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Live poultry feeding and trading network and the transmission of avian influenza A(H5N6) virus in a large city in China, 2014-2015. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 108:72-80. [PMID: 34000420 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To understand the transmission mechanisms of the avian influenza A(H5N6) virus. METHODS This study explored the live poultry feeding and trading network (LPFTN) around Changsha city, China. Field epidemiological investigations were performed in Changsha to investigate the LPFTN with the environmental samples systematically collected during 2014-2015 to monitor and analyze the spread of the A(H5N6) virus. Two surveillance systems were also applied to find possible human cases of A(H5N6) infection. RESULT The information of all the 665 live poultry farming sites, five wholesale markets, and 223 retail markets in Changsha was collected to investigate the LPFTN. Moreover, about 840 environmental samples were systematically collected from the LPFTN during 2014-2015 to monitor the spread of the A(H5N6) virus, with 8.45% (71/840) positive for the N6 subtype. Furthermore, the full genome sequences of 10 A(H5N6) viruses detected from the environmental samples were obtained, which were then characterized and phylogenetically analyzed with the corresponding gene segments of the A(H5N6) virus obtained from GenBank, to determine the source of human infection. CONCLUSION It was demonstrated that the LPFTN provided a platform for the H5N6 transmission, and formed an infectious pool for the spread of the virus to humans.
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2
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Wang D, Zhu W, Yang L, Shu Y. The Epidemiology, Virology, and Pathogenicity of Human Infections with Avian Influenza Viruses. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2021; 11:cshperspect.a038620. [PMID: 31964651 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a038620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Influenza is a global challenge, and future pandemics of influenza are inevitable. One of the lessons learned from past pandemics is that all pandemic influenza viruses characterized to date possess viral genes originating from avian influenza viruses (AIVs). During the past decades, a wide range of AIVs have overcome the species barrier and infected humans with different clinical manifestations ranging from mild illness to severe disease and even death. Understanding the mechanisms of infection in the context of clinical outcomes, the mechanism of interspecies transmission, and the molecular determinants that confer interspecies transmission is important for pandemic preparedness. Here, we summarize the epidemiology, virology, and pathogenicity of human infections with AIVs to further our understanding of interspecies transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayan Wang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Collaboration Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Wenfei Zhu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Collaboration Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Lei Yang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Collaboration Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Yuelong Shu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Collaboration Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Beijing 102206, P.R. China.,School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong 510275, P.R. China
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3
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Broszeit F, Tzarum N, Zhu X, Nemanichvili N, Eggink D, Leenders T, Li Z, Liu L, Wolfert MA, Papanikolaou A, Martínez-Romero C, Gagarinov IA, Yu W, García-Sastre A, Wennekes T, Okamatsu M, Verheije MH, Wilson IA, Boons GJ, de Vries RP. N-Glycolylneuraminic Acid as a Receptor for Influenza A Viruses. Cell Rep 2020; 27:3284-3294.e6. [PMID: 31189111 PMCID: PMC6750725 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
A species barrier for the influenza A virus is the differential expression of sialic acid, which can either be α2,3-linked for avians or α2,6-linked for human viruses. The influenza A virus hosts also express other species-specific sialic acid derivatives. One major modification at C-5 is N-glycolyl (NeuGc), instead of N-acetyl (NeuAc). N-glycolyl is mammalian specific and expressed in pigs and horses, but not in humans, ferrets, seals, or dogs. Hemagglutinin (HA) adaptation to either N-acetyl or N-glycolyl is analyzed on a sialoside microarray containing both α2,3- and α2,6-linkage modifications on biologically relevant N-glycans. Binding studies reveal that avian, human, and equine HAs bind either N-glycolyl or N-acetyl. Structural data on N-glycolyl binding HA proteins of both H5 and H7 origin describe this specificity. Neuraminidases can cleave N-glycolyl efficiently, and tissue-binding studies reveal strict species specificity. The exclusive manner in which influenza A viruses differentiate between N-glycolyl and N-acetyl is indicative of selection. Broszeit and colleagues demonstrate that influenza A viruses recognize either N-acetyl or N-glycolyl neuraminic acid, and they explain these specificities using X-ray structures. NeuGc-binding viruses are perfectly viable, and neuraminidases can cleave NeuGc-containing receptor structures. There is an apparent selection now for NeuAc, as no known NeuGc-binding virus currently circulates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Broszeit
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Netanel Tzarum
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Xueyong Zhu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nikoloz Nemanichvili
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Dirk Eggink
- Department of Experimental Virology, Amsterdam Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tim Leenders
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Zeshi Li
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Lin Liu
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Margreet A Wolfert
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands; Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Andreas Papanikolaou
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Carles Martínez-Romero
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ivan A Gagarinov
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Wenli Yu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Tom Wennekes
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Masatoshi Okamatsu
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Monique H Verheije
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ian A Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands; Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Robert P de Vries
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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4
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Yu D, Xiang G, Zhu W, Lei X, Li B, Meng Y, Yang L, Jiao H, Li X, Huang W, Wei H, Zhang Y, Hai Y, Zhang H, Yue H, Zou S, Zhao X, Li C, Ao D, Zhang Y, Tan M, Liu J, Zhang X, Gao GF, Meng L, Wang D. The re-emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza H7N9 viruses in humans in mainland China, 2019. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 24. [PMID: 31138362 PMCID: PMC6540644 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2019.24.21.1900273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
After no reported human cases of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H7N9 for over a year, a case with severe disease occurred in late March 2019. Among HPAI H7N9 viral sequences, those recovered from the case and from environmental samples of a poultry slaughtering stall near their home formed a distinct clade from 2017 viral sequences. Several mutations possibly associated to antigenic drift occurred in the haemagglutinin gene, potentially warranting update of H7N9 vaccine strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deshan Yu
- Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou China.,These authors contributed equally in this study as first authors
| | - Guofeng Xiang
- Jiuquan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiuquan, China.,These authors contributed equally in this study as first authors
| | - Wenfei Zhu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Influenza; Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health Commission, Beijing, China.,These authors contributed equally in this study as first authors
| | - Xia Lei
- Inner Mongolia Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hohehot, China.,These authors contributed equally in this study as first authors
| | - Baodi Li
- Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou China
| | - Yao Meng
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Influenza; Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health Commission, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Yang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Influenza; Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health Commission, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyan Jiao
- Alasan League Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Alasan, China
| | - Xiyan Li
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Influenza; Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health Commission, Beijing, China
| | - Weijuan Huang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Influenza; Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health Commission, Beijing, China
| | - Hejiang Wei
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Influenza; Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health Commission, Beijing, China
| | - Yanping Zhang
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Hai
- Inner Mongolia Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hohehot, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou China
| | - Hua Yue
- Inner Mongolia Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hohehot, China
| | - Shumei Zou
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Influenza; Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health Commission, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Zhao
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Influenza; Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health Commission, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Li
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Deng Ao
- Alasan League Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Alasan, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Influenza; Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health Commission, Beijing, China
| | - Minju Tan
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Influenza; Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health Commission, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Liu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Influenza; Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health Commission, Beijing, China
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- Alasan League Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Alasan, China
| | - George F Gao
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Influenza; Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health Commission, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Meng
- These authors contributed equally as last authors in this study.,Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou China
| | - Dayan Wang
- These authors contributed equally as last authors in this study.,National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Influenza; Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health Commission, Beijing, China
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5
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Chen P, Xie JF, Lin Q, Zhao L, Zhang YH, Chen HB, Weng YW, Huang Z, Zheng KC. A study of the relationship between human infection with avian influenza a (H5N6) and environmental avian influenza viruses in Fujian, China. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:762. [PMID: 31477028 PMCID: PMC6719373 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4145-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Avian influenza A (H5N6) virus poses a great threat to the human health since it is capable to cross the species barrier and infect humans. Although human infections are believed to largely originate from poultry contaminations, the transmissibility is unclear and only limited information was available on poultry environment contaminations, especially in Fujian Province. METHODS A total of 4901 environmental samples were collected and tested for Avian Influenza Virus (AIV) from six cities in Fujian Province through the Fujian Influenza Surveillance System from 2013 to 2017. Two patient-related samples were taken from Fujian's first confirmed H5N6 human case and his backyard chicken feces in 2017. Chi-square test or Fisher's exact probability test was used to compare the AIV and the viral subtype positive rates among samples from different Surveillance cities, surveillance sites, sample types, and seasons. Phylogenetic tree analysis and molecular analysis were conducted to track the viral transmission route of the human infection and to map out the evolutions of H5N6 in Fujian. RESULTS The overall positive rate of the H5 subtype AIVs was 4.24% (208/4903). There were distinctive differences (p < 0.05) in the positive rates in samples from different cities, sample sites, sample types and seasons. The viruses from the patient and his backyard chicken feces shared high homologies (99.9-100%) in all the eight gene segments. Phylogenetic trees also showed that these two H5N6 viruses were closely related to each other, and were classified into the same genetic clade 2.3.4.4 with another six H5N6 isolates from the environmental samples. The patient's H5N6 virus carried genes from H6N6, H5N8 and H5N6 viruses originated from different areas. The R294K or N294S substitution was not detected in the neuraminidase (NA). The S31 N substitution in the matrix2 (M2) gene was detected but only in one strain from the environmental samples. CONCLUSIONS The H5 subtype of AIVs has started circulating in the poultry environments in Fujian Province. The patient's viral strain originated from the chicken feces in his backyard. Genetic reassortment in H5N6 viruses in Fujian Province was indicated. The H5N6 viruses currently circulating in Fujian Province were still commonly sensitive to Oseltamivir and Zanamivir, but the resistance against Amantadine has emerged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Chen
- College of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, No. 88, Jiaotong Road, Taijiang District, Fuzhou, 350000, China
| | - Jian-Feng Xie
- College of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, No. 88, Jiaotong Road, Taijiang District, Fuzhou, 350000, China.,Fujian Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Qi Lin
- Fujian Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- Fujian Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Yan-Hua Zhang
- Fujian Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Hong-Bin Chen
- Fujian Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Yu-Wei Weng
- College of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, No. 88, Jiaotong Road, Taijiang District, Fuzhou, 350000, China.,Fujian Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Zheng Huang
- Fujian Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Kui-Cheng Zheng
- College of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, No. 88, Jiaotong Road, Taijiang District, Fuzhou, 350000, China. .,Fujian Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Fuzhou, 350001, China.
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6
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Inventory of molecular markers affecting biological characteristics of avian influenza A viruses. Virus Genes 2019; 55:739-768. [PMID: 31428925 PMCID: PMC6831541 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-019-01700-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) circulate globally, spilling over into domestic poultry and causing zoonotic infections in humans. Fortunately, AIVs are not yet capable of causing sustained human-to-human infection; however, AIVs are still a high risk as future pandemic strains, especially if they acquire further mutations that facilitate human infection and/or increase pathogenesis. Molecular characterization of sequencing data for known genetic markers associated with AIV adaptation, transmission, and antiviral resistance allows for fast, efficient assessment of AIV risk. Here we summarize and update the current knowledge on experimentally verified molecular markers involved in AIV pathogenicity, receptor binding, replicative capacity, and transmission in both poultry and mammals with a broad focus to include data available on other AIV subtypes outside of A/H5N1 and A/H7N9.
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7
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Suttie A, Yann S, Y P, Tum S, Deng YM, Hul V, Horm VS, Barr I, Greenhill A, Horwood PF, Osbjer K, Karlsson EA, Dussart P. Detection of Low Pathogenicity Influenza A(H7N3) Virus during Duck Mortality Event, Cambodia, 2017. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 24:1103-1107. [PMID: 29774842 PMCID: PMC6004859 DOI: 10.3201/eid2406.172099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In January 2017, an estimated 3,700 (93%) of 4,000 Khaki Campbell ducks (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) died in Kampong Thom Province, Cambodia. We detected low pathogenicity avian influenza A(H7N3) virus and anatid herpesvirus 1 (duck plague) in the affected flock; however, the exact cause of the mortality event remains unclear.
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8
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Zheng D, Gao F, Zhao C, Ding Y, Cao Y, Yang T, Xu X, Chen Z. Comparative effectiveness of H7N9 vaccines in healthy individuals. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 15:80-90. [PMID: 30148691 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1515454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Avian H7N9 influenza viruses possess a potential pandemic threat to public health worldwide, and have caused severe infection and high mortality in humans. A series of clinical trials of H7N9 vaccines have been completed. Meta-analyses need to be performed to assess the immunogenicity and safety of H7N9 vaccines. METHODS Database research with defined selection criteria was conducted in PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, the World Health Organization's International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, ClinicalTrials.gov, etc. Data from randomized clinical trials regarding the immunogenicity and safety of H7N9 vaccines were collected and meta-analyzed. RESULTS For non-adjuvanted H7N9 vaccines, high dose formulations induced limited immunogenicity and increased the risk of local and systemic adverse events, simultaneously. For adjuvanted H7N9 vaccines, on the one hand, ISCOMATRIX, MF59, AS03 and aluminium adjuvants applied in H7N9 vaccines could improve immune responses effectively, and non-aluminium adjuvants had superior performance in saving vaccine dose; on the other hand, aluminium adjuvant had the advantages of safety amongst these adjuvants applied in H7N9 vaccines. CONCLUSION H7N9 influenza vaccines with adjuvant might represent the optimal available option in an influenza pandemic, at present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zheng
- a Department of Research and Development , Shanghai Institute of Biological Products , Shanghai , China.,b Shanghai TCM-Integrated Hospital , Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai , China.,c Department of Vascular Disease , Shanghai TCM-Integrated Institute of Vascular Disease , Shanghai , China
| | - Feixia Gao
- a Department of Research and Development , Shanghai Institute of Biological Products , Shanghai , China
| | - Cheng Zhao
- b Shanghai TCM-Integrated Hospital , Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai , China.,c Department of Vascular Disease , Shanghai TCM-Integrated Institute of Vascular Disease , Shanghai , China
| | - Yahong Ding
- a Department of Research and Development , Shanghai Institute of Biological Products , Shanghai , China
| | - Yemin Cao
- b Shanghai TCM-Integrated Hospital , Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai , China.,c Department of Vascular Disease , Shanghai TCM-Integrated Institute of Vascular Disease , Shanghai , China
| | - Tianhan Yang
- a Department of Research and Development , Shanghai Institute of Biological Products , Shanghai , China
| | - Xuesong Xu
- d Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Ze Chen
- a Department of Research and Development , Shanghai Institute of Biological Products , Shanghai , China
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9
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Jie Y, Zheng H, Xiaolei L, Xinhua O, Dong Y, Yingchun S, Lingzhi L, Rengui Y. Full-length genome analysis of an avian influenza A virus (H9N2) from a human infection in Changsha City. Future Virol 2018. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2017-0151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aim: Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of avian influenza A (H9N2) virus strain, which was isolated from a 2-year-old child presenting influenza-like symptoms. Methods: Viral genome was acquired by RT-PCR, and phylogenetic trees were constructed using the neighbor-joining method. Results: A/Hunan/44557/2015 sequence shared identity with the RSSRGLF motif – first reported in low-pathogenic avian influenza in birds. Polymerase L336M and hemagglutinin Q226L mutation was found in the strain. Two newly mutation sites, T197D and D483N in hemagglutinin gene, were found. Phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that the eight gene segments of this virus contained three lineages. Conclusion: A/Hunan/44557/2015 may have acquired the ability to infect humans via genetic exchange with other H9N2 viruses, indicating that the H9N2 genome can generate pandemic isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Jie
- Changsha Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Huang Zheng
- Changsha Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Liu Xiaolei
- Changsha Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Ou Xinhua
- Changsha Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Yao Dong
- Changsha Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Song Yingchun
- Changsha Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Li Lingzhi
- Changsha Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Yang Rengui
- Changsha Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
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10
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Phylogenetic and genetic characterization of a 2017 clinical isolate of H7N9 virus in Guangzhou, China during the fifth epidemic wave. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2017; 60:1331-1339. [PMID: 29019145 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-017-9152-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic H7N9 influenza viruses continue to pose a public health concern. The H7N9 virus has caused five outbreak waves of human infections in China since 2013. In the present study, a novel H7N9 strain (A/Guangdong/8H324/2017) was isolated from a female patient with severe respiratory illness during the fifth wave of the 2017 H7N9 epidemic. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the H7N9 viruses collected during the fifth wave belong to two different lineages: the Pearl River Delta lineage and the Yangtze River Delta lineage. The novel isolate is closely related to the Pearl River Delta H7N9 viruses, which were isolated from patients in Guangdong Province. The novel H7N9 isolate has an insertion of three basic amino acids in the cleavage site of hemagglutinin (HA), which may enhance virulence in poultry. The 2017 isolate also possesses an R292K substitution in the neuraminidase (NA) protein, which confers oseltamivir resistance. This study highlights the pandemic potential of the novel H7N9 virus in mammals; thus, future characterization and surveillance is warranted.
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11
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More S, Bicout D, Bøtner A, Butterworth A, Calistri P, Depner K, Edwards S, Garin-Bastuji B, Good M, Gortázar Schmidt C, Michel V, Miranda MA, Nielsen SS, Raj M, Sihvonen L, Spoolder H, Thulke HH, Velarde A, Willeberg P, Winckler C, Breed A, Brouwer A, Guillemain M, Harder T, Monne I, Roberts H, Baldinelli F, Barrucci F, Fabris C, Martino L, Mosbach-Schulz O, Verdonck F, Morgado J, Stegeman JA. Avian influenza. EFSA J 2017; 15:e04991. [PMID: 32625288 PMCID: PMC7009867 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous introductions of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) to the EU were most likely via migratory wild birds. A mathematical model has been developed which indicated that virus amplification and spread may take place when wild bird populations of sufficient size within EU become infected. Low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) may reach similar maximum prevalence levels in wild bird populations to HPAIV but the risk of LPAIV infection of a poultry holding was estimated to be lower than that of HPAIV. Only few non-wild bird pathways were identified having a non-negligible risk of AI introduction. The transmission rate between animals within a flock is assessed to be higher for HPAIV than LPAIV. In very few cases, it could be proven that HPAI outbreaks were caused by intrinsic mutation of LPAIV to HPAIV but current knowledge does not allow a prediction as to if, and when this could occur. In gallinaceous poultry, passive surveillance through notification of suspicious clinical signs/mortality was identified as the most effective method for early detection of HPAI outbreaks. For effective surveillance in anseriform poultry, passive surveillance through notification of suspicious clinical signs/mortality needs to be accompanied by serological surveillance and/or a virological surveillance programme of birds found dead (bucket sampling). Serosurveillance is unfit for early warning of LPAI outbreaks at the individual holding level but could be effective in tracing clusters of LPAIV-infected holdings. In wild birds, passive surveillance is an appropriate method for HPAIV surveillance if the HPAIV infections are associated with mortality whereas active wild bird surveillance has a very low efficiency for detecting HPAIV. Experts estimated and emphasised the effect of implementing specific biosecurity measures on reducing the probability of AIV entering into a poultry holding. Human diligence is pivotal to select, implement and maintain specific, effective biosecurity measures.
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Takemae N, Tsunekuni R, Sharshov K, Tanikawa T, Uchida Y, Ito H, Soda K, Usui T, Sobolev I, Shestopalov A, Yamaguchi T, Mine J, Ito T, Saito T. Five distinct reassortants of H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza A viruses affected Japan during the winter of 2016-2017. Virology 2017; 512:8-20. [PMID: 28892736 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
To elucidate the evolutionary pathway, we sequenced the entire genomes of 89 H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) isolated in Japan during winter 2016-2017 and 117 AIV/HPAIVs isolated in Japan and Russia. Phylogenetic analysis showed that at least 5 distinct genotypes of H5N6 HPAIVs affected poultry and wild birds during that period. Japanese H5N6 isolates shared a common genetic ancestor in 6 of 8 genomic segments, and the PA and NS genes demonstrated 4 and 2 genetic origins, respectively. Six gene segments originated from a putative ancestral clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 virus that was a possible genetic reassortant among Chinese clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 HPAIVs. In addition, 2 NS clusters and a PA cluster in Japanese H5N6 HPAIVs originated from Chinese HPAIVs, whereas 3 distinct AIV-derived PA clusters were evident. These results suggest that migratory birds were important in the spread and genetic diversification of clade 2.3.4.4 H5 HPAIVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiro Takemae
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan; Thailand-Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center, Kasetklang, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Ryota Tsunekuni
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan; Thailand-Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center, Kasetklang, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Kirill Sharshov
- Research Institute of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, 2, Timakova street, Novosibirsk 630117, Russia
| | - Taichiro Tanikawa
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan; Thailand-Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center, Kasetklang, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Yuko Uchida
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan; Thailand-Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center, Kasetklang, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Hiroshi Ito
- The Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-cho Minami, Tottori, Tottori 680-8550, Japan
| | - Kosuke Soda
- The Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-cho Minami, Tottori, Tottori 680-8550, Japan
| | - Tatsufumi Usui
- The Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-cho Minami, Tottori, Tottori 680-8550, Japan
| | - Ivan Sobolev
- Research Institute of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, 2, Timakova street, Novosibirsk 630117, Russia
| | - Alexander Shestopalov
- Research Institute of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, 2, Timakova street, Novosibirsk 630117, Russia
| | - Tsuyoshi Yamaguchi
- The Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-cho Minami, Tottori, Tottori 680-8550, Japan
| | - Junki Mine
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan; Thailand-Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center, Kasetklang, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Toshihiro Ito
- The Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-cho Minami, Tottori, Tottori 680-8550, Japan
| | - Takehiko Saito
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan; Thailand-Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center, Kasetklang, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1, Yanagito, Gifu, Gifu 501-1112, Japan.
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Chen J, Zhang J, Zhu W, Zhang Y, Tan H, Liu M, Cai M, Shen J, Ly H, Chen J. First genome report and analysis of chicken H7N9 influenza viruses with poly-basic amino acids insertion in the hemagglutinin cleavage site. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9972. [PMID: 28855633 PMCID: PMC5577273 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10605-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the full-length sequence of two chicken source influenza A (H7N9) viruses found in Guangdong live poultry market (LPM) during the most recent wave of human infections (from October 2016 to the present time). These viruses carry insertion of poly-basic amino acids (KGKRTAR/G) at the protease cleavage site of the HA protein, which were previously found in the highly pathogenic (HP) human influenza A (H7N9) [IAV(H7N9)] strains. Phylogenetic analysis of these two novel avian influenza viruses (AIVs) suggested that their genomes reassorted between the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) and Pearl River Delta (PRD) clades. Molecular clock analysis indicated that they emerged several months before the HP human strains. Collectively, our results suggest that IAV(H7N9) viruses evolve in chickens through antigenic drift to include a signature HP sequence in the HA gene, which highlights challenges in risk assessment and public health management of IAV(H7N9) infections at the human-animal interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jidang Chen
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China.,Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jipei Zhang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Wanjun Zhu
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minnesota, USA
| | - Yishan Zhang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Hualong Tan
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Minfang Liu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Mingsheng Cai
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiaren Shen
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention (SCDC), Shanghai, China
| | - Hinh Ly
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minnesota, USA.
| | - Jianhong Chen
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China.
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Belser JA, Pulit-Penaloza JA, Sun X, Brock N, Pappas C, Creager HM, Zeng H, Tumpey TM, Maines TR. A Novel A(H7N2) Influenza Virus Isolated from a Veterinarian Caring for Cats in a New York City Animal Shelter Causes Mild Disease and Transmits Poorly in the Ferret Model. J Virol 2017; 91:e00672-17. [PMID: 28515300 PMCID: PMC5512233 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00672-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In December 2016, a low-pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) A(H7N2) virus was identified to be the causative source of an outbreak in a cat shelter in New York City, which subsequently spread to multiple shelters in the states of New York and Pennsylvania. One person with occupational exposure to infected cats became infected with the virus, representing the first LPAI H7N2 virus infection in a human in North America since 2003. Considering the close contact that frequently occurs between companion animals and humans, it was critical to assess the relative risk of this novel virus to public health. The virus isolated from the human case, A/New York/108/2016 (NY/108), caused mild and transient illness in ferrets and mice but did not transmit to naive cohoused ferrets following traditional or aerosol-based inoculation methods. The environmental persistence of NY/108 virus was generally comparable to that of other LPAI H7N2 viruses. However, NY/108 virus replicated in human bronchial epithelial cells with an increased efficiency compared with that of previously isolated H7N2 viruses. Furthermore, the novel H7N2 virus was found to utilize a relatively lower pH for hemagglutinin activation, similar to human influenza viruses. Our data suggest that the LPAI H7N2 virus requires further adaptation before representing a substantial threat to public health. However, the reemergence of an LPAI H7N2 virus in the northeastern United States underscores the need for continuous surveillance of emerging zoonotic influenza viruses inclusive of mammalian species, such as domestic felines, that are not commonly considered intermediate hosts for avian influenza viruses.IMPORTANCE Avian influenza viruses are capable of crossing the species barrier to infect mammals, an event of public health concern due to the potential acquisition of a pandemic phenotype. In December 2016, an H7N2 virus caused an outbreak in cats in multiple animal shelters in New York State. This was the first detection of this virus in the northeastern United States in over a decade and the first documented infection of a felid with an H7N2 virus. A veterinarian became infected following occupational exposure to H7N2 virus-infected cats, necessitating the evaluation of this virus for its capacity to cause disease in mammals. While the H7N2 virus was associated with mild illness in mice and ferrets and did not spread well between ferrets, it nonetheless possessed several markers of virulence for mammals. These data highlight the promiscuity of influenza viruses and the need for diligent surveillance across multiple species to quickly identify an emerging strain with pandemic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Belser
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Joanna A Pulit-Penaloza
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Xiangjie Sun
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Nicole Brock
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Claudia Pappas
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Hannah M Creager
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Hui Zeng
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Terrence M Tumpey
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Taronna R Maines
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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15
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Ji Y, White YJ, Hadden JA, Grant OC, Woods RJ. New insights into influenza A specificity: an evolution of paradigms. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2017; 44:219-231. [PMID: 28675835 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the molecular origin of influenza receptor specificity is complicated by the paucity of quantitative affinity measurements, and the qualitative and variable nature of glycan array data. Further obstacles arise from the varied impact of viral glycosylation and the relatively narrow spectrum of biologically relevant receptors present on glycan arrays. A survey of receptor conformational properties is presented, leading to the conclusion that conformational entropy plays a key role in defining specificity, as does the newly reported ability of biantennary receptors that terminate in Siaα2-6Gal sequences to form bidentate interactions to two binding sites in a hemagglutinin trimer. Bidentate binding provides a functional explanation for the observation that Siaα2-6 receptors adopt an open-umbrella topology when bound to hemagglutinins from human-infective viruses, and calls for a reassessment of virus avidity and tissue tropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Ji
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Yohanna Jb White
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Jodi A Hadden
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Oliver C Grant
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Robert J Woods
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd, Athens, GA 30602, United States.
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16
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Detection and Molecular Characterization of the Avian Influenza A (H7N9) Virus in Eastern China in 2013. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2016. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.27752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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17
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Macchi E, Rudd TR, Raman R, Sasisekharan R, Yates EA, Naggi A, Guerrini M, Elli S. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Molecular Dynamics Simulation of the Interaction between Recognition Protein H7 of the Novel Influenza Virus H7N9 and Glycan Cell Surface Receptors. Biochemistry 2016; 55:6605-6616. [PMID: 27933797 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Avian influenza A viruses, which can also propagate between humans, present serious pandemic threats, particularly in Asia. The specificity (selectivity) of interactions between the recognition protein hemagglutinin (HA) of the virus capsid and the glycoconjugates of host cells also contributes to the efficient spread of the virus by aerosol between humans. Some avian origin viruses, such as H1N1 (South Carolina 1918), have improved their selectivity for human receptors by mutation in the HA receptor binding site, to generate pandemic viruses. Molecular details and dynamics of glycan-HA interactions are of interest, both in predicting the pandemic potential of a new emerging strain and in searching for new antiviral drugs. Two complementary techniques, 1H saturation transfer difference (1H STD) nuclear magnetic resonance and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, were applied to analyze the interaction of the new H7 (A/Anhui/1/13 H7N9) with LSTa [Neu5Ac α(2→3) Gal β(1→3) GlcNAc β(1→3) Gal β(1→4) Glc] and LSTc [Neu5Ac α(2→6) Gal β(1→4) GlcNAc β(1→3) Gal β(1→4) Glc] pentasaccharides, models of avian and human receptor glycans. Their interactions with H7 were analyzed for the first time using 1H STD and MD, revealing structural and dynamic behavior that could not be obtained from crystal structures, and contributing to glycan-HA specificity. This highlighted aspects that could affect glycan-HA recognition, including the mutation H7 G228S, which increases H2 and H3 specificity for the human receptor. Finally, interactions between LSTc and H7 were compared with those between LSTc and H1 of H1N1 (South Carolina 1918), contributing to our understanding of the recognition ability of HAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Macchi
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche "G. Ronzoni" , Via Giuseppe Colombo 81, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Timothy R Rudd
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC) , Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, U.K
| | - Rahul Raman
- Department of Biological Engineering, Koch Institute of Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Ram Sasisekharan
- Department of Biological Engineering, Koch Institute of Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Edwin A Yates
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K
| | - Annamaria Naggi
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche "G. Ronzoni" , Via Giuseppe Colombo 81, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Guerrini
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche "G. Ronzoni" , Via Giuseppe Colombo 81, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Stefano Elli
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche "G. Ronzoni" , Via Giuseppe Colombo 81, 20133 Milano, Italy
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Clinical, epidemiological and virological characteristics of the first detected human case of avian influenza A(H5N6) virus. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 40:236-242. [PMID: 26973295 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A human infection with novel avian influenza A H5N6 virus emerged in Changsha city, China in February, 2014. This is the first detected human case among all human cases identified from 2014 to early 2016. We obtained and summarized clinical, epidemiological, and virological data from this patient. Complete genome of the virus was determined and compared to other avian influenza viruses via the construction of phylogenetic trees using the neighbor-joining approach. A girl aged five and half years developed fever and mild respiratory symptoms on Feb. 16, 2014 and visited hospital on Feb. 17. Throat swab specimens were obtained from the patient and a novel reassortant avian influenza A H5N6 virus was detected. All eight viral gene segments were of avian origin. The hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) gene segments were closely related to A/duck/Sichuan/NCXN11/2014(H5N1) and A/chicken/Jiangxi/12782/2014(H10N6) viruses, respectively. The six internal genes were homologous to avian influenza A (H5N2) viruses isolated in duck from Jiangxi in China. This H5N6 virus has not gained genetic mutations necessary for human infection and was suggested to be sensitive to neuraminidase inhibitors, but resistant to adamantanes. Epidemiological investigation of the exposure history of the patient found that a live poultry market could be the source place of infection and the incubation period was 2-5days. This novel reassortant Avian influenza A(H5N6) virus could be low pathogenic in humans. The prevalence and genetic evolution of this virus should be closely monitored.
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Liu M, Song T, Hua S, Wu A, Jiang T. Computational analysis of antigenic epitopes of avian influenza A (H7N9) viruses. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2015; 58:687-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-015-4886-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Neumann G, Kawaoka Y. Transmission of influenza A viruses. Virology 2015; 479-480:234-46. [PMID: 25812763 PMCID: PMC4424116 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses cause respiratory infections that range from asymptomatic to deadly in humans. Widespread outbreaks (pandemics) are attributable to 'novel' viruses that possess a viral hemagglutinin (HA) gene to which humans lack immunity. After a pandemic, these novel viruses form stable virus lineages in humans and circulate until they are replaced by other novel viruses. The factors and mechanisms that facilitate virus transmission among hosts and the establishment of novel lineages are not completely understood, but the HA and basic polymerase 2 (PB2) proteins are thought to play essential roles in these processes by enabling avian influenza viruses to infect mammals and replicate efficiently in their new host. Here, we summarize our current knowledge of the contributions of HA, PB2, and other viral components to virus transmission and the formation of new virus lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Neumann
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 575 Science Drive, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 575 Science Drive, Madison, WI 53711, USA; Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology and International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
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Kanehira K, Uchida Y, Takemae N, Hikono H, Tsunekuni R, Saito T. Characterization of an H5N8 influenza A virus isolated from chickens during an outbreak of severe avian influenza in Japan in April 2014. Arch Virol 2015; 160:1629-43. [PMID: 25902725 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2428-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) of subtype H5N8, A/chicken/Kumamoto/1-7/2014, was isolated from a Japanese chicken farm during an outbreak in April 2014. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that this virus belonged to HA clade 2.3.4.4. All eight genomic segments showed high sequence similarity to those of the H5N8 subtype HPAIVs A/broiler duck/Korea/Buan2/2014 and A/baikal teal/Korea/Donglim3/2014, which were isolated in Korea in January 2014. Intranasal experimental infection of chickens and ducks with A/chicken/Kumamoto/1-7/2014 was performed to assess the pathogenicity of the virus in chickens and the potential for waterfowl to act as a virus reservoir and carrier. A high-titer virus challenge (10(6) EID50 per animal) was lethal in chickens, but they were unaffected by lower virus doses (10(2) EID50 or 10(4) EID50 per animal). Virus challenge at all doses examined was found to result in asymptomatic infection of ducks. An HI assay revealed that A/chicken/Kumamoto/1-7/2014 possessed relatively low cross-reactivity with H5 viruses belonging to clades other than clade 2.3.4.4. These results suggest that waterfowl may be able to spread the virus even if they possess antibodies resulting from a previous infection with H5 HPAIV that was antigenically distinguishable from viruses belonging to clade 2.3.4.4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsushi Kanehira
- Influenza and Prion Disease Research Center, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan
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22
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Yang ZF, He JF, Li XB, Guan WD, Ke CW, Wu SG, Pan SH, Li RF, Kang M, Wu J, Lin JY, Ding GY, Huang JC, Pan WQ, Zhou R, Lin YP, Chen RC, Li YM, Chen L, Xiao WL, Zhang YH, Zhong NS. Epidemiological and viral genome characteristics of the first human H7N9 influenza infection in Guangdong Province, China. J Thorac Dis 2015; 6:1785-93. [PMID: 25589974 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2014.12.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The first H7N9 human case in south of China was confirmed in Guangdong Province on August 2013, outside of the typical influenza season. For investigating the H7N9 virus source and transmission in the local community, we analyze the epidemiology and genome features of the virus isolated from the first human infection detected in Guangdong Province. METHODS The data including medical records, exposure history and time line of events for the H7N9 patient and close contacts was collected. Variation and genetic signatures of H7N9 virus in Guangdong was analyzed using ClustalW algorithm and comparison with mutations associated with changes in biological characteristics of the virus. RESULTS The female patient had a history of poultry exposure, and she was transferred from a local primary hospital to an intensive care unit (ICU) upon deterioration. No additional cases were reported. Similar to previous infections with avian influenza A (H7N9) virus, the patient presented with both upper and lower respiratory tract symptoms. Respiratory failure progressed quickly, and the patient recovered 4 weeks after the onset of symptoms. Genome analysis of the virus indicated that the predicted antigen city and internal genes of the virus are similar to previously reported H7N9 viruses. The isolated virus is susceptible to neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors but resistant to adamantine. Although this virus contains some unique mutations that were only detected in avian or environment-origin avian influenza A (H7N9) viruses, it is still quite similar to other human H7N9 isolates. CONCLUSIONS The epidemiological features and genome of the first H7N9 virus in Guangdong Province are similar to other human H7N9 infections. This virus may have existed in the environment and live poultry locally; therefore, it is important to be alert of the risk of H7N9 re-emergence in China, including emergence outside the typical influenza season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Feng Yang
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease (Guangzhou Medical University), 2 National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China ; 3 Guangdong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China ; 4 Health quarantine (BSL-3) Lab, Guangdong Inspection and Quarantine Technology Center, Guangzhou 510623, China ; 5 Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China ; 6 Huizhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huizhou 516001, China
| | - Jian-Feng He
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease (Guangzhou Medical University), 2 National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China ; 3 Guangdong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China ; 4 Health quarantine (BSL-3) Lab, Guangdong Inspection and Quarantine Technology Center, Guangzhou 510623, China ; 5 Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China ; 6 Huizhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huizhou 516001, China
| | - Xiao-Bo Li
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease (Guangzhou Medical University), 2 National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China ; 3 Guangdong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China ; 4 Health quarantine (BSL-3) Lab, Guangdong Inspection and Quarantine Technology Center, Guangzhou 510623, China ; 5 Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China ; 6 Huizhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huizhou 516001, China
| | - Wen-Da Guan
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease (Guangzhou Medical University), 2 National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China ; 3 Guangdong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China ; 4 Health quarantine (BSL-3) Lab, Guangdong Inspection and Quarantine Technology Center, Guangzhou 510623, China ; 5 Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China ; 6 Huizhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huizhou 516001, China
| | - Chang-Wen Ke
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease (Guangzhou Medical University), 2 National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China ; 3 Guangdong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China ; 4 Health quarantine (BSL-3) Lab, Guangdong Inspection and Quarantine Technology Center, Guangzhou 510623, China ; 5 Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China ; 6 Huizhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huizhou 516001, China
| | - Shi-Guan Wu
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease (Guangzhou Medical University), 2 National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China ; 3 Guangdong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China ; 4 Health quarantine (BSL-3) Lab, Guangdong Inspection and Quarantine Technology Center, Guangzhou 510623, China ; 5 Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China ; 6 Huizhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huizhou 516001, China
| | - Si-Hua Pan
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease (Guangzhou Medical University), 2 National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China ; 3 Guangdong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China ; 4 Health quarantine (BSL-3) Lab, Guangdong Inspection and Quarantine Technology Center, Guangzhou 510623, China ; 5 Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China ; 6 Huizhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huizhou 516001, China
| | - Run-Feng Li
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease (Guangzhou Medical University), 2 National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China ; 3 Guangdong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China ; 4 Health quarantine (BSL-3) Lab, Guangdong Inspection and Quarantine Technology Center, Guangzhou 510623, China ; 5 Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China ; 6 Huizhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huizhou 516001, China
| | - Min Kang
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease (Guangzhou Medical University), 2 National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China ; 3 Guangdong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China ; 4 Health quarantine (BSL-3) Lab, Guangdong Inspection and Quarantine Technology Center, Guangzhou 510623, China ; 5 Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China ; 6 Huizhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huizhou 516001, China
| | - Jie Wu
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease (Guangzhou Medical University), 2 National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China ; 3 Guangdong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China ; 4 Health quarantine (BSL-3) Lab, Guangdong Inspection and Quarantine Technology Center, Guangzhou 510623, China ; 5 Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China ; 6 Huizhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huizhou 516001, China
| | - Jin-Yan Lin
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease (Guangzhou Medical University), 2 National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China ; 3 Guangdong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China ; 4 Health quarantine (BSL-3) Lab, Guangdong Inspection and Quarantine Technology Center, Guangzhou 510623, China ; 5 Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China ; 6 Huizhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huizhou 516001, China
| | - Guo-Yun Ding
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease (Guangzhou Medical University), 2 National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China ; 3 Guangdong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China ; 4 Health quarantine (BSL-3) Lab, Guangdong Inspection and Quarantine Technology Center, Guangzhou 510623, China ; 5 Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China ; 6 Huizhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huizhou 516001, China
| | - Ji-Cheng Huang
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease (Guangzhou Medical University), 2 National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China ; 3 Guangdong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China ; 4 Health quarantine (BSL-3) Lab, Guangdong Inspection and Quarantine Technology Center, Guangzhou 510623, China ; 5 Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China ; 6 Huizhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huizhou 516001, China
| | - Wei-Qi Pan
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease (Guangzhou Medical University), 2 National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China ; 3 Guangdong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China ; 4 Health quarantine (BSL-3) Lab, Guangdong Inspection and Quarantine Technology Center, Guangzhou 510623, China ; 5 Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China ; 6 Huizhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huizhou 516001, China
| | - Rong Zhou
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease (Guangzhou Medical University), 2 National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China ; 3 Guangdong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China ; 4 Health quarantine (BSL-3) Lab, Guangdong Inspection and Quarantine Technology Center, Guangzhou 510623, China ; 5 Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China ; 6 Huizhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huizhou 516001, China
| | - Yong-Ping Lin
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease (Guangzhou Medical University), 2 National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China ; 3 Guangdong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China ; 4 Health quarantine (BSL-3) Lab, Guangdong Inspection and Quarantine Technology Center, Guangzhou 510623, China ; 5 Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China ; 6 Huizhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huizhou 516001, China
| | - Rong-Chang Chen
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease (Guangzhou Medical University), 2 National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China ; 3 Guangdong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China ; 4 Health quarantine (BSL-3) Lab, Guangdong Inspection and Quarantine Technology Center, Guangzhou 510623, China ; 5 Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China ; 6 Huizhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huizhou 516001, China
| | - Yi-Min Li
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease (Guangzhou Medical University), 2 National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China ; 3 Guangdong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China ; 4 Health quarantine (BSL-3) Lab, Guangdong Inspection and Quarantine Technology Center, Guangzhou 510623, China ; 5 Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China ; 6 Huizhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huizhou 516001, China
| | - Ling Chen
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease (Guangzhou Medical University), 2 National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China ; 3 Guangdong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China ; 4 Health quarantine (BSL-3) Lab, Guangdong Inspection and Quarantine Technology Center, Guangzhou 510623, China ; 5 Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China ; 6 Huizhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huizhou 516001, China
| | - Wen-Long Xiao
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease (Guangzhou Medical University), 2 National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China ; 3 Guangdong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China ; 4 Health quarantine (BSL-3) Lab, Guangdong Inspection and Quarantine Technology Center, Guangzhou 510623, China ; 5 Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China ; 6 Huizhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huizhou 516001, China
| | - Yong-Hui Zhang
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease (Guangzhou Medical University), 2 National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China ; 3 Guangdong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China ; 4 Health quarantine (BSL-3) Lab, Guangdong Inspection and Quarantine Technology Center, Guangzhou 510623, China ; 5 Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China ; 6 Huizhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huizhou 516001, China
| | - Nan-Shan Zhong
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease (Guangzhou Medical University), 2 National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China ; 3 Guangdong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China ; 4 Health quarantine (BSL-3) Lab, Guangdong Inspection and Quarantine Technology Center, Guangzhou 510623, China ; 5 Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China ; 6 Huizhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huizhou 516001, China
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Husain M. Avian influenza A (H7N9) virus infection in humans: Epidemiology, evolution, and pathogenesis. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 28:304-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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24
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Glycan receptor specificity as a useful tool for characterization and surveillance of influenza A virus. Trends Microbiol 2014; 22:632-41. [PMID: 25108746 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses are rapidly evolving pathogens with the potential for novel strains to emerge and result in pandemic outbreaks in humans. Some avian-adapted subtypes have acquired the ability to bind to human glycan receptors and cause severe infections in humans but have yet to adapt to and transmit between humans. The emergence of new avian strains and their ability to infect humans has confounded their distinction from circulating human virus strains through linking receptor specificity to human adaptation. Herein we review the various structural and biochemical analyses of influenza hemagglutinin-glycan receptor interactions. We provide our perspectives on how receptor specificity can be used to monitor evolution of the virus to adapt to human hosts so as to facilitate improved surveillance and pandemic preparedness.
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25
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Epidemiological situation and genetic analysis of H7N9 influenza viruses in Shanghai in 2013. Arch Virol 2014; 159:3029-41. [PMID: 25085623 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-014-2177-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The first reported human case of H7N9 influenza virus infection in Shanghai prompted a survey of local avian strains of influenza virus, involving the analysis of a large number of samples taken from poultry, wild birds, horses, pigs, dogs and mice. Seven instances of H7N9 virus infection were identified by real-time RT-PCR (1.47 % of samples), all in chickens sold in live-poultry markets. H7N9 antibody was not detected in serum samples collected from local poultry farms since 2006. The two H7N9 virus strains in the live-poultry markets and one H9N2 virus strain in the same market were genetically characterized. Resequencing of two of the seven isolates confirmed that they closely resembled H7N9 virus strains characterized elsewhere. Various strains co-exist in the same market, presenting a continuing risk of strain re-assortment. The closure of live-poultry markets has been an effective short-term means of minimizing human exposure to H7N9 virus.
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26
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Rajapaksha H, Petrovsky N. In silico structural homology modelling and docking for assessment of pandemic potential of a novel H7N9 influenza virus and its ability to be neutralized by existing anti-hemagglutinin antibodies. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102618. [PMID: 25047593 PMCID: PMC4105636 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The unpredictable nature of pandemic influenza and difficulties in early prediction of pandemic potential of new isolates present a major challenge for health planners. Vaccine manufacturers, in particular, are reluctant to commit resources to development of a new vaccine until after a pandemic is declared. We hypothesized that a structural bioinformatics approach utilising homology-based molecular modelling and docking approaches would assist prediction of pandemic potential of new influenza strains alongside more traditional laboratory and sequence-based methods. The newly emerged Chinese A/Hangzhou/1/2013 (H7N9) influenza virus provided a real-life opportunity to test this hypothesis. We used sequence data and a homology-based approach to construct a 3D-structural model of H7-Hangzhou hemagglutinin (HA) protein. This model was then used to perform docking to human and avian sialic acid receptors to assess respective binding affinities. The model was also used to perform docking simulations with known neutralizing antibodies to assess their ability to neutralize the newly emerged virus. The model predicted H7N9 could bind to human sialic acid receptors thereby indicating pandemic potential. The model also confirmed that existing antibodies against the HA head region are unable to neutralise H7N9 whereas antibodies, e.g. Cr9114, targeting the HA stalk region should bind with high affinity to H7N9. This indicates that existing stalk antibodies initially raised against H5N1 or other influenza A viruses could be therapeutically beneficial in prevention and/or treatment of H7N9 infections. The subsequent publication of the H7N9 HA crystal structure confirmed the accuracy of our in-silico structural model. Antibody docking studies performed using the H7N9 HA crystal structure supported the model's prediction that existing stalk antibodies could cross-neutralise the H7N9 virus. This study demonstrates the value of using in-silico structural modelling approaches to complement physical studies in characterization of new influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- Vaxine Pty Ltd, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Flinders Medical Centre/Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Vaxine Pty Ltd, Flinders Medical Centre/Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- * E-mail:
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27
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Abstract
Despite heroic efforts to prevent the emergence of an influenza pandemic, avian influenza A virus has prevailed by crossing the species barriers to infect humans worldwide, occasionally with morbidity and mortality at unprecedented levels, and the virus later usually continues circulation in humans as a seasonal influenza virus, resulting in health-social-economic problems each year. Here, we review current knowledge of influenza viruses, their life cycle, interspecies transmission, and past pandemics and discuss the molecular basis of pandemic acquisition, notably of hemagglutinin (lectin) acting as a key contributor to change in host specificity in viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hirabayashi
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Japan
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28
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de Graaf M, Fouchier RAM. Role of receptor binding specificity in influenza A virus transmission and pathogenesis. EMBO J 2014; 33:823-41. [PMID: 24668228 DOI: 10.1002/embj.201387442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent emergence of a novel avian A/H7N9 influenza virus in poultry and humans in China, as well as laboratory studies on adaptation and transmission of avian A/H5N1 influenza viruses, has shed new light on influenza virus adaptation to mammals. One of the biological traits required for animal influenza viruses to cross the species barrier that received considerable attention in animal model studies, in vitro assays, and structural analyses is receptor binding specificity. Sialylated glycans present on the apical surface of host cells can function as receptors for the influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) protein. Avian and human influenza viruses typically have a different sialic acid (SA)-binding preference and only few amino acid changes in the HA protein can cause a switch from avian to human receptor specificity. Recent experiments using glycan arrays, virus histochemistry, animal models, and structural analyses of HA have added a wealth of knowledge on receptor binding specificity. Here, we review recent data on the interaction between influenza virus HA and SA receptors of the host, and the impact on virus host range, pathogenesis, and transmission. Remaining challenges and future research priorities are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda de Graaf
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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29
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Yu X, Jin T, Cui Y, Pu X, Li J, Xu J, Liu G, Jia H, Liu D, Song S, Yu Y, Xie L, Huang R, Ding H, Kou Y, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Xu X, Yin Y, Wang J, Guo C, Yang X, Hu L, Wu X, Wang H, Liu J, Zhao G, Zhou J, Pan J, Gao GF, Yang R, Wang J. Influenza H7N9 and H9N2 viruses: coexistence in poultry linked to human H7N9 infection and genome characteristics. J Virol 2014; 88:3423-31. [PMID: 24403589 PMCID: PMC3957952 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02059-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Avian influenza virus A of the novel H7N9 reassortant subtype was recently found to cause severe human respiratory infections in China. Live poultry markets were suspected locations of the human H7N9 infection sources, based on the cases' exposure histories and sequence similarities between viral isolates. To explore the role of live poultry markets in the origin of the novel H7N9 virus, we systematically examined poultry and environmental specimens from local markets and farms in Hangzhou, using real-time reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) as well as high-throughput next-generation sequencing (NGS). RT-PCR identified specimens positive for the H7 and N9 genomic segments in all of the 12 poultry markets epidemiologically linked to 10 human H7N9 cases. Chickens, ducks, and environmental specimens from the markets contained heavily mixed subtypes, including H7, N9, H9, and N2 and sometimes H5 and N1. The idea of the coexistence of H7N9 and H9N2 subtypes in chickens was further supported by metagenomic sequencing. In contrast, human H7N9 infection cases (n = 31) were all negative for H9N2 virus according to real-time RT-PCR. The six internal segments were indistinguishable for the H7N9 and H9N2 viruses. The H9, N2, and internal-segment sequences were very close to the sequence of the H9N2 virus circulating in chickens in China recently. Our results provide direct evidence that H9N2 strains coexisted with the novel human-pathogenic H7N9 influenza virus in epidemiologically linked live poultry markets. Avian influenza A virus of the H9N2 subtype likely made a recent contribution to the evolution of the H7N9 virus and continues to do so. IMPORTANCE Our results suggest that avian influenza A virus of the H9N2 subtype likely made a recent contribution to the evolution of the H7N9 virus, a novel reassortant avian influenza virus A subtype, and continues to do so. The finding helps shed light on how the H7N9 virus emerged, spread, and transmitted to humans. It is of considerable interest for assessing the risk of the possible emergence of novel reassortant viruses with enhanced transmissibility to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinfen Yu
- Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tao Jin
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yujun Cui
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoying Pu
- Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun Li
- Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jin Xu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guang Liu
- BGI Education Centre, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | | | - Dan Liu
- Yuhang District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shili Song
- Yuhang District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yang Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Xie
- Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhejiang, China
| | - Renjie Huang
- Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hua Ding
- Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu Kou
- Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yinyan Zhou
- Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhejiang, China
| | | | - Xun Xu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ye Yin
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | | | - Chenyi Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
- Consulting Centre of Biomedical Statistics, Beijing, China
| | - Xianwei Yang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Liangping Hu
- Consulting Centre of Biomedical Statistics, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaopeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hailong Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, China
| | - Guoqiu Zhao
- Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiyong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingcao Pan
- Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhejiang, China
| | - George F. Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, China
| | - Ruifu Yang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Wang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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30
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Pasricha G, Mukherjee S, Chakrabarti AK. Comprehensive sequence analysis of HA protein of H7 subtype avian influenza viruses: an emphasis on mutations in novel H7N9 viruses. Future Virol 2014. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.13.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Aim: H7 avian influenza viruses pose a major public health threat raising concerns regarding their pandemic potential, especially after the recent outbreak in China of H7N9 subtype viruses. The objective was to gain insight into the geographical and host-wise distribution of H7 subtype viruses, and to understand molecular determinants responsible for their adaptation in humans. Materials & methods: In this study we carried out a global comprehensive analysis of 1749 HA sequences belonging to the H7 subtype available in the Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data (GISAID) EpiFlu™ database. We also analyzed full-genome sequences of the 27 influenza strains belonging to the H7N9 subtype isolated recently from China. Results: Most of the H7 strains were from North America (749) followed by in Europe (659) and Asia (284). The majority of the sequences belonged to the H7N7 subtype (524) followed by H7N3 (440) and H7N2 (411), while 107 belonged to H7N9. Comparison of HA sequences of H7 viruses isolated from humans showed the presence of mutations and determinants that could have played a pivotal role in avian-to-human transmission and adaptability in humans. Mutational analysis of all the segments of the recent H7N9 viruses isolated from humans in China revealed that these viruses possessed several characteristic features of mammalian influenza viruses. Conclusion: H7 viruses, irrespective of being of high or low pathogenicity have a propensity to adapt to humans causing mild to severe infections. These viruses have signature mutations that have been associated with interspecies transmission and human adaptability, raising concerns regarding their pandemic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunisha Pasricha
- Microbial Containment Complex, National Institute of Virology, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, 411021, India
| | - Sanjay Mukherjee
- Microbial Containment Complex, National Institute of Virology, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, 411021, India
| | - Alok K Chakrabarti
- Microbial Containment Complex, National Institute of Virology, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, 411021, India
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31
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Ou X, Chen F, Zhang R, Chen J, Liu R, Sun B. Analysis of the full-length genome of a novel strain of the H7N9 avian influenza virus. Exp Ther Med 2014; 7:1369-1375. [PMID: 24940441 PMCID: PMC3991519 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.1590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to analyze the evolution and variation of a novel strain of the avian influenza virus. The virus-positive specimens [A/Changsha/2/2013 (H7N9)] from a patient infected with the novel avian influenza A (H7N9) virus was amplified by reverse transcription-PCR and the full genome was sequenced. The sequencing results were submitted to GenBank and then analyzed by phylogenetic tree analysis using BioEdit and Mega5 software. The phylogenetic tree of the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase genes revealed that A/Changsha/2/2013 (H7N9) and all the new H7N9 viruses in 2013 were in a large cluster, and their nucleotide evolutionary distances were closely associated. Phylogenetic tree analyses of the nucleoprotein and nonstructural genes demonstrated two main branches. One branch contained novel H7N9 viruses isolated from avian, human and environmental sources in different regions. The other branch contained three novel H7N9 virus strains isolated from environmental sources in Shanghai. All the phylogenetic trees of the matrix protein, polymerase acidic, polymerase basic protein 1 and polymerase basic protein 2 genes also showed two branches, with each branch including the novel H7N9 virus strains isolated from avian, human and environmental sources in different regions. Molecular characterization demonstrated that 52 novel H7N9 viruses sequenced to date contain the G228S and G186V mutations in the receptor binding site of the HA protein. The full-genome sequences of A/Changsha/2/2013 and analyses of its molecular characteristics suggest that the A/Changsha/2/2013 H7N9 virus strain has molecular characteristics that may facilitate adaptation of the virus to mammalian hosts and may even bind to human receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhua Ou
- Changsha Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, Hunan 410001, P.R. China
| | - Faming Chen
- Changsha Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, Hunan 410001, P.R. China
| | - Rusheng Zhang
- Changsha Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, Hunan 410001, P.R. China
| | - Jingfang Chen
- Changsha Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, Hunan 410001, P.R. China
| | - Ruchun Liu
- Changsha Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, Hunan 410001, P.R. China
| | - Biancheng Sun
- Changsha Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, Hunan 410001, P.R. China
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Transmissibility of novel H7N9 and H9N2 avian influenza viruses between chickens and ferrets. Virology 2014; 450-451:316-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Wu YL, Shen LW, Ding YP, Tanaka Y, Zhang W. Preliminary success in the characterization and management of a sudden breakout of a novel H7N9 influenza A virus. Int J Biol Sci 2014; 10:109-18. [PMID: 24520209 PMCID: PMC3920865 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.8198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza has always been one of the major threats to human health. The Spanish influenza in 1918, the pandemic influenza A/H1N1 in 2009, and the avian influenza A/H5N1 have brought about great disasters or losses to mankind. More recently, a novel avian influenza A/H7N9 broke out in China and until December 2, 2013, it had caused 139 cases of infection, including 45 deaths. Its risk and pandemic potential attract worldwide attention. In this article, we summarize epidemiology, virology characteristics, clinical symptoms, diagnosis methods, clinical treatment and preventive measures about the avian influenza A/H7N9 virus infection to provide a reference for a possible next wave of flu outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ling Wu
- 1. Lab of Molecular Immunology, Virus Inspection Department, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 630 Xincheng Road, Hangzhou, 310051, PR China
| | - Li-Wen Shen
- 2. Lab of Chemical Biology and Molecular Drug Design, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, PR China
| | - Yan-Ping Ding
- 1. Lab of Molecular Immunology, Virus Inspection Department, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 630 Xincheng Road, Hangzhou, 310051, PR China
- 2. Lab of Chemical Biology and Molecular Drug Design, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, PR China
| | - Yoshimasa Tanaka
- 3. Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Wen Zhang
- 2. Lab of Chemical Biology and Molecular Drug Design, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, PR China
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Herfst S, Imai M, Kawaoka Y, Fouchier RAM. Avian influenza virus transmission to mammals. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2014; 385:137-55. [PMID: 25048542 DOI: 10.1007/82_2014_387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses cause yearly epidemics and occasional pandemics. In addition, zoonotic influenza A viruses sporadically infect humans and may cause severe respiratory disease and fatalities. Fortunately, most of these viruses do not have the ability to be efficiently spread among humans via aerosols or respiratory droplets (airborne transmission) and to subsequently cause a pandemic. However, adaptation of these zoonotic viruses to humans by mutation or reassortment with human influenza A viruses may result in airborne transmissible viruses with pandemic potential. Although our knowledge of factors that affect mammalian adaptation and transmissibility of influenza viruses is still limited, we are beginning to understand some of the biological traits that drive airborne transmission of influenza viruses among mammals. Increased understanding of the determinants and mechanisms of airborne transmission may aid in assessing the risks posed by avian influenza viruses to human health, and preparedness for such risks. This chapter summarizes recent discoveries on the genetic and phenotypic traits required for avian influenza viruses to become airborne transmissible between mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Herfst
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Kang HM, Choi JG, Kim KI, Kim BS, Batchuluun D, Erdene-Ochir TO, Kim MC, Kwon JH, Park CK, Lee YJ. Pathogenicity in domestic ducks and mice of highly pathogenic H5N1 clade 2.3.2.1 influenza viruses recently circulating in Eastern Asia. Vet Microbiol 2013; 167:327-33. [PMID: 24120936 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Influenza virus A (H5N1) clade 2.3.2.1 has recently caused widespread outbreaks of disease in domestic poultry and wild birds in Eastern Asia. In the current study, the antigenicity and pathogenicity of three clade 2.3.2.1 viruses (Ck/Kr/Gimje/08, Ws/Mongolia/1/09, and Ws/Mongolia/7/10) were investigated in domestic ducks and mice. The H5N1 influenza viruses in this study were antigenically similar to each other (r-values of 0.35-1.4). The three viruses replicated systemically in all tissues tested in domestic ducks, indicating high pathogenicity. However, the viruses produced different clinical signs and mortality rates: Ck/Kr/Gimje/08 and Ws/Mongolia/1/09 resulted in 100% mortality with severe neurological signs, whereas Ws/Mongolia/7/10 resulted in 50% mortality with relatively mild neurological signs. In mice, infection with Ck/Kr/Gimje/08 and Ws/Mongolia/7/10 resulted in weight loss that peaked at 4 days post-infection (22.3% and 20.8%, respectively), same MLD50 (2.2 Log10 EID50) and systemic replication. The three viruses had K deletion at the -2 position of the HA1-connecting peptide (PQRERRRK-R), which is associated with increased virulence in domestic ducks and harbored NA stalk deletion, NS1 deletion and mutation of P42S in NS1, and full length (90aa) in PB1-F2, which confer increased virulence in mice. Our study shows that clade 2.3.2.1 viruses from Korea and Mongolia are antigenically similar and highly pathogenic in both domestic ducks and mice. Moreover, we provide molecular determinants of the clade 2.3.2.1 viruses associated with the pathogenicity in domestic ducks and mice, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Mi Kang
- Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyangro, Anyangsi, Gyeonggido 430-757, Republic of Korea
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Xu R, de Vries RP, Zhu X, Nycholat CM, McBride R, Yu W, Paulson JC, Wilson IA. Preferential recognition of avian-like receptors in human influenza A H7N9 viruses. Science 2013; 342:1230-5. [PMID: 24311689 DOI: 10.1126/science.1243761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The 2013 outbreak of avian-origin H7N9 influenza in eastern China has raised concerns about its ability to transmit in the human population. The hemagglutinin glycoprotein of most human H7N9 viruses carries Leu(226), a residue linked to adaptation of H2N2 and H3N2 pandemic viruses to human receptors. However, glycan array analysis of the H7 hemagglutinin reveals negligible binding to humanlike α2-6-linked receptors and strong preference for a subset of avian-like α2-3-linked glycans recognized by all avian H7 viruses. Crystal structures of H7N9 hemagglutinin and six hemagglutinin-glycan complexes have elucidated the structural basis for preferential recognition of avian-like receptors. These findings suggest that the current human H7N9 viruses are poorly adapted for efficient human-to-human transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Xu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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To KKW, Chan JFW, Chen H, Li L, Yuen KY. The emergence of influenza A H7N9 in human beings 16 years after influenza A H5N1: a tale of two cities. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2013; 13:809-21. [PMID: 23969217 PMCID: PMC7158959 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(13)70167-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Infection with either influenza A H5N1 virus in 1997 or avian influenza A H7N9 virus in 2013 caused severe pneumonia that did not respond to typical or atypical antimicrobial treatment, and resulted in high mortality. Both viruses are reassortants with internal genes derived from avian influenza A H9N2 viruses that circulate in Asian poultry. Both viruses have genetic markers of mammalian adaptation in their haemagglutinin and polymerase PB2 subunits, which enhanced binding to human-type receptors and improved replication in mammals, respectively. Hong Kong (affected by H5N1 in 1997) and Shanghai (affected by H7N9 in 2013) are two rapidly flourishing cosmopolitan megacities that were increasing in human population and poultry consumption before the outbreaks. Both cities are located along the avian migratory route at the Pearl River delta and Yangtze River delta. Whether the widespread use of the H5N1 vaccine in east Asia-with suboptimum biosecurity measures in live poultry markets and farms-predisposed to the emergence of H7N9 or other virus subtypes needs further investigation. Why H7N9 seems to be more readily transmitted from poultry to people than H5N1 is still unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin K W To
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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Yang H, Carney PJ, Chang JC, Villanueva JM, Stevens J. Structural analysis of the hemagglutinin from the recent 2013 H7N9 influenza virus. J Virol 2013; 87:12433-46. [PMID: 24027325 PMCID: PMC3807915 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01854-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In March 2013, the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention reported human infections with an H7N9 influenza virus, and by 20 July 2013, the numbers of laboratory-confirmed cases had climbed to 134, including 43 fatalities and 127 hospitalizations. The newly emerging H7N9 viruses constitute an obvious public health concern because of the apparent severity of this outbreak. Here we focus on the hemagglutinins (HAs) of these viruses and assess their receptor binding phenotype in relation to previous HAs studied. Glycan microarray and kinetic analyses of recombinant A(H7N9) HAs were performed to compare the receptor binding profile of wild-type receptor binding site variants at position 217, a residue analogous to one of two positions known to switch avian to human receptor preference in H2N2 and H3N2 viruses. Two recombinant A(H7N9) HAs were structurally characterized, and a mutational study of the receptor binding site was performed to analyze important residues that can affect receptor preference and affinity. Results highlight a weak human receptor preference of the H7N9 HAs, suggesting that these viruses require further adaptation in order to adapt fully to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Yang
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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39
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Cueno ME, Imai K, Tamura M, Ochiai K. Structural differences between the avian and human H7N9 hemagglutinin proteins are attributable to modifications in salt bridge formation: a computational study with implications in viral evolution. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76764. [PMID: 24116152 PMCID: PMC3792060 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A hemagglutinin (HA) is a homotrimeric glycoprotein composed of a fibrous globular stem supporting a globular head containing three sialic acid binding sites responsible for infection. The H7N9 strain has consistently infected an avian host, however, the novel 2013 strain is now capable of infecting a human host which would imply that the HA in both strains structurally differ. A better understanding of the structural differences between the avian and human H7N9 strains may shed light into viral evolution and transmissibility. In this study, we elucidated the structural differences between the avian and human H7N9 strains. Throughout the study, we generated HA homology models, verified the quality of each model, superimposed HA homology models to determine structural differences, and, likewise, elucidated the probable cause for these structural differences. We detected two different types of structural differences between the novel H7N9 human and representative avian strains, wherein, one type (Pattern-1) showed three non-overlapping regions while the other type (Pattern-2) showed only one non-overlapping region. In addition, we found that superimposed HA homology models exhibiting Pattern-1 contain three non-overlapping regions designated as: Region-1 (S1571-A1601); Region-3 (R2621-S2651); and Region-4 (S2701-D2811), whereas, superimposed HA homology models showing Pattern-2 only contain one non-overlapping region designated as Region-2 (S1371-S1451). We attributed the two patterns we observed to either the presence of salt bridges involving the E1141 residue or absence of the R1411:D771 salt bridge. Interestingly, comparison between the human H7N7 and H7N9 HA homology models showed high structural similarity. We propose that the putative absence of the R1411:D771 salt bridge coupled with the putative presence of the E1141:R2621 and E1141:K2641 salt bridges found in the 2013 H7N9 HA homology model is associated to human-type receptor binding. This highlights the possible significance of HA salt bridge formation modifications in viral infectivity, immune escape, transmissibility and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marni E. Cueno
- Department of Microbiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (KO); (MEC)
| | - Kenichi Imai
- Department of Microbiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Muneaki Tamura
- Department of Microbiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kuniyasu Ochiai
- Department of Microbiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (KO); (MEC)
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Liu Q, Liu DY, Yang ZQ. Characteristics of human infection with avian influenza viruses and development of new antiviral agents. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2013; 34:1257-69. [PMID: 24096642 PMCID: PMC3791557 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2013.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 1997, several epizootic avian influenza viruses (AIVs) have been transmitted to humans, causing diseases and even deaths. The recent emergence of severe human infections with AIV (H7N9) in China has raised concerns about efficient interpersonal viral transmission, polygenic traits in viral pathogenicity and the management of newly emerging strains. The symptoms associated with viral infection are different in various AI strains: H5N1 and newly emerged H7N9 induce severe pneumonia and related complications in patients, while some H7 and H9 subtypes cause only conjunctivitis or mild respiratory symptoms. The virulence and tissue tropism of viruses as well as the host responses contribute to the pathogenesis of human AIV infection. Several preventive and therapeutic approaches have been proposed to combat AIV infection, including antiviral drugs such as M2 inhibitors, neuraminidase inhibitors, RNA polymerase inhibitors, attachment inhibitors and signal-transduction inhibitors etc. In this article, we summarize the recent progress in researches on the epidemiology, clinical features, pathogenicity determinants, and available or potential antivirals of AIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology/Institute of Medical Virology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
- The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University/Yichang Central People's Hospital, Yichang 443000, China
| | - Dong-ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology/Institute of Medical Virology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Zhan-qiu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology/Institute of Medical Virology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
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Shi Y, Zhang W, Wang F, Qi J, Wu Y, Song H, Gao F, Bi Y, Zhang Y, Fan Z, Qin C, Sun H, Liu J, Haywood J, Liu W, Gong W, Wang D, Shu Y, Wang Y, Yan J, Gao GF. Structures and Receptor Binding of Hemagglutinins from Human-Infecting H7N9 Influenza Viruses. Science 2013; 342:243-7. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1242917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Ramos I, Krammer F, Hai R, Aguilera D, Bernal-Rubio D, Steel J, García-Sastre A, Fernandez-Sesma A. H7N9 influenza viruses interact preferentially with α2,3-linked sialic acids and bind weakly to α2,6-linked sialic acids. J Gen Virol 2013; 94:2417-2423. [PMID: 23950563 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.056184-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent human outbreak of H7N9 avian influenza A virus has caused worldwide concerns. Receptor binding specificity is critical for viral pathogenicity, and still not thoroughly studied for this emerging virus. Here, we evaluated the receptor specificity of the haemagglutinin (HA) of two human H7N9 isolates (A/Shanghai/1/13 and A/Anhui/1/13) through a solid-phase binding assay and a flow cytometry-based assay. In addition, we compared it with those from several HAs from human and avian influenza viruses. We observed that the HAs from the novel H7 isolates strongly interacted with α2,3-linked sialic acids. Importantly, they also showed low levels of binding to α2,6-linked sialic acids, but significantly higher than other avian H7s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Ramos
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1468 Madison Avenue New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1468 Madison Avenue New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Rong Hai
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1468 Madison Avenue New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Domingo Aguilera
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1468 Madison Avenue New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Dabeiba Bernal-Rubio
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1468 Madison Avenue New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - John Steel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, GA 30322, USA
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1468 Madison Avenue New York, NY 10029, USA.,Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1468 Madison Avenue New York, NY 10029, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1468 Madison Avenue New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Ana Fernandez-Sesma
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1468 Madison Avenue New York, NY 10029, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1468 Madison Avenue New York, NY 10029, USA
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He Y, Huang Q, Shi J, Mei Z, Jie Z. The first patient recovered from avian influenza A H7N9 viral infection: A case report and review of the literature. Respir Med Case Rep 2013; 10:23-6. [PMID: 26029506 PMCID: PMC3920351 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmcr.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In March 2013, a novel avian-origin influenza A (H7N9) virus was isolated from throat swabs of 2 patients at the Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, China. Subsequently, 4 more patients infected by H7N9 were identified. Of the 6 patients, 4 died of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Here, we report the first case of a patient who recovered from pneumonia induced by H7N9 infection. The patient presented with fever, cough, and blood in sputum. Laboratory tests showed a low level of leukocytes, hypoxaemia, and increased levels of creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase. Imaging showed multiple areas of segmental ground-glass opacity in the right lung. Oseltamivir and antibiotics were administered. Supplemental oxygen helped relieve symptoms. Approximately 2 weeks after treatment, the patient finally recovered. A follow-up chest computed tomography scan taken 8 weeks later revealed that the ground-glass opacity was clearly absorbed. Therefore, timely intervention with oseltamivir and supplemental oxygen may be very important in the treatment of H7N9 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanchao He
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, China
| | - Qihui Huang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, China
| | - Jindong Shi
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, China
| | - Zhoufang Mei
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, China
| | - Zhijun Jie
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, China
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44
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Biological features of novel avian influenza A (H7N9) virus. Nature 2013; 499:500-3. [PMID: 23823727 DOI: 10.1038/nature12379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Human infection associated with a novel reassortant avian influenza H7N9 virus has recently been identified in China. A total of 132 confirmed cases and 39 deaths have been reported. Most patients presented with severe pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Although the first epidemic has subsided, the presence of a natural reservoir and the disease severity highlight the need to evaluate its risk on human public health and to understand the possible pathogenesis mechanism. Here we show that the emerging H7N9 avian influenza virus poses a potentially high risk to humans. We discover that the H7N9 virus can bind to both avian-type (α2,3-linked sialic acid) and human-type (α2,6-linked sialic acid) receptors. It can invade epithelial cells in the human lower respiratory tract and type II pneumonocytes in alveoli, and replicated efficiently in ex vivo lung and trachea explant culture and several mammalian cell lines. In acute serum samples of H7N9-infected patients, increased levels of the chemokines and cytokines IP-10, MIG, MIP-1β, MCP-1, IL-6, IL-8 and IFN-α were detected. We note that the human population is naive to the H7N9 virus, and current seasonal vaccination could not provide protection.
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Tharakaraman K, Jayaraman A, Raman R, Viswanathan K, Stebbins NW, Johnson D, Shriver Z, Sasisekharan V, Sasisekharan R. Glycan receptor binding of the influenza A virus H7N9 hemagglutinin. Cell 2013; 153:1486-93. [PMID: 23746830 PMCID: PMC3746546 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The advent of H7N9 in early 2013 is of concern for a number of reasons, including its capability to infect humans, the lack of clarity in the etiology of infection, and because the human population does not have pre-existing immunity to the H7 subtype. Earlier sequence analyses of H7N9 hemagglutinin (HA) point to amino acid changes that predicted human receptor binding and impinge on the antigenic characteristics of the HA. Here, we report that the H7N9 HA shows limited binding to human receptors; however, should a single amino acid mutation occur, this would result in structural changes within the receptor binding site that allow for extensive binding to human receptors present in the upper respiratory tract. Furthermore, a subset of the H7N9 HA sequences demarcating coevolving amino acids appears to be in the antigenic regions of H7, which, in turn, could impact effectiveness of the current WHO-recommended prepandemic H7 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannan Tharakaraman
- Department of Biological Engineering, Koch Institute of Integrative Cancer Research, Infectious Diseases Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Shi J, Deng G, Liu P, Zhou J, Guan L, Li W, Li X, Guo J, Wang G, Fan J, Wang J, Li Y, Jiang Y, Liu L, Tian G, Li C, Chen H. Isolation and characterization of H7N9 viruses from live poultry markets — Implication of the source of current H7N9 infection in humans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-013-5873-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Kageyama T, Fujisaki S, Takashita E, Xu H, Yamada S, Uchida Y, Neumann G, Saito T, Kawaoka Y, Tashiro M. Genetic analysis of novel avian A(H7N9) influenza viruses isolated from patients in China, February to April 2013. Euro Surveill 2013; 18:20453. [PMID: 23594575 PMCID: PMC6296756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel influenza viruses of the H7N9 subtype have infected 33 and killed nine people in China as of 10 April 2013. Their haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase genes probably originated from Eurasian avian influenza viruses; the remaining genes are closely related to avian H9N2 influenza viruses. Several characteristic amino acid changes in HA and the PB2 RNA polymerase subunit probably facilitate binding to human-type receptors and efficient replication in mammals, respectively, highlighting the pandemic potential of the novel viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kageyama
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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