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Geisler CE, Hayes MR. Metabolic Hormone Action in the VTA: Reward-Directed Behavior and Mechanistic Insights. Physiol Behav 2023; 268:114236. [PMID: 37178855 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Dysfunctional signaling in midbrain reward circuits perpetuates diseases characterized by compulsive overconsumption of rewarding substances such as substance abuse, binge eating disorder, and obesity. Ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopaminergic activity serves as an index for how rewarding stimuli are perceived and triggers behaviors necessary to obtain future rewards. The evolutionary linking of reward with seeking and consuming palatable foods ensured an organism's survival, and hormone systems that regulate appetite concomitantly developed to regulate motivated behaviors. Today, these same mechanisms serve to regulate reward-directed behavior around food, drugs, alcohol, and social interactions. Understanding how hormonal regulation of VTA dopaminergic output alters motivated behaviors is essential to leveraging therapeutics that target these hormone systems to treat addiction and disordered eating. This review will outline our current understanding of the mechanisms underlying VTA action of the metabolic hormones ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide-1, amylin, leptin, and insulin to regulate behavior around food and drugs of abuse, highlighting commonalities and differences in how these five hormones ultimately modulate VTA dopamine signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline E Geisler
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Matthew R Hayes
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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2
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Wu Q, Burley G, Li L, Lin S, Shi Y. The role of dietary salt in metabolism and energy balance: Insights beyond cardiovascular disease. Diabetes Obes Metab 2023; 25:1147-1161. [PMID: 36655379 PMCID: PMC10946535 DOI: 10.1111/dom.14980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Dietary salt (NaCl) is essential to an organism's survival. However, today's diets are dominated by excessive salt intake, which significantly impacts individual and population health. High salt intake is closely linked to cardiovascular disease (CVD), especially hypertension, through a number of well-studied mechanisms. Emerging evidence indicates that salt overconsumption may also be associated with metabolic disorders. In this review, we first summarize recent updates on the mechanisms of salt-induced CVD, the effects of salt reduction and the use of salt substitution as a therapy. Next, we focus on how high salt intake can impact metabolism and energy balance, describing the mechanisms through which this occurs, including leptin resistance, the overproduction of fructose and ghrelin, insulin resistance and altered hormonal factors. A further influence on metabolism worth noting is the reported role of salt in inducing thermogenesis and increasing body temperature, leading to an increase in energy expenditure. While this result could be viewed as a positive metabolic effect because it promotes a negative energy balance to combat obesity, caution must be taken with this frame of thinking given the deleterious consequences of chronic high salt intake on cardiovascular health. Nevertheless, this review highlights the importance of salt as a noncaloric nutrient in regulating whole-body energy homeostasis. Through this review, we hope to provide a scientific framework for future studies to systematically address the metabolic impacts of dietary salt and salt replacement treatments. In addition, we hope to form a foundation for future clinical trials to explore how these salt-induced metabolic changes impact obesity development and progression, and to elucidate the regulatory mechanisms that drive these changes, with the aim of developing novel therapeutics for obesity and CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wu
- Obesity and Metabolic Disease Research GroupGarvan Institute of Medical ResearchSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Centre of Neurological and Metabolic Researchthe Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical UniversityQuanzhouChina
| | - George Burley
- Obesity and Metabolic Disease Research GroupGarvan Institute of Medical ResearchSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Li‐Cheng Li
- Centre of Neurological and Metabolic Researchthe Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical UniversityQuanzhouChina
| | - Shu Lin
- Obesity and Metabolic Disease Research GroupGarvan Institute of Medical ResearchSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Centre of Neurological and Metabolic Researchthe Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical UniversityQuanzhouChina
| | - Yan‐Chuan Shi
- Obesity and Metabolic Disease Research GroupGarvan Institute of Medical ResearchSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Centre of Neurological and Metabolic Researchthe Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical UniversityQuanzhouChina
- School of Clinical Medicine, St Vincent's Clinical CampusFaculty of Medicine and HealthSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
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3
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Lin F, Liu Y, Rudeski-Rohr T, Dahir N, Calder A, Gilbertson TA. Adiponectin Enhances Fatty Acid Signaling in Human Taste Cells by Increasing Surface Expression of CD36. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065801. [PMID: 36982874 PMCID: PMC10059208 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Adiponectin, a key metabolic hormone, is secreted into the circulation by fat cells where it enhances insulin sensitivity and stimulates glucose and fatty acid metabolism. Adiponectin receptors are highly expressed in the taste system; however, their effects and mechanisms of action in the modulation of gustatory function remain unclear. We utilized an immortalized human fungiform taste cell line (HuFF) to investigate the effect of AdipoRon, an adiponectin receptor agonist, on fatty acid-induced calcium responses. We showed that the fat taste receptors (CD36 and GPR120) and taste signaling molecules (Gα-gust, PLCβ2, and TRPM5) were expressed in HuFF cells. Calcium imaging studies showed that linoleic acid induced a dose-dependent calcium response in HuFF cells, and it was significantly reduced by the antagonists of CD36, GPR120, PLCβ2, and TRPM5. AdipoRon administration enhanced HuFF cell responses to fatty acids but not to a mixture of sweet, bitter, and umami tastants. This enhancement was inhibited by an irreversible CD36 antagonist and by an AMPK inhibitor but was not affected by a GPR120 antagonist. AdipoRon increased the phosphorylation of AMPK and the translocation of CD36 to the cell surface, which was eliminated by blocking AMPK. These results indicate that AdipoRon acts to increase cell surface CD36 in HuFF cells to selectively enhance their responses to fatty acids. This, in turn, is consistent with the ability of adiponectin receptor activity to alter taste cues associated with dietary fat intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangjun Lin
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Trina Rudeski-Rohr
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Naima Dahir
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Ashley Calder
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Timothy A Gilbertson
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
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Vergani E, Bruno C, Gavotti C, Oliva A, Currò D, Mancini A. Increased levels of plasma neudesin in adult growth hormone deficiency and their relationship with plasma liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide-2 levels: a cross-sectional study. J Endocrinol Invest 2022; 46:1187-1195. [PMID: 36495439 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-022-01974-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Adult growth hormone deficiency (aGHD) is characterized by an altered metabolic profile and increased cardiovascular risk. Neudesin is a newly discovered protein mainly secreted from adipose tissue and brain, under evaluation for its possible activity as a negative regulator of energy expenditure. Liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide (LEAP)-2 is a competitive antagonist of ghrelin on its receptor. An observational cross-sectional study was performed to test the hypothesis that plasma neudesin levels may be modified in aGHD. Given the role played in the energy balance, any possible relationships between neudesin, LEAP-2 and metabolic and anthropometric parameters were evaluated. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Thirty-eight patients were included: 18 aGHD patients (7 females and 11 males, aged 59.7 ± 2.6 years, BMI 30.2 ± 2.2 kg/m2); 20 healthy controls (12 females and 8 males, aged 47.1 ± 2.5 years, BMI 24.1 ± 0.9 kg/m2). All patients were evaluated for glucose, insulin, HOMA and QUICKI index, total/LDL/HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, uric acid, and IGF-1. Plasma neudesin, LEAP-2, and ghrelin were measured by ELISA. Fat mass was evaluated by DEXA. RESULTS Neudesin levels were significantly higher in aGHD versus controls. We confirmed the finding of significantly lower ghrelin levels and significantly higher LEAP-2/ghrelin ratio in aGHD patients and found a significant direct correlation between neudesin and LEAP-2 levels. A significant direct correlation between neudesin and fat mass percentage was found in the whole population. CONCLUSION These results suggest the onset of adaptive responses to an altered metabolic picture in aGHD. The changes in two distinct pathways that modulate food intake and the still limited knowledge about neudesin suggest future developments in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Vergani
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS - Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - C Bruno
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS - Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - C Gavotti
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS - Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - A Oliva
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS - Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - D Currò
- Dipartimento di Sicurezza e Bioetica, Sezione di Farmacologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore - Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy.
| | - A Mancini
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS - Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy.
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Maudsley S, Walter D, Schrauwen C, Van Loon N, Harputluoğlu İ, Lenaerts J, McDonald P. Intersection of the Orphan G Protein-Coupled Receptor, GPR19, with the Aging Process. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113598. [PMID: 36362387 PMCID: PMC9653598 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent one of the most functionally diverse classes of transmembrane proteins. GPCRs and their associated signaling systems have been linked to nearly every physiological process. They also constitute nearly 40% of the current pharmacopeia as direct targets of remedial therapies. Hence, their place as a functional nexus in the interface between physiological and pathophysiological processes suggests that GPCRs may play a central role in the generation of nearly all types of human disease. Perhaps one mechanism through which GPCRs can mediate this pivotal function is through the control of the molecular aging process. It is now appreciated that, indeed, many human disorders/diseases are induced by GPCR signaling processes linked to pathological aging. Here we discuss one such novel member of the GPCR family, GPR19, that may represent an important new target for novel remedial strategies for the aging process. The molecular signaling pathways (metabolic control, circadian rhythm regulation and stress responsiveness) associated with this recently characterized receptor suggest an important role in aging-related disease etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Maudsley
- Receptor Biology Lab, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
- Correspondence:
| | - Deborah Walter
- Receptor Biology Lab, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Claudia Schrauwen
- Receptor Biology Lab, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Nore Van Loon
- Receptor Biology Lab, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - İrem Harputluoğlu
- Receptor Biology Lab, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Julia Lenaerts
- Receptor Biology Lab, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
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Frühbeck G, Becerril S, Martín M, Ramírez B, Valentí V, Moncada R, Catalán V, Gómez-Ambrosi J, Silva C, Burrell MA, Escalada J, Rodríguez A. High plasma and lingual uroguanylin as potential contributors to changes in food preference after sleeve gastrectomy. Metabolism 2022; 128:155119. [PMID: 34990711 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2021.155119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The biological mediators supporting long-term weight loss and changes in dietary choice behaviour after sleeve gastrectomy remain unclear. Guanylin and uroguanylin are gut hormones involved in the regulation of satiety, food preference and adiposity. Thus, we sought to analyze whether the guanylin system is involved in changes in food preference after sleeve gastrectomy in obesity. METHODS Proguanylin (GUCA2A) and prouroguanylin (GUCA2B) were determined in patients with severe obesity (n = 41) as well as in rats with diet-induced obesity (n = 48), monogenic obesity (Zucker fa/fa) (n = 18) or in a food choice paradigm (normal diet vs high-fat diet) (n = 16) submitted to sleeve gastrectomy. Lingual distribution and expression of guanylins (GUCA2A and GUCA2B) and their receptor GUCY2C as well as the fatty acid receptor CD36 were evaluated in the preclinical models. RESULTS Circulating concentrations of GUCA2A and GUCA2B were increased after sleeve gastrectomy in patients with severe obesity as well as in rats with diet-induced and monogenic (fa/fa) obesity. Interestingly, the lower dietary fat preference observed in obese rats under the food choice paradigm as well as in patients with obesity after sleeve gastrectomy were negatively associated with post-surgical GUCA2B levels. Moreover, sleeve gastrectomy upregulated the low expression of GUCA2A and GUCA2B in taste bud cells of tongues from rats with diet-induced and monogenic (fa/fa) obesity in parallel to a downregulation of the lingual lipid sensor CD36. CONCLUSIONS The increased circulating and lingual GUCA2B after sleeve gastrectomy suggest an association between the uroguanylin-GUCY2C endocrine axis and food preference through the regulation of gustatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gema Frühbeck
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain; Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain; Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Sara Becerril
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain; Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Marina Martín
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Physiology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Ramírez
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain; Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Víctor Valentí
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain; Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain; Department of Surgery, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Rafael Moncada
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain; Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain; Department of Anesthesia, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Victoria Catalán
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain; Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Javier Gómez-Ambrosi
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain; Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Camilo Silva
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain; Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain; Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - María A Burrell
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain; Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain; Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Physiology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Javier Escalada
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain; Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain; Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Amaia Rodríguez
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain; Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain.
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Woodward ORM, Gribble FM, Reimann F, Lewis JE. Gut peptide regulation of food intake - evidence for the modulation of hedonic feeding. J Physiol 2022; 600:1053-1078. [PMID: 34152020 DOI: 10.1113/jp280581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of people living with obesity has tripled worldwide since 1975 with serious implications for public health, as obesity is linked to a significantly higher chance of early death from associated comorbidities (metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancer). As obesity is a consequence of food intake exceeding the demands of energy expenditure, efforts are being made to better understand the homeostatic and hedonic mechanisms governing food intake. Gastrointestinal peptides are secreted from enteroendocrine cells in response to nutrient and energy intake, and modulate food intake either via afferent nerves, including the vagus nerve, or directly within the central nervous system, predominantly gaining access at circumventricular organs. Enteroendocrine hormones modulate homeostatic control centres at hypothalamic nuclei and the dorso-vagal complex. Additional roles of these peptides in modulating hedonic food intake and/or preference via the neural systems of reward are starting to be elucidated, with both peripheral and central peptide sources potentially contributing to central receptor activation. Pharmacological interventions and gastric bypass surgery for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity elevate enteroendocrine hormone levels and also alter food preference. Hence, understanding of the hedonic mechanisms mediated by gut peptide action could advance development of potential therapeutic strategies for the treatment of obesity and its comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orla R M Woodward
- Wellcome Trust - MRC Institute of Metabolic Science Metabolic Research Laboratories, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Fiona M Gribble
- Wellcome Trust - MRC Institute of Metabolic Science Metabolic Research Laboratories, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Frank Reimann
- Wellcome Trust - MRC Institute of Metabolic Science Metabolic Research Laboratories, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Jo E Lewis
- Wellcome Trust - MRC Institute of Metabolic Science Metabolic Research Laboratories, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
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8
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Deschaine SL, Leggio L. From "Hunger Hormone" to "It's Complicated": Ghrelin Beyond Feeding Control. Physiology (Bethesda) 2022; 37:5-15. [PMID: 34964687 PMCID: PMC8742734 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00024.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Discovered as a peptide involved in releasing growth hormone, ghrelin was initially characterized as the "hunger hormone." However, emerging research indicates that ghrelin appears to play an important part in relaying information regarding nutrient availability and value and adjusting physiological and motivational processes accordingly. These functions make ghrelin an interesting therapeutic candidate for metabolic and neuropsychiatric diseases involving disrupted nutrition that can further potentiate the rewarding effect of maladaptive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara L. Deschaine
- 1Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore and Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Lorenzo Leggio
- 1Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore and Bethesda, Maryland,2Medication Development Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland,3Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island,4Division of Addiction Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland,5Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
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9
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The Association between Fat Taste Sensitivity, Eating Habits, and Metabolic Health in Menopausal Women. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13124506. [PMID: 34960056 PMCID: PMC8706892 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of our study was to evaluate the associations between sensitivity to fat taste, eating habits and BMI value in a sample of menopausal Polish women. In a population of 95 women, fat taste thresholds with oleic acid were determined, allowing us to classify each woman as a hypersensitive or hyposensitive taster. Eating habits were assessed using a validated KomPAN questionnaire for food frequency. Dietary intake was evaluated based on a food diary. Selected biochemical parameters were measured using a Konelab20i biochemical analyzer. Anthropometric parameters and blood pressure were also measured. Twenty-two menopausal women were classified as hyposensitive to fat taste and 73 as hypersensitive. The hyposensitive tasters were significantly older (p = 0.006), with the majority of them (92%) being postmenopausal (p < 0.001); this group had significantly higher BMI values (p < 0.001) and other adiposity indicators compared to their hypersensitive counterparts. The hyposensitive tasters had higher blood pressure (systolic blood pressure; SBP p = 0.030; diastolic blood pressure; DBP p = 0.003), glucose (p = 0.011) and triacylglycerols levels than the hypersensitive tasters (p = 0.031). Almost half of them had diagnosed metabolic syndrome. Daily eating occasions were associated with low oral fatty acid sensitivity, irrespective of age (p = 0.041) and BMI value (p = 0.028). There were also significant associations between frequency of consumption of meats and eggs, as well as snacks and fast foods and low oral fatty acid sensitivity before adjustment for potential confounders (both associations p < 0.05), which remained after adjustment for age (both associations p < 0.05), but not after adjustment for BMI. A multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that higher BMI value (p = 0.003), along with postmenopausal status (p = 0.003), were associated with low fat taste sensitivity irrespective of age and consumed percentage energy from fat. Postmenopausal status and BMI are associated with low fat taste sensitivity. Fat hyposensitivity may also play a role in eating habits, leading to increased eating occasions and favoring certain types of food. These eating habits may determine increased body weight and the occurrence of metabolic syndrome in mid-life women, especially those who have undergone menopause and have been exposed to the physiological changes which are conducive to these relationships.
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10
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Schumann L, Wilken-Schmitz A, Trautmann S, Vogel A, Schreiber Y, Hahnefeld L, Gurke R, Geisslinger G, Tegeder I. Increased Fat Taste Preference in Progranulin-Deficient Mice. Nutrients 2021; 13:4125. [PMID: 34836380 PMCID: PMC8623710 DOI: 10.3390/nu13114125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Progranulin deficiency in mice is associated with deregulations of the scavenger receptor signaling of CD36/SCARB3 in immune disease models, and CD36 is a dominant receptor in taste bud cells in the tongue and contributes to the sensation of dietary fats. Progranulin-deficient mice (Grn-/-) are moderately overweight during middle age. We therefore asked if there was a connection between progranulin/CD36 in the tongue and fat taste preferences. By using unbiased behavioral analyses in IntelliCages and Phenomaster cages we showed that progranulin-deficient mice (Grn-/-) developed a strong preference of fat taste in the form of 2% milk over 0.3% milk, and for diluted MCTs versus tap water. The fat preference in the 7d-IntelliCage observation period caused an increase of 10% in the body weight of Grn-/- mice, which did not occur in the wildtype controls. CD36 expression in taste buds was reduced in Grn-/- mice at RNA and histology levels. There were no differences in the plasma or tongue lipids of various classes including sphingolipids, ceramides and endocannabinoids. The data suggest that progranulin deficiency leads to a lower expression of CD36 in the tongue resulting in a stronger urge for fatty taste and fatty nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lana Schumann
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (L.S.); (A.W.-S.); (S.T.); (A.V.); (Y.S.); (L.H.); (R.G.); (G.G.)
| | - Annett Wilken-Schmitz
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (L.S.); (A.W.-S.); (S.T.); (A.V.); (Y.S.); (L.H.); (R.G.); (G.G.)
| | - Sandra Trautmann
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (L.S.); (A.W.-S.); (S.T.); (A.V.); (Y.S.); (L.H.); (R.G.); (G.G.)
| | - Alexandra Vogel
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (L.S.); (A.W.-S.); (S.T.); (A.V.); (Y.S.); (L.H.); (R.G.); (G.G.)
| | - Yannick Schreiber
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (L.S.); (A.W.-S.); (S.T.); (A.V.); (Y.S.); (L.H.); (R.G.); (G.G.)
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Lisa Hahnefeld
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (L.S.); (A.W.-S.); (S.T.); (A.V.); (Y.S.); (L.H.); (R.G.); (G.G.)
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Robert Gurke
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (L.S.); (A.W.-S.); (S.T.); (A.V.); (Y.S.); (L.H.); (R.G.); (G.G.)
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Gerd Geisslinger
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (L.S.); (A.W.-S.); (S.T.); (A.V.); (Y.S.); (L.H.); (R.G.); (G.G.)
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence for Immune Mediated Diseases (CIMD), 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Irmgard Tegeder
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (L.S.); (A.W.-S.); (S.T.); (A.V.); (Y.S.); (L.H.); (R.G.); (G.G.)
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11
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Malone IG, Hunter BK, Rossow HL, Herzog H, Zolotukhin S, Munger SD, Dotson CD. Y1 receptors modulate taste-related behavioral responsiveness in male mice to prototypical gustatory stimuli. Horm Behav 2021; 136:105056. [PMID: 34509673 PMCID: PMC8640844 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2021.105056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian taste bud cells express receptors for numerous peptides implicated elsewhere in the body in the regulation of metabolism, nutrient assimilation, and satiety. The perturbation of several peptide signaling pathways in the gustatory periphery results in changes in behavioral and/or physiological responsiveness to subsets of taste stimuli. We previously showed that Peptide YY (PYY) - which is present in both saliva and in subsets of taste cells - can affect behavioral taste responsiveness and reduce food intake and body weight. Here, we investigated the contributions of taste bud-localized receptors for PYY and the related Neuropeptide Y (NPY) on behavioral taste responsiveness. Y1R, but not Y2R, null mice show reduced responsiveness to sweet, bitter, and salty taste stimuli in brief-access taste tests; similar results were seen when wildtype mice were exposed to Y receptor antagonists in the taste stimuli. Finally, mice in which the gene encoding the NPY propeptide was deleted also showed reduced taste responsiveness to sweet and bitter taste stimuli. Collectively, these results suggest that Y1R signaling, likely through its interactions with NPY, can modulate peripheral taste responsiveness in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian G Malone
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Brianna K Hunter
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Heidi L Rossow
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | | | - Sergei Zolotukhin
- Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Steven D Munger
- Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Cedrick D Dotson
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
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12
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Perceptions of appetite do not match hormonal measures of appetite in trained competitive cyclists and triathletes following a ketogenic diet compared to a high-carbohydrate or habitual diet: A randomized crossover trial. Nutr Res 2021; 93:111-123. [PMID: 34487977 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2021.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Endurance athletes may implement rigid dietary strategies, such as the ketogenic diet (KD), to improve performance. The effect of the KD on appetite remains unclear in endurance athletes. This study analyzed the effects of a KD, a high-carbohydrate diet (HCD), and habitual diet (HD) on objective and subjective measures of appetite in trained cyclists and triathletes, and hypothesized that the KD would result in greater objective and subjective appetite suppression. Six participants consumed the KD and HCD for 2-weeks each, in a random order, following their HD. Fasting appetite measures were collected after 2-weeks on each diet. Postprandial appetite measures were collected following consumption of a ketogenic meal after the KD, high-carbohydrate meal after the HCD, and standard American/Western meal after the HD. Fasting total ghrelin (GHR) was lower and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and hunger were higher following the KD versus HD and HCD. Fasting insulin was not different. Mixed-effects model repeated measures analysis and effect sizes and 95% confidence intervals showed that postprandial GHR and insulin were lower and GLP-1 was higher following the ketogenic versus the standard and high-carbohydrate meals. Postprandial appetite ratings were not different across test meals. In conclusion, both fasting and postprandial concentrations of GHR were lower and GLP-1 were higher following the KD than the HC and HD, and postprandial insulin was lower on the KD. Subjective ratings of appetite did not correspond with the objective measures of appetite in trained competitive endurance athlete. More research is needed to confirm our findings.
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13
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Micioni Di Bonaventura E, Botticelli L, Del Bello F, Giorgioni G, Piergentili A, Quaglia W, Cifani C, Micioni Di Bonaventura MV. Assessing the role of ghrelin and the enzyme ghrelin O-acyltransferase (GOAT) system in food reward, food motivation, and binge eating behavior. Pharmacol Res 2021; 172:105847. [PMID: 34438062 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The peripheral peptide hormone ghrelin is a powerful stimulator of food intake, which leads to body weight gain and adiposity in both rodents and humans. The hormone, thus, increases the vulnerability to obesity and binge eating behavior. Several studies have revealed that ghrelin's functions are due to its interaction with the growth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1a (GHSR1a) in the hypothalamic area; besides, ghrelin also promotes the reinforcing properties of hedonic food, acting at extra-hypothalamic sites and interacting with dopaminergic, cannabinoid, opioid, and orexin signaling. The hormone is primarily present in two forms in the plasma and the enzyme ghrelin O-acyltransferase (GOAT) allows the acylation reaction which causes the transformation of des-acyl-ghrelin (DAG) to the active form acyl-ghrelin (AG). DAG has been demonstrated to show antagonist properties; it is metabolically active, and counteracts the effects of AG on glucose metabolism and lipolysis, and reduces food consumption, body weight, and hedonic feeding response. Both peptides seem to influence the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the corticosterone/cortisol level that drive the urge to eat under stressful conditions. These findings suggest that DAG and inhibition of GOAT may be targets for obesity and bingeing-related eating disorders and that AG/DAG ratio may be an important potential biomarker to assess the risk of developing maladaptive eating behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luca Botticelli
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, via Madonna delle Carceri, 9, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Fabio Del Bello
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, via S. Agostino, 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Gianfabio Giorgioni
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, via S. Agostino, 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Alessandro Piergentili
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, via S. Agostino, 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Wilma Quaglia
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, via S. Agostino, 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Carlo Cifani
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, via Madonna delle Carceri, 9, 62032 Camerino, Italy.
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14
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Abstract
Taste disorders, impacting well-being and physical health, can be caused by many etiologies including the use of medication. Recently, taste disturbance is also considered as one of the predominant symptoms of COVID-19 although its pathogenesis requires further research. Localized taste disorders may be overlooked considering that whole-mouth taste perception is insured through several mechanisms. Individuals often fail to discern taste from flavor, and interviews/surveys are insufficient to properly assess taste function. Hence, various taste assessment methods have been developed. Among them, psychophysical methods are most widely applied in a clinical context. Less-biased electrophysiological, imaging, or morphological methods are used to a much lesser degree. Overall, more research is needed in the field of taste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhu
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden University Hospital, Dresden, Germany
| | - T Hummel
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden University Hospital, Dresden, Germany.
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15
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Vergani E, Bruno C, Gavotti C, Aversa LS, Martire M, Mancini A, Currò D. LEAP-2/ghrelin interplay in adult growth hormone deficiency: Cause or consequence? A pilot study. IUBMB Life 2021; 73:978-984. [PMID: 33991145 PMCID: PMC8362053 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin and its endogenous antagonist liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide-2 (LEAP-2) are involved in GH secretion and glucose/lipids metabolism. LEAP-2 expression in conditions of metabolic impairment may be upregulated, usually pairing with a concomitant reduction in ghrelin secretion. Adult growth hormone deficiency (aGHD) is characterized by insulin resistance, weight gain, and increased fat mass. Therefore, the primary endpoint of this cross-sectional observational pilot study was to compare circulating LEAP-2 and ghrelin levels in aGHD and healthy controls. Thirty patients were included in the study. Group A included adult GHD: 15 patients, 8 females, and 7 males. Median and interquartile range age of the group was 53 (41-57) years, while BMI was 27.1 (25-35) kg/m2 . Group B was formed by 15 healthy controls (10 females and 5 males). Median and interquartile range age was 47 (36-57) years, while BMI 22.9 (20.8-33.1) kg/m2 . They were evaluated for serum glucose and insulin, HOMA-index, QUICKI-index, total/LDL/HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, IGF-1, ghrelin, and LEAP-2. Ghrelin levels in the aGHD group were significantly lower than in healthy controls. In contrast, LEAP-2 showed a trend toward higher levels, although the differences were not significant. However, the LEAP-2/Ghrelin ratio was significantly higher in aGHD. No significant correlations between ghrelin and LEAP-2 with BMI and HOMA index were found in aGHD population. However, a significant inverse correlation (r2 = 0.15, p = .047) between BMI and ghrelin was evidenced when considering the whole population. Taken together, these results may suggest a body adaptation to a metabolic scenario typical of aGHD. The decrease in ghrelin production could prevent further weight gain and fat mass increase, although losing its secretagogue effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Vergani
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Carmine Bruno
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Cesare Gavotti
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Simone Aversa
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Martire
- Dipartimento di Sicurezza e Bioetica, Sezione di Farmacologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Mancini
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Diego Currò
- Dipartimento di Sicurezza e Bioetica, Sezione di Farmacologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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16
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Banerjee A, Mukherjee S, Maji BK. Worldwide flavor enhancer monosodium glutamate combined with high lipid diet provokes metabolic alterations and systemic anomalies: An overview. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:938-961. [PMID: 34026558 PMCID: PMC8120859 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavor enhancing high lipid diet acts as silent killer. Monosodium glutamate mixed with high lipid diet alters redox-status. Monosodium glutamate mixed with high lipid diet induces systemic anomalies.
In this fast-food era, people depend on ready-made foods and engage in minimal physical activities that ultimately change their food habits. Majorities of such foods have harmful effects on human health due to higher percentages of saturated fatty acids, trans-fatty acids, and hydrogenated fats in the form of high lipid diet (HLD). Moreover, food manufacturers add monosodium glutamate (MSG) to enhance the taste and palatability of the HLD. Both MSG and HLD induce the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and thereby alter the redox-homeostasis to cause systemic damage. However, MSG mixed HLD (MH) consumption leads to dyslipidemia, silently develops non-alcoholic fatty liver disease followed by metabolic alterations and systemic anomalies, even malignancies, via modulating different signaling pathways. This comprehensive review formulates health care strategies to create global awareness about the harmful impact of MH on the human body and recommends the daily consumption of more natural foods rich in antioxidants instead of toxic ingredients to counterbalance the MH-induced systemic anomalies.
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17
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Banerjee A, Mukherjee S, Maji BK. Efficacy of Coccinia grandis against monosodium glutamate induced hepato-cardiac anomalies by inhibiting NF-kB and caspase 3 mediated signalling in rat model. Hum Exp Toxicol 2021; 40:1825-1851. [PMID: 33887972 DOI: 10.1177/09603271211010895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Since prehistoric times Coccinia grandis has been used as traditional medicine for various diseases including diabetes, dyslipidemia, metabolic and digestive disorders. Although the rationality of efficacy as natural antioxidants with different bioactive compounds in Coccinia grandis against monosodium glutamate (MSG) induced hepato-cardiac damage remains to be disclosed. Six different solvent extracts of the leaves of Coccinia grandis were chosen to evaluate in vitro antioxidant and free radical (FR)-scavenging activity. Due to high antioxidant content and FR-scavenging property of ethanol extract of Coccinia grandis leaves (EECGL) and presence of different bioactive compounds in EECGL was further tested to evaluate in vivo hepato-protective and cardio-protective efficacy against MSG-induced anomalies. MSG-induced dyslipidemia, increased cell toxicity markers altered functional status and histopathological peculiarities of target organs were blunted by EECGL. Additionally, MSG incited increase level of interleukin (IL)-6, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-1β which activates nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-kB) guided inflammation via down regulation of IL-10; impaired redox-homeostasis subsequently promoted inflammation associated oxidative stress (OS) and increased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) which provoked microvascular proliferation related cellular damage. On the contrary, increased lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide promotes reduced cell viability, deoxyribonucleic acid damage and apoptosis via activation of caspase 3. EECGL significantly reduced MSG-induced inflammation mediated OS and apoptosis via inhibition of pro-inflammatory factors and pro-apoptotic mediators to protect liver and heart. Therefore, it can be suggested that EECGL contributed competent scientific information to validate the demands for its use to treat MSG-induced hepato-cardiac OS mediated inflammation and apoptosis from natural origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Banerjee
- Department of Physiology (UG & PG), 212035Serampore College, Hooghly, West Bengal, India
| | - Sandip Mukherjee
- Department of Physiology (UG & PG), 212035Serampore College, Hooghly, West Bengal, India
| | - Bithin Kumar Maji
- Department of Physiology (UG & PG), 212035Serampore College, Hooghly, West Bengal, India
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18
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Calder AN, Yu T, Dahir NS, Sun Y, Gilbertson TA. Ghrelin Receptors Enhance Fat Taste Responsiveness in Female Mice. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13041045. [PMID: 33804920 PMCID: PMC8063820 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin is a major appetite-stimulating neuropeptide found in circulation. While its role in increasing food intake is well known, its role in affecting taste perception, if any, remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the role of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor's (GHS-R; a ghrelin receptor) activity in the peripheral taste system using feeding studies and conditioned taste aversion assays by comparing wild-type and GHS-R-knockout models. Using transgenic mice expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP), we demonstrated GHS-R expression in the taste system in relation phospholipase C ß2 isotype (PLCβ2; type II taste cell marker)- and glutamate decarboxylase type 67 (GAD67; type III taste cell marker)-expressing cells using immunohistochemistry. We observed high levels of co-localization between PLCβ2 and GHS-R within the taste system, while GHS-R rarely co-localized in GAD67-expressing cells. Additionally, following 6 weeks of 60% high-fat diet, female Ghsr-/- mice exhibited reduced responsiveness to linoleic acid (LA) compared to their wild-type (WT) counterparts, while no such differences were observed in male Ghsr-/- and WT mice. Overall, our results are consistent with the interpretation that ghrelin in the taste system is involved in the complex sensing and recognition of fat compounds. Ghrelin-GHS-R signaling may play a critical role in the recognition of fatty acids in female mice, and this differential regulation may contribute to their distinct ingestive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley N. Calder
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (A.N.C.); (N.S.D.)
| | - Tian Yu
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
| | - Naima S. Dahir
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (A.N.C.); (N.S.D.)
| | - Yuxiang Sun
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Timothy A. Gilbertson
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-321-266-7245
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19
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Decarie-Spain L, Kanoski SE. Ghrelin and Glucagon-Like Peptide-1: A Gut-Brain Axis Battle for Food Reward. Nutrients 2021; 13:977. [PMID: 33803053 PMCID: PMC8002922 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Eating behaviors are influenced by the reinforcing properties of foods that can favor decisions driven by reward incentives over metabolic needs. These food reward-motivated behaviors are modulated by gut-derived peptides such as ghrelin and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) that are well-established to promote or reduce energy intake, respectively. In this review we highlight the antagonizing actions of ghrelin and GLP-1 on various behavioral constructs related to food reward/reinforcement, including reactivity to food cues, conditioned meal anticipation, effort-based food-motivated behaviors, and flavor-nutrient preference and aversion learning. We integrate physiological and behavioral neuroscience studies conducted in both rodents and human to illustrate translational findings of interest for the treatment of obesity or metabolic impairments. Collectively, the literature discussed herein highlights a model where ghrelin and GLP-1 regulate food reward-motivated behaviors via both competing and independent neurobiological and behavioral mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Decarie-Spain
- Human & Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA;
| | - Scott E. Kanoski
- Human & Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA;
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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20
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Catamo E, Tornese G, Concas MP, Gasparini P, Robino A. Differences in taste and smell perception between type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and healthy controls. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2021; 31:193-200. [PMID: 33500104 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2020.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The senses of taste and smell are essential determinants of food choice, which in turn may contribute to the development of chronic diseases, including diabetes. Although past studies have evaluated the relationship between type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) and senses disorders, this relationship remains controversial. In this study, we evaluated taste and smell perception in DM2 patients and healthy controls (HC). Moreover, we analyzed the association of chemosensory impairments with anthropometric and clinical outcomes (e.g. Body Mass Index (BMI), Fasting blood glucose (FBG), drugs, cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and hypertension) in DM2 patients. METHODS AND RESULTS The study included 94 DM2 patients and 244 HC. Taste recognition for 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP), quinine, citric acid, sucrose, and sodium chloride (NaCl) compounds was assessed using a filter paper method, while smell recognition of 12 odorants was performed using a Sniffin' sticks test. We found that a higher percentage of DM2 patients showed identification impairment in salt taste (22% vs. 5%, p-value<0.0009) and smell recognition (55% vs. 27%, p-value = 0.03) compared to HC. We also observed that 65% of hypertensive DM2 subjects presented smell identification impairment compared to 18% of non-hypertensive patients (p-value = 0.019). Finally, patients with impairments in both taste and smell showed elevated FBG compared to patients without impairment (149.6 vs.124.3 mg/dL, p-value = 0.04). CONCLUSION The prevalence of taste and smell identification impairments was higher in DM2 patients compared to HC, and a possible relationship with glycemic levels emerged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eulalia Catamo
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS ''Burlo Garofolo", Via dell'Istria 65/1, 34137, Trieste, Italy.
| | - Gianluca Tornese
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS ''Burlo Garofolo", Via dell'Istria 65/1, 34137, Trieste, Italy
| | - Maria P Concas
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS ''Burlo Garofolo", Via dell'Istria 65/1, 34137, Trieste, Italy
| | - Paolo Gasparini
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS ''Burlo Garofolo", Via dell'Istria 65/1, 34137, Trieste, Italy; Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume, 447, 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Antonietta Robino
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS ''Burlo Garofolo", Via dell'Istria 65/1, 34137, Trieste, Italy
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21
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Discovering the relationship between dietary nutrients and cortisol and ghrelin hormones in horses exhibiting oral stereotypic behaviors: A review. J Vet Behav 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2020.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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22
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Shoar S, Naderan M, Shoar N, Modukuru VR, Mahmoodzadeh H. Alteration Pattern of Taste Perception After Bariatric Surgery: a Systematic Review of Four Taste Domains. Obes Surg 2020; 29:1542-1550. [PMID: 30712168 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-019-03730-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Efforts continue to understand the underlying mechanism of weight loss after bariatric surgery. Taste perception has shown to be a contributing factor. However, the alteration pattern in different taste domains and among bariatric procedures has not been sufficiently investigated. OBJECTIVES To study the alteration pattern in the perception of four taste domains after different bariatric procedures. SETTINGS Private Research Institute, USA. METHODS A systematic review was conducted to pool available data in the literature on post-operative changes in the perception of sensitivity to four taste domains after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG), and adjustable gastric banding (AGB). RESULTS Our study showed that bariatric surgery is associated with significant change in sensitivity to all four taste domains especially salt taste, sweetness, and sourness. LSG patients showed an increased sensitivity to all four taste domains. However, RYGB patients had a variable alteration pattern of taste perception but more commonly a decreased sensitivity to sweetness and an increased sensitivity to salt taste and sourness. Additionally, AGB patients had a decreased sensitivity to sweetness, salt taste, and sourness. CONCLUSION Bariatric surgery is associated with taste change in a way which results in less preference for high-calorie food and possibly reduced calorie intake. This may explain one of the mechanisms by which bariatric surgery produces weight loss. However, data are heterogeneous, the potential effect dilutes over time, and the alteration varies significantly between different procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Shoar
- Department of ScientificWriting, Division of Surgical Research, Shoar Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA. .,Cancer Institute, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Naderan
- Cancer Institute, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasrin Shoar
- Department of ScientificWriting, Division of Surgical Research, Shoar Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA.,Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Science, Kashan, Iran
| | - Venkat R Modukuru
- Department of ScientificWriting, Division of Surgical Research, Shoar Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA.,Faculty Surgeon, Department of Surgery, NYMC at Metropolitan Hospital Program, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Habibollah Mahmoodzadeh
- Cancer Institute, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
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Montalbano G, Levanti M, Abbate F, Laurà R, Cavallaro M, Guerrera MC, Germanà A. Expression of ghrelin and leptin in the chemosensory system of adult zebrafish. Ann Anat 2020; 229:151460. [PMID: 31978567 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2020.151460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Numerous data show that the chemosensory system seems to be modulated by changes in the circulating levels of different molecules such as ghrelin, orexin, leptin, NPY, CCK. The chemosensory system of the zebrafish is represented by the taste buds (skin, oral and oropharyngeal), the olfactory rosette and the solitary chemosensorial cells (SCCs). The purpose of our study was to analyze the distribution of two peripheral hormones such as ghrelin and leptin in the chemosensory organs of the zebrafish. Our results demonstrated the presence of immunoreaction for all antibodies used in the zebrafish chemosensory organs even if with different distribution. In particular, IR was observed for ghrelin in the olfactory rosette while IR for leptin was found in the olfactory rosette, in the skin and oropharyngeal taste buds and in the gills. Both these hormones were detected in the intestine, used as a control.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Montalbano
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, Neuromorphology Lab, Italy
| | - M Levanti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, Neuromorphology Lab, Italy.
| | - F Abbate
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, Neuromorphology Lab, Italy
| | - R Laurà
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, Neuromorphology Lab, Italy
| | - M Cavallaro
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, Neuromorphology Lab, Italy
| | - M C Guerrera
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, Neuromorphology Lab, Italy
| | - A Germanà
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, Neuromorphology Lab, Italy
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McCluskey LP, He L, Dong G, Harris R. Chronic exposure to liquid sucrose and dry sucrose diet have differential effects on peripheral taste responses in female rats. Appetite 2019; 145:104499. [PMID: 31669578 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2019.104499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sugar-sweetened beverages are the major source of added calories in the Western diet and their prevalence is associated with obesity and metabolic disruption. Despite the critical role of the taste system in determining food selection and consumption, the effects of chronic sucrose consumption on the peripheral taste system in mammals have received limited attention. We offered female Sprague Dawley rats free access to water and one of three diets for up to 40 days: (1) sucrose-free chow or "NS" diet; (2) a high-sucrose dry diet or "HS"; or (3) 30% sucrose solution and the NS diet, designated "LiqS" diet. Sucrose consumption by LiqS rats gradually increased and by day 14 was equal to that of HS rats. Food intake decreased in LiqS rats, but their energy intake remained higher than for NS or HS rats. There was no significant difference in weight gain of the groups during the study. Recordings from the chorda tympani nerve (CT), which innervates taste buds on the anterior tongue, revealed decreased responses to 1 M sucrose in both LiqS and HS rats and to acesulfame K and salt tastants in LiqS rats after 40 days on diet. Umami, bitter, and acid response magnitudes were unchanged in both groups. These results demonstrate that chronic sucrose exposure inhibits taste responses to higher concentrations of sweet stimuli. More surprisingly, CT responses to NaCl and 0.5M NaAc were significantly reduced in rats on the LiqS diet. Thus, the physical form of the diet influences taste responsiveness to salt and sweet taste function. These data suggest that taste buds are previously unappreciated targets of chronic sucrose consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynnette Phillips McCluskey
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, United States.
| | - Lianying He
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, United States; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, United States
| | - Guankuo Dong
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, United States
| | - Ruth Harris
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, United States
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Multidimensional informatic deconvolution defines gender-specific roles of hypothalamic GIT2 in aging trajectories. Mech Ageing Dev 2019; 184:111150. [PMID: 31574270 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2019.111150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In most species, females live longer than males. An understanding of this female longevity advantage will likely uncover novel anti-aging therapeutic targets. Here we investigated the transcriptomic responses in the hypothalamus - a key organ for somatic aging control - to the introduction of a simple aging-related molecular perturbation, i.e. GIT2 heterozygosity. Our previous work has demonstrated that GIT2 acts as a network controller of aging. A similar number of both total (1079-female, 1006-male) and gender-unique (577-female, 527-male) transcripts were significantly altered in response to GIT2 heterozygosity in early life-stage (2 month-old) mice. Despite a similar volume of transcriptomic disruption in females and males, a considerably stronger dataset coherency and functional annotation representation was observed for females. It was also evident that female mice possessed a greater resilience to pro-aging signaling pathways compared to males. Using a highly data-dependent natural language processing informatics pipeline, we identified novel functional data clusters that were connected by a coherent group of multifunctional transcripts. From these it was clear that females prioritized metabolic activity preservation compared to males to mitigate this pro-aging perturbation. These findings were corroborated by somatic metabolism analyses of living animals, demonstrating the efficacy of our new informatics pipeline.
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Abstract
Purpose of Review Hypertension is related to impaired metabolic homeostasis and can be regarded as a metabolic disorder. This review presents possible mechanisms by which metabolic disorders increase blood pressure (BP) and discusses the importance of the gut as a novel modulator of BP. Recent Findings Obesity and high salt intake are major risk factors for hypertension. There is a hypothesis of “salt-induced obesity”; i.e., high salt intake may tie to obesity. Heightened sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity, especially in the kidney and brain, increases BP in obese patients. Adipokines, including adiponectin and leptin, and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) contribute to hypertension. Adiponectin induced by a high-salt diet may decrease sodium/glucose cotransporter (SGLT) 2 expression in the kidney, which results in reducing BP. High salt can change secretions of adipokines and RAAS-related components. Evidence has been accumulating linking the gastrointestinal tract to BP. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and ghrelin decrease BP in both rodents and humans. The sweet taste receptor in enteroendocrine cells increases SGLT1 expression and stimulates sodium/glucose absorption. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass improves glycemic and BP control due to reducing the activity of SGLT1. Na/H exchanger isoform 3 (NHE3) increases BP by stimulating the intestinal absorption of sodium. Gastrin functions as an intestinal sodium taste sensor and inhibits NHE3 activity. Intestinal mineralocorticoid receptors also regulate sodium absorption and BP due to changing ENaC activity. Gastric sensing of sodium induces natriuresis, and gastric distension increases BP. Changes in the composition and function of gut microbiota contribute to hypertension. A high-salt/fat diet may disrupt the gut barrier, which results in systemic inflammation, insulin resistance, and increased BP. Gut microbiota regulates BP by secreting vasoactive hormones and short-chain fatty acids. BP-lowering effects of probiotics and antibiotics have been reported. Bariatric surgery improves metabolic disorders and hypertension due to increasing GLP-1 secretion, decreasing leptin secretion and SNS activity, and changing gut microbiome composition. Strategies targeting the gastrointestinal system may be therapeutic options for improving metabolic abnormalities and reducing BP in humans. Summary SNS, brain, adipocytes, RAAS, the kidney, the gastrointestinal tract, and microbiota play important roles in regulating BP. Most notably, the gut could be a novel target for treatment of hypertension as a metabolic disorder.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Alterations in taste perception and preferences may contribute to dietary changes and subsequent weight loss following bariatric surgery. METHODS A systematic search was performed to identify all articles investigating gustation, olfaction, and sensory perception in both animal and human studies following bariatric procedures. RESULTS Two hundred fifty-five articles were identified after database searches, bibliography inclusions and deduplication. Sixty-one articles were included. These articles provide evidence supporting changes in taste perception and hedonic taste following bariatric procedures. Taste sensitivity to sweet and fatty stimuli appears to increase post-operatively. Additionally, patients also have a reduced hedonic response to these stimuli. CONCLUSIONS Available evidence suggests that there is a change in taste perception following bariatric procedures, which may contribute to long-term maintenance of weight loss following surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasim Ahmed
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Nicholas Penney
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Ara Darzi
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Sanjay Purkayastha
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Imperial Weight Centre, St Mary's Hospital, London, UK
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Ghrelin, a gastrointestinal hormone, regulates energy balance and lipid metabolism. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20181061. [PMID: 30177523 PMCID: PMC6153372 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20181061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin, an acylated peptide hormone of 28 amino acids, is an endogenous ligand of the released growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR). Ghrelin has been isolated from human and rat stomach and is also detected in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus. Ghrelin receptor is primarily located in the neuropeptide Y and agouti-related protein neurons. Many previous studies have shown that ghrelin and GHSR are involved in the regulation of energy homeostasis, and its administration can increase food intake and body weight gain. AMP-activated protein kinase is activated by ghrelin in the hypothalamus, which contributes to lower intracellular long-chain fatty acid level. Ghrelin appears to modulate the response to food cues via a neural network involved in the regulation of feeding and in the appetitive response to food cues. It also increases the response of brain areas involved in visual processing, attention, and memory to food pictures. Ghrelin is also an important factor linking the central nervous system with peripheral tissues that regulate lipid metabolism. It promotes adiposity by the activation of hypothalamic orexigenic neurons and stimulates the expression of fat storage-related proteins in adipocytes. Meanwhile, ghrelin exerts direct peripheral effects on lipid metabolism, including increase in white adipose tissue mass, stimulation of lipogenesis in the liver, and taste sensitivity modulation.
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Kinnaird E, Stewart C, Tchanturia K. Taste sensitivity in anorexia nervosa: A systematic review. Int J Eat Disord 2018; 51:771-784. [PMID: 29984498 PMCID: PMC6282513 DOI: 10.1002/eat.22886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is evidence for altered processing of taste in anorexia nervosa, particularly in the areas of reward processing and hedonic sensitivity. However, research on whether people with anorexia nervosa identify taste stimuli accurately, known as taste sensitivity, has yielded mixed findings. The objective of this study was to synthesize the literature on taste sensitivity in this disorder to provide a basis for future discussion on whether altered taste sensitivity may be also implicated in wider atypical taste processing in anorexia. METHOD Electronic databases were searched systematically to identify published research examining taste sensitivity in anorexia. Search terms were "anorexia nervosa", or "eating disorder", combined with "taste". 18 studies met inclusion criteria. RESULTS The review of the findings suggest that individuals with AN may experience reduced taste sensitivity that may improve following recovery. However, there was a significant variability in results across studies, potentially reflecting methodological problems including low sample sizes, experimental designs, and uncontrolled confounding variables. DISCUSSION This review suggests that altered taste sensitivity could represent a component in the wider altered taste processing observed in anorexia nervosa. However, the heterogeneity of findings highlight the need for future research to consider methodological issues raised by this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Kinnaird
- Department of Psychological MedicineInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Catherine Stewart
- Department of Psychological MedicineInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom,South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation TrustLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Kate Tchanturia
- Department of Psychological MedicineInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom,South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation TrustLondonUnited Kingdom,Illia State UniversityTbilisiGeorgia
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Lemarié F, Beauchamp E, Drouin G, Legrand P, Rioux V. Dietary caprylic acid and ghrelin O-acyltransferase activity to modulate octanoylated ghrelin functions: What is new in this nutritional field? Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2018; 135:121-127. [PMID: 30103923 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Caprylic acid (octanoic acid, C8:0) belongs to the class of medium-chain saturated fatty acids (MCFAs). Dairy products and specific oils such as coconut oil are natural sources of dietary caprylic acid. MCFAs display distinct chemico-physical and metabolic properties from those of long-chain saturated fatty acids (LCFAs ≥ 12 carbons) and potential beneficial physiological effects of dietary C8:0 have been studied for many years. More recently, caprylic acid was shown to octanoylate ghrelin, the only known peptide hormone with an orexigenic effect. Through its covalent binding to the ghrelin peptide, caprylic acid exhibits an emerging and specific role in modulating physiological functions themselves regulated by octanoylated ghrelin. Dietary caprylic acid is therefore now suspected to provide the ghrelin O-acyltransferase (GOAT) enzyme with octanoyl-CoA co-substrates necessary for the acyl modification of ghrelin. Recent studies suggest that decreasing the circulating octanoylated ghrelin level through the inhibition of GOAT activity, or simply by modulating the availability of its C8:0 substrate, might constitute a therapeutic strategy against obesity. Both dietary caprylic acid availability and GOAT activity may indeed be important to modulate octanoylated ghrelin concentration and functions. This review highlights recent findings in the field of nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Lemarié
- Laboratoire de Biochimie-Nutrition Humaine, Agrocampus Ouest, Rennes, France; Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (CMMT), The University of British Columbia, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Erwan Beauchamp
- Laboratoire de Biochimie-Nutrition Humaine, Agrocampus Ouest, Rennes, France
| | - Gaëtan Drouin
- Laboratoire de Biochimie-Nutrition Humaine, Agrocampus Ouest, Rennes, France
| | - Philippe Legrand
- Laboratoire de Biochimie-Nutrition Humaine, Agrocampus Ouest, Rennes, France
| | - Vincent Rioux
- Laboratoire de Biochimie-Nutrition Humaine, Agrocampus Ouest, Rennes, France.
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Zhang S, Mao Y, Fan X. Inhibition of ghrelin o-acyltransferase attenuated lipotoxicity by inducing autophagy via AMPK-mTOR pathway. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2018; 12:873-885. [PMID: 29713145 PMCID: PMC5912383 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s158985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been considered the most commonly occurring chronic hepatopathy in the world. Ghrelin o-acyltransferase (GOAT) is an acylation enzyme which has an acylated position 3 serine on ghrelin. Recent investigation revealed that activated autophagy could attenuate liver steatosis. The aim of this study was to explore therapeutic roles that inhibit GOAT exerted in NAFLD, and its potential association with autophagy. Materials and methods Human LO2 cells were pretreated with siRNA-GOAT to induce liver steatosis using free fatty acids (FFAs). A chronic NAFLD model was established by feeding male mice C57bl/6 with high-fat diet (HFD) for 56 days with GO-CoA-Tat administrated subcutaneously. Lipid droplets were identified by Oil Red O stains. Body weight (BW) of mice was measured every week. Autophagy, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), serum biochemical indicators (glucose [Glu], total cholesterol [TC], triglyceride [TG], aspartate aminotransferase [AST], alanine aminotransferase [ALT]) and signaling pathway proteins of phosphorylated AMPK–mTOR were measured. Results The TG contents of the FFA and HFD groups were decreased by the inhibition of GOAT. Among mice treated with GO-CoA-Tat and siRNA-GOAT, IL-6 and TNF-α concentrations were remarkably decreased. Indicators of liver injury such as ALT and AST were also remarkably decreased among mice treated with GO-CoA-Tat. Likewise, GO-CoA-Tat significantly reduced the BW of mice and serum TG, TC and Glu. Autophagy was induced along with reduced lipids in the cells of the FFA and HFD groups. The inhibition of GOAT upregulated autophagy via AMPK–mTOR restoration. Conclusion These results indicate that the inhibition of GOAT attenuates lipotoxicity by autophagy stimulation via AMPK–mTOR restoration and offers innovative evidence for using GO-CoA-Tat or siRNA-GOAT in NAFLD clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoren Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuqing Mao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoming Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Lv W, Finlayson G, Dando R. Sleep, food cravings and taste. Appetite 2018; 125:210-216. [PMID: 29447996 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Taste is influenced by factors from our environment, psychology, and from our own physiological state. The objective of the study was to determine whether sleep influences our sense of taste or our cravings for food. METHOD 57 healthy panelists, predominantly of college age, submitted to sleep tracking, and subsequently underwent a series of sensory tests, using basic prototypic tastants, as well as real foods. Panelists were also evaluated to quantify food cravings, using both the Leeds Food Preference Questionnaire, and the Control of Eating Questionnaire. RESULTS Umami (p = 0.025, F = 5.301) and sour (p = 0.037, F = 4.591) taste were intensified in those rating sleepiness higher, while this group also reported higher implicit wanting for high fat sweet foods (p = 0.011, Wald chi-sq = 14.937). Craving for sweet or savory also associated with a number of measures of taste response to real foods. CONCLUSIONS Results imply that a lack of sleep may induce cravings for unhealthy foods, and that foods high in umami or sour taste may be experienced differently due to alterations in taste function. Results imply that feeding behavior may be influenced by a lack of sleep, acting at least partially through our sense of taste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Lv
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | - Robin Dando
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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Poher AL, Tschöp MH, Müller TD. Ghrelin regulation of glucose metabolism. Peptides 2018; 100:236-242. [PMID: 29412824 PMCID: PMC5805851 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2017.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The a 28-amino acid peptide ghrelin was discovered in 1999 as a growth hormone (GH) releasing peptide. Soon after its discovery, ghrelin was found to increase body weight and adiposity by acting on the hypothalamic melanocortinergic system. Subsequently, ghrelin was found to exert a series of metabolic effects, overall testifying ghrelin a pleiotropic nature of broad pharmacological interest. Ghrelin acts through the growth hormone secretagogue-receptor (GHS-R), a seven transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor with high expression in the anterior pituitary, pancreatic islets, thyroid gland, heart and various regions of the brain. Among ghrelins numerous metabolic effects are the most prominent the stimulation of appetite via activation of orexigenic hypothalamic neurocircuits and the food-intake independent stimulation of lipogenesis, which both together lead to an increase in body weight and adiposity. Ghrelin effects beyond the regulation of appetite and GH secretion include the regulation of gut motility, sleep-wake rhythm, taste sensation, reward seeking behaviour, and the regulation of glucose metabolism. The latter received recently increasing recognition because pharmacological inhibition of ghrelin signaling might be of therapeutic value to improve insuin resistance and type 2 diabetes. In this review we highlight the multifaceted nature of ghrelin and summarize its glucoregulatory action and discuss the pharmacological value of ghrelin pathway inhibition for the treatment of glucose intolerance and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Laure Poher
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HDC), Helmholtz Zentrum München and German National Diabetes Center (DZD), 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Matthias H Tschöp
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HDC), Helmholtz Zentrum München and German National Diabetes Center (DZD), 85764, Neuherberg, Germany; Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 80333, Munich, Germany
| | - Timo D Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HDC), Helmholtz Zentrum München and German National Diabetes Center (DZD), 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
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Xu JJ, Elkaddi N, Garcia-Blanco A, Spielman AI, Bachmanov AA, Chung HY, Ozdener MH. Arginyl dipeptides increase the frequency of NaCl-elicited responses via epithelial sodium channel alpha and delta subunits in cultured human fungiform taste papillae cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7483. [PMID: 28790369 PMCID: PMC5548727 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07756-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Salty taste is one of the five basic tastes and is often elicited by NaCl. Because excess sodium intake is associated with many health problems, it could be useful to have salt taste enhancers that are not sodium based. In this study, the regulation of NaCl-induced responses was investigated in cultured human fungiform taste papillae (HBO) cells with five arginyl dipeptides: Ala-Arg (AR), Arg-Ala (RA), Arg-Pro (RP), Arg-Glu (RE), and Glu-Arg (ER); and two non-arginyl dipeptides: Asp-Asp (DD) and Glu-Asp (ED). AR, RA, and RP significantly increased the number of cell responses to NaCl, whereas no effect was observed with RE, ER, DD, or ED. We also found no effects with alanine, arginine, or a mixture of both amino acids. Pharmacological studies showed that AR significantly increased responses of amiloride-sensitive but not amiloride-insensitive cells. In studies using small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), responses to AR were significantly decreased in cells transfected with siRNAs against epithelial sodium channel ENaCα or ENaCδ compared to untransfected cells. AR dramatically increased NaCl-elicited responses in cells transfected with NHE1 siRNA but not in those transfected with ENaCα or ENaCδ siRNAs. Altogether, AR increased responses of amiloride-sensitive cells required ENaCα and ENaCδ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao-Jiao Xu
- Food and Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Nadia Elkaddi
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | | | | | | | - Hau Yin Chung
- Food and Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yang
- Department of Nutrition, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Pedro A Jose
- Division of Renal Disease & Hypertension, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC
| | - Chunyu Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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36
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Qian J, Mummalaneni S, Phan THT, Heck GL, DeSimone JA, West D, Mahavadi S, Hojati D, Murthy KS, Rhyu MR, Spielman AI, Özdener MH, Lyall V. Cyclic-AMP regulates postnatal development of neural and behavioral responses to NaCl in rats. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171335. [PMID: 28192441 PMCID: PMC5305205 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During postnatal development rats demonstrate an age-dependent increase in NaCl chorda tympani (CT) responses and the number of functional apical amiloride-sensitive epithelial Na+ channels (ENaCs) in salt sensing fungiform (FF) taste receptor cells (TRCs). Currently, the intracellular signals that regulate the postnatal development of salt taste have not been identified. We investigated the effect of cAMP, a downstream signal for arginine vasopressin (AVP) action, on the postnatal development of NaCl responses in 19-23 day old rats. ENaC-dependent NaCl CT responses were monitored after lingual application of 8-chlorophenylthio-cAMP (8-CPT-cAMP) under open-circuit conditions and under ±60 mV lingual voltage clamp. Behavioral responses were tested using 2 bottle/24h NaCl preference tests. The effect of [deamino-Cys1, D-Arg8]-vasopressin (dDAVP, a specific V2R agonist) was investigated on ENaC subunit trafficking in rat FF TRCs and on cAMP generation in cultured adult human FF taste cells (HBO cells). Our results show that in 19-23 day old rats, the ENaC-dependent maximum NaCl CT response was a saturating sigmoidal function of 8-CPT-cAMP concentration. 8-CPT-cAMP increased the voltage-sensitivity of the NaCl CT response and the apical Na+ response conductance. Intravenous injections of dDAVP increased ENaC expression and γ-ENaC trafficking from cytosolic compartment to the apical compartment in rat FF TRCs. In HBO cells dDAVP increased intracellular cAMP and cAMP increased trafficking of γ- and δ-ENaC from cytosolic compartment to the apical compartment 10 min post-cAMP treatment. Control 19-23 day old rats were indifferent to NaCl, but showed clear preference for appetitive NaCl concentrations after 8-CPT-cAMP treatment. Relative to adult rats, 14 day old rats demonstrated significantly less V2R antibody binding in circumvallate TRCs. We conclude that an age-dependent increase in V2R expression produces an AVP-induced incremental increase in cAMP that modulates the postnatal increase in TRC ENaC and the neural and behavioral responses to NaCl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Qian
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Shobha Mummalaneni
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Tam-Hao T. Phan
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Gerard L. Heck
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - John A. DeSimone
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - David West
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Sunila Mahavadi
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Deanna Hojati
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Karnam S. Murthy
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Mee-Ra Rhyu
- Korea Food Research Institute, Bundang-gu, Sungnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | | | - Mehmet Hakan Özdener
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Vijay Lyall
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
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Churm R, Davies JS, Stephens JW, Prior SL. Ghrelin function in human obesity and type 2 diabetes: a concise review. Obes Rev 2017; 18:140-148. [PMID: 27899023 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The 28 amino acid hormone, ghrelin, has been found to have various effects on metabolism. This review will focus on the pathways integrated into ghrelin's effect within the hypothalamus, pancreas and adipocytes. The identification of molecules and pathways that regulate ghrelin-mediated lipid retention could establish new mechanisms underlying cellular energy homeostasis. The impact of acyl-ghrelin on glucose metabolism and lipid homeostasis may allow for novel preventative or early intervention therapeutic strategies to treat obesity related type 2 diabetes and associated metabolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Churm
- Diabetes Research Group, Institute of Life Science 1, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - J S Davies
- Molecular Neurobiology Research Group, Institute of Life Science 1, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - J W Stephens
- Diabetes Research Group, Institute of Life Science 1, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - S L Prior
- Diabetes Research Group, Institute of Life Science 1, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
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Zhang Y, Li F, Liu FQ, Chu C, Wang Y, Wang D, Guo TS, Wang JK, Guan GC, Ren KY, Mu JJ. Elevation of Fasting Ghrelin in Healthy Human Subjects Consuming a High-Salt Diet: A Novel Mechanism of Obesity? Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8060323. [PMID: 27240398 PMCID: PMC4924164 DOI: 10.3390/nu8060323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Overweight/obesity is a chronic disease that carries an increased risk of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and premature death. Several epidemiological studies have demonstrated a clear relationship between salt intake and obesity, but the pathophysiologic mechanisms remain unknown. We hypothesized that ghrelin, which regulates appetite, food intake, and fat deposition, becomes elevated when one consumes a high-salt diet, contributing to the progression of obesity. We, therefore, investigated fasting ghrelin concentrations during a high-salt diet. Thirty-eight non-obese and normotensive subjects (aged 25 to 50 years) were selected from a rural community in Northern China. They were sequentially maintained on a normal diet for three days at baseline, a low-salt diet for seven days (3 g/day, NaCl), then a high-salt diet for seven days (18 g/day). The concentration of plasma ghrelin was measured using an immunoenzyme method (ELISA). High-salt intake significantly increased fasting ghrelin levels, which were higher during the high-salt diet (320.7 ± 30.6 pg/mL) than during the low-salt diet (172.9 ± 8.9 pg/mL). The comparison of ghrelin levels between the different salt diets was statistically-significantly different (p < 0.01). A positive correlation between 24-h urinary sodium excretion and fasting ghrelin levels was demonstrated. Our data indicate that a high-salt diet elevates fasting ghrelin in healthy human subjects, which may be a novel underlying mechanism of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- Cardiovascular Department, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an 710068, China.
- Cardiovascular Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Fenxia Li
- Cardiovascular Department, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China.
| | - Fu-Qiang Liu
- Cardiovascular Department, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an 710068, China.
- Cardiovascular Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Chao Chu
- Cardiovascular Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Yang Wang
- Cardiovascular Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Dan Wang
- Cardiovascular Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Tong-Shuai Guo
- Cardiovascular Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Jun-Kui Wang
- Cardiovascular Department, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an 710068, China.
| | - Gong-Chang Guan
- Cardiovascular Department, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an 710068, China.
- Cardiovascular Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Ke-Yu Ren
- Cardiovascular Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Jian-Jun Mu
- Cardiovascular Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
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Li Z, Mulholland M, Zhang W. Ghrelin O-acyltransferase (GOAT) and energy metabolism. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2016; 59:281-91. [PMID: 26732975 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-015-4973-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin O-acyltransferase (GOAT), a member of MBOATs family, is essential for octanoylation of ghrelin, which is required for active ghrelin to bind with and activate its receptor. GOAT is expressed mainly in the stomach, pancreas and hypothalamus. Levels of GOAT are altered by energy status. GOAT contains 11 transmembrane helices and one reentrant loop. Its invariant residue His-338 and conserved Asn-307 are located in the endoplasmic reticulum lumen and cytosol respectively. GOAT contributes to the regulation of food intake and energy expenditure, as well as glucose and lipids homeostasis. Deletion of GOAT blocks the acylation of ghrelin leading to subsequent impairment in energy homeostasis and survival when mice are challenged with high energy diet or severe caloric restriction. GO-CoA-Tat, a peptide GOAT inhibitor, attenuates acyl-ghrelin production and prevents weight gain induced by a medium-chain triglycerides-rich high fat diet. Further, GO-CoA-Tat increases glucose- induced insulin secretion. Overall, inhibition of GOAT is a novel strategy for treatment of obesity and related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziru Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-0346, USA
| | - Michael Mulholland
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-0346, USA.
| | - Weizhen Zhang
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-0346, USA. .,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China.
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Mazier W, Saucisse N, Gatta-Cherifi B, Cota D. The Endocannabinoid System: Pivotal Orchestrator of Obesity and Metabolic Disease. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2015; 26:524-537. [PMID: 26412154 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) functions to adjust behavior and metabolism according to environmental changes in food availability. Its actions range from the regulation of sensory responses to the development of preference for the consumption of calorically-rich food and control of its metabolic handling. ECS activity is beneficial when access to food is scarce or unpredictable. However, when food is plentiful, the ECS favors obesity and metabolic disease. We review recent advances in understanding the roles of the ECS in energy balance, and discuss newly identified mechanisms of action that, after the withdrawal of first generation cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptor antagonists for the treatment of obesity, have made the ECS once again an attractive target for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfrid Mazier
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, Unité 862, 33000 Bordeaux, France; University of Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, Unité 862, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Nicolas Saucisse
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, Unité 862, 33000 Bordeaux, France; University of Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, Unité 862, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Blandine Gatta-Cherifi
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, Unité 862, 33000 Bordeaux, France; University of Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, Unité 862, 33000 Bordeaux, France; Endocrinology Department, Haut-Lévêque Hospital, 33604 Pessac, France
| | - Daniela Cota
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, Unité 862, 33000 Bordeaux, France; University of Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, Unité 862, 33000 Bordeaux, France.
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41
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Müller TD, Nogueiras R, Andermann ML, Andrews ZB, Anker SD, Argente J, Batterham RL, Benoit SC, Bowers CY, Broglio F, Casanueva FF, D'Alessio D, Depoortere I, Geliebter A, Ghigo E, Cole PA, Cowley M, Cummings DE, Dagher A, Diano S, Dickson SL, Diéguez C, Granata R, Grill HJ, Grove K, Habegger KM, Heppner K, Heiman ML, Holsen L, Holst B, Inui A, Jansson JO, Kirchner H, Korbonits M, Laferrère B, LeRoux CW, Lopez M, Morin S, Nakazato M, Nass R, Perez-Tilve D, Pfluger PT, Schwartz TW, Seeley RJ, Sleeman M, Sun Y, Sussel L, Tong J, Thorner MO, van der Lely AJ, van der Ploeg LHT, Zigman JM, Kojima M, Kangawa K, Smith RG, Horvath T, Tschöp MH. Ghrelin. Mol Metab 2015; 4:437-60. [PMID: 26042199 PMCID: PMC4443295 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 712] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gastrointestinal peptide hormone ghrelin was discovered in 1999 as the endogenous ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor. Increasing evidence supports more complicated and nuanced roles for the hormone, which go beyond the regulation of systemic energy metabolism. SCOPE OF REVIEW In this review, we discuss the diverse biological functions of ghrelin, the regulation of its secretion, and address questions that still remain 15 years after its discovery. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS In recent years, ghrelin has been found to have a plethora of central and peripheral actions in distinct areas including learning and memory, gut motility and gastric acid secretion, sleep/wake rhythm, reward seeking behavior, taste sensation and glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Germany
| | - R Nogueiras
- Department of Physiology, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas, University of Santiago de Compostela (CIMUS)-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS)-CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - M L Andermann
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Z B Andrews
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - S D Anker
- Applied Cachexia Research, Department of Cardiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - J Argente
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Madrid, Spain ; Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid and CIBER Fisiopatología de la obesidad y nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - R L Batterham
- Centre for Obesity Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - S C Benoit
- Metabolic Disease Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - C Y Bowers
- Tulane University Health Sciences Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Section, Peptide Research Section, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - F Broglio
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Dept. of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - F F Casanueva
- Department of Medicine, Santiago de Compostela University, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS), CIBER de Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutricion (CB06/03), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - D D'Alessio
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - I Depoortere
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - A Geliebter
- New York Obesity Nutrition Research Center, Department of Medicine, St Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - E Ghigo
- Department of Pharmacology & Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - P A Cole
- Monash Obesity & Diabetes Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - M Cowley
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia ; Monash Obesity & Diabetes Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - D E Cummings
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - A Dagher
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - S Diano
- Dept of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - S L Dickson
- Department of Physiology/Endocrinology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - C Diéguez
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - R Granata
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Dept. of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - H J Grill
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - K Grove
- Department of Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - K M Habegger
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - K Heppner
- Division of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - M L Heiman
- NuMe Health, 1441 Canal Street, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - L Holsen
- Departments of Psychiatry and Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - B Holst
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - A Inui
- Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - J O Jansson
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - H Kirchner
- Medizinische Klinik I, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - M Korbonits
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - B Laferrère
- New York Obesity Research Center, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - C W LeRoux
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - M Lopez
- Department of Physiology, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas, University of Santiago de Compostela (CIMUS)-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS)-CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - S Morin
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Germany
| | - M Nakazato
- Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - R Nass
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - D Perez-Tilve
- Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - P T Pfluger
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Germany
| | - T W Schwartz
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - R J Seeley
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - M Sleeman
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Y Sun
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - L Sussel
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - J Tong
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - M O Thorner
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - A J van der Lely
- Department of Medicine, Erasmus University MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - J M Zigman
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - M Kojima
- Molecular Genetics, Institute of Life Science, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
| | - K Kangawa
- National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - R G Smith
- The Scripps Research Institute, Florida Department of Metabolism & Aging, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - T Horvath
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - M H Tschöp
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Germany ; Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
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Martin B, Chadwick W, Janssens J, Premont RT, Schmalzigaug R, Becker KG, Lehrmann E, Wood WH, Zhang Y, Siddiqui S, Park SS, Cong WN, Daimon CM, Maudsley S. GIT2 Acts as a Systems-Level Coordinator of Neurometabolic Activity and Pathophysiological Aging. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2015; 6:191. [PMID: 26834700 PMCID: PMC4716144 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging represents one of the most complicated and highly integrated somatic processes. Healthy aging is suggested to rely upon the coherent regulation of hormonal and neuronal communication between the central nervous system and peripheral tissues. The hypothalamus is one of the main structures in the body responsible for sustaining an efficient interaction between energy balance and neurological activity and therefore likely coordinates multiple systems in the aging process. We previously identified, in hypothalamic and peripheral tissues, the G protein-coupled receptor kinase interacting protein 2 (GIT2) as a stress response and aging regulator. As metabolic status profoundly affects aging trajectories, we investigated the role of GIT2 in regulating metabolic activity. We found that genomic deletion of GIT2 alters hypothalamic transcriptomic signatures related to diabetes and metabolic pathways. Deletion of GIT2 reduced whole animal respiratory exchange ratios away from those related to primary glucose usage for energy homeostasis. GIT2 knockout (GIT2KO) mice demonstrated lower insulin secretion levels, disruption of pancreatic islet beta cell mass, elevated plasma glucose, and insulin resistance. High-dimensionality transcriptomic signatures from islets isolated from GIT2KO mice indicated a disruption of beta cell development. Additionally, GIT2 expression was prematurely elevated in pancreatic and hypothalamic tissues from diabetic-state mice (db/db), compared to age-matched wild type (WT) controls, further supporting the role of GIT2 in metabolic regulation and aging. We also found that the physical interaction of pancreatic GIT2 with the insulin receptor and insulin receptor substrate 2 was diminished in db/db mice compared to WT mice. Therefore, GIT2 appears to exert a multidimensional "keystone" role in regulating the aging process by coordinating somatic responses to energy deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bronwen Martin
- Metabolism Unit, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Wayne Chadwick
- Receptor Pharmacology Unit, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan Janssens
- Translational Neurobiology Group, VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Richard T. Premont
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology Division, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Robert Schmalzigaug
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology Division, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kevin G. Becker
- Gene Expression and Genomics Unit, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Elin Lehrmann
- Gene Expression and Genomics Unit, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - William H. Wood
- Gene Expression and Genomics Unit, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yongqing Zhang
- Gene Expression and Genomics Unit, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sana Siddiqui
- Receptor Pharmacology Unit, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sung-Soo Park
- Receptor Pharmacology Unit, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Wei-na Cong
- Metabolism Unit, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Caitlin M. Daimon
- Metabolism Unit, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stuart Maudsley
- Receptor Pharmacology Unit, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Translational Neurobiology Group, VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Stuart Maudsley,
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Yang H, Cong WN, Yoon JS, Egan JM. Vismodegib, an antagonist of hedgehog signaling, directly alters taste molecular signaling in taste buds. Cancer Med 2014; 4:245-52. [PMID: 25354792 PMCID: PMC4329008 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Vismodegib, a highly selective inhibitor of hedgehog (Hh) pathway, is an approved treatment for basal-cell carcinoma. Patients on treatment with vismodegib often report profound alterations in taste sensation. The cellular mechanisms underlying the alterations have not been studied. Sonic Hh (Shh) signaling is required for cell growth and differentiation. In taste buds, Shh is exclusively expressed in type IV taste cells, which are undifferentiated basal cells and the precursors of the three types of taste sensing cells. Thus, we investigated if vismodegib has an inhibitory effect on taste cell turnover because of its known effects on Hh signaling. We gavaged C57BL/6J male mice daily with either vehicle or 30 mg/kg vismodegib for 15 weeks. The gustatory behavior and immunohistochemical profile of taste cells were examined. Vismodegib-treated mice showed decreased growth rate and behavioral responsivity to sweet and bitter stimuli, compared to vehicle-treated mice. We found that vismodegib-treated mice had significant reductions in taste bud size and numbers of taste cells per taste bud. Additionally, vismodegib treatment resulted in decreased numbers of Ki67- and Shh-expressing cells in taste buds. The numbers of phospholipase Cβ2- and α-gustducin-expressing cells, which contain biochemical machinery for sweet and bitter sensing, were reduced in vismodegib-treated mice. Furthermore, vismodegib treatment resulted in reduction in numbers of T1R3, glucagon-like peptide-1, and glucagon-expressing cells, which are known to modulate sweet taste sensitivity. These results suggest that inhibition of Shh signaling by vismodegib treatment directly results in alteration of taste due to local effects in taste buds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyekyung Yang
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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Zhang D, Leung PS. Potential roles of GPR120 and its agonists in the management of diabetes. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2014; 8:1013-27. [PMID: 25114508 PMCID: PMC4122337 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s53892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Free fatty acids (FFAs) serve not only as nutrients that provide energy but also as extracellular signaling molecules that manipulate intracellular physiological events through FFA receptors (FFARs) such as FFAR4. FFAR4 is also known as G-protein coupled receptor 120 (GPR120). The main role of GPR120 is to elicit FFA regulation on metabolism homeostasis. GPR120 agonism correlates with prevention of the occurrence and development of metabolic disorders such as obesity and diabetes. GPR120 activation directly or indirectly inhibits inflammation, modulates hormone secretion from the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas, and regulates lipid and/or glucose metabolism in adipose, liver, and muscle tissues, which may help prevent obesity and diabetes. This review summarizes recent advances in physiological roles of GPR120 in preventing insulin resistance and protecting pancreatic islet function, and examines how resident GPR120 in the pancreas may be involved in modulating pancreatic islet function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Po Sing Leung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Wang R, van Keeken NMA, Siddiqui S, Dijksman LM, Maudsley S, Derval D, van Dam PS, Martin B. Higher TNF-α, IGF-1, and Leptin Levels are Found in Tasters than Non-Tasters. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:125. [PMID: 25120532 PMCID: PMC4114300 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Taste perception is controlled by taste cells that are present in the tongue that produce and secrete various metabolic hormones. Recent studies have demonstrated that taste receptors in tongue, gut, and pancreas are associated with local hormone secretion. The aim of this study was to determine whether there is a link between taste sensitivity and levels of circulating metabolic hormones in humans and whether taste sensitivity is potentially related to peripheral metabolic regulation. Thirty-one subjects were recruited and separated into tasters and non-tasters based on their phenol thiocarbamide (PTC) bitter taste test results. Fasting plasma and saliva were collected and levels of hormones and cytokines were assayed. We observed significant differences in both hormone levels and hormone-body mass index (BMI) correlation between tasters and non-tasters. Tasters had higher plasma levels of leptin (p = 0.05), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (p = 0.04), and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) (p = 0.03). There was also a trend toward increased IGF-1 levels in the saliva of tasters (p = 0.06). We found a positive correlation between plasma levels of glucose and BMI (R = 0.4999, p = 0.04) exclusively in non-tasters. In contrast, plasma C-peptide levels were found to be positively correlated to BMI (R = 0.5563, p = 0.03) in tasters. Saliva TNF-α levels were negatively correlated with BMI in tasters (R = -0.5908, p = 0.03). Our findings demonstrate that there are differences in circulating levels of leptin, TNF-α, and IGF-1 between tasters and non-tasters. These findings indicate that in addition to the regulation of food consumption, taste perception also appears to be tightly linked to circulating metabolic hormone levels. People with different taste sensitivity may respond differently to the nutrient stimulation. Further work investigating the link between taste perception and peripheral metabolic control could potentially lead to the development of novel therapies for obesity or Type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- Metabolism Unit, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Sana Siddiqui
- Receptor Pharmacology Unit, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lea M. Dijksman
- Teaching Hospital, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Stuart Maudsley
- Receptor Pharmacology Unit, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Diana Derval
- Better Immune System Foundation, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - P. Sytze van Dam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bronwen Martin
- Metabolism Unit, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- *Correspondence: Bronwen Martin, Metabolism Unit, National Institute on Aging, 251 Bayview Blvd., Suite 100 Room 08C009, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA e-mail:
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