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Peter A, Schleicher E, Kliemank E, Szendroedi J, Königsrainer A, Häring HU, Nawroth PP, Fleming T. Accumulation of Non-Pathological Liver Fat Is Associated with the Loss of Glyoxalase I Activity in Humans. Metabolites 2024; 14:209. [PMID: 38668337 PMCID: PMC11051733 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14040209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The underlying molecular mechanisms for the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) and its progression to advanced liver diseases remain elusive. Glyoxalase 1 (Glo1) loss, leading to elevated methylglyoxal (MG) and dicarbonyl stress, has been implicated in various diseases, including obesity-related conditions. This study aimed to investigate changes in the glyoxalase system in individuals with non-pathological liver fat. Liver biopsies were obtained from 30 individuals with a narrow range of BMI (24.6-29.8 kg/m2). Whole-body insulin sensitivity was assessed using HOMA-IR. Liver biopsies were analyzed for total triglyceride content, Glo1 and Glo2 mRNA, protein expression, and activity. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry determined liver dicarbonyl content and oxidation and glycation biomarkers. Liver Glo1 activity showed an inverse correlation with HOMA-IR and liver triglyceride content, but not BMI. Despite reduced Glo1 activity, no associations were found with elevated liver dicarbonyls or glycation markers. A sex dimorphism was observed in Glo1, with females exhibiting significantly lower liver Glo1 protein expression and activity, and higher liver MG-H1 content compared to males. This study demonstrates that increasing liver fat, even within a non-pathological range, is associated with reduced Glo1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Peter
- German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Helmholtz Centre Munich, 85764 Munich, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, 72016 Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases, Helmholtz Centre Munich, University of Tübingen, 72016 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Erwin Schleicher
- German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Helmholtz Centre Munich, 85764 Munich, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, 72016 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Kliemank
- German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Helmholtz Centre Munich, 85764 Munich, Germany
- Department of Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, Heidelberg University Hospital, INF 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julia Szendroedi
- German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Helmholtz Centre Munich, 85764 Munich, Germany
- Department of Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, Heidelberg University Hospital, INF 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Internal Medicine I, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alfred Königsrainer
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, 72016 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Häring
- German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Helmholtz Centre Munich, 85764 Munich, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases, Helmholtz Centre Munich, University of Tübingen, 72016 Tübingen, Germany
- Division of Diabetology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine IV, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, 72016 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter P. Nawroth
- German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Helmholtz Centre Munich, 85764 Munich, Germany
- Department of Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, Heidelberg University Hospital, INF 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute for Immunology, University Hospital of Heidelberg, INF 305, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Fleming
- German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Helmholtz Centre Munich, 85764 Munich, Germany
- Department of Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, Heidelberg University Hospital, INF 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Internal Medicine I, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Qian X, Jia H, Wang J, He S, Yu M, Feng X, Gong Q, An Y, Wang X, Shi N, Li H, Zou Z, Li G, Chen Y. Circulating palmitoyl sphingomyelin levels predict the 10-year increased risk of cardiovascular disease death in Chinese adults: findings from the Da Qing Diabetes Study. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2024; 23:37. [PMID: 38245731 PMCID: PMC10800040 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-023-02116-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Higher levels of palmitoyl sphingomyelin (PSM, synonymous with sphingomyelin 16:0) are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in people with diabetes. Whether circulating PSM levels can practically predict the long-term risk of CVD and all-cause death remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate whether circulating PSM is a real predictor of CVD death in Chinese adults with or without diabetes. METHODS A total of 286 and 219 individuals with and without diabetes, respectively, from the original Da Qing Diabetes Study were enrolled. Blood samples collected in 2009 were used as a baseline to assess circulating PSM levels. The outcomes of CVD and all-cause death were followed up from 2009 to 2020, and 178 participants died, including 87 deaths due to CVD. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate HRs and their 95% CIs for the outcomes. RESULTS Fractional polynomial regression analysis showed a linear association between baseline circulating PSM concentration (log-2 transformed) and the risk of all-cause and CVD death (p < 0.001), but not non-CVD death (p > 0.05), in all participants after adjustment for confounders. When the participants were stratified by PSM-tertile, the highest tertile, regardless of diabetes, had a higher incidence of CVD death (41.5 vs. 14.7 and 22.2 vs. 2.9 per 1000 person-years in patients with and without diabetes, respectively, all log-rank p < 0.01). Individuals with diabetes in the highest tertile group had a higher risk of CVD death than those in the lowest tertile (HR = 2.73; 95%CI, 1.20-6.22). CONCLUSIONS Elevated PSM levels are significantly associated with a higher 10-year risk of CVD death, but not non-CVD death, in Chinese adults with diabetes. These findings suggest that PSM is a potentially useful long-term predictor of CVD death in individuals with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Qian
- Endocrinology Centre, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hongmei Jia
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jinping Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Da Qing First Hospital, Da Qing, China
| | - Siyao He
- Endocrinology Centre, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Yu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xinxing Feng
- Endocrinology Centre, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qiuhong Gong
- Endocrinology Centre, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yali An
- Endocrinology Centre, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Endocrinology Centre, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Na Shi
- Endocrinology Centre, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Cardiology, Da Qing First Hospital, Da Qing, China
| | - Zhongmei Zou
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Guangwei Li
- Department of Endocrinology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | - Yanyan Chen
- Endocrinology Centre, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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Padiadpu J, Garcia‐Jaramillo M, Newman NK, Pederson JW, Rodrigues R, Li Z, Singh S, Monnier P, Trinchieri G, Brown K, Dzutsev AK, Shulzhenko N, Jump DB, Morgun A. Multi-omic network analysis identified betacellulin as a novel target of omega-3 fatty acid attenuation of western diet-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. EMBO Mol Med 2023; 15:e18367. [PMID: 37859621 PMCID: PMC10630881 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202318367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical and preclinical studies established that supplementing diets with ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) can reduce hepatic dysfunction in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) but molecular underpinnings of this action were elusive. Herein, we used multi-omic network analysis that unveiled critical molecular pathways involved in ω3 PUFA effects in a preclinical mouse model of western diet induced NASH. Since NASH is a precursor of liver cancer, we also performed meta-analysis of human liver cancer transcriptomes that uncovered betacellulin as a key EGFR-binding protein upregulated in liver cancer and downregulated by ω3 PUFAs in animals and humans with NASH. We then confirmed that betacellulin acts by promoting proliferation of quiescent hepatic stellate cells, inducing transforming growth factor-β2 and increasing collagen production. When used in combination with TLR2/4 agonists, betacellulin upregulated integrins in macrophages thereby potentiating inflammation and fibrosis. Taken together, our results suggest that suppression of betacellulin is one of the key mechanisms associated with anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects of ω3 PUFA on NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nolan K Newman
- College of PharmacyOregon State UniversityCorvallisORUSA
| | - Jacob W Pederson
- Carlson College of Veterinary MedicineOregon State UniversityCorvallisORUSA
| | - Richard Rodrigues
- College of PharmacyOregon State UniversityCorvallisORUSA
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Zhipeng Li
- Carlson College of Veterinary MedicineOregon State UniversityCorvallisORUSA
| | - Sehajvir Singh
- College of PharmacyOregon State UniversityCorvallisORUSA
| | - Philip Monnier
- College of PharmacyOregon State UniversityCorvallisORUSA
| | - Giorgio Trinchieri
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Kevin Brown
- College of PharmacyOregon State UniversityCorvallisORUSA
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Environmental EngineeringOregon State UniversityCorvallisORUSA
| | - Amiran K Dzutsev
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Natalia Shulzhenko
- Carlson College of Veterinary MedicineOregon State UniversityCorvallisORUSA
| | - Donald B Jump
- Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Linus Pauling InstituteOregon State UniversityCorvallisORUSA
| | - Andrey Morgun
- College of PharmacyOregon State UniversityCorvallisORUSA
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Spooner MH, Garcia-Jaramillo M, Apperson KD, Löhr CV, Jump DB. Time course of western diet (WD) induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in female and male Ldlr-/- mice. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0292432. [PMID: 37819925 PMCID: PMC10566735 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a global health problem. Identification of factors contributing to the onset and progression of NAFLD have the potential to direct novel strategies to combat NAFLD. METHODS We examined the time course of western diet (WD)-induced NAFLD and its progression to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in age-matched female and male Ldlr-/- mice, with time-points at 1, 4, 8, 20 and 40 weeks on the WD. Controls included Ldlr-/- mice maintained on a purified low-fat diet (LFD) for 1 and 40 weeks. The approach included quantitation of anthropometric, plasma and liver markers of disease, plus hepatic histology, lipids, oxylipins, gene expression and selected metabolites. RESULTS One week of feeding the WD caused a significant reduction in hepatic essential fatty acids (EFAs: 18:2, ω6, 18:3, ω3) which preceded the decline in many C20-22 ω3 and ω6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and PUFA-derived oxylipins after 4 weeks on the WD. In addition, expression of hepatic inflammation markers (CD40, CD44, Mcp1, Nlrp3, TLR2, TLR4, Trem2) increased significantly in both female & male mice after one week on the WD. These markers continued to increase over the 40-week WD feeding study. WD effects on hepatic EFA and inflammation preceded all significant WD-induced changes in body weight, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), oxidative stress status (GSH/GSSG ratio) and histological and gene expression markers of macrosteatosis, extracellular matrix remodeling and fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS Our findings establish that feeding Ldlr-/- mice the WD rapidly lowered hepatic EFAs and induced key inflammatory markers linked to NASH. Since EFAs have an established role in inflammation and hepatic inflammation plays a major role in NASH, we suggest that early clinical assessment of EFA status and correcting EFA deficiencies may be useful in reducing NASH severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda H. Spooner
- Nutrition Program, College of Health, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America
| | - Manuel Garcia-Jaramillo
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis OR, United States of America
| | - K. Denise Apperson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America
| | - Christiane V. Löhr
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America
| | - Donald B. Jump
- Nutrition Program, College of Health, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America
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Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic fatty liver disease worldwide, particularly in obese and type 2 diabetic individuals. Currently, there are no therapies for NAFLD that have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. Herein, we examine the rationale for using ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in NAFLD therapy. This focus is based on the finding that NAFLD severity is associated with a reduction of hepatic C20-22 ω3 PUFAs. Because C20-22 ω3 PUFAs are pleiotropic regulators of cell function, loss of C20-22 ω3 PUFAs has the potential to significantly impact hepatic function. We describe NAFLD prevalence and pathophysiology as well as current NAFLD therapies. We also present evidence from clinical and preclinical studies that evaluated the capacity of C20-22 ω3 PUFAs to treat NAFLD. Given the clinical and preclinical evidence, dietary C20-22 ω3 PUFA supplementation has the potential to decrease human NAFLD severity by reducing hepatosteatosis and liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda H Spooner
- Molecular Nutrition and Diabetes Research Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA;
| | - Donald B Jump
- Molecular Nutrition and Diabetes Research Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA;
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Padiadpu J, Spooner MH, Li Z, Newman N, Löhr CV, Apperson KD, Dzutsev A, Trinchieri G, Shulzhenko N, Morgun A, Jump DB. Early transcriptome changes associated with western diet induced NASH in Ldlr-/- mice points to activation of hepatic macrophages and an acute phase response. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1147602. [PMID: 37609485 PMCID: PMC10440380 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1147602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a global health problem. Identifying early gene indicators contributing to the onset and progression of NAFLD has the potential to develop novel targets for early therapeutic intervention. We report on the early and late transcriptomic signatures of western diet (WD)-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in female and male Ldlr-/- mice, with time-points at 1 week and 40 weeks on the WD. Control Ldlr-/- mice were maintained on a low-fat diet (LFD) for 1 and 40 weeks. Methods The approach included quantitation of anthropometric and hepatic histology markers of disease as well as the hepatic transcriptome. Results Only mice fed the WD for 40 weeks revealed evidence of NASH, i.e., hepatic steatosis and fibrosis. RNASeq transcriptome analysis, however, revealed multiple cell-specific changes in gene expression after 1 week that persisted to 40 weeks on the WD. These early markers of disease include induction of acute phase response (Saa1-2, Orm2), fibrosis (Col1A1, Col1A2, TGFβ) and NASH associated macrophage (NAM, i.e., Trem2 high, Mmp12 low). We also noted the induction of transcripts associated with metabolic syndrome, including Mmp12, Trem2, Gpnmb, Lgals3 and Lpl. Finally, 1 week of WD feeding was sufficient to significantly induce TNFα, a cytokine involved in both hepatic and systemic inflammation. Conclusion This study revealed early onset changes in the hepatic transcriptome that develop well before any anthropometric or histological evidence of NALFD or NASH and pointed to cell-specific targeting for the prevention of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyothi Padiadpu
- College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Melinda H. Spooner
- Nutrition Program, Colleges of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Zhipeng Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Nolan Newman
- College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Christiane V. Löhr
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - K. Denise Apperson
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Amiran Dzutsev
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NCI-NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Giorgio Trinchieri
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NCI-NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Natalia Shulzhenko
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Andrey Morgun
- College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Donald B. Jump
- Nutrition Program, Colleges of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
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Gunasekar SK, Heebink J, Carpenter DH, Kumar A, Xie L, Zhang H, Schilling JD, Sah R. Adipose-targeted SWELL1 deletion exacerbates obesity- and age-related nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e154940. [PMID: 36749637 PMCID: PMC10077479 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.154940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Healthy expansion of adipose tissue is critical for the maintenance of metabolic health, providing an optimized reservoir for energy storage in the form of triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins. Dysfunctional adipocytes that are unable to efficiently store lipid can result in lipodystrophy and contribute to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and metabolic syndrome. Leucine-rich repeat containing protein 8a/SWELL1 functionally encodes the volume-regulated anion channel complex in adipocytes, is induced in early obesity, and is required for normal adipocyte expansion during high-fat feeding. Adipose-specific SWELL1 ablation (Adipo KO) leads to insulin resistance and hyperglycemia during caloric excess, both of which are associated with NAFLD. Here, we show that Adipo-KO mice exhibited impaired adipose depot expansion and excess lipolysis when raised on a variety of high-fat diets, resulting in increased diacylglycerides and hepatic steatosis, thereby driving liver injury. Liver lipidomic analysis revealed increases in oleic acid-containing hepatic triacylglycerides and injurious hepatic diacylglyceride species, with reductions in hepatocyte-protective phospholipids and antiinflammatory free fatty acids. Aged Adipo-KO mice developed hepatic steatosis on a regular chow diet, and Adipo-KO male mice developed spontaneous, aggressive hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs). These data highlight the importance of adipocyte SWELL1 for healthy adipocyte expansion to protect against NAFLD and HCC in the setting of overnutrition and with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susheel K. Gunasekar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - John Heebink
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Danielle H. Carpenter
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Ashutosh Kumar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Litao Xie
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Haixia Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Joel D. Schilling
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Rajan Sah
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- John Cochran VA Medical Center, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Fraser DA, Wang X, Lund J, Nikolić N, Iruarrizaga-Lejarreta M, Skjaeret T, Alonso C, Kastelein JJP, Rustan AC, Kim YO, Schuppan D. A structurally engineered fatty acid, icosabutate, suppresses liver inflammation and fibrosis in NASH. J Hepatol 2022; 76:800-811. [PMID: 34915054 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2021.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Although long-chain omega-3 fatty acids (LCn-3FAs) regulate inflammatory pathways of relevance to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), their susceptibility to peroxidation may limit their therapeutic potential. We compared the metabolism of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) with an engineered EPA derivative (icosabutate) in human hepatocytes in vitro and their effects on hepatic glutathione metabolism, oxidised lipids, inflammation, and fibrosis in a dietary mouse model of NASH, and in patients prone to fatty liver disease. METHODS Oxidation rates and cellular partitioning of EPA and icosabutate were compared in primary human hepatocytes. Comparative effects of delayed treatment with either low- (56 mg/kg) or high-dose (112 mg/kg) icosabutate were compared with EPA (91 mg/kg) or a glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist in a choline-deficient (CD), L-amino acid-defined NASH mouse model. To assess the translational potential of these findings, effects on elevated liver enzymes and fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) score were assessed in overweight, hyperlipidaemic patients at an increased risk of NASH. RESULTS In contrast to EPA, icosabutate resisted oxidation and incorporation into hepatocytes. Icosabutate also reduced inflammation and fibrosis in conjunction with a reversal of CD diet-induced changes in the hepatic lipidome. EPA had minimal effect on any parameter and even worsened fibrosis in association with depletion of hepatic glutathione. In dyslipidaemic patients at risk of NASH, icosabutate rapidly normalised elevated plasma ALT, GGT and AST and reduced FIB-4 in patients with elevated ALT and/or AST. CONCLUSION Icosabutate does not accumulate in hepatocytes and confers beneficial effects on hepatic oxidative stress, inflammation and fibrosis in mice. In conjunction with reductions in markers of liver injury in hyperlipidaemic patients, these findings suggest that structural engineering of LCn-3FAs offers a novel approach for the treatment of NASH. LAY SUMMARY Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids are involved in multiple pathways regulating hepatic inflammation and fibrosis, but their susceptibility to peroxidation and use as an energy source may limit their clinical efficacy. Herein, we show that a structurally modified omega-3 fatty acid, icosabutate, overcame these challenges and had markedly improved antifibrotic efficacy in a mouse model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. A hepatoprotective effect of icosabutate was also observed in patients with elevated circulating lipids, in whom it led to rapid reductions in markers of liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Institute of Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immune Therapy, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jenny Lund
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Nataša Nikolić
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - Cristina Alonso
- OWL Metabolomics, Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Derio, Spain
| | - John J P Kastelein
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arild C Rustan
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Yong Ook Kim
- Institute of Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immune Therapy, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Detlef Schuppan
- Institute of Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immune Therapy, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany; Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
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9
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Masetto Antunes M, Godoy G, Curi R, Vergílio Visentainer J, Barbosa Bazotte R. The Myristic Acid:Docosahexaenoic Acid Ratio Versus the n-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid:n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Ratio as Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Biomarkers. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2021; 20:69-78. [PMID: 34813379 DOI: 10.1089/met.2021.0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that diets containing an increased omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-6 PUFA) to omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) ratios are linked to inflammation and chronic diseases such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, the influence of an elevated n-6 PUFA:n-3 PUFA ratio in the tissues requires clarification. Herein, we identified primary experimental and clinical studies where it is possible to compare the performance of the myristic acid (Myr):docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and n-6 PUFA:n-3 PUFA ratios in the liver and/or serum as potential NAFLD biomarkers. Articles were included if quantitative values of n-6 PUFA, n-3 PUFA, Myr, DHA, and information about liver inflammation or liver disease progression parameters were provided. Overall, most experimental (91.6%) and clinical studies (87.5%) reported higher Myr:DHA ratios associated with inflammation and/or NAFLD progression than the n-6 PUFA:n-3 PUFA ratio. We conclude that the Myr:DHA ratio represents a better biomarker of NAFLD than the n-6 PUFA:n-3 PUFA ratio. Future studies are necessary for verifying this observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Masetto Antunes
- Post-Graduation Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Godoy
- Post-Graduation Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Rui Curi
- Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Roberto Barbosa Bazotte
- Post-Graduation Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
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10
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Zhang Y, Lv J, Zhang J, Lv Z, Yu M. Lipidomic-based investigation into the therapeutic effects of polyene phosphatidylcholine and Babao Dan on rats with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Biomed Chromatogr 2021; 36:e5271. [PMID: 34727379 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, with the improvement of people's living standards, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the most common chronic liver disease in the world. In this paper, the metabolic disorders in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were induced by a choline-deficient, l-amino acid-defined (CDAA) diet. The therapeutic effects of polyene phosphatidylcholine (PPC) and Babao Dan (BBD) on NAFLD were observed. Lipidomic analysis was performed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-Orbitrap MS, and data analysis and lipid identification were performed using the software LipidSearch. Both PPC and BBD can reduce lipid accumulation in the liver and improve abnormal biochemical indicators in rats, including reduction of triglycerides, total cholesterol, alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase in serum. In addition, lipids in rat serum were systematically analyzed by lipidomics. The lipidomic results showed that the most obvious lipids with abnormal metabolism in CDAA diet-induced rats were glycerides (triglycerides and diacylglycerols), phospholipids and cholesterol esters. Both BBD and PPC partly reversed the disturbance to lipids induced by the CDAA diet. PPC may be more effective than BBD in alleviating NAFLD because it has a better effect on inhibiting the abnormal accumulation of lipids and reducing the inflammatory reaction in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yicong Zhang
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Jinxiao Lv
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiayuan Zhang
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhihua Lv
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,Key Laboratory of Glycoscience & Glycotechnology of Shandong Province, Qingdao, China
| | - Mingming Yu
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,Key Laboratory of Glycoscience & Glycotechnology of Shandong Province, Qingdao, China.,Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, Qingdao, China
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11
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Chang WC, So J, Lamon-Fava S. Differential and shared effects of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on serum metabolome in subjects with chronic inflammation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16324. [PMID: 34381108 PMCID: PMC8357808 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95590-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) affect cell function and metabolism, but the differential effects of EPA and DHA are not known. In a randomized, controlled, double-blind, crossover study, we assessed the effects of 10-week supplementation with EPA-only and DHA-only (3 g/d), relative to a 4-week lead-in phase of high oleic acid sunflower oil (3 g/day, defined as baseline), on fasting serum metabolites in 21 subjects (9 men and 12 post-menopausal women) with chronic inflammation and some characteristics of metabolic syndrome. Relative to baseline, EPA significantly lowered the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates fumarate and α-ketoglutarate and increased glucuronate, UDP-glucuronate, and non-esterified DHA. DHA significantly lowered the TCA cycle intermediates pyruvate, citrate, isocitrate, fumarate, α-ketoglutarate, and malate, and increased succinate and glucuronate. Pathway analysis showed that both EPA and DHA significantly affected the TCA cycle, the interconversion of pentose and glucuronate, and alanine, and aspartate and glutamate pathways (FDR < 0.05) and that DHA had a significantly greater effect on the TCA cycle than EPA. Our results indicate that EPA and DHA exhibit both common and differential effects on cell metabolism in subjects with chronic inflammation and some key aspects of metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Chi Chang
- Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center On Aging, Tufts University, 711 Washington Street, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.,Gerard J. and Dorothy R. Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, USA
| | - Jisun So
- Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center On Aging, Tufts University, 711 Washington Street, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.,Gerard J. and Dorothy R. Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, USA
| | - Stefania Lamon-Fava
- Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center On Aging, Tufts University, 711 Washington Street, Boston, MA, 02111, USA. .,Gerard J. and Dorothy R. Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, USA.
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12
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The Effects of the Combination of Buckwheat D-Fagomine and Fish Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Oxidative Stress and Related Risk Factors in Pre-Obese Rats. Foods 2021; 10:foods10020332. [PMID: 33557198 PMCID: PMC7913974 DOI: 10.3390/foods10020332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The combined supplementation of buckwheat D-fagomine (FG) and fish omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFA) attenuates the development of insulin resistance in rats fed a high-fat (HF) diet. This study aimed to examine the effects of combined supplementation with FG and ω-3 PUFA on dyslipidemia, transaminases, interleukin-6, and oxidative stress. Forty-five male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a standard diet, an HF diet, an HF diet supplemented with FG, an HF diet supplemented with ω-3 PUFA, or an HF diet supplemented with FG and ω-3 PUFA for 21 weeks. Triacylglycerol, cholesterol, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and interleukin-6 were measured. The assessment of oxidative stress included plasma antioxidant capacity, antioxidant enzyme activities, glutathione content, lipid peroxidation, and protein carbonylation. The combined supplementation with FG and ω-3 PUFA did not attenuate the slight accumulation of liver cholesterol induced by the HF diet but normalized the plasma alanine aminotransferase activity. Rats fed the HF diet supplemented with the combination showed a lower amount of plasma interleukin-6 than those fed a standard diet. The combination attenuated oxidative damage induced by the HF diet, decreased antioxidant enzyme activities, and enhanced glutathione status. The beneficial effects of the combination of FG and ω-3 PUFA on oxidative stress and related risk factors in pre-obese rats were mainly modulated by ω-3 PUFA.
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13
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Nutrients, Genetic Factors, and Their Interaction in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Cardiovascular Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228761. [PMID: 33228237 PMCID: PMC7699550 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease in Western countries and expose patients to increased risk of hepatic and cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality. Both environmental factors and genetic predisposition contribute to the risk. An inappropriate diet, rich in refined carbohydrates, especially fructose, and saturated fats, and poor in fibers, polyunsaturated fats, and vitamins is one of the main key factors, as well as the polymorphism of patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 3 (PNPLA3 gene) for NAFLD and the apolipoproteins and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) family for the cardiovascular damage. Beyond genetic influence, also epigenetics modifications are responsible for various clinical manifestations of both hepatic and CV disease. Interestingly, data are accumulating on the interplay between diet and genetic and epigenetic modifications, modulating pathogenetic pathways in NAFLD and CV disease. We report the main evidence from literature on the influence of both macro and micronutrients in NAFLD and CV damage and the role of genetics either alone or combined with diet in increasing the risk of developing both diseases. Understanding the interaction between metabolic alterations, genetics and diet are essential to treat the diseases and tailoring nutritional therapy to control NAFLD and CV risk.
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14
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Valenzuela R, Ortiz M, Hernández-Rodas MC, Echeverría F, Videla LA. Targeting n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:5250-5272. [PMID: 30968772 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190410121716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is characterized by abnormal hepatic accumulation of triacylglycerides in the absence of alcohol consumption, in association with Oxidative Stress (OS), a pro-inflammatory state and Insulin Resistance (IR), which are attenuated by n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (FAs) C20-C22 (LCPUFAs) supplementation. Main causes of NAFLD comprise high caloric intake and a sedentary lifestyle, with high intakes of saturated FAs. METHODS The review includes several searches considering the effects of n-3 LCPUFAs in NAFLD in vivo and in vitro models, using the PubMed database from the National Library of Medicine- National Institutes of Health. RESULT The LCPUFAs eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5 n-3, EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6 n- 3, DHA) have a positive effect in diminishing liver steatosis, OS, and the levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and pro-inflammatory cytokines, with improvement of insulin sensitivity and adiponectin levels. The molecular pathways described for n-3 LCPUFAs in cellular and animal models and humans include peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α activation favouring FA oxidation, diminution of lipogenesis due to sterol responsive element binding protein-1c downregulation and inflammation resolution. Besides, nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor-2 activation is elicited by n-3 LCPUFA-derived oxidation products producing direct and indirect antioxidant responses, with concomitant anti-fibrogenic action. CONCLUSION The discussed effects of n-3 LCPUFA supplementation support its use in NAFLD, although having a limited value in NASH, a contention that may involve n-3 LCPUFA oxygenated derivatives. Clinical trials establishing optimal dosages, intervention times, type of patients and possible synergies with other natural products are needed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Valenzuela
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, Independencia, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Macarena Ortiz
- Nutrition and Dietetics School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Catholic University of Maule, Merced 333, Curicó 3340000, Chile
| | - María Catalina Hernández-Rodas
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, Independencia, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Francisca Echeverría
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, Independencia, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Luis Alberto Videla
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, Independencia, Santiago 8380453, Chile
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15
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Valenzuela R, Videla LA. Impact of the Co-Administration of N-3 Fatty Acids and Olive Oil Components in Preclinical Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Models: A Mechanistic View. Nutrients 2020; 12:E499. [PMID: 32075238 PMCID: PMC7071322 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is present in approximately 25% of the population worldwide. It is characterized by the accumulation of triacylglycerol in the liver, which can progress to steatohepatitis with different degrees of fibrosis, stages that lack approved pharmacological therapies and represent an indication for liver transplantation with consistently increasing frequency. In view that hepatic steatosis is a reversible condition, effective strategies preventing disease progression were addressed using combinations of natural products in the preclinical high-fat diet (HFD) protocol (60% of fat for 12 weeks). Among them, eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5n-3, EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:5n-3, DHA), DHA and extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), or EPA plus hydroxytyrosol (HT) attained 66% to 83% diminution in HFD-induced steatosis, with the concomitant inhibition of the proinflammatory state associated with steatosis. These supplementations trigger different molecular mechanisms that modify antioxidant, antisteatotic, and anti-inflammatory responses, and in the case of DHA and HT co-administration, prevent NAFLD. It is concluded that future studies in NAFLD patients using combined supplementations such as DHA plus HT are warranted to prevent liver steatosis, thus avoiding its progression into more unmanageable stages of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Valenzuela
- Nutrition Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile
- Nutritional Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M2J4A6, Canada
| | - Luis A. Videla
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile;
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16
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Beyoğlu D, Idle JR. Metabolomic and Lipidomic Biomarkers for Premalignant Liver Disease Diagnosis and Therapy. Metabolites 2020; 10:E50. [PMID: 32012846 PMCID: PMC7074571 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10020050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a plethora of attempts to discover biomarkers that are more reliable than α-fetoprotein for the early prediction and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Efforts have involved such fields as genomics, transcriptomics, epigenetics, microRNA, exosomes, proteomics, glycoproteomics, and metabolomics. HCC arises against a background of inflammation, steatosis, and cirrhosis, due mainly to hepatic insults caused by alcohol abuse, hepatitis B and C virus infection, adiposity, and diabetes. Metabolomics offers an opportunity, without recourse to liver biopsy, to discover biomarkers for premalignant liver disease, thereby alerting the potential of impending HCC. We have reviewed metabolomic studies in alcoholic liver disease (ALD), cholestasis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL), and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Specificity was our major criterion in proposing clinical evaluation of indole-3-lactic acid, phenyllactic acid, N-lauroylglycine, decatrienoate, N-acetyltaurine for ALD, urinary sulfated bile acids for cholestasis, cervonoyl ethanolamide for fibrosis, 16α-hydroxyestrone for cirrhosis, and the pattern of acyl carnitines for NAFL and NASH. These examples derive from a large body of published metabolomic observations in various liver diseases in adults, adolescents, and children, together with animal models. Many other options have been tabulated. Metabolomic biomarkers for premalignant liver disease may help reduce the incidence of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeffrey R. Idle
- Arthur G. Zupko’s Division of Systems Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Arnold & Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Long Island University, 75 Dekalb Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA;
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17
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Yonke JA, Cherian G. Choline supplementation alters egg production performance and hepatic oxidative status of laying hens fed high-docosahexaenoic acid microalgae. Poult Sci 2020; 98:5661-5668. [PMID: 31222319 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effect of choline as a means of increasing docosahexaenoic acid (22:6 n-3, DHA) deposition in egg yolks of hens fed a high-DHA microalgae product. Fifty-six, 26-wk-old, White Leghorn hens were kept in individual cages and randomly allocated to 1 of 4 dietary treatments, each with 7 replicate groups of 2 hens (n = 7 per treatment). The experimental diets were corn and soybean meal based, with 0% microalgae (control), 1% microalgae and no additional choline chloride (Alg), and Alg plus choline chloride at 0.1% (Ch0.1) and 0.2% (Ch0.2). The feeding trial lasted 16 wk. The data were fit as a general linear mixed model to generate least square means in response to diet. Variables measured multiple times during the study were fit as repeated measures. Using orthogonal contrasts, Alg was compared to control, and Ch0.1 and Ch0.2 were compared separately to Alg. Ch0.1 increased hen day egg production (P < 0.05) and Haugh unit (P < 0.05), and reduced feed conversion ratio (P < 0.05) compared to Alg, but Ch0.2 did not. Alg increased egg DHA (P < 0.001), phosphatidylethanolamine (P < 0.05), and phosphatidylcholine (P < 0.001) compared to control, but Ch0.1 or Ch0.2 had no effect compared to Alg (P > 0.05). In the liver, Alg increased lipid peroxidation products compared to control (P < 0.01), and Ch0.1 reduced them compared to Alg (P < 0.01). Both Ch0.1 and Ch0.2 increased hepatic concentrations of γ- (P < 0.05; P < 0.001) and α-tocopherol (P < 0.01; P < 0.001), and Ch0.1 increased γ-tocopherol concentration in eggs compared to Alg (P < 0.05). The results from the current study suggest that supplemental choline chloride in hen diets containing microalgae can improve production performance and egg quality, and protect the liver from oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Yonke
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - Gita Cherian
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
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18
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Soto-Alarcón SA, Ortiz M, Orellana P, Echeverría F, Bustamante A, Espinosa A, Illesca P, Gonzalez-Mañán D, Valenzuela R, Videla LA. Docosahexaenoic acid and hydroxytyrosol co-administration fully prevents liver steatosis and related parameters in mice subjected to high-fat diet: A molecular approach. Biofactors 2019; 45:930-943. [PMID: 31454114 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Attenuation of high-fat diet (HFD)-induced liver steatosis is accomplished by different nutritional interventions. Considering that the n-3 PUFA docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) modulates lipid metabolism and the antioxidant hydroxytyrosol (HT) diminishes oxidative stress underlying fatty liver, it is hypothesized that HFD-induced steatosis is suppressed by DHA and HT co-administration. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed a control diet (CD; 10% fat, 20% protein, 70% carbohydrates) or a HFD (60% fat, 20% protein, 20% carbohydrates) for 12 weeks, without and with supplementation of DHA (50 mg/kg/day), HT (5 mg/kg/day) or both. The combined DHA + HT protocol fully prevented liver steatosis and the concomitant pro-inflammatory state induced by HFD, with suppression of lipogenic and oxidative stress signaling, recovery of fatty acid oxidation capacity and enhancement in resolvin availability affording higher inflammation resolution capability. Abrogation of HFD-induced hepatic steatosis by DHA and HT co-administration represents a crucial therapeutic strategy eluding disease progression into stages lacking efficacious handling at present time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Macarena Ortiz
- Nutrition and Dietetics School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Catholic University of Maule, Curicó, Chile
| | - Paula Orellana
- Nutrition Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Andrés Bustamante
- Nutrition Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandra Espinosa
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paola Illesca
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Biochemistry, University of Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | | | - Rodrigo Valenzuela
- Nutrition Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis A Videla
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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19
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Cha SH, Hwang Y, Heo SJ, Jun HS. Indole-4-carboxaldehyde Isolated from Seaweed, Sargassum thunbergii, Attenuates Methylglyoxal-Induced Hepatic Inflammation. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:E486. [PMID: 31438528 PMCID: PMC6780312 DOI: 10.3390/md17090486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose degradation is aberrantly increased in hyperglycemia, which causes various harmful effects on the liver. Glyoxalase-1 (Glo-1) is a ubiquitous cellular enzyme that participates in the detoxification of methylglyoxal (MGO), a cytotoxic byproduct of glycolysis that induces protein modification (advanced glycation end-products, AGEs) and inflammation. Here, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of indole-4-carboxaldehyde (ST-I4C), which was isolated from the edible seaweed Sargassum thunbergii, on MGO-induced inflammation in HepG2 cells, a human hepatocyte cell line. ST-I4C attenuated the MGO-induced expression of inflammatory-related genes, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IFN-γ by activating nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) without toxicity in HepG2 cells. In addition, ST-I4C reduced the MGO-induced AGE formation and the expression of the receptor for AGE (RAGE). Interestingly, both the mRNA and protein expression levels of Glo-1 increased following ST-I4C treatment, and the decrease in Glo-1 mRNA expression caused by MGO exposure was rescued by ST-I4C pretreatment. These results suggest that ST-I4C shows anti-inflammatory activity against MGO-induced inflammation in human hepatocytes by preventing an increase in the pro-inflammatory gene expression and AGE formation. Therefore, it represents a potential therapeutic agent for the prevention of hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon-Heui Cha
- Department of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Hanseo University, Chungcheongnam-do 31962, Korea
| | - Yongha Hwang
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea
| | - Soo-Jin Heo
- Jeju International Marine Science Center for Research & Education, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology (KIOST), Jeju 63349, Korea
| | - Hee-Sook Jun
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea.
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea.
- Gachon Medical and Convergence Institute, Gachon Gil Medical Center, Incheon 21999, Korea.
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20
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Orang Z, Mozaffari-Khosravi H, Sivandzadeh G, Pantovic A. The effect of omega-3 supplementation on glycemic indices and lipid profile in type 2 diabetic patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A double-blind, randomized, clinical trial. MEDITERRANEAN JOURNAL OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2019. [DOI: 10.3233/mnm-180265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Orang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Hassan Mozaffari-Khosravi
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - GholamReza Sivandzadeh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterohepatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ana Pantovic
- Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Serbia
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21
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Videla LA. Combined docosahexaenoic acid and thyroid hormone supplementation as a protocol supporting energy supply to precondition and afford protection against metabolic stress situations. IUBMB Life 2019; 71:1211-1220. [PMID: 31091354 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Liver preconditioning (PC) refers to the development of an enhanced tolerance to injuring stimuli. For example, the protection from ischemia-reperfusion (IR) in the liver that is obtained by previous maneuvers triggering beneficial molecular and functional changes. Recently, we have assessed the PC effects of thyroid hormone (T3; single dose of 0.1 mg/kg) and n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFAs; daily doses of 450 mg/kg for 7 days) that abrogate IR injury to the liver. This feature is also achieved by a combined T3 and the n-3 LCPUFA docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) using a reduced period of supplementation of the FA (daily doses of 300 mg/kg for 3 days) and half of the T3 dosage (0.05 mg/kg). T3 -dependent protective mechanisms include (i) the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent activation of transcription factors nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), AP-1, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, and nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) upregulating the expression of protective proteins. (ii) ROS-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress affording proper protein folding. (iii) The autophagy response to produce FAs for oxidation and ATP supply and amino acids for protein synthesis. (iv) Downregulation of inflammasome nucleotide-bonding oligomerization domain leucine-rich repeat containing family pyrin containing 3 and interleukin-1β expression to prevent inflammation. N-3 LCPUFAs induce antioxidant responses due to Nrf2 upregulation, with inflammation resolution being related to production of oxidation products and NF-κB downregulation. Energy supply to achieve liver PC is met by the combined DHA plus T3 protocol through upregulation of AMPK coupled to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α signaling. In conclusion, DHA plus T3 coadministration favors hepatic bioenergetics and lipid homeostasis that is of crucial importance in acute and clinical conditions such as IR, which may be extended to long-term or chronic situations including steatosis in obesity and diabetes. © 2019 IUBMB Life, 71(9):1211-1220, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Videla
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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22
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Garcia-Jaramillo M, Spooner MH, Löhr CV, Wong CP, Zhang W, Jump DB. Lipidomic and transcriptomic analysis of western diet-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in female Ldlr -/- mice. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214387. [PMID: 30943218 PMCID: PMC6447358 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease worldwide, particularly in obese and type 2 diabetic individuals. NAFLD ranges in severity from benign steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH); and NASH can progress to cirrhosis, primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and liver failure. As such, NAFLD has emerged as a major public health concern. Herein, we used a lipidomic and transcriptomic approach to identify lipid markers associated with western diet (WD) induced NASH in female mice. METHODS Female mice (low-density lipoprotein receptor null (Ldlr -/-) were fed a reference or WD diet for 38 and 46 weeks. Transcriptomic and lipidomic approaches, coupled with statistical analyses, were used to identify associations between major NASH markers and transcriptomic & lipidomic markers. RESULTS The WD induced all major hallmarks of NASH in female Ldlr -/- mice, including steatosis (SFA, MUFA, MUFA-containing di- and triacylglycerols), inflammation (TNFα), oxidative stress (Ncf2), and fibrosis (Col1A). The WD also increased transcripts associated with membrane remodeling (LpCat), apoptosis & autophagy (Casp1, CtsS), hedgehog (Taz) & notch signaling (Hey1), epithelial-mesenchymal transition (S1004A) and cancer (Gpc3). WD feeding, however, suppressed the expression of the hedgehog inhibitory protein (Hhip), and enzymes involved in triglyceride catabolism (Tgh/Ces3, Ces1g), as well as the hepatic abundance of C18-22 PUFA-containing phosphoglycerolipids (GpCho, GpEtn, GpSer, GpIns). WD feeding also increased hepatic cyclooxygenase (Cox1 & 2) expression and pro-inflammatory ω6 PUFA-derived oxylipins (PGE2), as well as lipid markers of oxidative stress (8-iso-PGF2α). The WD suppressed the hepatic abundance of reparative oxylipins (19, 20-DiHDPA) as well as the expression of enzymes involved in fatty epoxide metabolism (Cyp2C, Ephx). CONCLUSION WD-induced NASH in female Ldlr -/- mice was characterized by a massive increase in hepatic neutral and membrane lipids containing SFA and MUFA and a loss of C18-22 PUFA-containing membrane lipids. Moreover, the WD increased hepatic pro-inflammatory oxylipins and suppressed the hepatic abundance of reparative oxylipins. Such global changes in the type and abundance of hepatic lipids likely contributes to tissue remodeling and NASH severity.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/complications
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diet, Western/adverse effects
- Disease Models, Animal
- Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated/metabolism
- Fatty Acids, Omega-3/genetics
- Female
- Fibrosis/complications
- Fibrosis/genetics
- Fibrosis/metabolism
- Humans
- Lipid Metabolism/genetics
- Lipidomics
- Liver Neoplasms/complications
- Liver Neoplasms/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/complications
- Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/genetics
- Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/metabolism
- Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/pathology
- Obesity/complications
- Obesity/genetics
- Obesity/metabolism
- Oxidative Stress/genetics
- Receptors, LDL/genetics
- Transcriptome/genetics
- Triglycerides/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Garcia-Jaramillo
- The Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
- The Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Melinda H. Spooner
- The Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
- The Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Christiane V. Löhr
- Anatomic Pathology, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Carmen P. Wong
- The Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
- The Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Weijian Zhang
- The Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Donald B. Jump
- The Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
- The Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
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23
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Feng S, Gan L, Yang CS, Liu AB, Lu W, Shao P, Dai Z, Sun P, Luo Z. Effects of Stigmasterol and β-Sitosterol on Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in a Mouse Model: A Lipidomic Analysis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:3417-3425. [PMID: 29583004 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b06146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To study the effects of stigmasterol and β-sitosterol on high-fat Western diet (HFWD)-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), lipidomic analyses were conducted in liver samples collected after 33 weeks of the treatment. Principal component analysis showed these phytosterols were effective in protecting against HFWD-induced NAFLD. Orthogonal projections to latent structures-discriminate analysis (OPLS-DA) and S-plots showed that triacylglycerols (TGs), phosphatidylcholines, cholesteryl esters, diacylglycerols, and free fatty acids (FFAs) were the major lipid species contributing to these discriminations. The alleviation of NAFLD is mainly associated with decreases in hepatic cholesterol, TGs with polyunsaturated fatty acids, and alterations of free hepatic FFA. In conclusion, phytosterols, at a dose comparable to that suggested for humans by the FDA for the reduction of plasma cholesterol levels, are shown to protect against NAFLD in this long-term (33-week) study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simin Feng
- Department of Food Science and Technology , Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310014 , People's Republic of China
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy , Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey , Piscataway , New Jersey 08854 , United States
- Zhejiang University , College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agri-Food Processing , Hangzhou 310058 , People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Gan
- Department of Food Science and Technology , Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310014 , People's Republic of China
| | - Chung S Yang
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy , Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey , Piscataway , New Jersey 08854 , United States
| | - Anna B Liu
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy , Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey , Piscataway , New Jersey 08854 , United States
| | - Wenyun Lu
- Department of Chemistry & Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics , Princeton University , Princeton , New Jersey 08544 , United States
| | - Ping Shao
- Department of Food Science and Technology , Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310014 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuqing Dai
- Institute of Agro-product Processing , Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Nanjing 210014 , People's Republic of China
| | - Peilong Sun
- Department of Food Science and Technology , Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310014 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zisheng Luo
- Zhejiang University , College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agri-Food Processing , Hangzhou 310058 , People's Republic of China
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24
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Spanos C, Maldonado EM, Fisher CP, Leenutaphong P, Oviedo-Orta E, Windridge D, Salguero FJ, Bermúdez-Fajardo A, Weeks ME, Evans C, Corfe BM, Rabbani N, Thornalley PJ, Miller MH, Wang H, Dillon JF, Quaglia A, Dhawan A, Fitzpatrick E, Moore JB. Proteomic identification and characterization of hepatic glyoxalase 1 dysregulation in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Proteome Sci 2018; 16:4. [PMID: 29456458 PMCID: PMC5813374 DOI: 10.1186/s12953-018-0131-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease worldwide. However, its molecular pathogenesis is incompletely characterized and clinical biomarkers remain scarce. The aims of these experiments were to identify and characterize liver protein alterations in an animal model of early, diet-related, liver injury and to assess novel candidate biomarkers in NAFLD patients. Methods Liver membrane and cytosolic protein fractions from high fat fed apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE−/−) animals were analyzed by quantitative proteomics, utilizing isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) combined with nano-liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (nLC-MS/MS). Differential protein expression was confirmed independently by immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry in both murine tissue and biopsies from paediatric NAFLD patients. Candidate biomarkers were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in serum from adult NAFLD patients. Results Through proteomic profiling, we identified decreased expression of hepatic glyoxalase 1 (GLO1) in a murine model. GLO1 protein expression was also found altered in tissue biopsies from paediatric NAFLD patients. In vitro experiments demonstrated that, in response to lipid loading in hepatocytes, GLO1 is first hyperacetylated then ubiquitinated and degraded, leading to an increase in reactive methylglyoxal. In a cohort of 59 biopsy-confirmed adult NAFLD patients, increased serum levels of the primary methylglyoxal-derived advanced glycation endproduct, hydroimidazolone (MG-H1) were significantly correlated with body mass index (r = 0.520, p < 0.0001). Conclusion Collectively these results demonstrate the dysregulation of GLO1 in NAFLD and implicate the acetylation-ubquitination degradation pathway as the functional mechanism. Further investigation of the role of GLO1 in the molecular pathogenesis of NAFLD is warranted. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12953-018-0131-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Spanos
- 1Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH UK
| | - Elaina M Maldonado
- 1Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH UK
| | - Ciarán P Fisher
- 1Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH UK
| | - Petchpailin Leenutaphong
- 1Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH UK
| | - Ernesto Oviedo-Orta
- 1Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH UK
| | - David Windridge
- 1Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH UK
| | - Francisco J Salguero
- 1Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH UK
| | - Alexandra Bermúdez-Fajardo
- 1Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH UK
| | - Mark E Weeks
- 2Institute of Child Health, University College London, WC1N 1EH, London, UK
| | - Caroline Evans
- 3Biological and Systems Engineering Group, ChELSI Institute, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, S1 3JD, Sheffield, UK
| | - Bernard M Corfe
- 4Molecular Gastroenterology Research Group, Department of Oncology and Insigneo Institute for in silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, S10 2RX, Sheffield, UK
| | - Naila Rabbani
- Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, University Hospital, Coventry, CV2 2DX UK
| | - Paul J Thornalley
- Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, University Hospital, Coventry, CV2 2DX UK
| | - Michael H Miller
- 6Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, DD1 9SY UK
| | - Huan Wang
- 6Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, DD1 9SY UK
| | - John F Dillon
- 6Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, DD1 9SY UK
| | - Alberto Quaglia
- 7Paediatric Liver, GI and Nutrition Centre, King's College London School of Medicine, London, SE5 9RS UK
| | - Anil Dhawan
- 7Paediatric Liver, GI and Nutrition Centre, King's College London School of Medicine, London, SE5 9RS UK
| | - Emer Fitzpatrick
- 7Paediatric Liver, GI and Nutrition Centre, King's College London School of Medicine, London, SE5 9RS UK
| | - J Bernadette Moore
- 1Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH UK.,8School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT UK
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25
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Valentine WJ, Tokuoka SM, Hishikawa D, Kita Y, Shindou H, Shimizu T. LPAAT3 incorporates docosahexaenoic acid into skeletal muscle cell membranes and is upregulated by PPARδ activation. J Lipid Res 2017; 59:184-194. [PMID: 29284664 PMCID: PMC5794415 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m077321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaption of skeletal muscle to endurance exercise includes PPARδ- and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/PPARγ coactivator 1α-mediated transcriptional responses that result in increased oxidative capacity and conversion of glycolytic to more oxidative fiber types. These changes are associated with whole-body metabolic alterations including improved glucose handling and resistance to obesity. Increased DHA (22:6n-3) content in phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) is also reported in endurance exercise-trained glycolytic muscle; however, the DHA-metabolizing enzymes involved and the biological significance of the enhanced DHA content are unknown. In the present study, we identified lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase (LPAAT)3 as an enzyme that was upregulated in myoblasts during in vitro differentiation and selectively incorporated DHA into PC and PE. LPAAT3 expression was increased by pharmacological activators of PPARδ or AMPK, and combination treatment led to further increased LPAAT3 expression and enhanced incorporation of DHA into PC and PE. Our results indicate that LPAAT3 was upregulated by exercise-induced signaling pathways and suggest that LPAAT3 may also contribute to the enhanced phospholipid-DHA content of endurance-trained muscles. Identification of DHA-metabolizing enzymes in the skeletal muscle will help to elucidate broad metabolic effects of DHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Valentine
- Department of Lipid Signaling, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Suzumi M Tokuoka
- Departments of Lipidomics University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hishikawa
- Department of Lipid Signaling, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kita
- Departments of Lipidomics University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,Life Sciences Core Facility, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hideo Shindou
- Department of Lipid Signaling, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan .,Lipid Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED) Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - Takao Shimizu
- Department of Lipid Signaling, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan.,Departments of Lipidomics University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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26
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Deficiency of essential dietary n-3 PUFA disrupts the caecal microbiome and metabolome in mice. Br J Nutr 2017; 118:959-970. [PMID: 29173237 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114517002999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
n-3 PUFA are lipids that play crucial roles in immune-regulation, cardio-protection and neurodevelopment. However, little is known about the role that these essential dietary fats play in modulating caecal microbiota composition and the subsequent production of functional metabolites. To investigate this, female C57BL/6 mice were assigned to one of three diets (control (CON), n-3 supplemented (n3+) or n-3 deficient (n3-)) during gestation, following which their male offspring were continued on the same diets for 12 weeks. Caecal content of mothers and offspring were collected for 16S sequencing and metabolic phenotyping. n3- male offspring displayed significantly less % fat mass than n3+ and CON. n-3 Status also induced a number of changes to gut microbiota composition such that n3- offspring had greater abundance of Tenericutes, Anaeroplasma and Coriobacteriaceae. Metabolomics analysis revealed an increase in caecal metabolites involved in energy metabolism in n3+ including α-ketoglutaric acid, malic acid and fumaric acid. n3- animals displayed significantly reduced acetate, butyrate and total caecal SCFA production. These results demonstrate that dietary n-3 PUFA regulate gut microbiota homoeostasis whereby n-3 deficiency may induce a state of disturbance. Further studies are warranted to examine whether these microbial and metabolic disturbances are causally related to changes in metabolic health outcomes.
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27
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Insight into the contribution of isoprostanoids to the health effects of omega 3 PUFAs. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2017; 133:111-122. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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28
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Sellmann C, Baumann A, Brandt A, Jin CJ, Nier A, Bergheim I. Oral Supplementation of Glutamine Attenuates the Progression of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis in C57BL/6J Mice. J Nutr 2017; 147:2041-2049. [PMID: 28931589 DOI: 10.3945/jn.117.253815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Universally accepted therapeutic strategies for the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are still lacking. Studies suggest a preventive effect of oral Gln supplementation on the development of NASH; however, whether Gln also has therapeutic potential for pre-existing NASH has not yet been clarified.Objective: The aim of the present study was to determine whether Gln prevents the progression of diet-induced NASH in mice.Methods: For 8 wk, female C57BL/6J mice (6-8 wk old) were pair-fed a liquid Western-style diet [WSD, 25% of energy from fat, 50% wt:wt fructose, 0.16% wt:wt cholesterol] or control diet (C diet) to induce liver damage. From week 8 to 13, they were pair-fed the C diet or WSD alone or supplemented with l-Gln to provide 2.1 g/kg body weight (C diet + Gln or WSD + Gln). Energy intake was adjusted to the group with the lowest energy intake. Indexes of liver damage and inflammation, intestinal barrier function, and toll-like receptor 4 (Tlr4) signaling in the liver were determined.Results: The liver histology scores significantly increased from 8 to 13 wk (+31%) in WSD-fed mice and were significantly higher than in controls (P ≤ 0.05 for both time comparisons), whereas scores did not differ between C diet-fed and WSD + Gln-fed mice after 13 wk of feeding. The occludin protein concentrations in the small intestinal tissue were similarly reduced in both WSD-fed groups when compared with controls [WSD compared with C diet (-53%) and C diet + Gln (-42%), P ≤ 0.05; WSD + Gln compared with C diet + Gln (-34%), P ≤ 0.05] after 13 wk, whereas the expression of myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 mRNA and concentration of inducible nitric oxide synthase and 4-hydroxynonenal protein adducts were significantly higher only in livers of WSD-fed mice (P ≤ 0.05 for the WSD group compared with all other groups; WSD + Gln group compared with the C diet groups: NS).Conclusion: Taken together, our data suggest that oral Gln supplementation protects mice from the progression of pre-existing, WSD-induced NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathrin Sellmann
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, SD Model Systems of Molecular Nutrition, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany; and
| | - Anja Baumann
- Molecular Nutritional Science Division, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Annette Brandt
- Molecular Nutritional Science Division, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Cheng Jun Jin
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, SD Model Systems of Molecular Nutrition, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany; and
| | - Anika Nier
- Molecular Nutritional Science Division, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ina Bergheim
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, SD Model Systems of Molecular Nutrition, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany; and .,Molecular Nutritional Science Division, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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29
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Fatty Acids Consumption: The Role Metabolic Aspects Involved in Obesity and Its Associated Disorders. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9101158. [PMID: 29065507 PMCID: PMC5691774 DOI: 10.3390/nu9101158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and its associated disorders, such as insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, metabolic inflammation, dysbiosis, and non-alcoholic hepatic steatosis, are involved in several molecular and inflammatory mechanisms that alter the metabolism. Food habit changes, such as the quality of fatty acids in the diet, are proposed to treat and prevent these disorders. Some studies demonstrated that saturated fatty acids (SFA) are considered detrimental for treating these disorders. A high fat diet rich in palmitic acid, a SFA, is associated with lower insulin sensitivity and it may also increase atherosclerosis parameters. On the other hand, a high intake of eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) fatty acids may promote positive effects, especially on triglyceride levels and increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels. Moreover, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) are effective at limiting the hepatic steatosis process through a series of biochemical events, such as reducing the markers of non-alcoholic hepatic steatosis, increasing the gene expression of lipid metabolism, decreasing lipogenic activity, and releasing adiponectin. This current review shows that the consumption of unsaturated fatty acids, MUFA, and PUFA, and especially EPA and DHA, which can be applied as food supplements, may promote effects on glucose and lipid metabolism, as well as on metabolic inflammation, gut microbiota, and hepatic metabolism.
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30
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Jump DB, Lytle KA, Depner CM, Tripathy S. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids as a treatment strategy for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Pharmacol Ther 2017; 181:108-125. [PMID: 28723414 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Obese and type 2 diabetic (T2DM) patients have a high prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). NAFLD is a continuum of chronic liver diseases ranging from benign hepatosteatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), cirrhosis and primary hepatocellular cancer (HCC). Because of its strong association with the obesity epidemic, NAFLD is rapidly becoming a major public health concern worldwide. Surprisingly, there are no FDA approved NAFLD therapies; and current therapies focus on the co-morbidities associated with NAFLD, namely, obesity, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. The goal of this review is to provide background on the disease process, discuss human studies and preclinical models that have examined treatment options. We also provide an in-depth rationale for the use of dietary ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (ω3 PUFA) supplements as a treatment option for NAFLD. This focus is based on recent studies indicating that NASH patients and preclinical mouse models of NASH have low levels of hepatic C20-22 ω3 PUFA. This decline in hepatic PUFA may account for the major phenotypic features associated with NASH, including steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis. Finally, our discussion will address the strengths and limitations of ω3 PUFA supplements use in NAFLD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald B Jump
- Molecular Nutrition and Diabetes Research Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States.
| | - Kelli A Lytle
- Molecular Nutrition and Diabetes Research Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States
| | - Christopher M Depner
- Molecular Nutrition and Diabetes Research Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States
| | - Sasmita Tripathy
- Molecular Nutrition and Diabetes Research Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States
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31
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Lytle KA, Wong CP, Jump DB. Docosahexaenoic acid blocks progression of western diet-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in obese Ldlr-/- mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173376. [PMID: 28422962 PMCID: PMC5396882 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major public health concern in western societies. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), the progressive form of NAFLD, is characterized by hepatic steatosis, inflammation, oxidative stress and fibrosis. NASH is a risk factor for cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. NASH is predicted to be the leading cause of liver transplants by 2020. Despite this growing public health concern, there remain no Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved NASH treatments. Using Ldlr-/- mice as a preclinical model of western diet (WD)-induced NASH, we previously established that dietary supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6,ω3) attenuated WD-induced NASH in a prevention study. Herein, we evaluated the capacity of DHA supplementation of the WD and a low fat diet to fully reverse NASH in mice with pre-existing disease. Methods Ldlr-/- mice fed the WD for 22 wks developed metabolic syndrome (MetS) and a severe NASH phenotype, including obesity, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, hepatic steatosis, inflammation, fibrosis and low hepatic polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content. These mice were randomized to 5 groups: a baseline group (WDB, sacrificed at 22 wks) and 4 treatments: 1) WD + olive oil (WDO); 2) WD + DHA (WDD); 3) returned to chow + olive oil (WDChO); or 4) returned to chow + DHA (WDChD). The four treatment groups were maintained on their respective diets for 8 wks. An additional group was maintained on standard laboratory chow (Reference Diet, RD) for the 30-wk duration of the study. Results When compared to the WDB group, the WDO group displayed increased hepatic expression of genes linked to inflammation (Opn, Il1rn, Gdf15), hepatic fibrosis (collagen staining, Col1A1, Thbs2, Lox) reflecting disease progression. Mice in the WDD group, in contrast, had increased hepatic C20-22 ω3 PUFA and no evidence of NASH progression. MetS and NASH markers in the WDChO or WDChD groups were significantly attenuated and marginally different from the RD group, reflecting disease remission. Conclusion While these studies establish that DHA supplementation of the WD blocks WD-induced NASH progression, DHA alone does not promote full remission of diet-induced MetS or NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelli A. Lytle
- Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Carmen P. Wong
- Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Donald B. Jump
- Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Lipid functions in skin: Differential effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on cutaneous ceramides, in a human skin organ culture model. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2017; 1859:1679-1689. [PMID: 28341437 PMCID: PMC5504780 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ceramides are important for skin health, with a multitude of species found in both dermis and epidermis. The epidermis contains linoleic acid-Ester-linked Omega-hydroxylated ceramides of 6-Hydroxy-sphingosine, Sphingosine and Phytosphingosine bases (CER[EOH], CER[EOS] and CER[EOP], respectively), that are crucial for the formation of the epidermal barrier, conferring protection from environmental factors and preventing trans-epidermal water loss. Furthermore, a large number of ceramides, derivatives of the same sphingoid bases and various fatty acids, are produced by dermal and epidermal cells and perform signalling roles in cell functions ranging from differentiation to apoptosis. Supplementation with the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have shown promise as therapeutic agents in a number of inflammatory skin conditions, altering the lipid profile of the skin and production of bioactive lipids such as the eicosanoids, docosanoids and endocannabinoids. In this study we wished to investigate whether EPA and DHA could also affect the ceramide profile in epidermis and dermis, and, in this way, contribute to formation of a robust lipid barrier and ceramide-mediated regulation of skin functions. Ex vivo skin explants were cultured for 6 days, and supplemented with EPA or DHA (50 μM). Liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry with electrospray ionisation was used to assess the prevalence of 321 individual ceramide species, and a number of sphingoid bases, phosphorylated sphingoid bases, and phosphorylated ceramides, within the dermis and epidermis. EPA augmented dermal production of members of the ceramide families containing Non-hydroxy fatty acids and Sphingosine or Dihydrosphingosine bases (CER[NS] and CER[NDS], respectively), while epidermal CER[EOH], CER[EOS] and CER[EOP] ceramides were not affected. DHA did not significantly affect ceramide production. Ceramide-1-phosphate levels in the epidermis, but not the dermis, increased in response to EPA, but not DHA. This ex vivo study shows that dietary supplementation with EPA has the potential to alter the ceramide profile of the skin, and this may contribute to its anti-inflammatory profile. This has implications for formation of the epidermal lipid barrier, and signalling pathways within the skin mediated by ceramides and other sphingolipid species. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Membrane Lipid Therapy: Drugs Targeting Biomembranes edited by Pablo V. Escribá. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation alters ex vivo skin ceramide profiles Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) increases dermal ceramides with non-hydroxy fatty acids (CER[NS] and CER[NDS]) EPA increases ceramide-1-phosphate (C1P) in the epidermis but not dermis Long-chain linoleic-acid-containing ceramides were unaltered by EPA or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
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Liquiritigenin attenuates cardiac injury induced by high fructose-feeding through fibrosis and inflammation suppression. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 86:694-704. [PMID: 28039849 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.12.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes combined with cardiomyopathy is considered as an essential complication, showing diastolic persistently and causing cardiac injury, which is linked to fibrosis progression and inflammation response. Fibrosis and inflammation response are two markers for cardiomyopathy. Liquiritigenin is a flavanone, isolated from Radix glycyrrhiza, which exhibits various biological properties, including anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory activities. Here, in our study, the protective effects and anti-inflammatory activity of liquiritigenin were explored in mice and cardiac muscle cells treated by fructose to reveal the possible mechanism by which liquiritigenin attenuates cardiac injury. The mice were separated into five groups. The diabetic model of mouse was established with 30% high fructose feeding. Liquiritigenin dramatically reduced the lipid accumulation induced by high fructose diet. Compared to mice only treated with high fructose, mice in the presence of liquiritigenin after fructose feeding developed less cardiac fibrosis with lower levels of alpha smooth muscle-actin (α-SMA), Collagen type I, Collagen type II, TGF-β1 and Procol1a1. Additionally, liquiritigenin markedly down-regulated inflammatory cytokines secretion and phosphorylated NF-κB via inhibiting IKKα/IκBα signaling pathway. Our results indicate that liquiritigenin has a protective role in high fructose feeding-triggered cardiac injury through fibrosis and inflammation response suppression by inactivating NF-κB signaling pathway. Thus, liquiritigenin may be a potential candidate for diabetes-associated cardiac injury.
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Ilan Y. Compounds of the sphingomyelin-ceramide-glycosphingolipid pathways as secondary messenger molecules: new targets for novel therapies for fatty liver disease and insulin resistance. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 310:G1102-17. [PMID: 27173510 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00095.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The compounds of sphingomyelin-ceramide-glycosphingolipid pathways have been studied as potential secondary messenger molecules in various systems, along with liver function and insulin resistance. Secondary messenger molecules act directly or indirectly to affect cell organelles and intercellular interactions. Their potential role in the pathogenesis of steatohepatitis and diabetes has been suggested. Data samples collected from patients with Gaucher's disease, who had high levels of glucocerebroside, support a role for compounds from these pathways as a messenger molecules in the pathogenesis of fatty liver disease and diabetes. The present review summarizes some of the recent data on the role of glycosphingolipid molecules as messenger molecules in various physiological and pathological conditions, more specifically including insulin resistance and fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaron Ilan
- Gastroenterology and Liver Units, Department of Medicine, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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Lian J, Wei E, Groenendyk J, Das SK, Hermansson M, Li L, Watts R, Thiesen A, Oudit GY, Michalak M, Lehner R. Ces3/TGH Deficiency Attenuates Steatohepatitis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25747. [PMID: 27181051 PMCID: PMC4867576 DOI: 10.1038/srep25747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common form of chronic liver disease in developed countries. NAFLD describes a wide range of liver pathologies from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and cirrhosis. NASH is distinguished from simple steatosis by inflammation, cell death and fibrosis. In this study we found that mice lacking triacylglycerol hydrolase (TGH, also known as carboxylesterase 3 or carboxylesterase 1d) are protected from high-fat diet (HFD) - induced hepatic steatosis via decreased lipogenesis, increased fatty acid oxidation and improved hepatic insulin sensitivity. To examine the effect of the loss of TGH function on the more severe NAFLD form NASH, we ablated Tgh expression in two independent NASH mouse models, Pemt(-/-) mice fed HFD and Ldlr(-/-) mice fed high-fat, high-cholesterol Western-type diet (WTD). TGH deficiency reduced liver inflammation, oxidative stress and fibrosis in Pemt(-/-) mice. TGH deficiency also decreased NASH in Ldlr(-/-) mice. Collectively, these findings indicate that TGH deficiency attenuated both simple hepatic steatosis and irreversible NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihong Lian
- Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Enhui Wei
- Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jody Groenendyk
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Subhash K. Das
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Martin Hermansson
- Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Lena Li
- Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Russell Watts
- Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Aducio Thiesen
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Gavin Y. Oudit
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Marek Michalak
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Richard Lehner
- Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Sui YH, Luo WJ, Xu QY, Hua J. Dietary saturated fatty acid and polyunsaturated fatty acid oppositely affect hepatic NOD-like receptor protein 3 inflammasome through regulating nuclear factor-kappa B activation. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:2533-2544. [PMID: 26937141 PMCID: PMC4768199 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i8.2533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Revised: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effect of different dietary fatty acids on hepatic inflammasome activation.
METHODS: Wild-type C57BL/6 mice were fed either a high-fat diet or polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-enriched diet. Primary hepatocytes were treated with either saturated fatty acids (SFAs) or PUFAs as well as combined with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The expression of NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) was determined by real-time PCR and Western blot. The activity of Caspase-1 and interleukine-1β production were measured.
RESULTS: High-fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis was sufficient to induce and activate hepatic NLRP3 inflammasome. SFA palmitic acid (PA) directly activated NLRP3 inflammasome and increased sensitization to LPS-induced inflammasome activation in hepatocytes. In contrast, PUFA docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) had the potential to inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome expression in hepatocytes and partly abolished LPS-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Furthermore, a high-fat diet increased but PUFA-enriched diet decreased sensitization to LPS-induced hepatic NLRP3 inflammasome activation in vivo. Moreover, PA increased but DHA decreased phosphorylated NF-κB p65 protein expression in hepatocytes.
CONCLUSION: Hepatic NLRP3 inflammasome activation played an important role in the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Dietary SFAs and PUFAs oppositely regulated the activity of NLRP3 inflammasome through direct activation or inhibition of NF-κB.
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Jump DB, Depner CM, Tripathy S, Lytle KA. Impact of dietary fat on the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in Ldlr-/- mice. Proc Nutr Soc 2016; 75:1-9. [PMID: 26282529 PMCID: PMC4720541 DOI: 10.1017/s002966511500244x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has increased in parallel with central obesity and is now the most common chronic liver disease in developed countries. NAFLD is defined as excessive accumulation of lipid in the liver, i.e. hepatosteatosis. The severity of NAFLD ranges from simple fatty liver (steatosis) to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Simple steatosis is relatively benign until it progresses to NASH, which is characterised by hepatic injury, inflammation, oxidative stress and fibrosis. Hepatic fibrosis is a risk factor for cirrhosis and primary hepatocellular carcinoma. Our studies have focused on the impact of diet on the onset and progression of NASH. We developed a mouse model of NASH by feeding Ldlr-/- mice a western diet (WD), a diet moderately high in saturated and trans-fat, sucrose and cholesterol. The WD induced a NASH phenotype in Ldlr-/- mice that recapitulates many of the clinical features of human NASH. We also assessed the capacity of the dietary n-3 PUFA, i.e. EPA (20 : 5,n-3) and DHA (22 : 6,n-3), to prevent WD-induced NASH in Ldlr-/- mice. Histologic, transcriptomic, lipidomic and metabolomic analyses established that DHA was equal or superior to EPA at attenuating WD-induced dyslipidemia and hepatic injury, inflammation, oxidative stress and fibrosis. Dietary n-3 PUFA, however, had no significant effect on WD-induced changes in body weight, body fat or blood glucose. These studies provide a molecular and metabolic basis for understanding the strengths and weaknesses of using dietary n-3 PUFA to prevent NASH in human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald B. Jump
- Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis Oregon, 97331, USA
| | - Christopher M. Depner
- Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis Oregon, 97331, USA
| | - Sasmita Tripathy
- Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis Oregon, 97331, USA
| | - Kelli A. Lytle
- Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis Oregon, 97331, USA
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Lytle KA, Jump DB. Is Western Diet-Induced Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis in Ldlr-/- Mice Reversible? PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146942. [PMID: 26761430 PMCID: PMC4711955 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major public health burden in western societies. The progressive form of NAFLD, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), is characterized by hepatosteatosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, and hepatic damage that can progress to fibrosis and cirrhosis; risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma. Given the scope of NASH, validating treatment protocols (i.e., low fat diets and weight loss) is imperative. Methods We evaluated the efficacy of two diets, a non-purified chow (NP) and purified (low-fat low-cholesterol, LFLC) diet to reverse western diet (WD)-induced NASH and fibrosis in Ldlr-/- mice. Results Mice fed WD for 22–24 weeks developed robust hepatosteatosis with mild fibrosis, while mice maintained on the WD an additional 7–8 weeks developed NASH with moderate fibrosis. Returning WD-fed mice to the NP or LFLC diets significantly reduced body weight and plasma markers of metabolic syndrome (dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia) and hepatic gene expression markers of inflammation (Mcp1), oxidative stress (Nox2), fibrosis (Col1A, LoxL2, Timp1) and collagen crosslinking (hydroxyproline). Time course analyses established that plasma triglycerides and hepatic Col1A1 mRNA were rapidly reduced following the switch from the WD to the LFLC diet. However, hepatic triglyceride content and fibrosis did not return to normal levels 8 weeks after the change to the LFLC diet. Time course studies further revealed a strong association (r2 ≥ 0.52) between plasma markers of inflammation (TLR2 activators) and hepatic fibrosis markers (Col1A, Timp1, LoxL2). Inflammation and fibrosis markers were inversely associated (r2 ≥ 0.32) with diet-induced changes in hepatic ω3 and ω6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) content. Conclusion These studies establish a temporal link between plasma markers of inflammation and hepatic PUFA and fibrosis. Low-fat low-cholesterol diets promote reversal of many, but not all, features associated with WD-induced NASH and fibrosis in Ldlr-/- mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelli A. Lytle
- Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Donald B. Jump
- Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Jump DB, Depner CM, Tripathy S, Lytle KA. Potential for dietary ω-3 fatty acids to prevent nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and reduce the risk of primary liver cancer. Adv Nutr 2015; 6:694-702. [PMID: 26567194 PMCID: PMC4642422 DOI: 10.3945/an.115.009423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has increased in parallel with central obesity, and its prevalence is anticipated to increase as the obesity epidemic remains unabated. NAFLD is now the most common cause of chronic liver disease in developed countries and is defined as excessive lipid accumulation in the liver, that is, hepatosteatosis. NAFLD ranges in severity from benign fatty liver to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and NASH is characterized by hepatic injury, inflammation, oxidative stress, and fibrosis. NASH can progress to cirrhosis, and cirrhosis is a risk factor for primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The prevention of NASH will lower the risk of cirrhosis and NASH-associated HCC. Our studies have focused on NASH prevention. We developed a model of NASH by using mice with the LDL cholesterol receptor gene ablated fed the Western diet (WD). The WD induces a NASH phenotype in these mice that is similar to that seen in humans and includes robust induction of hepatic steatosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, and fibrosis. With the use of transcriptomic, lipidomic, and metabolomic approaches, we examined the capacity of 2 dietary ω-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5ω-3; EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6ω-3; DHA), to prevent WD-induced NASH. Dietary DHA was superior to EPA at attenuating WD-induced changes in plasma lipids and hepatic injury and at reversing WD effects on hepatic metabolism, oxidative stress, and fibrosis. The outcome of these studies suggests that DHA may be useful in preventing NASH and reducing the risk of HCC.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Diet, Western/adverse effects
- Dietary Fats, Unsaturated/administration & dosage
- Dietary Fats, Unsaturated/therapeutic use
- Disease Models, Animal
- Docosahexaenoic Acids
- Eicosapentaenoic Acid
- Fatty Acids, Omega-3/administration & dosage
- Fatty Acids, Omega-3/therapeutic use
- Fatty Liver
- Hepatitis
- Humans
- Liver Cirrhosis
- Liver Neoplasms/prevention & control
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Obese
- Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/etiology
- Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/prevention & control
- Obesity/complications
- Obesity/epidemiology
- Obesity/etiology
- Oxidative Stress
- Receptors, LDL/deficiency
- Receptors, LDL/genetics
- Risk Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald B Jump
- Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
| | - Christopher M Depner
- Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
| | - Sasmita Tripathy
- Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
| | - Kelli A Lytle
- Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
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Abstract
Associated with the obesity epidemic, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the leading liver disease in North America. Approximately 30 % of patients with NAFLD may develop non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) that can lead to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Frequently animal models are used to help identify underlying factors contributing to NAFLD including insulin resistance, dysregulated lipid metabolism and mitochondrial stress. However, studying the inflammatory, progressive nature of NASH in the context of obesity has proven to be a challenge in mice. Although the development of effective treatment strategies for NAFLD and NASH is gaining momentum, the field is hindered by a lack of a concise animal model that reflects the development of liver disease during obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Therefore, selecting an animal model to study NAFLD or NASH must be done carefully to ensure the optimal application. The most widely used animal models have been reviewed highlighting their advantages and disadvantages to studying NAFLD and NASH specifically in the context of obesity.
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Delarue J, Lallès JP. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Roles of the gut and the liver and metabolic modulation by some dietary factors and especially long-chain n-3 PUFA. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015; 60:147-59. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Delarue
- Department of Nutritional Sciences; University Hospital and University of Brest; Brest France
- Breton Federation of Food and Human Nutrition (FED4216); University of Brest; Brest France
| | - Jean-Paul Lallès
- Breton Federation of Food and Human Nutrition (FED4216); University of Brest; Brest France
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique; UR1341; Alimentation et Adaptations Digestives; Nerveuses et Comportementales (ADNC); Saint-Gilles France
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine-Ouest; Nantes Cedex 1 France
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Lytle KA, Depner CM, Wong CP, Jump DB. Docosahexaenoic acid attenuates Western diet-induced hepatic fibrosis in Ldlr-/- mice by targeting the TGFβ-Smad3 pathway. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:1936-46. [PMID: 26315048 PMCID: PMC4583081 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m061275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
DHA (22:6,ω3), but not EPA (20:5,ω3), attenuates Western diet (WD)-induced hepatic fibrosis in a Ldlr(-/-) mouse model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. We examined the molecular basis for the differential effect of dietary EPA and DHA on WD-induced hepatic fibrosis. DHA was more effective than EPA at preventing WD-induced effects on hepatic transcripts linked to fibrosis, including collagen 1A1 (Col1A1), transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) signaling and proteins involved in remodeling the extracellular matrix, including metalloproteases, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteases, and lysyl oxidase subtypes. Examination of the TGFβ pathway showed that mice fed the WD supplemented with either olive oil or EPA had a significant (≥2.5-fold) increase in hepatic nuclear abundance of phospho-mothers against decapentaplegic homolog (Smad)3 when compared with mice fed the reference diet (RD); Smad3 is a key regulator of Col1A1 expression in stellate cells. In contrast, mice fed the WD supplemented with DHA had no increase in phospho-Smad3 when compared with mice fed the RD. Changes in hepatic phospho-Smad3 nuclear content correlated with proCol1A1 mRNA and protein abundance. Pretreatment of human LX2 stellate cells with DHA, but not other unsaturated fatty acids, blocked TGFβ1-mediated induction of Col1A1. In conclusion, DHA attenuates WD-induced fibrosis by targeting the TGFβ-Smad3-Col1A1 pathway in stellate cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelli A. Lytle
- Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - Christopher M. Depner
- Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - Carmen P. Wong
- Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - Donald B. Jump
- Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
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Abstract
It is estimated that >90% of Americans do not consume sufficient dietary vitamin E, as α-tocopherol, to meet estimated average requirements. What are the adverse consequences of inadequate dietary α-tocopherol intakes? This review discusses health aspects where inadequate vitamin E status is detrimental and additional vitamin E has reversed the symptoms. In general, plasma α-tocopherol concentrations <12 μmol/L are associated with increased infection, anemia, stunting of growth, and poor outcomes during pregnancy for both the infant and the mother. When low dietary amounts of α-tocopherol are consumed, tissue α-tocopherol needs exceed amounts available, leading to increased damage to target tissues. Seemingly, adequacy of human vitamin E status cannot be assessed from circulating α-tocopherol concentrations, but inadequacy can be determined from “low” values. Circulating α-tocopherol concentrations are very difficult to interpret because, as a person ages, plasma lipid concentrations also increase and these elevations in lipids increase the plasma carriers for α-tocopherol, leading to higher circulating α-tocopherol concentrations. However, abnormal lipoprotein metabolism does not necessarily increase α-tocopherol delivery to tissues. Additional biomarkers of inadequate vitamin E status are needed. Urinary excretion of the vitamin E metabolite α-carboxy-ethyl-hydroxychromanol may fulfill this biomarker role, but it has not been widely studied with regard to vitamin E status in humans or with regard to health benefits. This review evaluated the information available on the adverse consequences of inadequate α-tocopherol status and provides suggestions for avenues for research.
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Tripathy S, Lytle KA, Stevens RD, Bain JR, Newgard CB, Greenberg AS, Huang LS, Jump DB. Fatty acid elongase-5 (Elovl5) regulates hepatic triglyceride catabolism in obese C57BL/6J mice. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:1448-64. [PMID: 24814977 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m050062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is a major public health concern in the obese and type 2 diabetic populations. The high-fat lard diet induces obesity and fatty liver in C57BL/6J mice and suppresses expression of the PPAR-target gene, FA elongase 5 (Elovl5). Elovl5 plays a key role in MUFA and PUFA synthesis. Increasing hepatic Elovl5 activity in obese mice lowered hepatic TGs and endoplasmic reticulum stress markers (X-box binding protein 1 and cAMP-dependent transcription factor 6α) and increased TG catabolism and fatty acyl carnitines. Increased hepatic Elovl5 activity did not increase hepatic capacity for β-oxidation. Elovl5 effects on hepatic TG catabolism were linked to increased protein levels of adipocyte TG lipase (ATGL) and comparative gene identification 58 (CGI58). Elevated hepatic Elovl5 activity also induced the expression of some (pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 and fibroblast growth factor 21), but not other cytochrome P450 4A10 (CYP4A10), PPAR-target genes. FA products of Elovl5 activity increased ATGL, but not CGI58, mRNA through PPARβ-dependent mechanisms in human HepG2 cells. Treatment of mouse AML12 hepatocytes with the PPARβ agonist (GW0742) decreased (14)C-18:2,n-6 in TGs but did not affect β-oxidation. These studies establish that Elovl5 activity regulates hepatic levels of FAs controlling PPARβ activity, ATGL expression, and TG catabolism, but not FA oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasmita Tripathy
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences and the Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - Kelli A Lytle
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences and the Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - Robert D Stevens
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - James R Bain
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Christopher B Newgard
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Andrew S Greenberg
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center, Boston, MA 02111
| | - Li-Shin Huang
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, NY 10032
| | - Donald B Jump
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences and the Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
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