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Frye RE, Rincon N, McCarty PJ, Brister D, Scheck AC, Rossignol DA. Biomarkers of mitochondrial dysfunction in autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 197:106520. [PMID: 38703861 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder affecting 1 in 36 children and is associated with physiological abnormalities, most notably mitochondrial dysfunction, at least in a subset of individuals. This systematic review and meta-analysis discovered 204 relevant articles which evaluated biomarkers of mitochondrial dysfunction in ASD individuals. Significant elevations (all p < 0.01) in the prevalence of lactate (17%), pyruvate (41%), alanine (15%) and creatine kinase (9%) were found in ASD. Individuals with ASD had significant differences (all p < 0.01) with moderate to large effect sizes (Cohen's d' ≥ 0.6) compared to controls in mean pyruvate, lactate-to-pyruvate ratio, ATP, and creatine kinase. Some studies found abnormal TCA cycle metabolites associated with ASD. Thirteen controlled studies reported mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) deletions or variations in the ASD group in blood, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, lymphocytes, leucocytes, granulocytes, and brain. Meta-analyses discovered significant differences (p < 0.01) in copy number of mtDNA overall and in ND1, ND4 and CytB genes. Four studies linked specific mtDNA haplogroups to ASD. A series of studies found a subgroup of ASD with elevated mitochondrial respiration which was associated with increased sensitivity of the mitochondria to physiological stressors and neurodevelopmental regression. Lactate, pyruvate, lactate-to-pyruvate ratio, carnitine, and acyl-carnitines were associated with clinical features such as delays in language, social interaction, cognition, motor skills, and with repetitive behaviors and gastrointestinal symptoms, although not all studies found an association. Lactate, carnitine, acyl-carnitines, ATP, CoQ10, as well as mtDNA variants, heteroplasmy, haplogroups and copy number were associated with ASD severity. Variability was found across biomarker studies primarily due to differences in collection and processing techniques as well as the intrinsic heterogeneity of the ASD population. Several studies reported alterations in mitochondrial metabolism in mothers of children with ASD and in neonates who develop ASD. Treatments targeting mitochondria, particularly carnitine and ubiquinol, appear beneficial in ASD. The link between mitochondrial dysfunction in ASD and common physiological abnormalities in individuals with ASD including gastrointestinal disorders, oxidative stress, and immune dysfunction is outlined. Several subtypes of mitochondrial dysfunction in ASD are discussed, including one related to neurodevelopmental regression, another related to alterations in microbiome metabolites, and another related to elevations in acyl-carnitines. Mechanisms linking abnormal mitochondrial function with alterations in prenatal brain development and postnatal brain function are outlined. Given the multisystem complexity of some individuals with ASD, this review presents evidence for the mitochondria being central to ASD by contributing to abnormalities in brain development, cognition, and comorbidities such as immune and gastrointestinal dysfunction as well as neurodevelopmental regression. A diagnostic approach to identify mitochondrial dysfunction in ASD is outlined. From this evidence, it is clear that many individuals with ASD have alterations in mitochondrial function which may need to be addressed in order to achieve optimal clinical outcomes. The fact that alterations in mitochondrial metabolism may be found during pregnancy and early in the life of individuals who eventually develop ASD provides promise for early life predictive biomarkers of ASD. Further studies may improve the understanding of the role of the mitochondria in ASD by better defining subgroups and understanding the molecular mechanisms driving some of the unique changes found in mitochondrial function in those with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Frye
- Autism Discovery and Treatment Foundation, Phoenix, AZ, USA; Southwest Autism Research and Resource Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA; Rossignol Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
| | | | - Patrick J McCarty
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70113, United States of America.
| | | | - Adrienne C Scheck
- Autism Discovery and Treatment Foundation, Phoenix, AZ, USA; Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85004, United States of America.
| | - Daniel A Rossignol
- Autism Discovery and Treatment Foundation, Phoenix, AZ, USA; Rossignol Medical Center, Aliso Viejo, CA, USA
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2
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Wikarska A, Roszak K, Roszek K. Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Purinergic Signaling in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Bridging the Gap between Cell-Based Strategies and Neuro-Immune Modulation. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1310. [PMID: 38927517 PMCID: PMC11201695 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12061310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is still increasing, which means that this neurodevelopmental lifelong pathology requires special scientific attention and efforts focused on developing novel therapeutic approaches. It has become increasingly evident that neuroinflammation and dysregulation of neuro-immune cross-talk are specific hallmarks of ASD, offering the possibility to treat these disorders by factors modulating neuro-immunological interactions. Mesenchymal stem cell-based therapy has already been postulated as one of the therapeutic approaches for ASD; however, less is known about the molecular mechanisms of stem cell influence. One of the possibilities, although still underestimated, is the paracrine purinergic activity of MSCs, by which stem cells ameliorate inflammatory reactions. Modulation of adenosine signaling may help restore neurotransmitter balance, reduce neuroinflammation, and improve overall brain function in individuals with ASD. In our review article, we present a novel insight into purinergic signaling, including but not limited to the adenosinergic pathway and its role in neuroinflammation and neuro-immune cross-talk modulation. We anticipate that by achieving a greater understanding of the purinergic signaling contribution to ASD and related disorders, novel therapeutic strategies may be devised for patients with autism in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Katarzyna Roszek
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Torun, Poland; (A.W.); (K.R.)
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Wyss MT, Heuer C, Herwerth M. The bumpy road of purinergic inhibitors to clinical application in immune-mediated diseases. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:1206-1211. [PMID: 37905866 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.386405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Purinergic signaling plays important roles throughout the body in the regulation of organ functions during and following the disruption of homeostasis. This is also reflected by the widespread expression of two families of purinergic receptors (P1 and P2) with numerous subtypes. In the last few decades, there has been increasing evidence that purinergic signaling plays an important role in the regulation of immune functions. Mainly, signals mediated by P2 receptors have been shown to contribute to immune system-mediated pathologies. Thus, interference with P2 receptors may be a promising strategy for the modulation of immune responses. Although only a few clinical studies have been conducted in isolated entities with limited success, preclinical work suggests that the use of P2 receptor inhibitors may bear some promise in various autoimmune diseases. Despite the association of P2 receptors with several disorders from this field, the use of P2 receptor antagonists in clinical therapy is still very scarce. In this narrative review, we briefly review the involvement of the purinergic system in immunological responses and clinical studies on the effect of purinergic inhibition on autoimmune processes. We then open the aperture a bit and show some preclinical studies demonstrating a potential effect of purinergic blockade on autoimmune events. Using suramin, a non-specific purinergic inhibitor, as an example, we further show that off-target effects could be responsible for observed effects in immunological settings, which may have interesting implications. Overall, we believe that it is worthwhile to further investigate this hitherto underexplored area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias T Wyss
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich (ZNZ), University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christine Heuer
- Neurology Department, University Hospital of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marina Herwerth
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich (ZNZ), University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Neurology Department, University Hospital of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
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4
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Lingampelly SS, Naviaux JC, Heuer LS, Monk JM, Li K, Wang L, Haapanen L, Kelland CA, Van de Water J, Naviaux RK. Metabolic network analysis of pre-ASD newborns and 5-year-old children with autism spectrum disorder. Commun Biol 2024; 7:536. [PMID: 38729981 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06102-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Classical metabolomic and new metabolic network methods were used to study the developmental features of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in newborns (n = 205) and 5-year-old children (n = 53). Eighty percent of the metabolic impact in ASD was caused by 14 shared biochemical pathways that led to decreased anti-inflammatory and antioxidant defenses, and to increased physiologic stress molecules like lactate, glycerol, cholesterol, and ceramides. CIRCOS plots and a new metabolic network parameter,V ° net, revealed differences in both the kind and degree of network connectivity. Of 50 biochemical pathways and 450 polar and lipid metabolites examined, the developmental regulation of the purine network was most changed. Purine network hub analysis revealed a 17-fold reversal in typically developing children. This purine network reversal did not occur in ASD. These results revealed previously unknown metabolic phenotypes, identified new developmental states of the metabolic correlation network, and underscored the role of mitochondrial functional changes, purine metabolism, and purinergic signaling in autism spectrum disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Sachin Lingampelly
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, 92103-8467, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, 92103-8467, USA
| | - Jane C Naviaux
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, 92103-8467, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, 92103-8467, USA
| | - Luke S Heuer
- The UC Davis MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Jonathan M Monk
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, 92103-8467, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, 92103-8467, USA
| | - Kefeng Li
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, 92103-8467, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, 92103-8467, USA
- Macao Polytechnic University, Macau, China
| | - Lin Wang
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, 92103-8467, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, 92103-8467, USA
| | - Lori Haapanen
- The UC Davis MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Chelsea A Kelland
- The UC Davis MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Judy Van de Water
- The UC Davis MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Department of Rheumatology and Allergy, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Robert K Naviaux
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, 92103-8467, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, 92103-8467, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, 92103-8467, USA.
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, 92103-8467, USA.
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Li X, Fu Q, Zhong M, Long Y, Zhao F, Huang Y, Zhang Z, Wen M, Chen K, Chen R, Ma X. Quantitative proteomics of the miR-301a/SOCS3/STAT3 axis reveals underlying autism and anxiety-like behavior. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2024; 35:102136. [PMID: 38439911 PMCID: PMC10909786 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2024.102136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Autism is a widespread neurodevelopmental disorder. Although the research on autism spectrum disorders has been increasing in the past decade, there is still no specific answer to its mechanism of action and treatment. As a pro-inflammatory microRNA, miR-301a is abnormally expressed in various psychiatric diseases including autism. Here, we show that miR-301a deletion and inhibition exhibited two distinct abnormal behavioral phenotypes in mice. We observed that miR-301a deletion in mice impaired learning/memory, and enhanced anxiety. On the contrary, miR-301a inhibition effectively reduced the maternal immune activation (MIA)-induced autism-like behaviors in mice. We further demonstrated that miR-301a bound to the 3'UTR region of the SOCS3, and that inhibition of miR-301a led to the upregulation of SOCS3 in hippocampus. The last result in the reduction of the inflammatory response by inhibiting phosphorylation of AKT and STAT3, and the expression level of IL-17A in poly(I:C)-induced autism-like features in mice. The obtained data revealed the miR-301a as a critical participant in partial behavior phenotypes, which may exhibit a divergent role between gene knockout and knockdown. Our findings ascertain that miR-301a negatively regulates SOCS3 in MIA-induced autism in mice and could present a new therapeutic target for ameliorating the behavioral abnormalities of autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Li
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, China; Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, College of Basic Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Qi Fu
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, China; Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Mingtian Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, China; Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Yihao Long
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, China; Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Fengyun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, China; Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Yanni Huang
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, China; Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Zizhu Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Min Wen
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Kaizhao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, China; Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Rongqing Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Xiaodong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, China; Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
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6
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Frye RE, McCarty PJ, Werner BA, Rose S, Scheck AC. Bioenergetic signatures of neurodevelopmental regression. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1306038. [PMID: 38449786 PMCID: PMC10916717 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1306038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Studies have linked autism spectrum disorder (ASD) to physiological abnormalities including mitochondrial dysfunction. Mitochondrial dysfunction may be linked to a subset of children with ASD who have neurodevelopmental regression (NDR). We have developed a cell model of ASD which demonstrates a unique mitochondrial profile with mitochondrial respiration higher than normal and sensitive to physiological stress. We have previously shown similar mitochondrial profiles in individuals with ASD and NDR. Methods: Twenty-six ASD individuals without a history of NDR (ASD-NoNDR) and 15 ASD individuals with a history of NDR (ASD-NDR) were recruited from 34 families. From these families, 30 mothers, 17 fathers and 5 typically developing (TD) siblings participated. Mitochondrial respiration was measured in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with the Seahorse 96 XF Analyzer. PBMCs were exposed to various levels of physiological stress for 1 h prior to the assay using 2,3-dimethoxy-1,4-napthoquinone. Results: ASD-NDR children were found to have higher respiratory rates with mitochondria that were more sensitive to physiological stress as compared to ASD-NoNDR children, similar to our cellular model of NDR. Differences in mitochondrial respiration between ASD-NDR and TD siblings were similar to the differences between ASD-NDR and ASD-NoNDR children. Interesting, parents of children with ASD and NDR demonstrated patterns of mitochondrial respiration similar to their children such that parents of children with ASD and NDR demonstrated elevated respiratory rates with mitochondria that were more sensitive to physiological stress. In addition, sex differences were seen in ASD children and parents. Age effects in parents suggested that mitochondria of older parents were more sensitive to physiological stress. Conclusion: This study provides further evidence that children with ASD and NDR may have a unique type of mitochondrial physiology that may make them susceptible to physiological stressors. Identifying these children early in life before NDR occurs and providing treatment to protect mitochondrial physiology may protect children from experiencing NDR. The fact that parents also demonstrate mitochondrial respiration patterns similar to their children implies that this unique change in mitochondrial physiology may be a heritable factor (genetic or epigenetic), a result of shared environment, or both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E. Frye
- Autism Discovery and Treatment Foundation, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | | | - Brianna A. Werner
- Creighton University School of Medicine Phoenix Regional Campus, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Shannon Rose
- Arkansas Children’s Research Institute, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Adrienne C. Scheck
- Autism Discovery and Treatment Foundation, Phoenix, AZ, United States
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine—Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States
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7
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Hough D, Mao AR, Aman M, Lozano R, Smith-Hicks C, Martinez-Cerdeno V, Derby M, Rome Z, Malan N, Findling RL. Randomized clinical trial of low dose suramin intravenous infusions for treatment of autism spectrum disorder. Ann Gen Psychiatry 2023; 22:45. [PMID: 37932739 PMCID: PMC10626700 DOI: 10.1186/s12991-023-00477-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a critical need for effective treatment of the core symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The purinergic antagonist suramin may improve core symptoms through restoration of normal mitochondrial function and reduction of neuro-inflammation via its known antagonism of P2X and P2Y receptors. Nonclinical studies in fragile X knockout mice and the maternal immune activation model support these hypotheses. METHODS We conducted a 14 week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled proof -of-concept study (N = 52) to test the efficacy and safety of suramin intravenous infusions in boys aged 4-15 years with moderate to severe ASD. The study had 3 treatment arms: 10 mg/kg suramin, 20 mg/kg suramin, and placebo given at baseline, week 4, and week 8. The Aberrant Behavior Checklist of Core Symptoms (ABC-Core) (subscales 2, 3, and 5) was the primary endpoint and the Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement (CGI-I) was a secondary endpoint. RESULTS Forty-four subjects completed the study. The 10 mg/kg suramin group showed a greater, but statistically non-significant, numeric improvement (- 12.5 ± 3.18 [mean ± SE]) vs. placebo (- 8.9 ± 2.86) in ABC-Core at Week 14. The 20 mg/kg suramin group did not show improvement over placebo. In exploratory analyses, the 10 mg/kg arm showed greater ABC Core differences from placebo in younger subjects and among those with less severe symptoms. In CGI-I, the 10 mg/kg arm showed a statistically significant improvement from baseline (2.8 ± 0.30 [mean ± SE]) compared to placebo (1.7 ± 0.27) (p = 0.016). The 20 mg/kg arm had a 2.0 ± 0.28 improvement in CGI-I, which was not statistically significant compared to placebo (p = 0.65). CONCLUSION Suramin was generally safe and well tolerated over 14 weeks; most adverse events were mild to moderate in severity. Trial Registration Registered with the South African Health Authority, registration number DOH-27-0419-6116. CLINICALTRIALS Gov registration ID is NCT06058962, last update posted 2023-09-28.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hough
- PaxMedica, Inc, sponsor of the study, 303 S Broadway, Suite 125, Tarrytown, NY, 10591, USA.
| | - Alice R Mao
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine and PaxMedica, Inc., Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Michael Aman
- O.S.U. Research Unit on Pediatric Psychopharmacology (RUPP), Research, Nisonger Center at The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Reymundo Lozano
- Genetics and Genomics Sciences, Psychiatry and Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Director of Fragile X Syndrome Clinical at Mount Sinai Hospital, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Constance Smith-Hicks
- Neurology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins Univ School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Veronica Martinez-Cerdeno
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Anatomy of Autism and FXS laboratory, Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospital of Northern California, and UCD MIND Institute. Pathology Director of the FXS & FXTAS brain repository at UCD, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, California, USA
| | - Michael Derby
- Tardimed Sciences LLC., PaxMedica, Inc., Tarrytown, New York, USA
| | | | - Niel Malan
- Phoenix Pharma LTD, 2 Eastbourne Rd, Mt Croix, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
| | - Robert L Findling
- Chair, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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8
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Huang L, Mut-Arbona P, Varga B, Török B, Brunner J, Arszovszki A, Iring A, Kisfali M, Vizi ES, Sperlágh B. P2X7 purinergic receptor modulates dentate gyrus excitatory neurotransmission and alleviates schizophrenia-like symptoms in mouse. iScience 2023; 26:107560. [PMID: 37649698 PMCID: PMC10462828 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
ATP-gated P2X7 receptors (P2X7Rs) play a crucial role in brain disorders. However, how they affect normal and pathological synaptic transmission is still largely unclear. Here, by using whole-cell patch-clamp technique to record AMPA- and NMDA receptor-mediated excitatory postsynaptic currents (s/mEPSCs) in dentate gyrus granule cells (DG GCs), we revealed a modulation by P2X7Rs of presynaptic sites, especially originated from entorhinal cortex (EC)-GC path but not the mossy cell (MC)-GC path. The involvement of P2X7Rs was confirmed using a pharmacological approach. Additionally, the acute activation of P2X7Rs directly elevated calcium influx from EC-GC terminals. In postnatal phencyclidine (PCP)-induced mouse model of schizophrenia, we observed that P2X7R deficiency restored the EC-GC synapse alteration and alleviated PCP-induced symptoms. To summarize, P2X7Rs participate in the modulation of GC excitatory neurotransmission in the DG via EC-GC pathway, contributing to pathological alterations of neuronal functions leading to neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lumei Huang
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
- János Szentágothai Doctoral School, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Paula Mut-Arbona
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
- János Szentágothai Doctoral School, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bernadett Varga
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
- János Szentágothai Doctoral School, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bibiana Török
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - János Brunner
- Laboratory of Cellular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Antonia Arszovszki
- Laboratory of Cellular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Iring
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Máté Kisfali
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - E. Sylvester Vizi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
- János Szentágothai Doctoral School, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Beáta Sperlágh
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
- János Szentágothai Doctoral School, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
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9
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Powell SB, Swerdlow NR. The Relevance of Animal Models of Social Isolation and Social Motivation for Understanding Schizophrenia: Review and Future Directions. Schizophr Bull 2023; 49:1112-1126. [PMID: 37527471 PMCID: PMC10483472 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbad098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESES Social dysfunction in schizophrenia includes symptoms of withdrawal and deficits in social skills, social cognition, and social motivation. Based on the course of illness, with social withdrawal occurring prior to psychosis onset, it is likely that the severity of social withdrawal/isolation contributes to schizophrenia neuropathology. STUDY DESIGN We review the current literature on social isolation in rodent models and provide a conceptual framework for its relationship to social withdrawal and neural circuit dysfunction in schizophrenia. We next review preclinical tasks of social behavior used in schizophrenia-relevant models and discuss strengths and limitations of existing approaches. Lastly, we consider new effort-based tasks of social motivation and their potential for translational studies in schizophrenia. STUDY RESULTS Social isolation rearing in rats produces profound differences in behavior, pharmacologic sensitivity, and neurochemistry compared to socially reared rats. Rodent models relevant to schizophrenia exhibit deficits in social behavior as measured by social interaction and social preference tests. Newer tasks of effort-based social motivation are being developed in rodents to better model social motivation deficits in neuropsychiatric disorders. CONCLUSIONS While experimenter-imposed social isolation provides a viable experimental model for understanding some biological mechanisms linking social dysfunction to clinical and neural pathology in schizophrenia, it bypasses critical antecedents to social isolation in schizophrenia, notably deficits in social reward and social motivation. Recent efforts at modeling social motivation using effort-based tasks in rodents have the potential to quantify these antecedents, identify models (eg, developmental, genetic) that produce deficits, and advance pharmacological treatments for social motivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan B Powell
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs VISN22 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Neal R Swerdlow
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs VISN22 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, La Jolla, CA, USA
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10
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Hide I, Shiraki H, Masuda A, Maeda T, Kumagai M, Kunishige N, Yanase Y, Harada K, Tanaka S, Sakai N. P2Y 2 receptor mediates dying cell removal via inflammatory activated microglia. J Pharmacol Sci 2023; 153:55-67. [PMID: 37524455 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2023.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglial removal of dying cells plays a beneficial role in maintaining homeostasis in the CNS, whereas under some pathological conditions, inflammatory microglia can cause excessive clearance, leading to neuronal death. However, the mechanisms underlying dying cell removal by inflammatory microglia remain poorly understood. In this study, we performed live imaging to examine the purinergic regulation of dying cell removal by inflammatory activated microglia. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation induces rapid death of primary rat microglia, and the surviving microglia actively remove dying cells. The nonselective P2 receptor antagonist, suramin, inhibited dying cell removal to the same degree as that of the selective P2Y2 antagonist, AR-C118925. This inhibition was more potent in LPS-stimulated microglia than in non-stimulated ones. LPS stimulation elicited distribution of the P2Y2 receptor on the leading edge of the plasma membrane and then induced drastic upregulation of P2Y2 receptor mRNA expression in microglia. LPS stimulation caused upregulation of the dying cell-sensing inflammatory Axl phagocytic receptor, which was suppressed by blocking the P2Y2 receptor and its downstream signaling effector, proline-rich tyrosine kinase (Pyk2). Together, these results indicate that inflammatory stimuli may activate the P2Y2 receptor, thereby mediating dying cell removal, at least partially, through upregulating phagocytic Axl in microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izumi Hide
- Department of Molecular and Pharmacological Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Hiroko Shiraki
- Department of Molecular and Pharmacological Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Akihiro Masuda
- Department of Molecular and Pharmacological Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Takuya Maeda
- Department of Molecular and Pharmacological Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Mayuka Kumagai
- Department of Molecular and Pharmacological Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Nao Kunishige
- Department of Molecular and Pharmacological Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Yuhki Yanase
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Kana Harada
- Department of Molecular and Pharmacological Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Shigeru Tanaka
- Department of Molecular and Pharmacological Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Norio Sakai
- Department of Molecular and Pharmacological Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan.
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11
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Babiec L, Wilkaniec A, Matuszewska M, Pałasz E, Cieślik M, Adamczyk A. Alterations of Purinergic Receptors Levels and Their Involvement in the Glial Cell Morphology in a Pre-Clinical Model of Autism Spectrum Disorders. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1088. [PMID: 37509018 PMCID: PMC10377192 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13071088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent data suggest that defects in purinergic signalling are a common denominator of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), though nothing is known about whether the disorder-related imbalance occurs at the receptor level. In this study, we investigated whether prenatal exposure to valproic acid (VPA) induces changes in purinergic receptor expression in adolescence and whether it corresponds to glial cell activation. Pregnant dams were subjected to an intraperitoneal injection of VPA at embryonic day 12.5. In the hippocampi of adolescent male VPA offspring, we observed an increase in the level of P2X1, with concomitant decreases in P2X7 and P2Y1 receptors. In contrast, in the cortex, the level of P2X1 was significantly reduced. Also, significant increases in cortical P2Y1 and P2Y12 receptors were detected. Additionally, we observed profound alterations in microglial cell numbers and morphology in the cortex of VPA animals, leading to the elevation of pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. The changes in glial cells were partially reduced via a single administration of a non-selective P2 receptor antagonist. These studies show the involvement of purinergic signalling imbalance in the modulation of brain inflammatory response induced via prenatal VPA exposure and may indicate that purinergic receptors are a novel target for pharmacological intervention in ASDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Babiec
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Wilkaniec
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Matuszewska
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewelina Pałasz
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Cieślik
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agata Adamczyk
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
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12
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Boccazzi M, Raffaele S, Zanettin T, Abbracchio MP, Fumagalli M. Altered Purinergic Signaling in Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Focus on P2 Receptors. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13050856. [PMID: 37238724 DOI: 10.3390/biom13050856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
With the umbrella term 'neurodevelopmental disorders' (NDDs) we refer to a plethora of congenital pathological conditions generally connected with cognitive, social behavior, and sensory/motor alterations. Among the possible causes, gestational and perinatal insults have been demonstrated to interfere with the physiological processes necessary for the proper development of fetal brain cytoarchitecture and functionality. In recent years, several genetic disorders caused by mutations in key enzymes involved in purine metabolism have been associated with autism-like behavioral outcomes. Further analysis revealed dysregulated purine and pyrimidine levels in the biofluids of subjects with other NDDs. Moreover, the pharmacological blockade of specific purinergic pathways reversed the cognitive and behavioral defects caused by maternal immune activation, a validated and now extensively used rodent model for NDDs. Furthermore, Fragile X and Rett syndrome transgenic animal models as well as models of premature birth, have been successfully utilized to investigate purinergic signaling as a potential pharmacological target for these diseases. In this review, we examine results on the role of the P2 receptor signaling in the etiopathogenesis of NDDs. On this basis, we discuss how this evidence could be exploited to develop more receptor-specific ligands for future therapeutic interventions and novel prognostic markers for the early detection of these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Boccazzi
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology of Purinergic Transmission, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Raffaele
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology of Purinergic Transmission, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Thomas Zanettin
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology of Purinergic Transmission, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Maria P Abbracchio
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology of Purinergic Transmission, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Fumagalli
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology of Purinergic Transmission, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
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13
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Cherninskyi A, Storozhuk M, Maximyuk O, Kulyk V, Krishtal O. Triggering of Major Brain Disorders by Protons and ATP: The Role of ASICs and P2X Receptors. Neurosci Bull 2023; 39:845-862. [PMID: 36445556 PMCID: PMC9707125 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-022-00986-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is well-known as a universal source of energy in living cells. Less known is that this molecule has a variety of important signaling functions: it activates a variety of specific metabotropic (P2Y) and ionotropic (P2X) receptors in neuronal and non-neuronal cell membranes. So, a wide variety of signaling functions well fits the ubiquitous presence of ATP in the tissues. Even more ubiquitous are protons. Apart from the unspecific interaction of protons with any protein, many physiological processes are affected by protons acting on specific ionotropic receptors-acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs). Both protons (acidification) and ATP are locally elevated in various pathological states. Using these fundamentally important molecules as agonists, ASICs and P2X receptors signal a variety of major brain pathologies. Here we briefly outline the physiological roles of ASICs and P2X receptors, focusing on the brain pathologies involving these receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrii Cherninskyi
- Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, 01024, Ukraine.
| | - Maksim Storozhuk
- Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, 01024, Ukraine
| | - Oleksandr Maximyuk
- Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, 01024, Ukraine
| | - Vyacheslav Kulyk
- Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, 01024, Ukraine
| | - Oleg Krishtal
- Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, 01024, Ukraine
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Nandave M, Acharjee R, Bhaduri K, Upadhyay J, Rupanagunta GP, Ansari MN. A pharmacological review on SIRT 1 and SIRT 2 proteins, activators, and inhibitors: Call for further research. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 242:124581. [PMID: 37105251 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Sirtuins or Sir (Silent information regulator) are NAD+-dependent enzymes playing an important part in the pathogenesis and treatment of various disorders. They have ubiquitously expressed protein deacetylases. They are implicated in several cellular activities like DNA repair, cellular metabolism, mitochondrial function, and inflammation. Deletion of sirtuin protein, SIRT1 in the organs like brain, heart, liver and pancreas can cause inflammation and increases the level of free radical ions causing oxidative stress. Inflammation and oxidative stress are closely associated with pathophysiological events in many chronic diseases, like diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular, osteoporosis, and neurodegenerative diseases. Modulation of SIRT1 gene expression might help in preventing the progression of chronic diseases related to the brain, heart, liver, and pancreas. SIRT2 proteins play an essential role in tumorigenesis, including tumor-suppressing and tumor-promoting functions. Sirtuin activators are molecules that upregulate the activity of Sirtuins in the body. Their multifaceted uses have surprised the global scientific community. They are found to control obesity, lower cardiac risks, battle cancer, etc. This article provides an update on the pharmacological effect of SIRT1 and SIRT 2 proteins, their activators and inhibitors, and their molecular mechanism. It provides novel insights for future research in targeted therapy and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Nandave
- Department of Pharmacology, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi 110017, India
| | - Rituparna Acharjee
- SPP School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, Mumbai 400056, India
| | - Kinkini Bhaduri
- SPP School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, Mumbai 400056, India
| | - Jyoti Upadhyay
- School of Health Sciences and Technology, UPES, Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India.
| | | | - Mohd Nazam Ansari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia.
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15
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Mut-Arbona P, Sperlágh B. P2 receptor-mediated signaling in the physiological and pathological brain: From development to aging and disease. Neuropharmacology 2023; 233:109541. [PMID: 37062423 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
The purinergic pathway mediates both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses, whereas the breakdown of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is in a critical equilibrium. Under physiological conditions, extracellular ATP is maintained at a nanomolar concentration. Whether released into the medium following tissue damage, inflammation, or hypoxia, ATP is considered a clear indicator of cell damage and a marker of pathological conditions. In this overview, we provide an update on the participation of P2 receptor-mediated purinergic signaling in normal and pathological brain development, with special emphasis on neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders. Since purinergic signaling is ubiquitous, it is not surprising that it plays a prominent role in developmental processes and pathological alterations. The main aim of this review is to conceptualize the time-dependent dynamic changes in the participation of different players in the purinome in shaping the normal and aberrant developmental patterns and diseases of the central nervous system over one's lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Mut-Arbona
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary; János Szentágothai Doctoral School, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Beáta Sperlágh
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary; János Szentágothai Doctoral School, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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16
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Qiu Z, Luo D, Yin H, Chen Y, Zhou Z, Zhang J, Zhang L, Xia J, Xie J, Sun Q, Xu W. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum N-1 improves autism-like behavior and gut microbiota in mouse. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1134517. [PMID: 37007488 PMCID: PMC10060657 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1134517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionThe gut-brain axis has been widely recognized in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and probiotics are considered to potentially benefit the rescuing of autism-like behaviors. As a probiotic strain, Lactiplantibacillus plantarumN-1(LPN-1) was utilized to investigate its effects on gut microbiota and autism-like behaviors in ASD mice constructed by maternal immune activation (MIA).MethodsAdult offspring of MIA mice were given LPN-1 at the dosage of 2 × 109 CFU/g for 4 weeks before subject to the behavior and gut microbiota evaluation.ResultsThe behavioral tests showed that LPN-1 intervention was able to rescue autism-like behaviors in mice, including anxiety and depression. In which the LPN-1 treatment group increased the time spent interacting with strangers in the three-chamber test, their activity time and distance in the central area increased in the open field test, and their immobility time decreased when hanging their tails. Moreover, the supplementation of LPN-1 reversed the intestinal flora structure of ASD mice by enhancing the relative abundance of the pivotal microorganisms of Allobaculum and Oscillospira, while reducing those harmful ones like Sutterella at the genus level.DiscussionThese results suggested that LPN-1 supplementation may improve autism-like behaviors, possibly via regulating the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongqing Qiu
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Chengdu Third People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Dongmei Luo
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-Environment, The Ministry of the Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Heng Yin
- Chengdu Third People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Yajun Chen
- Chengdu Third People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiwei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-Environment, The Ministry of the Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Regulation Laboratory West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Linzhu Zhang
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Chengdu Third People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinrong Xia
- Chengdu Third People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiang Xie
- Chengdu Third People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Jiang Xie,
| | - Qun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-Environment, The Ministry of the Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Qun Sun,
| | - Wenming Xu
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Regulation Laboratory West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Wenming Xu,
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17
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Dai S, Lin J, Hou Y, Luo X, Shen Y, Ou J. Purine signaling pathway dysfunction in autism spectrum disorders: Evidence from multiple omics data. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1089871. [PMID: 36818658 PMCID: PMC9935591 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1089871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Previous studies have suggested that the dysregulation of purine metabolism may be associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Here, we adopted metabolomics and transcriptomics to verify and explore the underlying molecular mechanism of purine metabolism dysfunction in ASD and identify potential biomarkers within the purine metabolism pathway. Methods Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to obtain the plasma metabolic profiles of 12 patients with ASD and 12 typically developing (TD) children. RNA sequencing was used to screen differentially expressed genes related to the purine metabolic pathway and purine receptor-coding genes in 24 children with ASD and 21 healthy controls. Finally, serum uric acid levels were compared in 80 patients with ASD and 174 TD children to validate the omics results. Results A total of 66 identified metabolites showed significant between-group differences. Network analysis showed that purine metabolism was the most strongly enriched. Uric acid was one of the most highlighted nodes within the network. The transcriptomic study revealed significant differential expression of three purine metabolism-related genes (adenosine deaminase, adenylosuccinate lyase, and bifunctional enzyme neoformans 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR) transformylase/inosine monophosphate (IMP) cyclohydrolase) (p < 0.01) and five purinergic receptor genes (P2X7, P2Y2, P2Y6, P2Y8, and P2Y10) (p < 0.05). In the validation sample, there was a significant difference in serum uric acid levels between the two groups (p < 0.001), and the area under the curve for uric acid was 0.812 (sensitivity, 82.5%; specificity, 63.8%). Discussion Patients with ASD had dysfunctional purine metabolic pathways, and blood uric acid may be a potential biomarker for ASD.
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18
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Boktor JC, Adame MD, Rose DR, Schumann CM, Murray KD, Bauman MD, Careaga M, Mazmanian SK, Ashwood P, Needham BD. Global metabolic profiles in a non-human primate model of maternal immune activation: implications for neurodevelopmental disorders. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:4959-4973. [PMID: 36028571 PMCID: PMC9772216 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01752-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence implicates severe maternal infections as risk factors for neurodevelopmental disorders, such as ASD and schizophrenia. Accordingly, animal models mimicking infection during pregnancy, including the maternal immune activation (MIA) model, result in offspring with neurobiological, behavioral, and metabolic phenotypes relevant to human neurodevelopmental disorders. Most of these studies have been performed in rodents. We sought to better understand the molecular signatures characterizing the MIA model in an organism more closely related to humans, rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta), by evaluating changes in global metabolic profiles in MIA-exposed offspring. Herein, we present the global metabolome in six peripheral tissues (plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, three regions of intestinal mucosa scrapings, and feces) from 13 MIA and 10 control offspring that were confirmed to display atypical neurodevelopment, elevated immune profiles, and neuropathology. Differences in lipid, amino acid, and nucleotide metabolism discriminated these MIA and control samples, with correlations of specific metabolites to behavior scores as well as to cytokine levels in plasma, intestinal, and brain tissues. We also observed modest changes in fecal and intestinal microbial profiles, and identify differential metabolomic profiles within males and females. These findings support a connection between maternal immune activation and the metabolism, microbiota, and behavioral traits of offspring, and may further the translational applications of the MIA model and the advancement of biomarkers for neurodevelopmental disorders such as ASD or schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C Boktor
- Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Mark D Adame
- Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Destanie R Rose
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- The M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Cynthia M Schumann
- The M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Karl D Murray
- The M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Melissa D Bauman
- The M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Milo Careaga
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- The M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Sarkis K Mazmanian
- Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Paul Ashwood
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
- The M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.
| | - Brittany D Needham
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
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Arabiyat AS, Yeisley DJ, Güiza-Argüello VR, Qureshi F, Culibrk RA, Hahn J, Hahn MS. Effects of Stromal Cell Conditioned Medium and Antipurinergic Treatment on Macrophage Phenotype. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2022; 28:656-671. [PMID: 36329666 PMCID: PMC9807257 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2022.0123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunomodulatory capacity of the human mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) secretome has been a critical driver for the development of cell-free MSC products, such as conditioned medium (CM), for regenerative medicine applications. This is particularly true as cell-free MSC products present several advantages over direct autologous or allogeneic MSC delivery with respect to safety, manufacturability, and defined potency. Recently, significant effort has been placed into creating novel MSC CM formulations with an immunomodulatory capacity tailored for specific regenerative contexts. For instance, the immunoregulatory nature of MSC CM has previously been tuned through a number of cytokine-priming strategies. Herein, we propose an alternate method to tailor the immunomodulatory "phenotype" of cytokine-primed MSC CM through coupling with the pharmacological agent, suramin. Suramin interferes with the signaling of purines including extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which plays a critical role in the activation of the innate immune system after injury. Toward this end, human THP-1-derived macrophages were activated to a proinflammatory phenotype and treated with (1) unprimed/native MSC CM, (2) interferon-γ/tumor necrosis factor α-primed MSC CM (primed CM), (3) suramin alone, or (4) primed MSC CM and suramin (primed CM/suramin). Markers of key macrophage functions-cytokine secretion, autophagy, oxidative stress modulation, and activation/migration-were assessed. Consistent with previous literature, primed CM elevated macrophage secretion of several proinflammatory and pleiotropic cytokines relative to native CM; whereas addition of suramin imparted consistent shifts in terms of TNFα (↓), interleukin-10 (↓), and hepatocyte growth factor (↑) irrespective of CM. In addition, both primed CM and suramin, individually and combined, increased reactive oxygen species production relative to native CM, and addition of suramin to primed CM shifted levels of CX3CL1, a factor involved in ATP-associated macrophage regulation. Varimax rotation assessment of the secreted cytokine profiles confirmed that primed CM/suramin resulted in a THP-1 phenotypic shift away from the lipopolysaccharide-activated proinflammatory state that was distinct from that of primed CM or native CM alone. This altered primed CM/suramin-associated phenotype may prove beneficial for healing in certain regenerative contexts. These results may inform future work coupling antipurinergic treatments with MSC-derived therapies in regenerative medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad S. Arabiyat
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI), Troy, New York, USA
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI), Troy, New York, USA
| | - Daniel J. Yeisley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI), Troy, New York, USA
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI), Troy, New York, USA
| | - Viviana R. Güiza-Argüello
- Department of Metallurgical Engineering and Materials Science, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Fatir Qureshi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI), Troy, New York, USA
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI), Troy, New York, USA
| | - Robert A. Culibrk
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI), Troy, New York, USA
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI), Troy, New York, USA
| | - Juergen Hahn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI), Troy, New York, USA
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI), Troy, New York, USA
| | - Mariah S. Hahn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI), Troy, New York, USA
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI), Troy, New York, USA
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20
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The role of maternal immune activation in the immunological and neurological pathogenesis of autism. JOURNAL OF NEURORESTORATOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnrt.2022.100030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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21
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Air Pollution and Maximum Temperature Are Associated with Neurodevelopmental Regressive Events in Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12111809. [PMID: 36579525 PMCID: PMC9696106 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12111809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental regression (NDR) is an enigmatic event associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) during which a child loses previously acquired skills and develops ASD symptoms. In some, a trigger which precedes the NDR event, such as a fever, can be identified, but in many cases no trigger is obvious. We hypothesize that air pollution (PM2.5) may trigger NDR, especially in those children without an identified trigger. Average daily PM2.5, ozone, precipitation and maximum temperature (Tmax) were derived from Environmental Protection Agency models and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration monitors based on zip-code information from 83 ASD participants during the six-weeks following the onset month of an NDR event and a reference period defined as one year before and one year after the event. Seasonally adjusted logistic regression (LR) and linear mixed models (LMM) compared cases (with a history of NDR) and matched controls (without a history of NDR). LR models found that the risk of NDR was related to higher PM2.5 during 3 to 6 weeks of the NDR event period, particularly in those without a trigger. Overall, both models converged on NDR being related to a higher PM2.5 and lower Tmax both during the NDR event period as well as the reference period, particularly in those without a known trigger. This temporal pattern suggests that environmental triggers, particularly PM2.5, could be related to NDR, especially in those without an identifiable trigger. Further studies to determine the underlying biological mechanism of this observation could help better understand NDR and provide opportunities to prevent NDR.
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22
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Zhang Y, Yin HY, Rubini P, Tang Y, Illes P. A Possible Causal Involvement of Neuroinflammatory, Purinergic P2X7 Receptors in Psychiatric Disorders. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:2142-2155. [PMID: 35236262 PMCID: PMC9886837 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666220302152400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
P2X7 receptors (Rs) are prominent members of the P2XR family, which after binding ATP, open non-selective cationic channels, thereby allowing the transmembrane passage of Na+, Ca2+, and K+. Long-lasting and repetitive stimulation of the receptor by its agonist leads to the formation of large membrane pores permeable for organic cations of up to 900 Da molecular size. These pores are believed to play a role in apoptosis and inflammation. P2X7Rs are located primarily at peripheral macrophages and microglial cells, the resident macrophages of the CNS. The coactivation of toll-like receptors 4 (TLR4) by lipopolysaccharide, a constituent of the cell membrane of gram-negative bacteria, and the P2X7R by ATP leads to the generation and release of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α. Together with the microglial release of chemokines, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, proteases, and excitotoxic glutamate, these cytokines result in neurodegeneration. P2X7Rs were found not only to amplify various neurodegenerative illnesses, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis, but also to participate in a range of psychiatric diseases, such as major depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and autism spectrum disorder. Based on the prevention/reversal of neuroinflammation, pharmacological antagonists of P2X7Rs and their genetic deletion in animal experiments counteract these deleterious psychiatric conditions. Hence, brain penetrant P2X7R antagonists are potential therapeutics for psychiatric diseases, although the available evidence still needs to be extended and validated by further clinical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China;,International Collaborative Centre on Big Science Plan for Purinergic Signalling, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China
| | - Hai-Yan Yin
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China
| | - Patrizia Rubini
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China;,International Collaborative Centre on Big Science Plan for Purinergic Signalling, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China
| | - Yong Tang
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China;,International Collaborative Centre on Big Science Plan for Purinergic Signalling, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China;,Address correspondence to these authors at the Rudolf Boehm Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Leipzig, 04107, Leipzig, Germany; Tel/Fax: (+49)341-9724614, (+49)341-9724609; E-mail: or at Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 610075, Chengdu, China; Tel/Fax: (+86) 28-87689918, (+86) 28-87683962; E-mail:
| | - Peter Illes
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China;,International Collaborative Centre on Big Science Plan for Purinergic Signalling, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China;,Rudolf Boehm Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Leipzig, 04109 Leipzig, Germany,Address correspondence to these authors at the Rudolf Boehm Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Leipzig, 04107, Leipzig, Germany; Tel/Fax: (+49)341-9724614, (+49)341-9724609; E-mail: or at Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 610075, Chengdu, China; Tel/Fax: (+86) 28-87689918, (+86) 28-87683962; E-mail:
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23
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Chen CY, Seward CH, Song Y, Inamdar M, Leddy AM, Zhang H, Yoo J, Kao WC, Pawlowski H, Stubbs LJ. Galnt17 loss-of-function leads to developmental delay and abnormal coordination, activity, and social interactions with cerebellar vermis pathology. Dev Biol 2022; 490:155-171. [PMID: 36002036 PMCID: PMC10671221 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
GALNT17 encodes a N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase (GalNAc-T) protein specifically involved in mucin-type O-linked glycosylation of target proteins, a process important for cell adhesion, cell signaling, neurotransmitter activity, neurite outgrowth, and neurite sensing. GALNT17, also known as WBSCR17, is located at the edge of the Williams-Beuren Syndrome (WBS) critical region and adjacent to the AUTS2 locus, genomic regions associated with neurodevelopmental phenotypes that are thought to be co-regulated. Although previous data have implicated Galnt17 in neurodevelopment, the in vivo functions of this gene have not been investigated. In this study, we have analyzed behavioral, brain pathology, and molecular phenotypes exhibited by Galnt17 knockout (Galnt17-/-) mice. We show that Galnt17-/- mutants exhibit developmental neuropathology within the cerebellar vermis, along with abnormal activity, coordination, and social interaction deficits. Transcriptomic and protein analysis revealed reductions in both mucin type O-glycosylation and heparan sulfate synthesis in the developing mutant cerebellum along with disruption of pathways central to neuron differentiation, axon pathfinding, and synaptic signaling, consistent with the mutant neuropathology. These brain and behavioral phenotypes and molecular data confirm a specific role for Galnt17 in brain development and suggest new clues to factors that could contribute to phenotypes in certain WBS and AUTS2 syndrome patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ying Chen
- Pacific Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98122, USA; Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology and School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA.
| | - Christopher H Seward
- Pacific Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98122, USA; Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology and School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA
| | - Yunshu Song
- Pacific Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98122, USA; Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology and School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA
| | - Manasi Inamdar
- Pacific Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98122, USA
| | - Analise M Leddy
- Pacific Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98122, USA
| | - Huimin Zhang
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology and School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA
| | - Jennifer Yoo
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology and School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA
| | - Wei-Chun Kao
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology and School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA
| | - Hanna Pawlowski
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology and School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA
| | - Lisa J Stubbs
- Pacific Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98122, USA; Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology and School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA.
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24
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Lim S, Lee S. Chemical Modulators for Targeting Autism Spectrum Disorders: From Bench to Clinic. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27165088. [PMID: 36014340 PMCID: PMC9414776 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by diverse behavioral symptoms such as repetitive behaviors, social deficits, anxiety, hyperactivity, and irritability. Despite their increasing incidence, the specific pathological mechanisms of ASD are still unknown, and the degree and types of symptoms that vary from patient to patient make it difficult to develop drugs that target the core symptoms of ASD. Although various atypical antipsychotics and antidepressants have been applied to regulate ASD symptoms, these drugs can only alleviate the symptoms and do not target the major causes. Therefore, development of novel drugs targeting factors directly related to the onset of ASD is required. Among the various factors related to the onset of ASD, several chemical modulators to treat ASD, focused on serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) and glutamate receptors, microbial metabolites, and inflammatory cytokines, are explored in this study. In particular, we focus on the chemical drugs that have improved various aspects of ASD symptoms in animal models and in clinical trials for various ages of patients with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songhyun Lim
- Creative Research Center for Brain Science, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Sanghee Lee
- Creative Research Center for Brain Science, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea
- Department of HY-KIST Bio-Convergence, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-958-5138
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25
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Chang MY, Hsu SH, Ma LY, Chou LF, Hung CC, Tian YC, Yang CW. Effects of Suramin on Polycystic Kidney Disease in a Mouse Model of Polycystin-1 Deficiency. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158499. [PMID: 35955634 PMCID: PMC9369130 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aberrant activation of the purinergic signaling pathway has been shown to promote cyst growth and fluid secretion in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). Suramin is an anti-parasitic drug that has strong anti-purinergic properties. Whether suramin could have a therapeutic effect on ADPKD has not been fully investigated. We examined the effect of suramin on cyst progression in a Pkd1 microRNAs transgenic mouse model that presented stable Pkd1 knockdown and moderate disease progression. The Pkd1-deficient mice were treated with suramin (60 mg/kg) by intraperitoneal injection twice a week from postnatal days 35 to 90. Kidney-to-body weight ratios, cyst indices, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels were measured. Cell proliferation and macrophage infiltration were determined by immunohistochemistry. The suramin-treated group had significantly lower renal cyst densities, cell proliferation, and macrophage infiltration compared with saline-treated controls. Suramin significantly inhibited ERK phosphorylation and the expression of Il1b, Il6, Nlrp3, Tgfb, Fn1, P2rx7, and P2ry2 mRNAs in the kidneys. However, BUN levels remained high despite the reduction in cyst growth. Furthermore, plasma cystatin C and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) levels were significantly higher in the suramin-treated group compared with the control group. Periodic acid-Schiff staining revealed degenerative changes and epithelial cell vacuolation in the non-cystic renal tubules, which indicated phospholipidosis following suramin treatment. These results suggest that suramin may reduce renal cyst growth and inflammation, but the associated tubular cell injuries could limit its therapeutic potential. Other purinergic receptor antagonists with less nephrotoxicity may deserve further investigation for the treatment of ADPKD.
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26
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Hikosaka M, Kawano T, Wada Y, Maeda T, Sakurai T, Ohtsuki G. Immune-Triggered Forms of Plasticity Across Brain Regions. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:925493. [PMID: 35978857 PMCID: PMC9376917 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.925493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune cells play numerous roles in the host defense against the invasion of microorganisms and pathogens, which induces the release of inflammatory mediators (e.g., cytokines and chemokines). In the CNS, microglia is the major resident immune cell. Recent efforts have revealed the diversity of the cell types and the heterogeneity of their functions. The refinement of the synapse structure was a hallmark feature of the microglia, while they are also involved in the myelination and capillary dynamics. Another promising feature is the modulation of the synaptic transmission as synaptic plasticity and the intrinsic excitability of neurons as non-synaptic plasticity. Those modulations of physiological properties of neurons are considered induced by both transient and chronic exposures to inflammatory mediators, which cause behavioral disorders seen in mental illness. It is plausible for astrocytes and pericytes other than microglia and macrophage to induce the immune-triggered plasticity of neurons. However, current understanding has yet achieved to unveil what inflammatory mediators from what immune cells or glia induce a form of plasticity modulating pre-, post-synaptic functions and intrinsic excitability of neurons. It is still unclear what ion channels and intracellular signaling of what types of neurons in which brain regions of the CNS are involved. In this review, we introduce the ubiquitous modulation of the synaptic efficacy and the intrinsic excitability across the brain by immune cells and related inflammatory cytokines with the mechanism for induction. Specifically, we compare neuro-modulation mechanisms by microglia of the intrinsic excitability of cerebellar Purkinje neurons with cerebral pyramidal neurons, stressing the inverted directionality of the plasticity. We also discuss the suppression and augmentation of the extent of plasticity by inflammatory mediators, as the meta-plasticity by immunity. Lastly, we sum up forms of immune-triggered plasticity in the different brain regions with disease relevance. Together, brain immunity influences our cognition, sense, memory, and behavior via immune-triggered plasticity.
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27
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Namvarpour Z, Ranaei E, Amini A, Roudafshani Z, Fahanik-Babaei J. Effects of prenatal exposure to inflammation coupled with prepubertal stress on prefrontal white matter structure and related molecules in adult mouse offspring. Metab Brain Dis 2022; 37:1655-1668. [PMID: 35347584 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-022-00968-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Maternal immune activation (MIA) by inflammatory agents such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and prepubertal stress (PS) may individually and collectively affect the central nervous system (CNS) during adulthood. Here, we intended to assess the effects of MIA, alone or combined with PS, on prefrontal white matter structure and its related molecules in adult mice offspring. Pregnant mice received either an i.p. dose of LPS (50 μg/kg) on gestational day 17 (GD17) or normal saline. Their pups were exposed to stress from postnatal days (PD) 30 to PD38 or no stress during prepubertal development. We randomly chose 56-day-old male offspring (n = 2 offspring per mother) from each group and isolated their prefrontal areas according to relevant protocols. The tissue samples were prepared for structural, histological, and molecular examinations. The LPS + stress group had evidence of increased damage in the white matter structures compared to the control, stress, and LPS groups (p < 0.05). The LPS + stress group also had significant downregulation of the genes involved in white matter formation (Sox10, Olig1, myelin regulatory factor, and Wnt compared with the control, stress, and LPS groups (p < 0.05). In conclusion, although each manipulation individually resulted in small changes in myelination, their combined effects were more pronounced. These changes were parallel to abnormal expression levels of the molecular factors that contribute to myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Namvarpour
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Institute for Cognitive Sciences Students (ICSS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Elahe Ranaei
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdollah Amini
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Zahra Roudafshani
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Central Lab, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Fahanik-Babaei
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 1985717443, Tehran, Iran
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28
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Gyllenhammer LE, Rasmussen JM, Bertele N, Halbing A, Entringer S, Wadhwa PD, Buss C. Maternal Inflammation During Pregnancy and Offspring Brain Development: The Role of Mitochondria. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2022; 7:498-509. [PMID: 34800727 PMCID: PMC9086015 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2021.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The association between maternal immune activation (MIA) during pregnancy and risk for offspring neuropsychiatric disorders has been increasingly recognized over the past several years. Among the mechanistic pathways that have been described through which maternal inflammation during pregnancy may affect fetal brain development, the role of mitochondria has received little attention. In this review, the role of mitochondria as a potential mediator of the association between MIA during pregnancy and offspring brain development and risk for psychiatric disorders will be proposed. As a basis for this postulation, convergent evidence is presented supporting the obligatory role of mitochondria in brain development, the role of mitochondria as mediators and initiators of inflammatory processes, and evidence of mitochondrial dysfunction in preclinical MIA exposure models and human neurodevelopmental disorders. Elucidating the role of mitochondria as a potential mediator of MIA-induced alterations in brain development and neurodevelopmental disease risk may not only provide new insight into the pathophysiology of mental health disorders that have their origins in exposure to infection/immune activation during pregnancy but also offer new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Gyllenhammer
- Development, Health and Disease Research Program, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California
| | - Jerod M Rasmussen
- Development, Health and Disease Research Program, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California
| | - Nina Bertele
- Department of Medical Psychology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Amy Halbing
- Department of Medical Psychology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Einstein Center for Neurosciences Berlin, Department of Medical Psychology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sonja Entringer
- Development, Health and Disease Research Program, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California; Department of Medical Psychology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pathik D Wadhwa
- Development, Health and Disease Research Program, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California; Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California
| | - Claudia Buss
- Development, Health and Disease Research Program, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California; Department of Medical Psychology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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29
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Massrali A, Adhya D, Srivastava DP, Baron-Cohen S, Kotter MR. Virus-Induced Maternal Immune Activation as an Environmental Factor in the Etiology of Autism and Schizophrenia. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:834058. [PMID: 35495047 PMCID: PMC9039720 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.834058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal immune activation (MIA) is mediated by activation of inflammatory pathways resulting in increased levels of cytokines and chemokines that cross the placental and blood-brain barriers altering fetal neural development. Maternal viral infection is one of the most well-known causes for immune activation in pregnant women. MIA and immune abnormalities are key players in the etiology of developmental conditions such as autism, schizophrenia, ADHD, and depression. Experimental evidence implicating MIA in with different effects in the offspring is complex. For decades, scientists have relied on either MIA models or human epidemiological data or a combination of both. MIA models are generated using infection/pathogenic agents to induce an immunological reaction in rodents and monitor the effects. Human epidemiological studies investigate a link between maternal infection and/or high levels of cytokines in pregnant mothers and the likelihood of developing conditions. In this review, we discuss the importance of understanding the relationship between virus-mediated MIA and neurodevelopmental conditions, focusing on autism and schizophrenia. We further discuss the different methods of studying MIA and their limitations and focus on the different factors contributing to MIA heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aïcha Massrali
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Dwaipayan Adhya
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Deepak P. Srivastava
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Baron-Cohen
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mark R. Kotter
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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30
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Maternal P2X7 receptor inhibition prevents autism-like phenotype in male mouse offspring through the NLRP3-IL-1β pathway. Brain Behav Immun 2022; 101:318-332. [PMID: 35065198 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition caused by interactions of environmental and genetic factors. Recently we showed that activation of the purinergic P2X7 receptors is necessary and sufficient to convert maternal immune activation (MIA) to ASD-like features in male offspring mice. Our aim was to further substantiate these findings and identify downstream signaling pathways coupled to P2X7 upon MIA. Maternal treatment with the NLRP3 antagonist MCC950 and a neutralising IL-1β antibody during pregnancy counteracted the development of autistic characteristics in offspring mice. We also explored time-dependent changes of a widespread cytokine and chemokine profile in maternal blood and fetal brain samples of poly(I:C)/saline-treated dams. MIA-induced increases in plasma IL-1β, RANTES, MCP-1, and fetal brain IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, MCP-1 concentrations are regulated by the P2X7/NLRP3 pathway. Offspring treatment with the selective P2X7 receptor antagonist JNJ47965567 was effective in the prevention of autism-like behavior in mice using a repeated dosing protocol. Our results highlight that in addition to P2X7, NLRP3, as well as inflammatory cytokines, may also be potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets of social deficits and repetitive behaviors observed in autism spectrum disorder.
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31
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Sato A, Kotajima-Murakami H, Tanaka M, Katoh Y, Ikeda K. Influence of Prenatal Drug Exposure, Maternal Inflammation, and Parental Aging on the Development of Autism Spectrum Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:821455. [PMID: 35222122 PMCID: PMC8863673 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.821455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) affects reciprocal social interaction and produces abnormal repetitive, restrictive behaviors and interests. The diverse causes of ASD are divided into genetic alterations and environmental risks. The prevalence of ASD has been rising for several decades, which might be related to environmental risks as it is difficult to consider that the prevalence of genetic disorders related to ASD would increase suddenly. The latter includes (1) exposure to medications, such as valproic acid (VPA) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) (2), maternal complications during pregnancy, including infection and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, and (3) high parental age. Epidemiological studies have indicated a pathogenetic role of prenatal exposure to VPA and maternal inflammation in the development of ASD. VPA is considered to exert its deleterious effects on the fetal brain through several distinct mechanisms, such as alterations of γ-aminobutyric acid signaling, the inhibition of histone deacetylase, the disruption of folic acid metabolism, and the activation of mammalian target of rapamycin. Maternal inflammation that is caused by different stimuli converges on a higher load of proinflammatory cytokines in the fetal brain. Rodent models of maternal exposure to SSRIs generate ASD-like behavior in offspring, but clinical correlations with these preclinical findings are inconclusive. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and advanced parental age increase the risk of ASD in humans, but the mechanisms have been poorly investigated in animal models. Evidence of the mechanisms by which environmental factors are related to ASD is discussed, which may contribute to the development of preventive and therapeutic interventions for ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Sato
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.,Addictive Substance Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Miho Tanaka
- Addictive Substance Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Katoh
- Addictive Substance Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Ikeda
- Addictive Substance Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
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Disruption of Alternative Splicing in the Amygdala of Pigs Exposed to Maternal Immune Activation. IMMUNO 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/immuno1040035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory response of gestating females to infection or stress can disrupt gene expression in the offspring’s amygdala, resulting in lasting neurodevelopmental, physiological, and behavioral disorders. The effects of maternal immune activation (MIA) can be impacted by the offspring’s sex and exposure to additional stressors later in life. The objectives of this study were to investigate the disruption of alternative splicing patterns associated with MIA in the offspring’s amygdala and characterize this disruption in the context of the second stress of weaning and sex. Differential alternative splicing was tested on the RNA-seq profiles of a pig model of viral-induced MIA. Compared to controls, MIA was associated with the differential alternative splicing (FDR-adjusted p-value < 0.1) of 292 and 240 genes in weaned females and males, respectively, whereas 132 and 176 genes were differentially spliced in control nursed female and male, respectively. The majority of the differentially spliced (FDR-adjusted p-value < 0.001) genes (e.g., SHANK1, ZNF672, KCNA6) and many associated enriched pathways (e.g., Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and cGMP-PKG signaling) have been reported in MIA-related disorders including autism and schizophrenia in humans. Differential alternative splicing associated with MIA was detected in the gene MAG across all sex-stress groups except for unstressed males and SLC2A11 across all groups except unstressed females. Precise understanding of the effect of MIA across second stressors and sexes necessitates the consideration of splicing isoform profiles.
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Mencer S, Kartawy M, Lendenfeld F, Soluh H, Tripathi MK, Khaliulin I, Amal H. Proteomics of autism and Alzheimer's mouse models reveal common alterations in mTOR signaling pathway. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:480. [PMID: 34535637 PMCID: PMC8448888 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01578-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are two different neurological disorders that share common clinical features, such as language impairment, executive functions, and motor problems. A genetic convergence has been proposed as well. However, the molecular mechanisms of these pathologies are still not well understood. Protein S-nitrosylation (SNO), the nitric oxide (NO)-mediated posttranslational modification, targets key proteins implicated in synaptic and neuronal functions. Previously, we have shown that NO and SNO are involved in the InsG3680(+/+) ASD and P301S AD mouse models. Here, we performed large-scale computational biology analysis of the SNO-proteome followed by biochemical validation to decipher the shared mechanisms between the pathologies. This analysis pointed to the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling pathway as one of the shared molecular mechanisms. Activation of mTOR in the cortex of both mouse models was confirmed by western blots that showed increased phosphorylation of RPS6, a major substrate of mTORC1. Other molecular alterations affected by SNO and shared between the two mouse models, such as synaptic-associated processes, PKA signaling, and cytoskeleton-related processes were also detected. This is the first study to decipher the SNO-related shared mechanisms between SHANK3 and MAPT mutations. Understanding the involvement of SNO in neurological disorders and its intersection between ASD and AD might help developing an effective novel therapy for both neuropathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shira Mencer
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Maryam Kartawy
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Felix Lendenfeld
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Huda Soluh
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Manish Kumar Tripathi
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Igor Khaliulin
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Haitham Amal
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Frye RE, Cakir J, Rose S, Palmer RF, Austin C, Curtin P. Physiological mediators of prenatal environmental influences in autism spectrum disorder. Bioessays 2021; 43:e2000307. [PMID: 34260745 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202000307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Recent research has pointed to the importance of the prenatal environment in the etiology of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) but the biological mechanisms which mitigate these environmental factors are not clear. Mitochondrial metabolism abnormalities, inflammation and oxidative stress as common physiological disturbances associated with ASD. Network analysis of the scientific literature identified several leading prenatal environmental factors associated with ASD, particularly air pollution, pesticides, the microbiome and epigenetics. These leading prenatal environmental factors were found to be most associated with inflammation, followed by oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Other prenatal factors associated with ASD not identified by the network analysis were also found to be significantly associated with these common physiological disturbances. A better understanding of the biological mechanism which mediate the effect of prenatal environmental factors can lead to insights of how ASD develops and the development of targeted therapeutics to prevent ASD from occuring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Frye
- Section on Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Division of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, 1919 E Thomas Rd, Phoenix, Arizona, 85016, USA.,Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Janet Cakir
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695, USA
| | - Shannon Rose
- Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72202, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72205, USA
| | - Raymond F Palmer
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, 78229, USA
| | - Christine Austin
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, 10029, USA
| | - Paul Curtin
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, 10029, USA
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Frye RE, Cakir J, Rose S, Delhey L, Bennuri SC, Tippett M, Melnyk S, James SJ, Palmer RF, Austin C, Curtin P, Arora M. Prenatal air pollution influences neurodevelopment and behavior in autism spectrum disorder by modulating mitochondrial physiology. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:1561-1577. [PMID: 32963337 PMCID: PMC8159748 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-00885-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the role of the mitochondrion, an organelle highly sensitive to environmental agents, in the influence of prenatal air pollution exposure on neurodevelopment and behavior in 96 children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) [45 with neurodevelopmental regression (NDR); 76% Male; mean (SD) age 10 y 9 m (3 y 9 m)]. Mitochondrial function was assessed using the Seahorse XFe96 in fresh peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Second and third trimester average and maximal daily exposure to fine air particulate matter of diameter ≤2.5 µm (PM2.5) was obtained from the Environmental Protection Agency's Air Quality System. Neurodevelopment was measured using the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale 2nd edition and behavior was assessed using the Aberrant Behavior Checklist and Social Responsiveness Scale. Prenatal PM2.5 exposure influenced mitochondrial respiration during childhood, but this relationship was different for those with (r = 0.25-0.40) and without (r = -0.07 to -0.19) NDR. Mediation analysis found that mitochondrial respiration linked to energy production accounted for 25% (SD = 2%) and 10% (SD = 2%) of the effect of average prenatal PM2.5 exposure on neurodevelopment and behavioral symptoms, respectively. Structural equation models estimated that PM2.5 and mitochondrial respiration accounted for 34% (SD = 4%) and 36% (SD = 3%) of the effect on neurodevelopment, respectively, and that behavior was indirectly influenced by mitochondrial respiration through neurodevelopment but directly influenced by prenatal PM2.5. Our results suggest that prenatal exposure to PM2.5 disrupts neurodevelopment and behavior through complex mechanisms, including long-term changes in mitochondrial respiration and that patterns of early development need to be considered when studying the influence of environmental agents on neurodevelopmental outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Frye
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
| | - Janet Cakir
- North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Shannon Rose
- Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, AR, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Leanna Delhey
- Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, AR, USA
- College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Sirish C Bennuri
- Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, AR, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Marie Tippett
- Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, AR, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Stepan Melnyk
- Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - S Jill James
- Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Raymond F Palmer
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Christine Austin
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paul Curtin
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Manish Arora
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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Ben-Reuven L, Reiner O. Dynamics of cortical progenitors and production of subcerebral neurons are altered in embryos of a maternal inflammation model for autism. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:1535-1550. [PMID: 31740755 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0594-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The broad impairments in cognitive and neurologic functioning found in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) patients are thought to originate during early prenatal developmental stages. Indeed, postmortem and imaging studies in ASD patients detected white-matter abnormalities, as well as prefrontal and temporal cortex deficits, evident from early childhood. Here, we used Maternal Immune Activation (MIA), a mouse model for ASD, in which the offsprings exhibit Autistic-like behaviors as well as cortical abnormalities. However, the dynamics that influence the number and the identity of newly born cortical neurons following maternal inflammation remains unknown. Our study shows early changes in the duration of the S-phase of PAX6+ progenitors, leading to an increased proportion of neurogenic divisions and a reciprocal decrease in the proliferative divisions. In two different time points of maternal inflammation, MIA resulted in an overproduction of CTIP2+ cortical neurons, which remained overrepresented at the end of gestation and in postnatal mice. Interestingly, MIA-resistant IL6-KO mice did not exhibit these changes. Lastly, we propose that elevated levels of the transcription factor PAX6 following MIA supports the overproduction of CTIP2+ neurons. Taken together, our data reveals a possible link between maternal immune activation and the excess of cortical neurons found in the cortex of ASD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihi Ben-Reuven
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Orly Reiner
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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Purinergic signaling in nervous system health and disease: Focus on pannexin 1. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 225:107840. [PMID: 33753132 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Purinergic signaling encompasses the cycle of adenosine 5' triphosphate (ATP) release and its metabolism into nucleotide and nucleoside derivatives, the direct release of nucleosides, and subsequent receptor-triggered downstream intracellular pathways. Since the discovery of nerve terminal and glial ATP release into the neuropil, purinergic signaling has been implicated in the modulation of nervous system development, function, and disease. In this review, we detail our current understanding of the roles of the pannexin 1 (PANX1) ATP-release channel in neuronal development and plasticity, glial signaling, and neuron-glial-immune interactions. We additionally provide an overview of PANX1 structure, activation, and permeability to orientate readers and highlight recent research developments. We identify areas of convergence between PANX1 and purinergic receptor actions. Additional highlights include data on PANX1's participation in the pathophysiology of nervous system developmental, degenerative, and inflammatory disorders. Our aim in combining this knowledge is to facilitate the movement of our current understanding of PANX1 in the context of other nervous system purinergic signaling mechanisms one step closer to clinical translation.
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Frye RE, Cakir J, Rose S, Palmer RF, Austin C, Curtin P, Arora M. Mitochondria May Mediate Prenatal Environmental Influences in Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Pers Med 2021; 11:218. [PMID: 33803789 PMCID: PMC8003154 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11030218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We propose that the mitochondrion, an essential cellular organelle, mediates the long-term prenatal environmental effects of disease in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Many prenatal environmental factors which increase the risk of developing ASD influence mitochondria physiology, including toxicant exposures, immune activation, and nutritional factors. Unique types of mitochondrial dysfunction have been associated with ASD and recent studies have linked prenatal environmental exposures to long-term changes in mitochondrial physiology in children with ASD. A better understanding of the role of the mitochondria in the etiology of ASD can lead to targeted therapeutics and strategies to potentially prevent the development of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E. Frye
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA
| | - Janet Cakir
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA;
| | - Shannon Rose
- Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children’s Research Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA;
| | - Raymond F. Palmer
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA;
| | - Christine Austin
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (C.A.); (P.C.); (M.A.)
| | - Paul Curtin
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (C.A.); (P.C.); (M.A.)
| | - Manish Arora
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (C.A.); (P.C.); (M.A.)
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39
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Zolkipli-Cunningham Z, Naviaux JC, Nakayama T, Hirsch CM, Monk JM, Li K, Wang L, Le TP, Meinardi S, Blake DR, Naviaux RK. Metabolic and behavioral features of acute hyperpurinergia and the maternal immune activation mouse model of autism spectrum disorder. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248771. [PMID: 33735311 PMCID: PMC7971557 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2012, studies in mice, rats, and humans have suggested that abnormalities in purinergic signaling may be a final common pathway for many genetic and environmental causes of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The current study in mice was conducted to characterize the bioenergetic, metabolomic, breathomic, and behavioral features of acute hyperpurinergia triggered by systemic injection of the purinergic agonist and danger signal, extracellular ATP (eATP). Responses were studied in C57BL/6J mice in the maternal immune activation (MIA) model and controls. Basal metabolic rates and locomotor activity were measured in CLAMS cages. Plasma metabolomics measured 401 metabolites. Breathomics measured 98 volatile organic compounds. Intraperitoneal eATP dropped basal metabolic rate measured by whole body oxygen consumption by 74% ± 6% (mean ± SEM) and rectal temperature by 6.2˚ ± 0.3˚C in 30 minutes. Over 200 metabolites from 37 different biochemical pathways where changed. Breathomics showed an increase in exhaled carbon monoxide, dimethylsulfide, and isoprene. Metabolomics revealed an acute increase in lactate, citrate, purines, urea, dopamine, eicosanoids, microbiome metabolites, oxidized glutathione, thiamine, niacinamide, and pyridoxic acid, and decreased folate-methylation-1-carbon intermediates, amino acids, short and medium chain acyl-carnitines, phospholipids, ceramides, sphingomyelins, cholesterol, bile acids, and vitamin D similar to some children with ASD. MIA animals were hypersensitive to postnatal exposure to eATP or poly(IC), which produced a rebound increase in body temperature that lasted several weeks before returning to baseline. Acute hyperpurinergia produced metabolic and behavioral changes in mice. The behaviors and metabolic changes produced by ATP injection were associated with mitochondrial functional changes that were profound but reversible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zarazuela Zolkipli-Cunningham
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Jane C. Naviaux
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Tomohiro Nakayama
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Charlotte M. Hirsch
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine (UCI), Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Jonathan M. Monk
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Kefeng Li
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Lin Wang
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Thuy P. Le
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Simone Meinardi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine (UCI), Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Donald R. Blake
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine (UCI), Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Robert K. Naviaux
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
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40
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Canales CP, Estes ML, Cichewicz K, Angara K, Aboubechara JP, Cameron S, Prendergast K, Su-Feher L, Zdilar I, Kreun EJ, Connolly EC, Seo JM, Goon JB, Farrelly K, Stradleigh TW, van der List D, Haapanen L, Van de Water J, Vogt D, McAllister AK, Nord AS. Sequential perturbations to mouse corticogenesis following in utero maternal immune activation. eLife 2021; 10:e60100. [PMID: 33666173 PMCID: PMC7979158 DOI: 10.7554/elife.60100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In utero exposure to maternal immune activation (MIA) is an environmental risk factor for neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders. Animal models provide an opportunity to identify mechanisms driving neuropathology associated with MIA. We performed time-course transcriptional profiling of mouse cortical development following induced MIA via poly(I:C) injection at E12.5. MIA-driven transcriptional changes were validated via protein analysis, and parallel perturbations to cortical neuroanatomy were identified via imaging. MIA-induced acute upregulation of genes associated with hypoxia, immune signaling, and angiogenesis, by 6 hr following exposure. This acute response was followed by changes in proliferation, neuronal and glial specification, and cortical lamination that emerged at E14.5 and peaked at E17.5. Decreased numbers of proliferative cells in germinal zones and alterations in neuronal and glial populations were identified in the MIA-exposed cortex. Overall, paired transcriptomic and neuroanatomical characterization revealed a sequence of perturbations to corticogenesis driven by mid-gestational MIA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Myka L Estes
- Center for Neuroscience, UC DavisDavisUnited States
| | | | - Kartik Angara
- Department of Pediatrics & Human Development, Michigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
| | | | | | | | | | - Iva Zdilar
- Center for Neuroscience, UC DavisDavisUnited States
| | | | | | | | - Jack B Goon
- Center for Neuroscience, UC DavisDavisUnited States
| | | | | | | | - Lori Haapanen
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, UC DavisDavisUnited States
| | - Judy Van de Water
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, UC DavisDavisUnited States
| | - Daniel Vogt
- Department of Pediatrics & Human Development, Michigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
| | | | - Alex S Nord
- Center for Neuroscience, UC DavisDavisUnited States
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Bjørklund G, Doşa MD, Maes M, Dadar M, Frye RE, Peana M, Chirumbolo S. The impact of glutathione metabolism in autism spectrum disorder. Pharmacol Res 2021; 166:105437. [PMID: 33493659 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews the potential role of glutathione (GSH) in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). GSH plays a key role in the detoxification of xenobiotics and maintenance of balance in intracellular redox pathways. Recent data showed that imbalances in the GSH redox system are an important factor in the pathophysiology of ASD. Furthermore, ASD is accompanied by decreased concentrations of reduced GSH in part caused by oxidation of GSH into glutathione disulfide (GSSG). GSSG can react with protein sulfhydryl (SH) groups, thereby causing proteotoxic stress and other abnormalities in SH-containing enzymes in the brain and blood. Moreover, alterations in the GSH metabolism via its effects on redox-independent mechanisms are other processes associated with the pathophysiology of ASD. GSH-related regulation of glutamate receptors such as the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor can contribute to glutamate excitotoxicity. Synergistic and antagonistic interactions between glutamate and GSH can result in neuronal dysfunction. These interactions can involve transcription factors of the immune pathway, such as activator protein 1 and nuclear factor (NF)-κB, thereby interacting with neuroinflammatory mechanisms, ultimately leading to neuronal damage. Neuronal apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction are recently outlined as significant factors linking GSH impairments with the pathophysiology of ASD. Moreover, GSH regulates the methylation of DNA and modulates epigenetics. Existing data support a protective role of the GSH system in ASD development. Future research should focus on the effects of GSH redox signaling in ASD and should explore new therapeutic approaches by targeting the GSH system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geir Bjørklund
- Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine (CONEM), Toften 24, 8610, Mo i Rana, Norway.
| | - Monica Daniela Doşa
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ovidius University of Constanta, Campus, 900470, Constanta, Romania.
| | - Michael Maes
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Impact Research Center, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Maryam Dadar
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Richard E Frye
- Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA; Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | | | - Salvatore Chirumbolo
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; CONEM Scientific Secretary, Verona, Italy
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Zhang X, Ibi M, Haga R, Iwata K, Matsumoto M, Asaoka N, Liu J, Katsuyama M, Yabe-Nishimura C. NOX1/NADPH oxidase affects the development of autism-like behaviors in a maternal immune activation model. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 534:59-66. [PMID: 33310189 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.11.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by genetic and environmental factors. Among the environmental factors, maternal infection is known as one of the principal risk factors for ASD. On the other hand, postmortem studies suggested the relationship of oxidative stress with ASD etiology. However, the role of oxidative stress in the development of ASD remains unclear. Here, we report the involvement of NOX1/NADPH oxidase, an enzyme generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), in behavioral and anatomical abnormalities in a maternal immune activation (MIA) model. In the MIA model of gestational polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)) exposure, increased serum levels of IL-6 were observed in both wild-type (WT) and Nox1-deficient mice (Nox1KO). Following the comparable induction of MIA in the two genotypes, impairment of social preference and defects in motor coordination were observed in WT offspring but not in offspring deficient in Nox1. MIA up-regulated NOX1 mRNA in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum of the fetus but not in the adult offspring. Although the development of cortical neurons was unaffected by MIA in either genotype, the dropout of Purkinje cells in lobule VII of MIA-affected offspring was significantly ameliorated in Nox1KO. Taken together, these results suggested that NOX1/NADPH oxidase plays an essential role in some behavioral phenotypes observed in ASD, possibly by promoting the loss of Purkinje cells in the cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Masakazu Ibi
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Ryu Haga
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Kazumi Iwata
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Misaki Matsumoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Nozomi Asaoka
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Junjie Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Masato Katsuyama
- Radioisotope Center, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Chihiro Yabe-Nishimura
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan.
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Kwiatkowski MA, Roberts BZ, van Enkhuizen J, Ji B, Zhou X, Young JW. Chronic nicotine, but not suramin or resveratrol, partially remediates the mania-like profile of dopamine transporter knockdown mice. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2021; 42:75-86. [PMID: 33191077 PMCID: PMC8853461 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a severe mental illness affecting 2% of the global population. Current pharmacotherapies provide incomplete symptom remediation, highlighting the need for novel therapeutics. BD is characterized by fluctuations between mania and depression, likely driven by shifts between hyperdopaminergia and hypercholinergia, respectively. Hyperdopaminergia may result from insufficient activity of the dopamine transporter (DAT), the primary mediator of synaptic dopamine clearance. The DAT knockdown (DAT KD) mouse recreates this mechanism and exhibits a highly reproducible hyperexploratory profile in the cross-species translatable Behavioral Pattern Monitor (BPM) that is: (a) consistent with that observed in BD mania patients; and (b) partially normalized by chronic lithium and valproate treatment. The DAT KD/BPM model of mania therefore exhibits high levels of face-, construct-, and predictive-validity for the pre-clinical assessment of putative anti-mania drugs. Three different drug regimens - chronic nicotine (nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) agonist; 40 mg/kg/d, 26 d), subchronic suramin (anti-purinergic; 20 mg/kg, 1 × /wk, 4 wks), and subchronic resveratrol (striatal DAT upregulator; 20 mg/kg/d, 4 d) - were administered to separate cohorts of male and female DAT KD- and wildtype (WT) littermate mice, and exploration was assessed in the BPM. Throughout, DAT KD mice exhibited robust hyperexploratory profiles relative to WTs. Nicotine partially normalized this behavior. Resveratrol modestly upregulated DAT expression but did not normalize DAT KD behavior. These results support the mania-like profile of DAT KD mice, which may be partially remediated by nAChR agonists via restoration of disrupted catecholaminergic/cholinergic equilibrium. Delineating the precise mechanism of action of nicotine could identify more selective therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly A Kwiatkowski
- Department of Psychiatry, UC San Diego School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093-0804, United States
| | - Benjamin Z Roberts
- Department of Psychiatry, UC San Diego School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093-0804, United States
| | - Jordy van Enkhuizen
- Department of Psychiatry, UC San Diego School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093-0804, United States
| | - Baohu Ji
- Department of Psychiatry, UC San Diego School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093-0804, United States
| | - Xianjin Zhou
- Department of Psychiatry, UC San Diego School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093-0804, United States
| | - Jared W Young
- Department of Psychiatry, UC San Diego School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093-0804, United States; Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, United States.
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Thom RP, McDougle CJ. Immune Modulatory Treatments for Autism Spectrum Disorder. Semin Pediatr Neurol 2020; 35:100836. [PMID: 32892957 DOI: 10.1016/j.spen.2020.100836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Several lines of evidence from family history studies, immunogenetics, maternal immune activation, neuroinflammation, and systemic inflammation support an immune subtype of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Current Food and Drug Administration-approved medications for ASD do not address the underlying pathophysiology of ASD, have not consistently been shown to address the core symptoms of ASD, and are currently only approved for treating irritability in children and adolescents. In this article, we review the immune modulatory effects of the 2 currently Food and Drug Administration-approved treatments for ASD. We then provide an overview of current data on emerging treatments for ASD from multiple fields of medicine with immune modulatory effects. Although further research is needed to more clearly establish the efficacy and safety of immune modulatory treatments, early data on repurposing medications used to treat systemic inflammation for ASD demonstrate potential benefit and further research is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn P Thom
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Christopher J McDougle
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Lurie Center for Autism, Lexington, MA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
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Brain Structural and Functional Alterations in Mice Prenatally Exposed to LPS Are Only Partially Rescued by Anti-Inflammatory Treatment. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10090620. [PMID: 32906830 PMCID: PMC7564777 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10090620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant immune activity during neurodevelopment could participate in the generation of neurological dysfunctions characteristic of several neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). Numerous epidemiological studies have shown a link between maternal infections and NDDs risk; animal models of maternal immune activation (MIA) have confirmed this association. Activation of maternal immune system during pregnancy induces behavioral and functional alterations in offspring but the biological mechanisms at the basis of these effects are still poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the effects of prenatal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure in peripheral and central inflammation, cortical cytoarchitecture and behavior of offspring (LPS-mice). LPS-mice reported a significant increase in interleukin-1β (IL-1β) serum level, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)- and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1)-positive cells in the cortex. Furthermore, cytoarchitecture analysis in specific brain areas, showed aberrant alterations in minicolumns’ organization in LPS-mice adult brain. In addition, we demonstrated that LPS-mice presented behavioral alterations throughout life. In order to better understand biological mechanisms whereby LPS induced these alterations, dams were treated with meloxicam. We demonstrated for the first time that exposure to LPS throughout pregnancy induces structural permanent alterations in offspring brain. LPS-mice also present severe behavioral impairments. Preventive treatment with meloxicam reduced inflammation in offspring but did not rescue them from structural and behavioral alterations.
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Pannexin 1 Regulates Dendritic Protrusion Dynamics in Immature Cortical Neurons. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0079-20.2020. [PMID: 32737184 PMCID: PMC7544189 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0079-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The integration of neurons into networks relies on the formation of dendritic spines. These specialized structures arise from dynamic filopodia-like dendritic protrusions. It was recently reported that cortical neurons lacking the channel protein pannexin 1 (PANX1) exhibited higher dendritic spine densities. Here, we expanded on those findings to investigate, at an earlier developmental time point (with more abundant dendritic protrusions), whether differences in the properties of dendritic protrusion dynamics could contribute to this previously discovered phenomenon. Using a fluorescent membrane tag (mCherry-CD9-10) to visualize dendritic protrusions in developing neurons [at 10 d in vitro (DIV10)], we confirmed that lack of PANX1 led to higher protrusion density, while transient transfection of Panx1 led to decreased protrusion density. To quantify the impact of PANX1 expression on protrusion formation, elimination, and motility, we used live cell imaging in DIV10 neurons (one frame every 5 s for 10 min). We discovered that at DIV10, loss of PANX1 stabilized protrusions. Notably, re-expression of PANX1 in Panx1 knock-out (KO) neurons resulted in a significant increase in protrusion motility and turnover. In summary, these new data revealed that PANX1 could regulate the development of dendritic spines, in part, by controlling dendritic protrusion dynamics.
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Andoh M, Shibata K, Okamoto K, Onodera J, Morishita K, Miura Y, Ikegaya Y, Koyama R. Exercise Reverses Behavioral and Synaptic Abnormalities after Maternal Inflammation. Cell Rep 2020; 27:2817-2825.e5. [PMID: 31167129 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal behaviors in individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders are generally believed to be irreversible. Here, we show that voluntary wheel running ameliorates the abnormalities in sociability, repetitiveness, and anxiety observed in a mouse model of a neurodevelopmental disorder induced by maternal immune activation (MIA). Exercise activates a portion of dentate granule cells, normalizing the density of hippocampal CA3 synapses, which is excessive in the MIA-affected offspring. The synaptic surplus in the MIA offspring is induced by deficits in synapse engulfment by microglia, which is normalized by exercise through microglial activation. Finally, chemogenetically induced activation of granule cells promotes the engulfment of CA3 synapses. Thus, our study proposes a role of voluntary exercise in the modulation of behavioral and synaptic abnormalities in neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Andoh
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kazuki Shibata
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kazuki Okamoto
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Junya Onodera
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kohei Morishita
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yuki Miura
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yuji Ikegaya
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Center for Information and Neural Networks, 1-4 Yamadaoka, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ryuta Koyama
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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TCP1γ Subunit Is Indispensable for Growth and Infectivity of Leishmania donovani. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:AAC.00669-20. [PMID: 32457112 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00669-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
T-complex protein-1 (TCP1) is a ubiquitous group II chaperonin and is known to fold various proteins, such as actin and tubulin. In Leishmania donovani, the γ subunit of TCP1 (LdTCP1γ) has been cloned and characterized. It forms a high-molecular-weight homo-oligomeric complex that performs ATP-dependent protein folding. In the present study, we evaluated the essentiality of the LdTCP1γ gene. Gene replacement studies indicated that LdTCP1γ is essential for parasite survival. The LdTCP1γ single-allele-replacement mutants exhibited slowed growth and decreased infectivity in mouse macrophages compared to the growth and infectivity of the wild-type parasites. Modulation of LdTCP1γ expression in promastigotes also modulated cell cycle progression. Suramin, an antitrypanosomal drug, not only inhibited the luciferase refolding activity of the recombinant LdTCP1γ (rLdTCP1γ) homo-oligomeric complex but also exhibited potential antileishmanial efficacy both in vitro and in vivo The interaction of suramin and LdTCP1γ was further validated by isothermal titration calorimetry. The study suggests LdTCP1γ as a potential drug target and also provides a framework for the development of a new class of drugs.
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Pacheva I, Ivanov I. Targeted Biomedical Treatment for Autism Spectrum Disorders. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:4430-4453. [PMID: 31801452 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666191205091312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) represents presentations with impairment in communication and behaviour that vary considerably in their clinical manifestations and etiology as well as in their likely pathophysiology. A growing body of data indicates that the deleterious effect of oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, immune dysregulation and neuroinflammation, as well as their interconnections are important aspects of the pathophysiology of ASD. Glutathione deficiency decreases the mitochondrial protection against oxidants and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α; immune dysregulation and inflammation inhibit mitochondrial function through TNF-α; autoantibodies against the folate receptors underpin cerebral folate deficiency, resulting in disturbed methylation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Such pathophysiological processes can arise from environmental and epigenetic factors as well as their combined interactions, such as environmental toxicant exposures in individuals with (epi)genetically impaired detoxification. The emerging evidence on biochemical alterations in ASD is forming the basis for treatments aimed to target its biological underpinnings, which is of some importance, given the uncertain and slow effects of the various educational interventions most commonly used. METHODS Literature-based review of the biomedical treatment options for ASD that are derived from established pathophysiological processes. RESULTS Most proposed biomedical treatments show significant clinical utility only in ASD subgroups, with specified pre-treatment biomarkers that are ameliorated by the specified treatment. For example, folinic acid supplementation has positive effects in ASD patients with identified folate receptor autoantibodies, whilst the clinical utility of methylcobalamine is apparent in ASD patients with impaired methylation capacity. Mitochondrial modulating cofactors should be considered when mitochondrial dysfunction is evident, although further research is required to identify the most appropriate single or combined treatment. Multivitamins/multiminerals formulas, as well as biotin, seem appropriate following the identification of metabolic abnormalities, with doses tapered to individual requirements. A promising area, requiring further investigations, is the utilization of antipurinergic therapies, such as low dose suramin. CONCLUSION The assessment and identification of relevant physiological alterations and targeted intervention are more likely to produce positive treatment outcomes. As such, current evidence indicates the utility of an approach based on personalized and evidence-based medicine, rather than treatment targeted to all that may not always be beneficial (primum non nocere).
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Affiliation(s)
- Iliyana Pacheva
- Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics, Medical University - Plovdiv, Plovdiv 4002, Bulgaria
| | - Ivan Ivanov
- Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics, Medical University - Plovdiv, Plovdiv 4002, Bulgaria
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Maternal Immune Activation in Mice Only Partially Recapitulates the Autism Spectrum Disorders Symptomatology. Neuroscience 2020; 445:109-119. [PMID: 32445939 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal viral/bacterial infections are considered risk factors for autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and rodent models of maternal immune activation (MIA) have been developed and extensively used in preclinical studies. Poly inosinic-cytidylic acid (Poly I:C) was injected in C57BL6/J dams to mimic a viral infection on gestational day 12.5; the experimental design includes 10/12 litters in each treatment group and data were analysed always considering the litter-effect; neonatal (spontaneous motor behaviour and ultrasonic vocalizations) and adult [open field, marble burying, social approach, fear conditioning, prepulse inhibition (PPI)] offspring of both sexes were tested. In vivo magnetic resonance imaging/spectroscopy (MRI-MRS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to quantify both aminoacid and/or neurotransmitter concentration in cortical and striatal regions were also carried out. In both sexes high levels of repetitive motor responses and sensory gating deficits in PPI were the more striking effects of Poly I:C, whereas no alteration of social responses were evidenced. Poly I:C treatment did not affect mean values, but, intriguingly, increased variability in the levels of four aminoacids (aspartate glycine and GABA) selectively in males. As a whole prenatal Poly I:C induced relevant long-term alterations in explorative-stereotyped motor responses and in sensory gating, sparing cognitive and social competences. When systematically assessing differences between male and female siblings within each litter, no significant sex differences were evident except for increased variability of four aminoacid levels in male brains. As a whole, prenatal Poly I:C paradigms appear to be a useful tool to investigate the profound and translationally-relevant effects of developmental immune activation on brain and behavioural development, not necessarily recapitulating the full ASD symptomatology.
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