protein tyrosine phosphatases screened, no significant potency at any of the targets of clinically-useful drugs identified in EUROFINS screens and significant oral bioavailability. Oral doses up to 200 mg/kg were well tolerated by mice, though higher doses resulted in reduced weight and apparent ileus without clear organ histopathology. NHB1109 provides a good candidate to advance to in vivo studies in addiction paradigms and toward human use to reduce reward from addictive substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Henderson
- Biomedical Research Institute of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States; New Mexico VA Healthcare System, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Fanxun Zeng
- College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Nazmul H Bhuiyan
- College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Dan Luo
- College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Maria Martinez
- Biomedical Research Institute of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States; New Mexico VA Healthcare System, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Jane Smoake
- Biomedical Research Institute of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States; New Mexico VA Healthcare System, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Fangchao Bi
- College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | | | | | | | - Wei Wang
- College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.
| | - George R Uhl
- Biomedical Research Institute of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States; New Mexico VA Healthcare System, Albuquerque, NM, United States; Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States; Departments of Neurology and Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; VA Maryland Healthcare System, Baltimore, MD, United States.
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6
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A Common CDH13 Variant Is Associated with Low Agreeableness and Neural Responses to Working Memory Tasks in ADHD. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12091356. [PMID: 34573337 PMCID: PMC8471784 DOI: 10.3390/genes12091356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell—cell signaling gene CDH13 is associated with a wide spectrum of neuropsychiatric disorders, including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism, and major depression. CDH13 regulates axonal outgrowth and synapse formation, substantiating its relevance for neurodevelopmental processes. Several studies support the influence of CDH13 on personality traits, behavior, and executive functions. However, evidence for functional effects of common gene variation in the CDH13 gene in humans is sparse. Therefore, we tested for association of a functional intronic CDH13 SNP rs2199430 with ADHD in a sample of 998 adult patients and 884 healthy controls. The Big Five personality traits were assessed by the NEO-PI-R questionnaire. Assuming that altered neural correlates of working memory and cognitive response inhibition show genotype-dependent alterations, task performance and electroencephalographic event-related potentials were measured by n-back and continuous performance (Go/NoGo) tasks. The rs2199430 genotype was not associated with adult ADHD on the categorical diagnosis level. However, rs2199430 was significantly associated with agreeableness, with minor G allele homozygotes scoring lower than A allele carriers. Whereas task performance was not affected by genotype, a significant heterosis effect limited to the ADHD group was identified for the n-back task. Heterozygotes (AG) exhibited significantly higher N200 amplitudes during both the 1-back and 2-back condition in the central electrode position Cz. Consequently, the common genetic variation of CDH13 is associated with personality traits and impacts neural processing during working memory tasks. Thus, CDH13 might contribute to symptomatic core dysfunctions of social and cognitive impairment in ADHD.
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7
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Peterson RE, Bigdeli TB, Ripke S, Bacanu SA, Gejman PV, Levinson DF, Li QS, Rujescu D, Rietschel M, Weinberger DR, Straub RE, Walters JTR, Owen MJ, O'Donovan MC, Mowry BJ, Ophoff RA, Andreassen OA, Esko T, Petryshen TL, Kendler KS, Fanous AH. Genome-wide analyses of smoking behaviors in schizophrenia: Findings from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 137:215-224. [PMID: 33691233 PMCID: PMC8096167 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
While 17% of US adults use tobacco regularly, smoking rates among persons with schizophrenia are upwards of 60%. Research supports a shared etiological basis for smoking and schizophrenia, including findings from genome-wide association studies (GWAS). However, few studies have directly tested whether the same or distinct genetic variants also influence smoking behavior among schizophrenia cases. Using data from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC) study of schizophrenia (35476 cases, 46839 controls), we estimated genetic correlations between these traits and tested whether polygenic risk scores (PRS) constructed from the results of smoking behaviors GWAS were associated with schizophrenia risk or smoking behaviors among schizophrenia cases. Results indicated significant genetic correlations of schizophrenia with smoking initiation (rg = 0.159; P = 5.05 × 10-10), cigarettes-smoked-per-day (rg = 0.094; P = 0.006), and age-of-onset of smoking (rg = 0.10; P = 0.009). Comparing smoking behaviors among schizophrenia cases to the general population, we observe positive genetic correlations for smoking initiation (rg = 0.624, P = 0.002) and cigarettes-smoked-per-day (rg = 0.689, P = 0.120). Similarly, TAG-based PRS for smoking initiation and cigarettes-smoked-per-day were significantly associated with smoking initiation (P = 3.49 × 10-5) and cigarettes-smoked-per-day (P = 0.007) among schizophrenia cases. We performed the first GWAS of smoking behavior among schizophrenia cases and identified a novel association with cigarettes-smoked-per-day upstream of the TMEM106B gene on chromosome 7p21.3 (rs148253479, P = 3.18 × 10-8, n = 3520). Results provide evidence of a partially shared genetic basis for schizophrenia and smoking behaviors. Additionally, genetic risk factors for smoking behaviors were largely shared across schizophrenia and non-schizophrenia populations. Future research should address mechanisms underlying these associations to aid both schizophrenia and smoking treatment and prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roseann E Peterson
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA.
| | - Tim B Bigdeli
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Stephan Ripke
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Dept. of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Silviu-Alin Bacanu
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Pablo V Gejman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Douglas F Levinson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Qingqin S Li
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Raritan, NJ, USA
| | - Dan Rujescu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle, Halle, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel R Weinberger
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, USA; Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Neuroscience and Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - James T R Walters
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael J Owen
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael C O'Donovan
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Bryan J Mowry
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Roel A Ophoff
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT Centre and KG Jebsen Centre for Neurodevelopmental disorders, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia; Division of Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Medical and Population Genetics Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tracey L Petryshen
- Center for Human Genetic Research and Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kenneth S Kendler
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Ayman H Fanous
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA; VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
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Hall FS, Chen Y, Resendiz-Gutierrez F. The Streetlight Effect: Reappraising the Study of Addiction in Light of the Findings of Genome-wide Association Studies. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2021; 95:230-246. [PMID: 33849024 DOI: 10.1159/000516169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Drug dependence has long been thought to have a genetic component. Research seeking to identify the genetic basis of addiction has gone through important transitions over its history, in part based upon the emergence of new technologies, but also as the result of changing perspectives. Early research approaches were largely dictated by available technology, with technological advancements having highly transformative effects on genetic research, but the limitations of technology also affected modes of thinking about the genetic causes of disease. This review explores these transitions in thinking about the genetic causes of addiction in terms of the "streetlight effect," which is a type of observational bias whereby people search for something only where it is easiest to search. In this way, the genes that were initially studied in the field of addiction genetics were chosen because they were the most "obvious," and formed current understanding of the biological mechanisms underlying the actions of drugs of abuse and drug dependence. The problem with this emphasis is that prior to the genomic era the vast majority of genes and proteins had yet to be identified, much less studied. This review considers how these initial choices, as well as subsequent choices that were also driven by technological limitations, shaped the study of the genetic basis of drug dependence. While genome-wide approaches overcame the initial biases regarding which genes to choose to study inherent in candidate gene studies and other approaches, genome-wide approaches necessitated other assumptions. These included additive genetic causation and limited allelic heterogeneity, which both appear to be incorrect. Thus, the next stage of advancement in this field must overcome these shortcomings through approaches that allow the examination of complex interactive effects, both gene × gene and gene × environment interactions. Techniques for these sorts of studies have recently been developed and represent the next step in our understanding of the genetic basis of drug dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Scott Hall
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacology and Pharmacological Science, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacology and Pharmacological Science, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Federico Resendiz-Gutierrez
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacology and Pharmacological Science, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
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Murray CH, Li J, Weafer J, de Wit H. Subjective responses predict d-amphetamine choice in healthy volunteers. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2021; 204:173158. [PMID: 33675838 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2021.173158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is commonly believed that drugs, including stimulants, are used recreationally because of their ability to induce pleasurable subjective effects. However, recreational drug use sometimes occurs in the absence of positive subjective effects, suggesting that other factors contribute. Here, we examine the extent to which the direct subjective effects of amphetamine, a commonly misused stimulant, predict subsequent choice of the drug vs placebo. METHODS Healthy adults (N = 112) participated in a five-session amphetamine choice study. On the first four sessions, participants sampled either 20 mg d-amphetamine or placebo in color-coded capsules two times each. On the fifth session, they chose which color (d-amphetamine or placebo) they preferred. We examined the choice of drug vs placebo in relation to demographic characteristics, baseline mood states, personality and subjective and cardiovascular responses to acute administration of the drug. RESULTS Eighty-one participants chose amphetamine (Choosers) while 31 chose placebo (Non-choosers). Overall, amphetamine produced typical stimulant-like effects on subjective questionnaires, and it elevated heart rate and blood pressure vs placebo. Choosers reported greater positive mood, elation and stimulant-like effects following amphetamine compared to Non-choosers. The Choosers also exhibited a greater increase in systolic blood pressure, but not heart rate. The groups did not differ on demographic characteristics, mood states before drug administration or personality. CONCLUSIONS These findings support the idea that pleasurable subjective responses to amphetamine, including positive mood, elation, and stimulant-like effects influence behavioral choice of the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor H Murray
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, 5841 S Maryland Ave MC3077, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jingfei Li
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, 5841 S Maryland Ave MC3077, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jessica Weafer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, 5841 S Maryland Ave MC3077, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Harriet de Wit
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, 5841 S Maryland Ave MC3077, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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Jansch C, Ziegler GC, Forero A, Gredy S, Wäldchen S, Vitale MR, Svirin E, Zöller JEM, Waider J, Günther K, Edenhofer F, Sauer M, Wischmeyer E, Lesch KP. Serotonin-specific neurons differentiated from human iPSCs form distinct subtypes with synaptic protein assembly. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2021; 128:225-241. [PMID: 33560471 PMCID: PMC7914246 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-021-02303-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have revolutionized the generation of experimental disease models, but the development of protocols for the differentiation of functionally active neuronal subtypes with defined specification is still in its infancy. While dysfunction of the brain serotonin (5-HT) system has been implicated in the etiology of various neuropsychiatric disorders, investigation of functional human 5-HT specific neurons in vitro has been restricted by technical limitations. We describe an efficient generation of functionally active neurons from hiPSCs displaying 5-HT specification by modification of a previously reported protocol. Furthermore, 5-HT specific neurons were characterized using high-end fluorescence imaging including super-resolution microscopy in combination with electrophysiological techniques. Differentiated hiPSCs synthesize 5-HT, express specific markers, such as tryptophan hydroxylase 2 and 5-HT transporter, and exhibit an electrophysiological signature characteristic of serotonergic neurons, with spontaneous rhythmic activities, broad action potentials and large afterhyperpolarization potentials. 5-HT specific neurons form synapses reflected by the expression of pre- and postsynaptic proteins, such as Bassoon and Homer. The distribution pattern of Bassoon, a marker of the active zone along the soma and extensions of neurons, indicates functionality via volume transmission. Among the high percentage of 5-HT specific neurons (~ 42%), a subpopulation of CDH13 + cells presumably designates dorsal raphe neurons. hiPSC-derived 5-HT specific neuronal cell cultures reflect the heterogeneous nature of dorsal and median raphe nuclei and may facilitate examining the association of serotonergic neuron subpopulations with neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charline Jansch
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Margarete-Höppel-Platz 1, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Georg C Ziegler
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Margarete-Höppel-Platz 1, 97080, Würzburg, Germany.
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Andrea Forero
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Margarete-Höppel-Platz 1, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sina Gredy
- Institute of Physiology, Molecular Electrophysiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sina Wäldchen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Maria Rosaria Vitale
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Margarete-Höppel-Platz 1, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgeniy Svirin
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Margarete-Höppel-Platz 1, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Johanna E M Zöller
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Margarete-Höppel-Platz 1, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jonas Waider
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Margarete-Höppel-Platz 1, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Günther
- Department of Genomics, Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Molecular Biology and CMBI, Leopold-Franzens-University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, SCI-TReCS, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Frank Edenhofer
- Department of Genomics, Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Molecular Biology and CMBI, Leopold-Franzens-University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Markus Sauer
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Erhard Wischmeyer
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Margarete-Höppel-Platz 1, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
- Institute of Physiology, Molecular Electrophysiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Klaus-Peter Lesch
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Margarete-Höppel-Platz 1, 97080, Würzburg, Germany.
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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11
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Ghafouri-Fard S, Azari I, Hashemian F, Nejatizadeh A, Taheri M. No Association Between AKT1 Polymorphisms and Methamphetamine Addiction in Iranian Population. J Mol Neurosci 2019; 70:303-307. [PMID: 31654273 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-019-01413-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown a high level of heritability for most kinds of substance abuse. Certain single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) or haplotypes have been shown to influence methamphetamine abuse or the related psychosis. Among the most related pathways in dependence to methamphetamine are dopaminergic system-related genes especially V-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog 1 (AKT1). In the current investigation, we genotyped two intronic variants within the AKT1 gene (rs2494743 and rs2498794) in a population of Iranian methamphetamine-dependent individuals and controls. There were no significant differences in alleles, genotypes, or haplotype frequencies of rs2494743 and rs2498794 between cases and controls. Consequently, our study excludes participation of these SNPs in susceptibility to methamphetamine dependence. However, other variants within this gene might affect this trait, so future studies are needed to assess associations between other AKT1 variants and methamphetamine dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Iman Azari
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Hashemian
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azim Nejatizadeh
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Urogenital Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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12
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Translational Molecular Approaches in Substance Abuse Research. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2019; 258:31-60. [PMID: 31628598 DOI: 10.1007/164_2019_259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Excessive abuse of psychoactive substances is one of the leading contributors to morbidity and mortality worldwide. In this book chapter, we review translational research strategies that are applied in the pursuit of new and more effective therapeutics for substance use disorder (SUD). The complex, multidimensional nature of psychiatric disorders like SUD presents difficult challenges to investigators. While animal models are critical for outlining the mechanistic relationships between defined behaviors and genetic and/or molecular changes, the heterogeneous pathophysiology of brain diseases is uniquely human, necessitating the use of human studies and translational research schemes. Translational research describes a cross-species approach in which findings from human patient-based data can be used to guide molecular genetic investigations in preclinical animal models in order to delineate the mechanisms of reward circuitry changes in the addicted state. Results from animal studies can then inform clinical investigations toward the development of novel treatments for SUD. Here we describe the strategies that are used to identify and functionally validate genetic variants in the human genome which may contribute to increased risk for SUD, starting from early candidate gene approaches to more recent genome-wide association studies. We will next examine studies aimed at understanding how transcriptional and epigenetic dysregulation in SUD can persistently alter cellular function in the disease state. In our discussion, we then focus on examples from the literature illustrating molecular genetic methodologies that have been applied to studies of different substances of abuse - from alcohol and nicotine to stimulants and opioids - in order to exemplify how these approaches can both delineate the underlying molecular systems driving drug addiction and provide insights into the genetic basis of SUD.
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13
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Loftis JM, Lasarev M, Shi X, Lapidus J, Janowsky A, Hoffman WF, Huckans M. Trace amine-associated receptor gene polymorphism increases drug craving in individuals with methamphetamine dependence. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220270. [PMID: 31600226 PMCID: PMC6786581 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methamphetamine (MA) is a potent agonist at the trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1). This study evaluated a common variant (CV) in the human TAAR1 gene, synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) V288V, to determine the involvement of TAAR1 in MA dependence. METHODS Participants (n = 106) with active MA dependence (MA-ACT), in remission from MA dependence (MA-REM), with active polysubstance dependence, in remission from polysubstance dependence, and with no history of substance dependence completed neuropsychiatric symptom questionnaires and provided blood samples. In vitro expression and function of CV and wild type TAAR1 receptors were also measured. RESULTS The V288V polymorphism demonstrated a 40% increase in TAAR1 protein expression in cell culture, but message sequence and protein function were unchanged, suggesting an increase in translation efficiency. Principal components analysis resolved neuropsychiatric symptoms into four components, PC1 (depression, anxiety, memory, and fatigue), PC2 (pain), PC3 (drug and alcohol craving), and PC4 (sleep disturbances). Analyses of study group and TAAR1 genotype revealed a significant interaction for PC3 (craving response) (p = 0.003). The control group showed no difference in PC3 associated with TAAR1, while adjusted mean craving for the MA-ACT and MA-REM groups, among those with at least one copy of V288V, was estimated to be, respectively, 1.55 (p = 0.036) and 1.77 (p = 0.071) times the adjusted mean craving for those without the TAAR1 SNP. CONCLUSIONS Neuroadaptation to chronic MA use may be altered by TAAR1 genotype and result in increased dopamine signaling and craving in individuals with the V288V genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M. Loftis
- Research & Development Service, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America
- Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - Michael Lasarev
- Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America
- Oregon Health & Science University and Portland State University School of Public Health, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - Xiao Shi
- Research & Development Service, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, United States of America
- Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - Jodi Lapidus
- Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America
- Oregon Health & Science University and Portland State University School of Public Health, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - Aaron Janowsky
- Research & Development Service, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America
- Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - William F. Hoffman
- Research & Development Service, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America
- Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America
- Mental Health and Clinical Neurosciences Division, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - Marilyn Huckans
- Research & Development Service, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America
- Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America
- Mental Health and Clinical Neurosciences Division, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, United States of America
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14
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Prata DP, Costa-Neves B, Cosme G, Vassos E. Unravelling the genetic basis of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder with GWAS: A systematic review. J Psychiatr Res 2019; 114:178-207. [PMID: 31096178 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To systematically review findings of GWAS in schizophrenia (SZ) and in bipolar disorder (BD); and to interpret findings, with a focus on identifying independent replications. METHOD PubMed search, selection and review of all independent GWAS in SZ or BD, published since March 2011, i.e. studies using non-overlapping samples within each article, between articles, and with those of the previous review (Li et al., 2012). RESULTS From the 22 GWAS included in this review, the genetic associations surviving standard GWAS-significance were for genetic markers in the regions of ACSL3/KCNE4, ADCY2, AMBRA1, ANK3, BRP44, DTL, FBLN1, HHAT, INTS7, LOC392301, LOC645434/NMBR, LOC729457, LRRFIP1, LSM1, MDM1, MHC, MIR2113/POU3F2, NDST3, NKAPL, ODZ4, PGBD1, RENBP, TRANK1, TSPAN18, TWIST2, UGT1A1/HJURP, WHSC1L1/FGFR1 and ZKSCAN4. All genes implicated across both reviews are discussed in terms of their function and implication in neuropsychiatry. CONCLUSION Taking all GWAS to date into account, AMBRA1, ANK3, ARNTL, CDH13, EFHD1 (albeit with different alleles), MHC, PLXNA2 and UGT1A1 have been implicated in either disorder in at least two reportedly non-overlapping samples. Additionally, evidence for a SZ/BD common genetic basis is most strongly supported by the implication of ANK3, NDST3, and PLXNA2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana P Prata
- Instituto de Biofísica e Engenharia Biomédica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal; Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, SE5 8AF, UK; Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), Centro de Investigação e Intervenção Social, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Bernardo Costa-Neves
- Lisbon Medical School, University of Lisbon, Av. Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028, Lisbon, Portugal; Centro Hospitalar Psiquiátrico de Lisboa, Av. do Brasil, 53 1749-002, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Gonçalo Cosme
- Instituto de Biofísica e Engenharia Biomédica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Evangelos Vassos
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, SE5 8AF, UK
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15
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Arnau-Soler A, Macdonald-Dunlop E, Adams MJ, Clarke TK, MacIntyre DJ, Milburn K, Navrady L, Hayward C, McIntosh AM, Thomson PA. Genome-wide by environment interaction studies of depressive symptoms and psychosocial stress in UK Biobank and Generation Scotland. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:14. [PMID: 30718454 PMCID: PMC6361928 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-018-0360-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress is associated with poorer physical and mental health. To improve our understanding of this link, we performed genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of depressive symptoms and genome-wide by environment interaction studies (GWEIS) of depressive symptoms and stressful life events (SLE) in two UK population-based cohorts (Generation Scotland and UK Biobank). No SNP was individually significant in either GWAS, but gene-based tests identified six genes associated with depressive symptoms in UK Biobank (DCC, ACSS3, DRD2, STAG1, FOXP2 and KYNU; p < 2.77 × 10-6). Two SNPs with genome-wide significant GxE effects were identified by GWEIS in Generation Scotland: rs12789145 (53-kb downstream PIWIL4; p = 4.95 × 10-9; total SLE) and rs17070072 (intronic to ZCCHC2; p = 1.46 × 10-8; dependent SLE). A third locus upstream CYLC2 (rs12000047 and rs12005200, p < 2.00 × 10-8; dependent SLE) when the joint effect of the SNP main and GxE effects was considered. GWEIS gene-based tests identified: MTNR1B with GxE effect with dependent SLE in Generation Scotland; and PHF2 with the joint effect in UK Biobank (p < 2.77 × 10-6). Polygenic risk scores (PRSs) analyses incorporating GxE effects improved the prediction of depressive symptom scores, when using weights derived from either the UK Biobank GWAS of depressive symptoms (p = 0.01) or the PGC GWAS of major depressive disorder (p = 5.91 × 10-3). Using an independent sample, PRS derived using GWEIS GxE effects provided evidence of shared aetiologies between depressive symptoms and schizotypal personality, heart disease and COPD. Further such studies are required and may result in improved treatments for depression and other stress-related conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleix Arnau-Soler
- Medical Genetics Section, University of Edinburgh, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine and MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Erin Macdonald-Dunlop
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mark J Adams
- Division of Psychiatry, Deanery of Clinical Sciences, Univ×ersity of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Morningside Park, Edinburgh, EH10 5HF, UK
| | - Toni-Kim Clarke
- Division of Psychiatry, Deanery of Clinical Sciences, Univ×ersity of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Morningside Park, Edinburgh, EH10 5HF, UK
| | - Donald J MacIntyre
- Division of Psychiatry, Deanery of Clinical Sciences, Univ×ersity of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Morningside Park, Edinburgh, EH10 5HF, UK
| | - Keith Milburn
- Health Informatics Centre, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Lauren Navrady
- Division of Psychiatry, Deanery of Clinical Sciences, Univ×ersity of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Morningside Park, Edinburgh, EH10 5HF, UK
| | - Caroline Hayward
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andrew M McIntosh
- Division of Psychiatry, Deanery of Clinical Sciences, Univ×ersity of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Morningside Park, Edinburgh, EH10 5HF, UK
| | - Pippa A Thomson
- Medical Genetics Section, University of Edinburgh, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine and MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh, UK.
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16
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Genetic loci for alcohol-related life events and substance-induced affective symptoms: indexing the "dark side" of addiction. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:71. [PMID: 30718457 PMCID: PMC6362044 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-019-0397-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A limited number of genetic variants have been identified in traditional GWAS as risk or protective factors for alcohol use disorders (AUD) and related phenotypes. We herein report whole-genome association and rare-variant analyses on AUD traits in American Indians (AI) and European Americans (EA). We evaluated 742 AIs and 1711 EAs using low-coverage whole-genome sequencing. Phenotypes included: (1) a metric based on the occurrence of 36 alcohol-related life events that reflect AUD severity; (2) two alcohol-induced affective symptoms that accompany severe AUDs. We identified two new loci for alcohol-related life events with converging evidence from both cohorts: rare variants of K2P channel gene KCNK2, and rare missense and splice-site variants in pro-inflammatory mediator gene PDE4C. A NAF1-FSTL5 intergenic variant and an FSTL5 variant were respectively associated with alcohol-related life events in AI and EA. PRKG2 of serine/threonine protein kinase family, and rare variants in interleukin subunit gene EBI3 (IL-27B) were uniquely associated with alcohol-induced affective symptoms in AI. LncRNA LINC02347 on 12q24.32 was uniquely associated with alcohol-induced depression in EA. The top GWAS findings were primarily rare/low-frequency variants in AI, and common variants in EA. Adrenal gland was the most enriched in tissue-specific gene expression analysis for alcohol-related life events, and nucleus accumbens was the most enriched for alcohol-induced affective states in AI. Prefrontal cortex was the most enriched in EA for both traits. These studies suggest that whole-genome sequencing can identify novel, especially uncommon, variants associated with severe AUD phenotypes although the findings may be population specific.
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17
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Dai JY, LeBlanc M, Goodman PJ, Lucia MS, Thompson IM, Tangen CM. Case-only Methods Identified Genetic Loci Predicting a Subgroup of Men with Reduced Risk of High-grade Prostate Cancer by Finasteride. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2019; 12:113-120. [PMID: 30538099 PMCID: PMC6365187 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-18-0284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial (PCPT), genotypes that may modify the effect of finasteride on the risk of prostate cancer have not been identified. Germline genetic data from 1,157 prostate cancer cases in PCPT were analyzed by case-only methods. Genotypes included 357 SNPs from 83 candidate genes in androgen metabolism, inflammation, circadian rhythm, and other pathways. Univariate case-only analysis was conducted to evaluate whether individual SNPs modified the finasteride effect on the risk of high-grade and low-grade prostate cancer. Case-only classification trees and random forests, which are powerful machine learning methods with resampling-based controls for model complexity, were employed to identify a predictive signature for genotype-specific treatment effects. Accounting for multiple testing, a single SNP in SRD5A1 gene (rs472402) significantly modified the finasteride effect on high-grade prostate cancer (Gleason score > 6) in PCPT (family-wise error rate < 0.05). Men carrying GG genotype at this locus had a 55% reduction of the risk in developing high-grade cancer when assigned to finasteride (RR = 0.45; 95% confidence interval, 0.27-0.75). Additional effect-modifying SNPs with moderate statistical significance were identified by case-only trees and random forests. A prediction model built by the case-only random forest method with 28 selected SNPs classified 37% of PCPT men to have reduced risk of high-grade prostate cancer when taking finasteride, while the others have increased risk. In conclusion, case-only methods identified SNPs that modified the effect of finasteride on the risk of high-grade prostate cancer and predicted a subgroup of men who had reduced cancer risk by finasteride.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Y Dai
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington.
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Michael LeBlanc
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Phyllis J Goodman
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - M Scott Lucia
- University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado
| | - Ian M Thompson
- The Cancer Therapy and Research Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Catherine M Tangen
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
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18
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Arcos-Burgos M, Vélez JI, Martinez AF, Ribasés M, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Sánchez-Mora C, Richarte V, Roncero C, Cormand B, Fernández-Castillo N, Casas M, Lopera F, Pineda DA, Palacio JD, Acosta-López JE, Cervantes-Henriquez ML, Sánchez-Rojas MG, Puentes-Rozo PJ, Molina BSG, Boden MT, Wallis D, Lidbury B, Newman S, Easteal S, Swanson J, Patel H, Volkow N, Acosta MT, Castellanos FX, de Leon J, Mastronardi CA, Muenke M. ADGRL3 (LPHN3) variants predict substance use disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:42. [PMID: 30696812 PMCID: PMC6351584 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-019-0396-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic factors are strongly implicated in the susceptibility to develop externalizing syndromes such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, and substance use disorder (SUD). Variants in the ADGRL3 (LPHN3) gene predispose to ADHD and predict ADHD severity, disruptive behaviors comorbidity, long-term outcome, and response to treatment. In this study, we investigated whether variants within ADGRL3 are associated with SUD, a disorder that is frequently co-morbid with ADHD. Using family-based, case-control, and longitudinal samples from disparate regions of the world (n = 2698), recruited either for clinical, genetic epidemiological or pharmacogenomic studies of ADHD, we assembled recursive-partitioning frameworks (classification tree analyses) with clinical, demographic, and ADGRL3 genetic information to predict SUD susceptibility. Our results indicate that SUD can be efficiently and robustly predicted in ADHD participants. The genetic models used remained highly efficient in predicting SUD in a large sample of individuals with severe SUD from a psychiatric institution that were not ascertained on the basis of ADHD diagnosis, thus identifying ADGRL3 as a risk gene for SUD. Recursive-partitioning analyses revealed that rs4860437 was the predominant predictive variant. This new methodological approach offers novel insights into higher order predictive interactions and offers a unique opportunity for translational application in the clinical assessment of patients at high risk for SUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Arcos-Burgos
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
- INPAC Research Group, Fundación Universitaria Sanitas, Bogotá, Colombia.
- Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas (IIM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Jorge I Vélez
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Ariel F Martinez
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marta Ribasés
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep A Ramos-Quiroga
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Sánchez-Mora
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vanesa Richarte
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Roncero
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Addiction and Dual Diagnosis Unit, Departament of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron-Public Health Agency, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bru Cormand
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, CAT, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, CAT, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IRSJD), Esplugues, CAT, Spain
| | - Noelia Fernández-Castillo
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, CAT, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, CAT, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IRSJD), Esplugues, CAT, Spain
| | - Miguel Casas
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Lopera
- Neuroscience Research Group, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - David A Pineda
- Neuroscience Research Group, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Juan D Palacio
- Neuroscience Research Group, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Johan E Acosta-López
- Grupo de Neurociencias del Caribe, Unidad de Neurociencias Cognitivas, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Martha L Cervantes-Henriquez
- Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia
- Grupo de Neurociencias del Caribe, Unidad de Neurociencias Cognitivas, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Manuel G Sánchez-Rojas
- Grupo de Neurociencias del Caribe, Unidad de Neurociencias Cognitivas, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Pedro J Puentes-Rozo
- Grupo de Neurociencias del Caribe, Unidad de Neurociencias Cognitivas, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Colombia
- Grupo de Neurociencias del Caribe, Universidad del Atlántico, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Brooke S G Molina
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Pittsburg, Pittsburg, PA, USA
| | - Margaret T Boden
- University of Kentucky Mental Health Research Center at Eastern State Hospital, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Deeann Wallis
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Brett Lidbury
- National Center for Indigenous Genomics, Genome Biology Department, John Curtin School of Medical Research, ANU College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Saul Newman
- National Center for Indigenous Genomics, Genome Biology Department, John Curtin School of Medical Research, ANU College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Simon Easteal
- National Center for Indigenous Genomics, Genome Biology Department, John Curtin School of Medical Research, ANU College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - James Swanson
- Department of Psychiatry, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
- Child Development Center, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Hardip Patel
- Genome Discovery Unit, Genome Biology Department, John Curtin School of Medical Research, ANU College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Nora Volkow
- Office of the Director, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Maria T Acosta
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Francisco X Castellanos
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hassenfeld Children's Hospital at NYU Langone, New York, NY, USA
- Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - Jose de Leon
- University of Kentucky Mental Health Research Center at Eastern State Hospital, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Claudio A Mastronardi
- INPAC Research Group, Fundación Universitaria Sanitas, Bogotá, Colombia
- Center for Research in Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Maximilian Muenke
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Uhl GR, Martinez MJ. PTPRD: neurobiology, genetics, and initial pharmacology of a pleiotropic contributor to brain phenotypes. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1451:112-129. [PMID: 30648269 PMCID: PMC6629525 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type D (PTPRD) has likely roles as a neuronal cell adhesion molecule and synaptic specifier. Interest in its neurobiology and genomics has been stimulated by results from human genetics and mouse models for phenotypes related to addiction, restless leg syndrome, neurofibrillary pathology in Alzheimer's disease, cognitive impairment/intellectual disability, mood lability, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. We review PTPRD's discovery, gene family, candidate homomeric and heteromeric binding partners, phosphatase activities, brain distribution, human genetic associations with nervous system phenotypes, and mouse model data relevant to these phenotypes. We discuss the recently reported discovery of the first small molecule inhibitor of PTPRD phosphatase, the identification of its addiction-related effects, and the implications of these findings for the PTPRD-associated brain phenotypes. In assembling PTPRD neurobiology, human genetics, and mouse genetic and pharmacological datasets, we provide a compelling picture of the roles played by PTPRD, its variation, and its potential as a target for novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- George R Uhl
- Neurology and Research Services, New Mexico VA Healthcare System, Albuquerque, New Mexico.,Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience, Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico.,Biomedical Research Institute of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico.,Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience and Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Maria J Martinez
- Neurology and Research Services, New Mexico VA Healthcare System, Albuquerque, New Mexico.,Biomedical Research Institute of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
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20
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Cocaine reward is reduced by decreased expression of receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase D (PTPRD) and by a novel PTPRD antagonist. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:11597-11602. [PMID: 30348770 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1720446115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase D (PTPRD) is a neuronal cell-adhesion molecule/synaptic specifier that has been implicated in addiction vulnerability and stimulant reward by human genomewide association and mouse cocaine-conditioned place-preference data. However, there have been no reports of effects of reduced expression on cocaine self-administration. There have been no reports of PTPRD targeting by any small molecule. There are no data about behavioral effects of any PTPRD ligand. We now report (i) robust effects of heterozygous PTPRD KO on cocaine self-administration (These data substantially extend prior conditioned place-preference data and add to the rationale for PTPRD as a target for addiction therapeutics.); (ii) identification of 7-butoxy illudalic acid analog (7-BIA) as a small molecule that targets PTPRD and inhibits its phosphatase with some specificity; (iii) lack of toxicity when 7-BIA is administered to mice acutely or with repeated dosing; (iv) reduced cocaine-conditioned place preference when 7-BIA is administered before conditioning sessions; and (v) reductions in well-established cocaine self-administration when 7-BIA is administered before a session (in WT, not PTPRD heterozygous KOs). These results add to support for PTPRD as a target for medications to combat cocaine use disorders. 7-BIA provides a lead compound for addiction therapeutics.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW With the advent of the genome-wide association study (GWAS), our understanding of the genetics of addiction has made significant strides forward. Here, we summarize genetic loci containing variants identified at genome-wide statistical significance (P < 5 × 10-8) and independently replicated, review evidence of functional or regulatory effects for GWAS-identified variants, and outline multi-omics approaches to enhance discovery and characterize addiction loci. RECENT FINDINGS Replicable GWAS findings span 11 genetic loci for smoking, eight loci for alcohol, and two loci for illicit drugs combined and include missense functional variants and noncoding variants with regulatory effects in human brain tissues traditionally viewed as addiction-relevant (e.g., prefrontal cortex [PFC]) and, more recently, tissues often overlooked (e.g., cerebellum). GWAS analyses have discovered several novel, replicable variants contributing to addiction. Using larger sample sizes from harmonized datasets and new approaches to integrate GWAS with multiple 'omics data across human brain tissues holds great promise to significantly advance our understanding of the biology underlying addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana B Hancock
- Behavioral and Urban Health Program, Behavioral Health and Criminal Justice Division, RTI International, 3040 East Cornwallis Road, P. O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - Christina A Markunas
- Behavioral and Urban Health Program, Behavioral Health and Criminal Justice Division, RTI International, 3040 East Cornwallis Road, P. O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Laura J Bierut
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Eric O Johnson
- Fellow Program and Behavioral Health and Criminal Justice Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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22
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The Role of Cell Adhesion Molecule Genes Regulating Neuroplasticity in Addiction. Neural Plast 2018; 2018:9803764. [PMID: 29675039 PMCID: PMC5838467 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9803764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A variety of genetic approaches, including twin studies, linkage studies, and candidate gene studies, has established a firm genetic basis for addiction. However, there has been difficulty identifying the precise genes that underlie addiction liability using these approaches. This situation became especially clear in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of addiction. Moreover, the results of GWAS brought into clarity many of the shortcomings of those early genetic approaches. GWAS studies stripped away those preconceived notions, examining genes that would not previously have been considered in the study of addiction, consequently creating a shift in our understanding. Most importantly, those studies implicated a class of genes that had not previously been considered in the study of addiction genetics: cell adhesion molecules (CAMs). Considering the well-documented evidence supporting a role for various CAMs in synaptic plasticity, axonal growth, and regeneration, it is not surprising that allelic variation in CAM genes might also play a role in addiction liability. This review focuses on the role of various cell adhesion molecules in neuroplasticity that might contribute to addictive processes and emphasizes the importance of ongoing research on CAM genes that have been implicated in addiction by GWAS.
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23
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Polimanti R, Zhao H, Farrer LA, Kranzler HR, Gelernter J. Ancestry-specific and sex-specific risk alleles identified in a genome-wide gene-by-alcohol dependence interaction study of risky sexual behaviors. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2017; 174:846-853. [PMID: 28990359 PMCID: PMC5861711 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We previously mapped loci for the genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and genome-wide gene-by-alcohol dependence interaction (GW-GxAD) analyses of risky sexual behaviors (RSB). This study extends those findings by analyzing the ancestry- and sex-specific AD-stratified effects on RSB. We examined the concordance of findings for the AD-stratified GWAS and the GW-GxAD analysis of RSB, with concordance defined as genome-wide significance in one analysis and at least nominal significance in the second analysis. A total of 2,173 African-American (AA) and 1,751 European-American (EA) subjects were investigated. Information regarding RSB (lifetime experiences of unprotected sex and multiple sexual partners) and DSM-IV diagnosis of lifetime AD were derived from the Semi-Structured Assessment for Drug Dependence and Alcoholism (SSADDA). In our ancestry- and sex-specific analyses, we identified four independent genome-wide significant (GWS) loci (p < 5*10-8 ) and one suggestive locus (p < 6*10-8 ). In men, we observed a GWS signal in FAM162A (rs2002594, p = 4.96*10-8 ). In women, there was a suggestive locus in PLGRKT (rs3824435, p = 5.52*10-8 ). In AAs, there was a GWS signal in GRK5 (rs1316543, p = 1.25*10-9 ). In AA men, we observed an intergenic GWS signal (rs12898370, p = 4.49*10-8 ) near LINGO1. In EA men, there was a GWS signal in CCSER1 (rs62313897; p = 7.93*10-10 ). The loci identified in this GWAS implicate molecular mechanisms related to psychiatric illness and personality features, suggesting that the interplay between AD and RSB is mediated by alleles associated with behavioral traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Polimanti
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, West Haven, CT, USA
- VA CT Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lindsay A. Farrer
- Departments of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Neurology, Ophthalmology, Biostatistics, and Epidemiology, Boston University Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Henry R. Kranzler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and VISN 4 MIRECC, Philadelphia VAMC, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joel Gelernter
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, West Haven, CT, USA
- VA CT Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Cunha MLR, Meijers JCM, Rosendaal FR, Vlieg AVH, Reitsma PH, Middeldorp S. Whole exome sequencing in thrombophilic pedigrees to identify genetic risk factors for venous thromboembolism. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187699. [PMID: 29117201 PMCID: PMC5695603 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Family studies have shown a strong heritability component for venous thromboembolism (VTE), but established genetic risk factors are present in only half of VTE patients. AIM To identify genetic risk factors in two large families with unexplained hereditary VTE. METHODS We performed whole exome sequencing in 10 affected relatives of two unrelated families with an unexplained tendency for VTE. We prioritized variants shared by all affected relatives from both families, and evaluated these in the remaining affected and unaffected individuals. We prioritized variants based on 3 different filter strategies: variants within candidate genes, rare variants across the exome, and SNPs present in patients with familial VTE and with low frequency in the general population. We used whole exome sequencing data available from 96 unrelated VTE cases with a positive family history of VTE from an affected sib study (the GIFT study) to identify additional carriers and compared the risk-allele frequencies with the general population. Variants found in only one individual were also retained for further analysis. Finally, we assessed the association of these variants with VTE in a population-based case-control study (the MEGA study) with 4,291 cases and 4,866 controls. RESULTS Six variants remained as putative disease-risk candidates. These variants are located in 6 genes spread among 3 different loci: 2p21 (PLEKHH2 NM_172069:c.3105T>C, LRPPRC rs372371276, SRBD1 rs34959371), 5q35.2 (UNC5A NM_133369.2:c.1869+23C>A), and 17q25.1 (GPRC5C rs142232982, RAB37 rs556450784). In GIFT, additional carriers were identified only for the variants located in the 2p21 locus. In MEGA, additional carriers for several of these variants were identified in both cases and controls, without a difference in prevalence; no carrier of the UNC5A variant was present. CONCLUSION Despite sequencing of several individuals from two thrombophilic families resulting in 6 candidate variants, we were unable to confirm their relevance as novel thrombophilic defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa L. R. Cunha
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joost C. M. Meijers
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Plasma Proteins, Sanquin, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Frits R. Rosendaal
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Astrid van Hylckama Vlieg
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Pieter H. Reitsma
- Department of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Saskia Middeldorp
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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25
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King CP, Militello L, Hart A, St Pierre CL, Leung E, Versaggi CL, Roberson N, Catlin J, Palmer AA, Richards JB, Meyer PJ. Cdh13 and AdipoQ gene knockout alter instrumental and Pavlovian drug conditioning. GENES, BRAIN, AND BEHAVIOR 2017; 16:686-698. [PMID: 28387990 PMCID: PMC5595635 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies in humans have suggested that variants of the cadherin-13 (CDH13) gene are associated with substance use disorder, subjective response to amphetamine, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. To examine the role of the Cdh13 and its peptide ligand adiponectin (AdipoQ) in addiction-related behaviors, we assessed Cdh13 knockout (KO) rats and AdipoQ KO mice using intravenous cocaine self-administration and conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigms. During intravenous cocaine self-administration, male Cdh13 heterozygous (+/-) and KO (-/-) rats showed increased cue-induced reinstatement compared with wild-type (WT) rats when presented with a cocaine-paired stimulus, whereas female Cdh13 rats showed no differences across genotype. Cdh13 -/- rats showed higher responding for a saccharin reinforcer and learned the choice reaction time (RT) task more slowly than WTs. However, we found no differences between Cdh13 -/- and +/+ rats in responding for sensory reinforcement, number of premature responses in the RT task, tendency to approach a Pavlovian food cue, CPP and locomotor activation to cocaine (10 or 20 mg/kg). In AdipoQ -/- mice, there was a significant increase in CPP to methamphetamine (1 mg/kg) but not to a range of d-amphetamine doses (0.5, 1, 2 and 4 mg/kg). Taken together, these data suggest that Cdh13 and AdipoQ regulate sensitivity to psychomotor stimulants and palatable rewards without producing major changes in other behaviors. In humans, these two genes may regulate sensitivity to natural and drug rewards, thus influencing susceptibility to the conditioned drug effects and relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amy Hart
- Dept. of Human Genetics, Univ. of Chicago, Chicago, IL
- Dept. of Immunology, Janssen R&D, Spring House, PA
| | - Celine L. St Pierre
- Dept. of Human Genetics, Univ. of Chicago, Chicago, IL
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Univ. of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Emily Leung
- Dept. of Human Genetics, Univ. of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | | | | | - James Catlin
- Dept. of Psychology, Univ. at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY
| | - Abraham A. Palmer
- Dept. of Human Genetics, Univ. of Chicago, Chicago, IL
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Univ. of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Univ. of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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26
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Hellgren C, Comasco E, Skalkidou A, Sundström-Poromaa I. Allopregnanolone levels and depressive symptoms during pregnancy in relation to single nucleotide polymorphisms in the allopregnanolone synthesis pathway. Horm Behav 2017; 94:106-113. [PMID: 28666923 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Allopregnanolone, a neurosteroid whose levels rise throughout gestation, putatively stabilizes antenatal mood. The present study aimed to investigate associations of plasma allopregnanolone to antenatal depressive symptoms, as well as to genetic and obstetric factors. Allopregnanolone plasma levels from 284 pregnant women were measured around gestational week 18. Haplotype tag single nucleotide polymorphisms in the aldo-keto reductase family 1, members C2 and C4 (AKR1C2, AKR1C4), and steroid 5 alpha-reductase 1 and 2 (SRD5A1, and SRD5A2) genes were genotyped in a larger sample of pregnant women (n=1351). The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) was administered via web-questionnaires in gestational weeks 17 and 32. Demographic and obstetric data was retrieved from web-questionnaires and medical records. There was no association between allopregnanolone levels and depressive symptoms. Furthermore, no associations between allopregnanolone level and synthesis pathway genotypes were found after accounting for multiple comparisons. However, exploratory analyses suggested that the women who were homozygous for the minor allele of the AKR1C2 polymorphism rs1937863 had nominally lower allopregnanolone levels and lower depression scores in gestational week 17, but also the highest increase in depression scores between week 17 and 32. Additionally, higher body mass index was associated with lower allopregnanolone levels. The results do not support second trimester plasma allopregnanolone as a mood stabilizing factor. However, we speculate that AKR1C2 variation may alter the susceptibility to depressive symptoms through effects on central allopregnanolone synthesis. Another implication of this study is that the relationship between neuroactive steroids and obesity in pregnancy deserves to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Hellgren
- Dept. of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala University Hospital, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Erika Comasco
- Dept. of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alkistis Skalkidou
- Dept. of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala University Hospital, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Inger Sundström-Poromaa
- Dept. of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala University Hospital, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
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27
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Sulovari A, Liu Z, Zhu Z, Li D. Genome-wide meta-analysis of copy number variations with alcohol dependence. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2017; 18:398-405. [PMID: 28696413 DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2017.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Genetic association studies and meta-analyses of alcohol dependence (AD) have reported AD-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). These SNPs collectively account for a small portion of estimated heritability in AD. Recent genome-wide copy number variation (CNV) studies have identified CNVs associated with AD and substance dependence, suggesting that a portion of the missing heritability is explained by CNV. We applied PennCNV and QuantiSNP CNV calling algorithms to identify consensus CNVs in five AD cohorts of European and African origins. After rigorous quality control, genome-wide meta-analyses of CNVs were carried out in 3243 well-diagnosed AD cases and 2802 controls. We identified nine CNV regions, including a deletion in chromosome 5q21.3 with a suggestive association with AD (OR=2.15 (1.41-3.29) and P=3.8 × 10-4) and eight nominally significant CNV regions. All regions were replicated with consistent effect sizes across studies and populations. Pathway and gene-drug interaction enrichment analyses based on the resulting genes indicated the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway and the recombinant insulin and hyaluronidase drugs, which were relevant to AD biology or treatment. To our knowledge, this is the first genome-wide meta-analysis of CNVs with addiction. Further investigation of the AD-associated CNV regions will provide better understanding of the AD genetic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sulovari
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Z Liu
- Spine Surgery, Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Z Zhu
- Spine Surgery, Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - D Li
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.,Department of Computer Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.,Neuroscience, Behavior, and Health Initiative, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
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28
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Lu Q, Powles RL, Abdallah S, Ou D, Wang Q, Hu Y, Lu Y, Liu W, Li B, Mukherjee S, Crane PK, Zhao H. Systematic tissue-specific functional annotation of the human genome highlights immune-related DNA elements for late-onset Alzheimer's disease. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006933. [PMID: 28742084 PMCID: PMC5546707 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Continuing efforts from large international consortia have made genome-wide epigenomic and transcriptomic annotation data publicly available for a variety of cell and tissue types. However, synthesis of these datasets into effective summary metrics to characterize the functional non-coding genome remains a challenge. Here, we present GenoSkyline-Plus, an extension of our previous work through integration of an expanded set of epigenomic and transcriptomic annotations to produce high-resolution, single tissue annotations. After validating our annotations with a catalog of tissue-specific non-coding elements previously identified in the literature, we apply our method using data from 127 different cell and tissue types to present an atlas of heritability enrichment across 45 different GWAS traits. We show that broader organ system categories (e.g. immune system) increase statistical power in identifying biologically relevant tissue types for complex diseases while annotations of individual cell types (e.g. monocytes or B-cells) provide deeper insights into disease etiology. Additionally, we use our GenoSkyline-Plus annotations in an in-depth case study of late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD). Our analyses suggest a strong connection between LOAD heritability and genetic variants contained in regions of the genome functional in monocytes. Furthermore, we show that LOAD shares a similar localization of SNPs to monocyte-functional regions with Parkinson's disease. Overall, we demonstrate that integrated genome annotations at the single tissue level provide a valuable tool for understanding the etiology of complex human diseases. Our GenoSkyline-Plus annotations are freely available at http://genocanyon.med.yale.edu/GenoSkyline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongshi Lu
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Ryan L. Powles
- Program of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Sarah Abdallah
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Derek Ou
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Qian Wang
- Program of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Yiming Hu
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Yisi Lu
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Wei Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Boyang Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Shubhabrata Mukherjee
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Paul K. Crane
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Program of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- VA Cooperative Studies Program Coordinating Center, West Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
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Leventhal AM, Kirkpatrick MG, Pester MS, McGeary JE, Swift RM, Sussman S, Kahler CW. Pharmacogenetics of stimulant abuse liability: association of CDH13 variant with amphetamine response in a racially-heterogeneous sample of healthy young adults. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:307-315. [PMID: 27771748 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-016-4462-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE A previous genome-wide association study (GWAS) in a predominately Caucasian sample of healthy young adults linked greater amphetamine-induced rewarding effects with the rs3784943 G allele of the cadherin 13 (CDH13; i.e., a cell adhesion molecule implicated in neuronal connectivity) gene. This association has not been subsequently examined, nor has it been studied in Asian populations, which may have greater frequencies of the risk allele. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to examine the association of rs3784943 with amphetamine response in a racially heterogeneous sample (37 % Asian) of healthy young adults. METHODS Participants (N = 84; 18-35 years old) genotyped for rs3784943 completed counterbalanced sessions involving 20 mg oral d-amphetamine or placebo administration. At both sessions, cardiovascular and subjective drug effects measures were collected. RESULTS In the combined racially heterogeneous sample, amphetamine (vs. placebo) effects were significantly greater on "Feel Drug" ratings (p < 0.05) and marginally greater on "Feel High" ratings and systolic blood pressure (p < 0.10) in G/A + G/G genotypes than A/A genotypes. The G allele was more common among Asian than other racial groups. Among the subsample of Asian participants (N = 31), drug effects were significantly greater on Feel Drug (p < 0.05) and marginally greater on Feel High and heart rate (p < 0.10) among Asians with G/A + G/G (vs. A/A) genotypes. CONCLUSIONS In concert with a previous GWAS result, this candidate gene study provides convergent evidence implicating CDH13 rs3784943 variant in d-amphetamine's drug effect profile and suggests generalization to Asian populations. CDH13 and genes coding for other cell adhesion molecules may be worthy of study in the biology of psychostimulant abuse liability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Leventhal
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, CSC 240, Los Angeles, 90033, CA, USA. .,Department of Psychology, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Matthew G Kirkpatrick
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, CSC 240, Los Angeles, 90033, CA, USA
| | - Mollie S Pester
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, CSC 240, Los Angeles, 90033, CA, USA
| | - John E McGeary
- Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA.,Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Robert M Swift
- Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA.,Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Steve Sussman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, CSC 240, Los Angeles, 90033, CA, USA.,Department of Psychology, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christopher W Kahler
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
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Cerebellum Transcriptome of Mice Bred for High Voluntary Activity Offers Insights into Locomotor Control and Reward-Dependent Behaviors. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167095. [PMID: 27893846 PMCID: PMC5125674 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the cerebellum in motivation and addictive behaviors is less understood than that in control and coordination of movements. High running can be a self-rewarding behavior exhibiting addictive properties. Changes in the cerebellum transcriptional networks of mice from a line selectively bred for High voluntary running (H) were profiled relative to an unselected Control (C) line. The environmental modulation of these changes was assessed both in activity environments corresponding to 7 days of Free (F) access to running wheel and to Blocked (B) access on day 7. Overall, 457 genes exhibited a significant (FDR-adjusted P-value < 0.05) genotype-by-environment interaction effect, indicating that activity genotype differences in gene expression depend on environmental access to running. Among these genes, network analysis highlighted 6 genes (Nrgn, Drd2, Rxrg, Gda, Adora2a, and Rab40b) connected by their products that displayed opposite expression patterns in the activity genotype contrast within the B and F environments. The comparison of network expression topologies suggests that selection for high voluntary running is linked to a predominant dysregulation of hub genes in the F environment that enables running whereas a dysregulation of ancillary genes is favored in the B environment that blocks running. Genes associated with locomotor regulation, signaling pathways, reward-processing, goal-focused, and reward-dependent behaviors exhibited significant genotype-by-environment interaction (e.g. Pak6, Adora2a, Drd2, and Arhgap8). Neuropeptide genes including Adcyap1, Cck, Sst, Vgf, Npy, Nts, Penk, and Tac2 and related receptor genes also exhibited significant genotype-by-environment interaction. The majority of the 183 differentially expressed genes between activity genotypes (e.g. Drd1) were under-expressed in C relative to H genotypes and were also under-expressed in B relative to F environments. Our findings indicate that the high voluntary running mouse line studied is a helpful model for understanding the molecular mechanisms in the cerebellum that influence locomotor control and reward-dependent behaviors.
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Bryant CD, Yazdani N. RNA-binding proteins, neural development and the addictions. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2016; 15:169-86. [PMID: 26643147 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression defines the neurobiological mechanisms that bridge genetic and environmental risk factors with neurobehavioral dysfunction underlying the addictions. More than 1000 genes in the eukaryotic genome code for multifunctional RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) that can regulate all levels of RNA biogenesis. More than 50% of these RBPs are expressed in the brain where they regulate alternative splicing, transport, localization, stability and translation of RNAs during development and adulthood. Dysfunction of RBPs can exert global effects on their targetomes that underlie neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases as well as neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism and schizophrenia. Here, we consider the evidence that RBPs influence key molecular targets, neurodevelopment, synaptic plasticity and neurobehavioral dysfunction underlying the addictions. Increasingly well-powered genome-wide association studies in humans and mammalian model organisms combined with ever more precise transcriptomic and proteomic approaches will continue to uncover novel and possibly selective roles for RBPs in the addictions. Key challenges include identifying the biological functions of the dynamic RBP targetomes from specific cell types throughout subcellular space (e.g. the nuclear spliceome vs. the synaptic translatome) and time and manipulating RBP programs through post-transcriptional modifications to prevent or reverse aberrant neurodevelopment and plasticity underlying the addictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Bryant
- Laboratory of Addiction Genetics, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - N Yazdani
- Laboratory of Addiction Genetics, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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Drgonova J, Walther D, Hartstein GL, Bukhari MO, Baumann MH, Katz J, Hall FS, Arnold ER, Flax S, Riley A, Rivero-Martin O, Lesch KP, Troncoso J, Ranscht B, Uhl GR. Cadherin 13: human cis-regulation and selectively-altered addiction phenotypes and cerebral cortical dopamine in knockout mice. Mol Med 2016; 22:537-547. [PMID: 27579475 PMCID: PMC5082297 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2015.00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The cadherin 13 (CDH13) gene encodes a cell adhesion molecule likely to influence development and connections of brain circuits that modulate addiction, locomotion and cognition, including those that involve midbrain dopamine neurons. Human CDH13 mRNA expression differs by more than 80% in postmortem cerebral cortical samples from individuals with different CDH13 genotypes, supporting examination of mice with altered Cdh13 expression as models for common human variation at this locus. Constitutive cdh13 knockout mice display evidence for changed cocaine reward: shifted dose response relationship in tests of cocaine-conditioned place preference using doses that do not alter cocaine conditioned taste aversion. Reduced adult Cdh13 expression in conditional knockouts also alters cocaine reward in ways that correlate with individual differences in cortical Cdh13 mRNA levels. In control and comparison behavioral assessments, knockout mice display modestly-quicker acquisition of rotarod and water maze tasks, with a trend toward faster acquisition of 5 choice serial reaction time tasks that otherwise displayed no genotype-related differences. They display significant differences in locomotion in some settings, with larger effects in males. In assessments of brain changes that might contribute to these behavioral differences, there are selective alterations of dopamine levels, dopamine/metabolite ratios, dopaminergic fiber densities and mRNA encoding the activity dependent transcription factor npas4 in cerebral cortex of knockout mice. These novel data and previously reported human associations of CDH13 variants with addiction, individual differences in responses to stimulant administration and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) phenotypes suggest that levels of CDH13 expression, through mechanisms likely to include effects on mesocortical dopamine, influence stimulant reward and may contribute modestly to cognitive and locomotor phenotypes relevant to ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Drgonova
- Molecular Neurobiology, NIH-IRP, NIDA, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| | - Donna Walther
- Molecular Neurobiology, NIH-IRP, NIDA, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| | - G Luke Hartstein
- Molecular Neurobiology, NIH-IRP, NIDA, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| | | | | | - Jonathan Katz
- Medicinal Chemistry, NIH-IRP, NIDA, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| | - Frank Scott Hall
- Molecular Neurobiology, NIH-IRP, NIDA, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| | | | - Shaun Flax
- Dept of Psychology, American Univ, Washington, DC
| | | | - Olga Rivero-Martin
- Translational Neurobiology, Dept Psychiatry, Univ Würzburg, Würzburg Germany
| | - Klaus-Peter Lesch
- Translational Neurobiology, Dept Psychiatry, Univ Würzburg, Würzburg Germany
| | - Juan Troncoso
- Div Neuropathology, Johns Hopkins Sch Med, Baltimore MD 21202
| | | | - George R Uhl
- Molecular Neurobiology, NIH-IRP, NIDA, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
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Jensen KP. A Review of Genome-Wide Association Studies of Stimulant and Opioid Use Disorders. MOLECULAR NEUROPSYCHIATRY 2016; 2:37-45. [PMID: 27606319 DOI: 10.1159/000444755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Substance use disorders (SUD) are a major contributor to disability and disease burden worldwide. Risk for developing SUDs is influenced by variation in the genome. Identifying the genetic variants that influence SUD risk may help us to understand the biological mechanisms for the disorders and improve treatments. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been successful in identifying many regions of the genome associated with common human disorders. Here, findings from recent GWAS of SUDs that involve illicit substances will be reviewed. Several GWAS have been reported, including studies on opioid and stimulant use disorder (cocaine and methamphetamine). Several of these GWAS report associations that are biologically interesting and statistically robust. Replication of the associations in independent samples and functional studies to understand the basis for the statistical associations will be important next steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin P Jensen
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn., and VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Conn., USA
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Smith CT, Weafer J, Cowan RL, Kessler RM, Palmer AA, de Wit H, Zald DH. Individual differences in timing of peak positive subjective responses to d-amphetamine: Relationship to pharmacokinetics and physiology. J Psychopharmacol 2016; 30:330-43. [PMID: 26880226 PMCID: PMC5049703 DOI: 10.1177/0269881116631650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Rate of delivery of psychostimulants has been associated with their positive euphoric effects and potential addiction liability. However, information on individual differences in onset of d-amphetamine's effects remains scarce. We examined individual differences in the time to peak subjective and physiological effects and the pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of oral d-amphetamine. We considered two independent studies that used different dosing regimens where subjects completed the drug effects questionnaire at multiple time points post d-amphetamine. Based on the observation of distinct individual differences in time course of drug effects questionnaire "feel", "high", and "like" ratings (DEQH+L+F) in Study 1, subjects in both studies were categorized as early peak responders (peak within 60 minutes), late peak responders (peak > 60 minutes) or nonresponders; 20-25% of participants were categorized as early peak responders, 50-55% as late peak responders and 20-30% as nonresponders. Physiological (both studies) and plasma d-amphetamine (Study 1) were compared among these groups. Early peak responders exhibited an earlier rise in plasma d-amphetamine levels and more sustained elevation in heart rate compared to late peak responders. The present data illustrate the presence of significant individual differences in the temporal pattern of responses to oral d-amphetamine, which may contribute to heightened abuse potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T. Smith
- Department of Psychology, PMB 407817, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37240-7817
| | - Jessica Weafer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, MC3077, University of Chicago, 5821 S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Ronald L. Cowan
- Department of Psychology, PMB 407817, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37240-7817,Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 1601 23 Ave South, Suite 3057, Nashville, TN, 37212
| | | | - Abraham A. Palmer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, MC3077, University of Chicago, 5821 S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637,Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, 920 E 58 St., CLSC-507G, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Harriet de Wit
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, MC3077, University of Chicago, 5821 S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - David H. Zald
- Department of Psychology, PMB 407817, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37240-7817,Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 1601 23 Ave South, Suite 3057, Nashville, TN, 37212
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35
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Orsini CA, Setlow B, DeJesus M, Galaviz S, Loesch K, Ioerger T, Wallis D. Behavioral and transcriptomic profiling of mice null for Lphn3, a gene implicated in ADHD and addiction. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2016; 4:322-43. [PMID: 27247960 PMCID: PMC4867566 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Latrophilin 3 (LPHN3) gene (recently renamed Adhesion G protein‐coupled receptor L3 (ADGRL3)) has been linked to susceptibility to attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and vulnerability to addiction. However, its role and function are not well understood as there are no known functional variants. Methods To characterize the function of this little known gene, we phenotyped Lphn3 null mice. We assessed motivation for food reward and working memory via instrumental responding tasks, motor coordination via rotarod, and depressive‐like behavior via forced swim. We also measured neurite outgrowth of primary hippocampal and cortical neuron cultures. Standard blood chemistries and blood counts were performed. Finally, we also evaluated the transcriptome in several brain regions. Results Behaviorally, loss of Lphn3 increases both reward motivation and activity levels. Lphn3 null mice display significantly greater instrumental responding for food than wild‐type mice, particularly under high response ratios, and swim incessantly during a forced swim assay. However, loss of Lphn3 does not interfere with working memory or motor coordination. Primary hippocampal and cortical neuron cultures demonstrate that null neurons display comparatively enhanced neurite outgrowth after 2 and 3 days in vitro. Standard blood chemistry panels reveal that nulls have low serum calcium levels. Finally, analysis of the transcriptome from prefrontal cortical, striatal, and hippocampal tissue at different developmental time points shows that loss of Lphn3 results in genotype‐dependent differential gene expression (DGE), particularly for cell adhesion molecules and calcium signaling proteins. Much of the DGE is attenuated with age, and is consistent with the idea that ADHD is associated with delayed cortical maturation. Conclusions Transcriptome changes likely affect neuron structure and function, leading to behavioral anomalies consistent with both ADHD and addiction phenotypes. The data should further motivate analyses of Lphn3 function in the developmental timing of altered gene expression and calcium signaling, and their effects on neuronal structure/function during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin A Orsini
- Department of Psychiatry McKnight Brain Institute University of Florida College of Medicine Gainesville Florida 32610
| | - Barry Setlow
- Department of Psychiatry McKnight Brain Institute University of Florida College of Medicine Gainesville Florida 32610
| | - Michael DeJesus
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering Texas A&M University College Station Texas 77843
| | - Stacy Galaviz
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics Texas A&M University College Station Texas 77843
| | - Kimberly Loesch
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics Texas A&M University College Station Texas 77843
| | - Thomas Ioerger
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering Texas A&M University College Station Texas 77843
| | - Deeann Wallis
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics Texas A&M University College Station Texas 77843
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Heinzerling KG, Demirdjian L, Wu Y, Shoptaw S. Single nucleotide polymorphism near CREB1, rs7591784, is associated with pretreatment methamphetamine use frequency and outcome of outpatient treatment for methamphetamine use disorder. J Psychiatr Res 2016; 74:22-9. [PMID: 26736037 PMCID: PMC5053101 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Although stimulant dependence is highly heritable, few studies have examined genetic influences on methamphetamine dependence. We performed a candidate gene study of 52 SNPs and pretreatment methamphetamine use frequency among 263 methamphetamine dependent Hispanic and Non-Hispanic White participants of several methamphetamine outpatient clinical trials in Los Angeles. One SNP, rs7591784 was significantly associated with pretreatment methamphetamine use frequency following Bonferroni correction (p < 0.001) in males but not females. We then examined rs7591784 and methamphetamine urine drug screen results during 12 weeks of outpatient treatment among males with treatment outcome data available (N = 94) and found rs7591784 was significantly associated with methamphetamine use during treatment controlling for pretreatment methamphetamine use. rs7591784 is near CREB1 and in a linkage disequilibrium block with rs2952768, previously shown to influence CREB1 expression. The CREB signaling pathway is involved in gene expression changes related to chronic use of multiple drugs of abuse including methamphetamine and these results suggest that variability in CREB signaling may influence pretreatment frequency of methamphetamine use as well as outcomes of outpatient treatment. Medications targeting the CREB pathway, including phosphodiesterase inhibitors, warrant investigation as pharmacotherapies for methamphetamine use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith G. Heinzerling
- UCLA Department of Family Medicine and Center for Behavioral and Addiction Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Correspondence to: Keith Heinzerling, UCLA Department of Family Medicine, 1920 Colorado Avenue, Santa Monica, CA, 90404, USA,
| | | | - Yingnian Wu
- UCLA Department of Statistics, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Steven Shoptaw
- UCLA Department of Family Medicine and Center for Behavioral and Addiction Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Kirkpatrick MG, Goldenson NI, Kapadia N, Kahler CW, de Wit H, Swift RM, McGeary JE, Sussman S, Leventhal AM. Emotional traits predict individual differences in amphetamine-induced positive mood in healthy volunteers. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:89-97. [PMID: 26429791 PMCID: PMC4703469 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-4091-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research on emotional correlates of individual differences in subjective responses to D-amphetamine has focused on relatively broad personality traits. Yet, emotional functioning is best characterized by several narrow subcomponents, each of which may contribute uniquely to amphetamine response. Here, we examine several specific subdomains of emotional functioning in relation to acute amphetamine response. METHOD At a baseline session, healthy stimulant-naive volunteers (N = 97) completed measures of several subdomains of baseline trait emotional functioning and then completed two counterbalanced experimental sessions during which they received a single oral dose of 20 mg D-amphetamine or placebo. Acute subjective drug response measures were completed at repeated intervals before and after drug administration. Data from subjective measures that were significantly modulated by amphetamine were reduced using principal component analysis (amphetamine or placebo) into three higher-order factors of "positive mood," "arousal," and "drug high." Amphetamine did not significantly alter any "negative" subjective states. Separate multiple regression analyses were conducted regressing these three drug factors on baseline trait emotional functioning scales. RESULTS The combined set of trait emotional functioning indicators accounted for approximately 22 % of the variance in acute amphetamine-induced positive mood changes. Greater anticipatory pleasure and greater anxious distress each uniquely predicted greater amphetamine-induced positive mood. Trait emotional functioning did not significantly predict amphetamine-induced changes in arousal or drug high. DISCUSSION Emotional traits appear to moderate drug-induced positive mood but not other dimensions of amphetamine effects. Different facets of emotional functioning may differentially modulate amphetamine's subjective effect profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G. Kirkpatrick
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
| | - Nicholas I. Goldenson
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
| | - Nahel Kapadia
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
| | | | - Harriet de Wit
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago
| | - Robert M. Swift
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - John E. McGeary
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Steve Sussman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
| | - Adam M. Leventhal
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
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Amphetamine increases activity but not exploration in humans and mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:225-33. [PMID: 26449721 PMCID: PMC4703551 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-4098-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Cross-species quantification of physiological behavior enables a better understanding of the biological systems underlying neuropsychiatric diseases such as bipolar disorder (BD). Cardinal symptoms of manic BD include increased motor activity and goal-directed behavior, thought to be related to increased catecholamine activity, potentially selective to dopamine homeostatic dysregulation. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to test whether acute administration of amphetamine, a norepinephrine/dopamine transporter inhibitor and dopamine releaser, would replicate the profile of activity and exploration observed in both humans with manic BD and mouse models of mania. METHODS Healthy volunteers with no psychiatric history were randomized to a one-time dose of placebo (n = 25), 10 mg d-amphetamine (n = 18), or 20 mg amphetamine (n = 23). Eighty mice were administered one of four doses of d-amphetamine or vehicle. Humans and mice were tested in the behavioral pattern monitor (BPM), which quantifies motor activity, exploratory behavior, and spatial patterns of behavior. RESULTS In humans, the 20-mg dose of amphetamine increased motor activity as measured by acceleration without marked effects on exploration or spatial patterns of activity. In mice, amphetamine increased activity, decreased specific exploration, and caused straighter, one-dimensional movements in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS Consistent with mice, amphetamine increased motoric activity in humans without increasing exploration. Given that BD patients exhibit heightened exploration, these data further emphasize the limitation of amphetamine-induced hyperactivity as a suitable model for BD. Further, these studies highlight the utility of cross-species physiological paradigms in validating biological mechanisms of psychiatric diseases.
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Summaries of plenary, symposia, and oral sessions at the XXII World Congress of Psychiatric Genetics, Copenhagen, Denmark, 12-16 October 2014. Psychiatr Genet 2015; 26:1-47. [PMID: 26565519 DOI: 10.1097/ypg.0000000000000112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The XXII World Congress of Psychiatric Genetics, sponsored by the International Society of Psychiatric Genetics, took place in Copenhagen, Denmark, on 12-16 October 2014. A total of 883 participants gathered to discuss the latest findings in the field. The following report was written by student and postdoctoral attendees. Each was assigned one or more sessions as a rapporteur. This manuscript represents topics covered in most, but not all of the oral presentations during the conference, and contains some of the major notable new findings reported.
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A Preliminary Investigation of Individual Differences in Subjective Responses to D-Amphetamine, Alcohol, and Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Using a Within-Subjects Randomized Trial. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140501. [PMID: 26513587 PMCID: PMC4626040 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Polydrug use is common, and might occur because certain individuals experience positive effects from several different drugs during early stages of use. This study examined individual differences in subjective responses to single oral doses of d-amphetamine, alcohol, and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in healthy social drinkers. Each of these drugs produces feelings of well-being in at least some individuals, and we hypothesized that subjective responses to these drugs would be positively correlated. We also examined participants’ drug responses in relation to personality traits associated with drug use. In this initial, exploratory study, 24 healthy, light drug users (12 male, 12 female), aged 21–31 years, participated in a fully within-subject, randomized, counterbalanced design with six 5.5-hour sessions in which they received d-amphetamine (20mg), alcohol (0.8 g/kg), or THC (7.5 mg), each paired with a placebo session. Participants rated the drugs’ effects on both global measures (e.g. feeling a drug effect at all) and drug-specific measures. In general, participants’ responses to the three drugs were unrelated. Unexpectedly, “wanting more” alcohol was inversely correlated with “wanting more” THC. Additionally, in women, but not in men, “disliking” alcohol was negatively correlated with “disliking” THC. Positive alcohol and amphetamine responses were related, but only in individuals who experienced a stimulant effect of alcohol. Finally, high trait constraint (or lack of impulsivity) was associated with lower reports of liking alcohol. No personality traits predicted responses across multiple drug types. Generally, these findings do not support the idea that certain individuals experience greater positive effects across multiple drug classes, but instead provide some evidence for a “drug of choice” model, in which individuals respond positively to certain classes of drugs that share similar subjective effects, and dislike other types of drugs.
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Cadherin-13, a risk gene for ADHD and comorbid disorders, impacts GABAergic function in hippocampus and cognition. Transl Psychiatry 2015; 5:e655. [PMID: 26460479 PMCID: PMC4930129 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2015.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadherin-13 (CDH13), a unique glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored member of the cadherin family of cell adhesion molecules, has been identified as a risk gene for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and various comorbid neurodevelopmental and psychiatric conditions, including depression, substance abuse, autism spectrum disorder and violent behavior, while the mechanism whereby CDH13 dysfunction influences pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders remains elusive. Here we explored the potential role of CDH13 in the inhibitory modulation of brain activity by investigating synaptic function of GABAergic interneurons. Cellular and subcellular distribution of CDH13 was analyzed in the murine hippocampus and a mouse model with a targeted inactivation of Cdh13 was generated to evaluate how CDH13 modulates synaptic activity of hippocampal interneurons and behavioral domains related to psychopathologic (endo)phenotypes. We show that CDH13 expression in the cornu ammonis (CA) region of the hippocampus is confined to distinct classes of interneurons. Specifically, CDH13 is expressed by numerous parvalbumin and somatostatin-expressing interneurons located in the stratum oriens, where it localizes to both the soma and the presynaptic compartment. Cdh13(-/-) mice show an increase in basal inhibitory, but not excitatory, synaptic transmission in CA1 pyramidal neurons. Associated with these alterations in hippocampal function, Cdh13(-/-) mice display deficits in learning and memory. Taken together, our results indicate that CDH13 is a negative regulator of inhibitory synapses in the hippocampus, and provide insights into how CDH13 dysfunction may contribute to the excitatory/inhibitory imbalance observed in neurodevelopmental disorders, such as ADHD and autism.
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Phillips TJ, Shabani S. An animal model of differential genetic risk for methamphetamine intake. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:327. [PMID: 26441502 PMCID: PMC4585292 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The question of whether genetic factors contribute to risk for methamphetamine (MA) use and dependence has not been intensively investigated. Compared to human populations, genetic animal models offer the advantages of control over genetic family history and drug exposure. Using selective breeding, we created lines of mice that differ in genetic risk for voluntary MA intake and identified the chromosomal addresses of contributory genes. A quantitative trait locus was identified on chromosome 10 that accounts for more than 50% of the genetic variance in MA intake in the selected mouse lines. In addition, behavioral and physiological screening identified differences corresponding with risk for MA intake that have generated hypotheses that are testable in humans. Heightened sensitivity to aversive and certain physiological effects of MA, such as MA-induced reduction in body temperature, are hallmarks of mice bred for low MA intake. Furthermore, unlike MA-avoiding mice, MA-preferring mice are sensitive to rewarding and reinforcing MA effects, and to MA-induced increases in brain extracellular dopamine levels. Gene expression analyses implicate the importance of a network enriched in transcription factor genes, some of which regulate the mu opioid receptor gene, Oprm1, in risk for MA use. Neuroimmune factors appear to play a role in differential response to MA between the mice bred for high and low intake. In addition, chromosome 10 candidate gene studies provide strong support for a trace amine-associated receptor 1 gene, Taar1, polymorphism in risk for MA intake. MA is a trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) agonist, and a non-functional Taar1 allele segregates with high MA consumption. Thus, reduced TAAR1 function has the potential to increase risk for MA use. Overall, existing findings support the MA drinking lines as a powerful model for identifying genetic factors involved in determining risk for harmful MA use. Future directions include the development of a binge model of MA intake, examining the effect of withdrawal from chronic MA on MA intake, and studying potential Taar1 gene × gene and gene × environment interactions. These and other studies are intended to improve our genetic model with regard to its translational value to human addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara J Phillips
- VA Portland Health Care System Portland, OR, USA ; Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University Portland, OR, USA
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Gamazon ER, Wheeler HE, Shah KP, Mozaffari SV, Aquino-Michaels K, Carroll RJ, Eyler AE, Denny JC, Nicolae DL, Cox NJ, Kyung Im H. A gene-based association method for mapping traits using reference transcriptome data. Nat Genet 2015; 47:1091-8. [PMID: 26258848 PMCID: PMC4552594 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1063] [Impact Index Per Article: 118.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified thousands of variants robustly associated with complex traits. However, the biological mechanisms underlying these associations are, in general, not well understood. We propose a gene-based association method called PrediXcan that directly tests the molecular mechanisms through which genetic variation affects phenotype. The approach estimates the component of gene expression determined by an individual's genetic profile and correlates 'imputed' gene expression with the phenotype under investigation to identify genes involved in the etiology of the phenotype. Genetically regulated gene expression is estimated using whole-genome tissue-dependent prediction models trained with reference transcriptome data sets. PrediXcan enjoys the benefits of gene-based approaches such as reduced multiple-testing burden and a principled approach to the design of follow-up experiments. Our results demonstrate that PrediXcan can detect known and new genes associated with disease traits and provide insights into the mechanism of these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R. Gamazon
- Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Heather E. Wheeler
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Kaanan P. Shah
- Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | | | | | - Robert J. Carroll
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Anne E. Eyler
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Joshua C. Denny
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - GTEx Consortium
- A full list of members and affiliations appears in the Supplementary Note
| | - Dan L. Nicolae
- Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
- Department of Statistics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Nancy J. Cox
- Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Hae Kyung Im
- Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
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Hart AB, Kranzler HR. Alcohol Dependence Genetics: Lessons Learned From Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) and Post-GWAS Analyses. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2015; 39:1312-27. [PMID: 26110981 PMCID: PMC4515198 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol dependence (AD) is a complex psychiatric disorder and a significant public health problem. Twin and family-based studies have consistently estimated its heritability to be approximately 50%, and many studies have sought to identify specific genetic variants associated with susceptibility to AD. These studies have been primarily linkage or candidate gene based and have been mostly unsuccessful in identifying replicable risk loci. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have improved the detection of specific loci associated with complex traits, including AD. However, findings from GWAS explain only a small proportion of phenotypic variance, and alternative methods have been proposed to investigate the associations that do not meet strict genome-wide significance criteria. METHODS This review summarizes all published AD GWAS and post-GWAS analyses that have sought to exploit GWAS data to identify AD-associated loci. RESULTS Findings from AD GWAS have been largely inconsistent, with the exception of variants encoding the alcohol-metabolizing enzymes. Analyses of GWAS data that go beyond standard association testing have demonstrated the polygenic nature of AD and the large contribution of common variants to risk, nominating novel genes and pathways for AD susceptibility. CONCLUSIONS Findings from AD GWAS and post-GWAS analyses have greatly increased our understanding of the genetic etiology of AD. However, it is clear that larger samples will be necessary to detect loci in addition to those that encode alcohol-metabolizing enzymes, which may only be possible through consortium-based efforts. Post-GWAS approaches to studying the genetic influences on AD are increasingly common and could greatly increase our knowledge of both the genetic architecture of AD and the specific genes and pathways that influence risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy B. Hart
- Center for Studies of Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Henry R. Kranzler
- Center for Studies of Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
- VISN 4 MIRECC, Philadelphia VAMC, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Yarosh HL, Meda SA, de Wit H, Hart AB, Pearlson GD. Multivariate analysis of subjective responses to d-amphetamine in healthy volunteers finds novel genetic pathway associations. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:2781-94. [PMID: 25843748 PMCID: PMC4504822 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-3914-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Researchers studying behavioral and physiologic effects of d-amphetamine have explored individual response differences to the drug. Concurrently, genome-wide analyses have identified several single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with these traits. Univariate methods can identify SNPs associated with behavioral and physiological traits, but multivariate analyses allow identification of clusters of related biologically relevant SNPs and behavioral components. OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to identify clusters of related biologically relevant SNPs and behavioral components in the responses of healthy individuals to d-amphetamine using multivariate analysis. METHODS Individuals (N = 375) without substance abuse histories completed surveys and detailed cardiovascular monitoring during randomized, blinded sessions: d-amphetamine (10 and 20 mg) and placebo. We applied parallel independent component analysis (Para-ICA) to data previously analyzed with univariate approaches, revealing new associations between genes and behavioral responses to d-amphetamine. RESULTS Three significantly associated (p < .001) phenotype-genotype pairs emerged. The first component included physiologic measures of systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) along with SNPs in calcium and glutamatergic signaling pathways. The second associated components included the "Anger" items from the Profile of Mood States (POMS) questionnaire and the marijuana effects from the Addiction Research Center Inventory (Cuyas, Verdejo-Garcia et al.), with enriched genetic pathways involved in cardiomyopathy and MAPK signaling. The final pair included "Anxious," "Fatigue," and "Confusion" items from the POMS questionnaire, plus functional pathways related to cardiac muscle contraction and cardiomyopathy. CONCLUSIONS Multifactorial genetic networks related to calcium signaling, glutamatergic and dopaminergic synapse function, and amphetamine addiction appear to mediate common behavioral and cardiovascular responses to d-amphetamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley L. Yarosh
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living at Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Shashwath A. Meda
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living at Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut
| | - Harriet de Wit
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Amy B. Hart
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Godfrey D. Pearlson
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living at Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut,Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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Cho CH, Lee HJ, Woo HG, Choi JH, Greenwood TA, Kelsoe JR. CDH13 and HCRTR2 May Be Associated with Hypersomnia Symptom of Bipolar Depression: A Genome-Wide Functional Enrichment Pathway Analysis. Psychiatry Investig 2015; 12. [PMID: 26207136 PMCID: PMC4504925 DOI: 10.4306/pi.2015.12.3.402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although bipolar disorder is highly heritable, the identification of specific genetic variations is limited because of the complex traits underlying the disorder. We performed a genome-wide association study of bipolar disorder using a subphenotype that shows hypersomnia symptom during a major depressive episode. We investigated a total of 2,191 cases, 1,434 controls, and 703,012 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the merged samples obtained from the Translational Genomics Institute and the Genetic Association Information Network. The gene emerging as the most significant by statistical analysis was rs1553441 (odds ratio=0.4093; p=1.20×10(-5); Permuted p=6.0×10(-6)). However, the 5×0(-8) threshold for statistical significance required in a genome-wide association study was not achieved. The functional enrichment pathway analysis showed significant enrichments in the adhesion, development-related, synaptic transmission-related, and cell recognition-related pathways. For further evaluation, each gene of the enriched pathways was reviewed and matched with genes that were suggested to be associated with psychiatric disorders by previous genetic studies. We found that the cadherin 13 and hypocretin (orexin) receptor 2 genes may be involved in the hypersomnia symptom during a major depressive episode of bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chul-Hyun Cho
- Department of Psychiatry, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Heon-Jeong Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Goo Woo
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hye Choi
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | | | - John R. Kelsoe
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- San Diego VA Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
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Genetic background of extreme violent behavior. Mol Psychiatry 2015; 20:786-92. [PMID: 25349169 PMCID: PMC4776744 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2014.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In developed countries, the majority of all violent crime is committed by a small group of antisocial recidivistic offenders, but no genes have been shown to contribute to recidivistic violent offending or severe violent behavior, such as homicide. Our results, from two independent cohorts of Finnish prisoners, revealed that a monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) low-activity genotype (contributing to low dopamine turnover rate) as well as the CDH13 gene (coding for neuronal membrane adhesion protein) are associated with extremely violent behavior (at least 10 committed homicides, attempted homicides or batteries). No substantial signal was observed for either MAOA or CDH13 among non-violent offenders, indicating that findings were specific for violent offending, and not largely attributable to substance abuse or antisocial personality disorder. These results indicate both low monoamine metabolism and neuronal membrane dysfunction as plausible factors in the etiology of extreme criminal violent behavior, and imply that at least about 5-10% of all severe violent crime in Finland is attributable to the aforementioned MAOA and CDH13 genotypes.
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Harro J. Neuropsychiatric Adverse Effects of Amphetamine and Methamphetamine. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2015; 120:179-204. [PMID: 26070758 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Administration of amphetamine and methamphetamine can elicit psychiatric adverse effects at acute administration, binge use, withdrawal, and chronic use. Most troublesome of these are psychotic states and aggressive behavior, but a large variety of undesirable changes in cognition and affect can be induced. Adverse effects occur more frequently with higher dosages and long-term use. They can subside over time but some persist long-term. Multiple alterations in the gray and white matter of the brain assessed as changes in tissue volume or metabolism, or at molecular level, have been associated with amphetamine and methamphetamine use and the psychiatric adverse effects, but further studies are required to clarify their causal role, specificity, and relationship with preceding states and traits and comorbidities. The latter include other substance use disorders, mood and anxiety disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and antisocial personality disorder. Amphetamine- and methamphetamine-related psychosis is similar to schizophrenia in terms of symptomatology and pathogenesis, and these two disorders share predisposing genetic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaanus Harro
- Division of Neuropsychopharmacology, Department of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
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Friedman LG, Benson DL, Huntley GW. Cadherin-based transsynaptic networks in establishing and modifying neural connectivity. Curr Top Dev Biol 2015; 112:415-65. [PMID: 25733148 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2014.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
It is tacitly understood that cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) are critically important for the development of cells, circuits, and synapses in the brain. What is less clear is what CAMs continue to contribute to brain structure and function after the early period of development. Here, we focus on the cadherin family of CAMs to first briefly recap their multidimensional roles in neural development and then to highlight emerging data showing that with maturity, cadherins become largely dispensible for maintaining neuronal and synaptic structure, instead displaying new and narrower roles at mature synapses where they critically regulate dynamic aspects of synaptic signaling, structural plasticity, and cognitive function. At mature synapses, cadherins are an integral component of multiprotein networks, modifying synaptic signaling, morphology, and plasticity through collaborative interactions with other CAM family members as well as a variety of neurotransmitter receptors, scaffolding proteins, and other effector molecules. Such recognition of the ever-evolving functions of synaptic cadherins may yield insight into the pathophysiology of brain disorders in which cadherins have been implicated and that manifest at different times of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren G Friedman
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute and the Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Deanna L Benson
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute and the Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - George W Huntley
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute and the Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA.
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Crespo-Facorro B, Prieto C, Sainz J. Schizophrenia gene expression profile reverted to normal levels by antipsychotics. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 18:pyu066. [PMID: 25522406 PMCID: PMC4360232 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyu066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the widespread use of antipsychotics, little is known of the molecular bases behind the action of antipsychotic drugs. A genome-wide study is needed to characterize the genes that affect the clinical response and their adverse effects. METHODS Here we show the analysis of the blood transcriptome of 22 schizophrenia patients before and after medication with atypical antipsychotics by next-generation sequencing. RESULTS We found that 17 genes, among the 21 495 genes analyzed, have significantly-altered expression after medication (p-value adjusted [Padj] <0.05). Six genes (ADAMTS2, CD177, CNTNAP3, ENTPD2, RFX2, and UNC45B) out of the 17 are among the 200 genes that we characterized with differential expression in a previous study between antipsychotic-naïve schizophrenia patients and controls (Sainz et al., 2013). This number of schizophrenia-altered expression genes is significantly higher than expected by chance (Chi-test, Padj 1.19E-50), suggesting that at least part of the antipsychotic beneficial effects is exerted by modulating the expression of these genes. Interestingly, all six of these genes were overexpressed in patients and reverted to control levels of expression after treatment. We also found a significant enrichment of genes related to obesity and diabetes, known adverse affects of antipsychotics. CONCLUSIONS These results may facilitate understanding of unknown molecular mechanisms behind schizophrenia symptoms and the molecular mechanisms of antipsychotic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jesus Sainz
- University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla. Department of Medicine & Psychiatry. School of Medicine University of Cantabria-IDIVAL, Santander, Spain (Dr Crespo-Facorro); CIBERSAM, Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental, Madrid, Spain (Dr Crespo-Facorro); Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology of Cantabria, Santander, Spain (Drs Prieto and Sainz).
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