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Kim H, Liu Y, Kim J, Kim Y, Klouda T, Fisch S, Baek SH, Liu T, Dahlberg S, Hu CJ, Tian W, Jiang X, Kosmas K, Christou HA, Korman BD, Vargas SO, Wu JC, Stenmark KR, Perez VDJ, Nicolls MR, Raby BA, Yuan K. Pericytes contribute to pulmonary vascular remodeling via HIF2α signaling. EMBO Rep 2024; 25:616-645. [PMID: 38243138 PMCID: PMC10897382 DOI: 10.1038/s44319-023-00054-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Vascular remodeling is the process of structural alteration and cell rearrangement of blood vessels in response to injury and is the cause of many of the world's most afflicted cardiovascular conditions, including pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Many studies have focused on the effects of vascular endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells (SMCs) during vascular remodeling, but pericytes, an indispensable cell population residing largely in capillaries, are ignored in this maladaptive process. Here, we report that hypoxia-inducible factor 2α (HIF2α) expression is increased in the lung tissues of PAH patients, and HIF2α overexpressed pericytes result in greater contractility and an impaired endothelial-pericyte interaction. Using single-cell RNAseq and hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension (PH) models, we show that HIF2α is a major molecular regulator for the transformation of pericytes into SMC-like cells. Pericyte-selective HIF2α overexpression in mice exacerbates PH and right ventricular hypertrophy. Temporal cellular lineage tracing shows that HIF2α overexpressing reporter NG2+ cells (pericyte-selective) relocate from capillaries to arterioles and co-express SMA. This novel insight into the crucial role of NG2+ pericytes in pulmonary vascular remodeling via HIF2α signaling suggests a potential drug target for PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunbum Kim
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yu Liu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute; Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jiwon Kim
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yunhye Kim
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Timothy Klouda
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sudeshna Fisch
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Seung Han Baek
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tiffany Liu
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Suzanne Dahlberg
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cheng-Jun Hu
- Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatrics-Critical Care, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Wen Tian
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Dept of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Xinguo Jiang
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Dept of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kosmas Kosmas
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Helen A Christou
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Benjamin D Korman
- Division of Allergy/Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14623, USA
| | - Sara O Vargas
- Division of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joseph C Wu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute; Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Kurt R Stenmark
- Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatrics-Critical Care, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Vinicio de Jesus Perez
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Dept of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mark R Nicolls
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Dept of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin A Raby
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ke Yuan
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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2
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Link PA, Farkas L, Heise RL. Using extracellular matrix derived from sugen-chronic hypoxia lung tissue to study pulmonary arterial hypertension. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1192798. [PMID: 37731734 PMCID: PMC10507686 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1192798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension has characteristic changes to the mechanical environment, extracellular matrix, and cellular proliferation. In order to develop a culture system to investigate extracellular matrix (ECM) compositional-dependent changes in pulmonary arterial hypertension, we decellularized and characterized protein and lipid profiles from healthy and Sugen-Chronic Hypoxia rat lungs. Significant changes in lipid profiles were observed in intact Sugen-Hypoxia lungs compared with healthy controls. Decellularized lung matrix retained lipids in measurable quantities in both healthy and Sugen-Chronic Hypoxia samples. Proteomics revealed significantly changed proteins associated with pulmonary arterial hypertension in the decellularized Sugen-Chronic Hypoxia lung ECM. We then investigated the potential role of healthy vs. Sugen-Chronic Hypoxia ECM with controlled substrate stiffness to determine if the ECM composition regulated endothelial cell morphology and phenotype. CD117+ rat lung endothelial cell clones were plated on the variable stiffness gels and cellular proliferation, morphology, and gene expression were quantified. Sugen-Chronic Hypoxia ECM on healthy stiffness gels produced significant changes in cellular gene expression levels of Bmp2, Col1α1, Col3α1 and Fn1. The signaling and cell morphology observed at low substrate stiffness suggests early changes to the ECM composition can initiate processes associated with disease progression. These data suggest that Sugen-Chronic Hypoxia ECM can be used to investigate cell-ECM interactions relevant to pulmonary arterial hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A. Link
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Laszlo Farkas
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Rebecca L. Heise
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
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3
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Pullamsetti SS, Sitapara R, Osterhout R, Weiss A, Carter LL, Zisman LS, Schermuly RT. Pharmacology and Rationale for Seralutinib in the Treatment of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12653. [PMID: 37628831 PMCID: PMC10454154 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a complex disorder characterized by vascular remodeling and a consequent increase in pulmonary vascular resistance. The histologic hallmarks of PAH include plexiform and neointimal lesions of the pulmonary arterioles, which are composed of dysregulated, apoptosis-resistant endothelial cells and myofibroblasts. Platelet-derived growth factor receptors (PDGFR) α and β, colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R), and mast/stem cell growth factor receptor kit (c-KIT) are closely related kinases that have been implicated in PAH progression. In addition, emerging data indicate significant crosstalk between PDGF signaling and the bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2 (BMPR2)/transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) receptor axis. This review will discuss the importance of the PDGFR-CSF1R-c-KIT signaling network in PAH pathogenesis, present evidence that the inhibition of all three nodes in this kinase network is a potential therapeutic approach for PAH, and highlight the therapeutic potential of seralutinib, currently in development for PAH, which targets these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soni Savai Pullamsetti
- Lung Vascular Epigenetics, Center for Infection and Genomics of the Lung (CIGL), Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Aulweg 132, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
| | | | | | - Astrid Weiss
- UGMLC Pulmonale Pharmakotherapie, Biomedizinisches Forschungszentrum Seltersberg (BFS), Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Schubertstraße 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
| | | | | | - Ralph Theo Schermuly
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Aulweg 130, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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Bao S, Darvishi M, H Amin A, Al-Haideri MT, Patra I, Kashikova K, Ahmad I, Alsaikhan F, Al-Qaim ZH, Al-Gazally ME, Kiasari BA, Tavakoli-Far B, Sidikov AA, Mustafa YF, Akhavan-Sigari R. CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) blockade in cancer treatment. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023; 149:7945-7968. [PMID: 36905421 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-022-04444-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
CXC chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) is a member of the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) superfamily and is specific for CXC chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12, also known as SDF-1), which makes CXCL12/CXCR4 axis. CXCR4 interacts with its ligand, triggering downstream signaling pathways that influence cell proliferation chemotaxis, migration, and gene expression. The interaction also regulates physiological processes, including hematopoiesis, organogenesis, and tissue repair. Multiple evidence revealed that CXCL12/CXCR4 axis is implicated in several pathways involved in carcinogenesis and plays a key role in tumor growth, survival, angiogenesis, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance. Several CXCR4-targeting compounds have been discovered and used for preclinical and clinical cancer therapy, most of which have shown promising anti-tumor activity. In this review, we summarized the physiological signaling of the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis and described the role of this axis in tumor progression, and focused on the potential therapeutic options and strategies to block CXCR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunshun Bao
- The First Clinical Medical College, Xuzhou Medical University, 221000, Xuzhou, China
| | - Mohammad Darvishi
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center (IDTMRC), Department of Aerospace and Subaquatic Medicine, AJA University of Medicinal Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali H Amin
- Deanship of Scientific Research, Umm Al-Qura University, 21955, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, 35516, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Maysoon T Al-Haideri
- Department of Physiotherapy, Cihan University-Erbil, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Indrajit Patra
- An Independent Researcher, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Irfan Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad Alsaikhan
- College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Bahman Abedi Kiasari
- Virology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Bahareh Tavakoli-Far
- Dietary Supplements and Probiotic Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.
| | - Akmal A Sidikov
- Rector, Ferghana Medical Institute of Public Health, Ferghana, Uzbekistan
| | - Yasser Fakri Mustafa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Mosul, 41001, Iraq
| | - Reza Akhavan-Sigari
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Tuebingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Health Care Management and Clinical Research, Collegium Humanum Warsaw Management University, Warsaw, Poland
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5
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Galkin A, Sitapara R, Clemons B, Garcia E, Kennedy M, Guimond D, Carter LL, Douthitt A, Osterhout R, Gandjeva A, Slee D, Salter-Cid L, Tuder RM, Zisman LS. Inhaled seralutinib exhibits potent efficacy in models of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Eur Respir J 2022; 60:2102356. [PMID: 35680144 PMCID: PMC9724289 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.02356-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Signalling through platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR), colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) and mast/stem cell growth factor receptor kit (c-KIT) plays a critical role in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). We examined the preclinical efficacy of inhaled seralutinib, a unique small-molecule PDGFR/CSF1R/c-KIT kinase inhibitor in clinical development for PAH, in comparison to a proof-of-concept kinase inhibitor, imatinib. METHODS Seralutinib and imatinib potency and selectivity were compared. Inhaled seralutinib pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics were studied in healthy rats. Efficacy was evaluated in two rat models of PAH: SU5416/Hypoxia (SU5416/H) and monocrotaline pneumonectomy (MCTPN). Effects on inflammatory/cytokine signalling were examined. PDGFR, CSF1R and c-KIT immunohistochemistry in rat and human PAH lung samples and microRNA (miRNA) analysis in the SU5416/H model were performed. RESULTS Seralutinib potently inhibited PDGFRα/β, CSF1R and c-KIT. Inhaled seralutinib demonstrated dose-dependent inhibition of lung PDGFR and c-KIT signalling and increased bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2 (BMPR2). Seralutinib improved cardiopulmonary haemodynamic parameters and reduced small pulmonary artery muscularisation and right ventricle hypertrophy in both models. In the SU5416/H model, seralutinib improved cardiopulmonary haemodynamic parameters, restored lung BMPR2 protein levels and decreased N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), more than imatinib. Quantitative immunohistochemistry in human lung PAH samples demonstrated increased PDGFR, CSF1R and c-KIT. miRNA analysis revealed candidates that could mediate seralutinib effects on BMPR2. CONCLUSIONS Inhaled seralutinib was an effective treatment of severe PAH in two animal models, with improved cardiopulmonary haemodynamic parameters, a reduction in NT-proBNP, reverse remodelling of pulmonary vascular pathology and improvement in inflammatory biomarkers. Seralutinib showed greater efficacy compared to imatinib in a preclinical study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Galkin
- Gossamer Bio, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
- A. Galkin and R. Sitapara contributed equally as first authors
| | - Ravikumar Sitapara
- Gossamer Bio, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
- The Rensselaer Center for Translational Research Inc., Rensselaer, NY, USA
- A. Galkin and R. Sitapara contributed equally as first authors
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Aneta Gandjeva
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | | | - Rubin M Tuder
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
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6
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Dierick F, Solinc J, Bignard J, Soubrier F, Nadaud S. Progenitor/Stem Cells in Vascular Remodeling during Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061338. [PMID: 34071347 PMCID: PMC8226806 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by an important occlusive vascular remodeling with the production of new endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, myofibroblasts, and fibroblasts. Identifying the cellular processes leading to vascular proliferation and dysfunction is a major goal in order to decipher the mechanisms leading to PAH development. In addition to in situ proliferation of vascular cells, studies from the past 20 years have unveiled the role of circulating and resident vascular in pulmonary vascular remodeling. This review aims at summarizing the current knowledge on the different progenitor and stem cells that have been shown to participate in pulmonary vascular lesions and on the pathways regulating their recruitment during PAH. Finally, this review also addresses the therapeutic potential of circulating endothelial progenitor cells and mesenchymal stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- France Dierick
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada;
| | - Julien Solinc
- UMR_S 1166, Faculté de Médecine Pitié-Salpêtrière, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, 75013 Paris, France; (J.S.); (J.B.); (F.S.)
| | - Juliette Bignard
- UMR_S 1166, Faculté de Médecine Pitié-Salpêtrière, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, 75013 Paris, France; (J.S.); (J.B.); (F.S.)
| | - Florent Soubrier
- UMR_S 1166, Faculté de Médecine Pitié-Salpêtrière, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, 75013 Paris, France; (J.S.); (J.B.); (F.S.)
| | - Sophie Nadaud
- UMR_S 1166, Faculté de Médecine Pitié-Salpêtrière, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, 75013 Paris, France; (J.S.); (J.B.); (F.S.)
- Correspondence:
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7
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Yi D, Liu B, Wang T, Liao Q, Zhu MM, Zhao YY, Dai Z. Endothelial Autocrine Signaling through CXCL12/CXCR4/FoxM1 Axis Contributes to Severe Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3182. [PMID: 33804745 PMCID: PMC8003962 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial autocrine signaling is essential to maintain vascular homeostasis. There is limited information about the role of endothelial autocrine signaling in regulating severe pulmonary vascular remodeling during the onset of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). In this study, we employed the first severe pulmonary hypertension (PH) mouse model, Egln1Tie2Cre (Tie2Cre-mediated disruption of Egln1) mice, to identify the novel autocrine signaling mediating the pulmonary vascular endothelial cell (PVEC) proliferation and the pathogenesis of PAH. PVECs isolated from Egln1Tie2Cre lung expressed upregulation of many growth factors or angiocrine factors such as CXCL12, and exhibited pro-proliferative phenotype coincident with the upregulation of proliferation-specific transcriptional factor FoxM1. Treatment of CXCL12 on PVECs increased FoxM1 expression, which was blocked by CXCL12 receptor CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100 in cultured human PVECs. The endothelial specific deletion of Cxcl12(Egln1/Cxcl12Tie2Cre) or AMD3100 treatment in Egln1Tie2Cre mice downregulated FoxM1 expression in vivo. We then generated and characterized a novel mouse model with endothelial specific FoxM1 deletion in Egln1Tie2Cre mice (Egln1/Foxm1Tie2Cre), and found that endothelial FoxM1 deletion reduced pulmonary vascular remodeling and right ventricular systolic pressure. Together, our study identified a novel mechanism of endothelial autocrine signaling in regulating PVEC proliferation and pulmonary vascular remodeling in PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yi
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine-Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA; (D.Y.); (B.L.); (T.W.)
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine-Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA; (D.Y.); (B.L.); (T.W.)
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine-Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA; (D.Y.); (B.L.); (T.W.)
| | - Qi Liao
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology Technology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China;
| | - Maggie M. Zhu
- Program for Lung and Vascular Biology, Stanley Manne Children’s Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (M.M.Z.); (Y.-Y.Z.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - You-Yang Zhao
- Program for Lung and Vascular Biology, Stanley Manne Children’s Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (M.M.Z.); (Y.-Y.Z.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Zhiyu Dai
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine-Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA; (D.Y.); (B.L.); (T.W.)
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8
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Liang S, Desai AA, Black SM, Tang H. Cytokines, Chemokines, and Inflammation in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1303:275-303. [PMID: 33788198 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-63046-1_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
According to the World Symposium Pulmonary Hypertension (WSPH) classification, pulmonary hypertension (PH) is classified into five categories based on etiology. Among them, Group 1 pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) disorders are rare but progressive and often, fatal despite multiple approved treatments. Elevated pulmonary arterial pressure in patients with WSPH Group 1 PAH is mainly caused by increased pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), due primarily to sustained pulmonary vasoconstriction and excessive obliterative pulmonary vascular remodeling. Growing evidence indicates that inflammation plays a critical role in the development of pulmonary vascular remodeling associated with PAH. While the role of auto-immunity is unclear, infiltration of inflammatory cells in and around vascular lesions, including T- and B-cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, and mast cells have been observed in PAH patients. Serum and plasma levels of chemokines, cytokines, and autoantibodies are also increased in PAH patients; some of these circulating molecules are correlated with disease severity and survival. Preclinical experiments have reported a key role of the inflammation in PAH pathophysiology in vivo. Importantly, anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agents have further exhibited therapeutic effects. The present chapter reviews published experimental and clinical evidence highlighting the canonical role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of PAH and as a major target for the development of anti-inflammatory therapies in patients with PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxin Liang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ankit A Desai
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Stephen M Black
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Haiyang Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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9
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Lee C, Viswanathan G, Choi I, Jassal C, Kohlmann T, Rajagopal S. Beta-Arrestins and Receptor Signaling in the Vascular Endothelium. Biomolecules 2020; 11:biom11010009. [PMID: 33374806 PMCID: PMC7824595 DOI: 10.3390/biom11010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The vascular endothelium is the innermost layer of blood vessels and is a key regulator of vascular tone. Endothelial function is controlled by receptor signaling through G protein-coupled receptors, receptor tyrosine kinases and receptor serine-threonine kinases. The β-arrestins, multifunctional adapter proteins, have the potential to regulate all of these receptor families, although it is unclear as to whether they serve to integrate signaling across all of these different axes. Notably, the β-arrestins have been shown to regulate signaling by a number of receptors important in endothelial function, such as chemokine receptors and receptors for vasoactive substances such as angiotensin II, endothelin-1 and prostaglandins. β-arrestin-mediated signaling pathways have been shown to play central roles in pathways that control vasodilation, cell proliferation, migration, and immune function. At this time, the physiological impact of this signaling has not been studied in detail, but a deeper understanding of it could lead to the development of novel therapies for the treatment of vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
| | - Gayathri Viswanathan
- Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (G.V.); (I.C.)
| | - Issac Choi
- Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (G.V.); (I.C.)
| | - Chanpreet Jassal
- College of Arts and Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
| | - Taylor Kohlmann
- Trinity College of Arts and Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA;
| | - Sudarshan Rajagopal
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
- Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (G.V.); (I.C.)
- Correspondence:
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10
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Bordenave J, Thuillet R, Tu L, Phan C, Cumont A, Marsol C, Huertas A, Savale L, Hibert M, Galzi JL, Bonnet D, Humbert M, Frossard N, Guignabert C. Neutralization of CXCL12 attenuates established pulmonary hypertension in rats. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 116:686-697. [PMID: 31173066 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvz153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS The progressive accumulation of cells in pulmonary vascular walls is a key pathological feature of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) that results in narrowing of the vessel lumen, but treatments targeting this mechanism are lacking. The C-X-C motif chemokine 12 (CXCL12) appears to be crucial in these processes. We investigated the activity of two CXCL12 neutraligands on experimental pulmonary hypertension (PH), using two complementary animal models. METHODS AND RESULTS Male Wistar rats were injected with monocrotaline (MCT) or were subjected to SU5416 followed by 3-week hypoxia to induce severe PH. After PH establishment, assessed by pulsed-wave Doppler echocardiography, MCT-injected or SU5416 plus chronic hypoxia (SuHx) rats were randomized to receive CXCL12 neutraligands chalcone 4 or LIT-927 (100 mg/kg/day), the C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) antagonist AMD3100 (5 mg/kg/day), or vehicle, for 2 or 3 weeks, respectively. At the end of these treatment periods, echocardiographic and haemodynamic measurements were performed and tissue samples were collected for protein expression and histological analysis. Daily treatment of MCT-injected or SuHx rats with established PH with chalcone 4 or LIT-927 partially reversed established PH, reducing total pulmonary vascular resistance, and remodelling of pulmonary arterioles. Consistent with these observations, we found that neutralization of CXCL12 attenuates right ventricular hypertrophy, pulmonary vascular remodelling, and decreases pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell (PA-SMC) proliferation in lungs of MCT-injected rats and SuHx rats. Importantly, CXCL12 neutralization with either chalcone 4 or LIT-927 inhibited the migration of PA-SMCs and pericytes in vitro with a better efficacy than AMD3100. Finally, we found that CXCL12 neutralization decreases vascular pericyte coverage and macrophage infiltration in lungs of both MCT-injected and SuHx rats. CONCLUSION We report here a greater beneficial effect of CXCL12 neutralization vs. the conventional CXCR4 blockade with AMD3100 in the MCT and SuHx rat models of severe PH, supporting a role for CXCL12 in the progression of vascular complications in PH and opening to new therapeutic options.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Benzylamines
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Chalcones/pharmacology
- Chemokine CXCL2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Chemokine CXCL2/metabolism
- Cyclams
- Disease Models, Animal
- Heterocyclic Compounds/pharmacology
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/drug therapy
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/metabolism
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/pathology
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/physiopathology
- Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular/metabolism
- Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular/physiopathology
- Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular/prevention & control
- Macrophages/drug effects
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Macrophages/pathology
- Male
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Pericytes/drug effects
- Pericytes/metabolism
- Pericytes/pathology
- Pulmonary Artery/drug effects
- Pulmonary Artery/metabolism
- Pulmonary Artery/pathology
- Pulmonary Artery/physiopathology
- Pyrimidinones/pharmacology
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, CXCR4/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, CXCR4/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Vascular Remodeling/drug effects
- Vascular Resistance/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Bordenave
- INSERM UMR_S 999, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, 133 Avenue de la Résistance, 92350 Le Plessis-Robinson, France
- Université Paris-Sud and Université Paris-Saclay, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Raphaël Thuillet
- INSERM UMR_S 999, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, 133 Avenue de la Résistance, 92350 Le Plessis-Robinson, France
- Université Paris-Sud and Université Paris-Saclay, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Ly Tu
- INSERM UMR_S 999, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, 133 Avenue de la Résistance, 92350 Le Plessis-Robinson, France
- Université Paris-Sud and Université Paris-Saclay, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Carole Phan
- INSERM UMR_S 999, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, 133 Avenue de la Résistance, 92350 Le Plessis-Robinson, France
- Université Paris-Sud and Université Paris-Saclay, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Amélie Cumont
- INSERM UMR_S 999, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, 133 Avenue de la Résistance, 92350 Le Plessis-Robinson, France
- Université Paris-Sud and Université Paris-Saclay, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Claire Marsol
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Thérapeutique, UMR7200 CNRS/Université de Strasbourg and LabEx MEDALIS, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67412 Illkirch, France
| | - Alice Huertas
- INSERM UMR_S 999, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, 133 Avenue de la Résistance, 92350 Le Plessis-Robinson, France
- Université Paris-Sud and Université Paris-Saclay, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- AP-HP, Service de Pneumologie, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire Sévère, DHU Thorax Innovation, Hôpital Bicêtre, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Laurent Savale
- INSERM UMR_S 999, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, 133 Avenue de la Résistance, 92350 Le Plessis-Robinson, France
- Université Paris-Sud and Université Paris-Saclay, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- AP-HP, Service de Pneumologie, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire Sévère, DHU Thorax Innovation, Hôpital Bicêtre, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Marcel Hibert
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Thérapeutique, UMR7200 CNRS/Université de Strasbourg and LabEx MEDALIS, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67412 Illkirch, France
| | - Jean-Luc Galzi
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Thérapeutique, UMR7200 CNRS/Université de Strasbourg and LabEx MEDALIS, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67412 Illkirch, France
- Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, UMR 7242 CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Dominique Bonnet
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Thérapeutique, UMR7200 CNRS/Université de Strasbourg and LabEx MEDALIS, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67412 Illkirch, France
| | - Marc Humbert
- INSERM UMR_S 999, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, 133 Avenue de la Résistance, 92350 Le Plessis-Robinson, France
- Université Paris-Sud and Université Paris-Saclay, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- AP-HP, Service de Pneumologie, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire Sévère, DHU Thorax Innovation, Hôpital Bicêtre, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Nelly Frossard
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Thérapeutique, UMR7200 CNRS/Université de Strasbourg and LabEx MEDALIS, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67412 Illkirch, France
| | - Christophe Guignabert
- INSERM UMR_S 999, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, 133 Avenue de la Résistance, 92350 Le Plessis-Robinson, France
- Université Paris-Sud and Université Paris-Saclay, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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11
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Almodovar S, Wade BE, Porter KM, Smith JM, Lopez-Astacio RA, Bijli K, Kang BY, Cribbs SK, Guidot DM, Molehin D, McNair BK, Pumarejo-Gomez L, Perez Hernandez J, Salazar EA, Martinez EG, Huang L, Kessing CF, Suarez-Martinez EB, Pruitt K, Hsue PY, Tyor WR, Flores SC, Sutliff RL. HIV X4 Variants Increase Arachidonate 5-Lipoxygenase in the Pulmonary Microenvironment and are associated with Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11696. [PMID: 32678115 PMCID: PMC7366722 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68060-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) is overrepresented in People Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (PLWH). HIV protein gp120 plays a key role in the pathogenesis of HIV-PAH. Genetic changes in HIV gp120 determine viral interactions with chemokine receptors; specifically, HIV-X4 viruses interact with CXCR4 while HIV-R5 interact with CCR5 co-receptors. Herein, we leveraged banked samples from patients enrolled in the NIH Lung HIV studies and used bioinformatic analyses to investigate whether signature sequences in HIV-gp120 that predict tropism also predict PAH. Further biological assays were conducted in pulmonary endothelial cells in vitro and in HIV-transgenic rats. We found that significantly more persons living with HIV-PAH harbor HIV-X4 variants. Multiple HIV models showed that recombinant gp120-X4 as well as infectious HIV-X4 remarkably increase arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase (ALOX5) expression. ALOX5 is essential for the production of leukotrienes; we confirmed that leukotriene levels are increased in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of HIV-infected patients. This is the first report associating HIV-gp120 genotype to a pulmonary disease phenotype, as we uncovered X4 viruses as potential agents in the pathophysiology of HIV-PAH. Altogether, our results allude to the supplementation of antiretroviral therapy with ALOX5 antagonists to rescue patients with HIV-X4 variants from fatal PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharilyn Almodovar
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Brandy E Wade
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kristi M Porter
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Justin M Smith
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Robert A Lopez-Astacio
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico in Ponce, Ponce, PR, USA
| | - Kaiser Bijli
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Bum-Yong Kang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Sushma K Cribbs
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - David M Guidot
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Deborah Molehin
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Bryan K McNair
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Laura Pumarejo-Gomez
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jaritza Perez Hernandez
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Ethan A Salazar
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Edgar G Martinez
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Laurence Huang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Cari F Kessing
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | | | - Kevin Pruitt
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Priscilla Y Hsue
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - William R Tyor
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sonia C Flores
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Roy L Sutliff
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
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12
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Cool CD, Kuebler WM, Bogaard HJ, Spiekerkoetter E, Nicolls MR, Voelkel NF. The hallmarks of severe pulmonary arterial hypertension: the cancer hypothesis-ten years later. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2020; 318:L1115-L1130. [PMID: 32023082 PMCID: PMC9847334 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00476.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe forms of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) are most frequently the consequence of a lumen-obliterating angiopathy. One pathobiological model is that the initial pulmonary vascular endothelial cell injury and apoptosis is followed by the evolution of phenotypically altered, apoptosis-resistant, proliferating cells and an inflammatory vascular immune response. Although there may be a vasoconstrictive disease component, the increased pulmonary vascular shear stress in established PAH is caused largely by the vascular wall pathology. In this review, we revisit the "quasi-malignancy concept" of severe PAH and examine to what extent the hallmarks of PAH can be compared with the hallmarks of cancer. The cancer model of severe PAH, based on the growth of abnormal vascular and bone marrow-derived cells, may enable the emergence of novel cell-based PAH treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlyne D. Cool
- 1Department of Pathology, University of Colorado,
Anschuetz Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | | | - Harm Jan Bogaard
- 3Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Edda Spiekerkoetter
- 4Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Mark R. Nicolls
- 4Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Norbert F. Voelkel
- 3Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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13
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Silibinin Upregulates CXCR4 Expression in Cultured Bone Marrow Cells (BMCs) Especially in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Rat Model. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051276. [PMID: 32455728 PMCID: PMC7290890 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously we reported that silibinin ameliorated pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in rat PAH models, possibly through the suppression of the CXCR4/SDF-1, until the point where PAH became a severe and irreversible condition. To further investigate how silibinin ameliorates PAH, we first attempted to clarify its effect on bone marrow cells (BMCs), since the CXCR4/SDF-1 axis is known to regulate stem cell migration and attachment in BM niches. Rat PAH models were established through a combination of a single subcutaneous injection of monocrotaline (MCT) and chronic hypoxic conditions (10% O2). BMCs were harvested and cultured, and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and flow cytometry (FCM) were performed to investigate whether silibinin affected CXCR4 expression. Silibinin upregulated the gene expression of stem cell related markers CXCR4, SDF-1, SCF, and c-Kit, inflammatory markers IL-6 and TNFα, mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-related markers CD44 and CD29, and the granulocyte/monocyte-macrophage marker CD14 in cultured BM in PAH rats, but not in normal rats, except CXCR4. FCM showed that silibinin increased the CXCR4-positive cell population in a granulocyte fraction of cultured BMCs. However, immunohistochemical (IHC) staining showed no significant change in CXCR4 expression in the BM of the tibias. These results suggest that silibinin increases the expression of CXCR4 in BM, and the increased CXCR4-positive cells could be granulocytes/monocyte-macrophages.
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14
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Rohm I, Grün K, Müller LM, Bäz L, Förster M, Schrepper A, Kretzschmar D, Pistulli R, Yilmaz A, Bauer R, Jung C, Berndt A, Schulze PC, Franz M. Cellular inflammation in pulmonary hypertension: Detailed analysis of lung and right ventricular tissue, circulating immune cells and effects of a dual endothelin receptor antagonist. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2020; 73:497-522. [PMID: 31156142 DOI: 10.3233/ch-180529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that inflammation is crucially involved in the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension (PH) and consecutive right heart failure. The present study analyzed the inflammatory response in lung and right ventricle in a rat model of PH and evaluated the effects of the dual endothelin receptor antagonist (ERA) Macitentan. PH was induced by monocrotalin (60 mg/kg body weight s.c.) in Sprague-Dawley rats (PH, n = 10) and compared to healthy controls (CON, n = 10) as well as monocrotalin-induced, macitentan-treated rats (THER, n = 10). Detection of Dendritic cells (DCs), regulatory T cells (Tregs) and others as well as RT-PCR based inflammatory gene expression analysis were performed. Circulating DCs and Tregs were quantified by flow cytometry in the rat model and in PH patients (n = 70) compared to controls (n = 52). Inflammatory cells were increased in lung and right ventricular tissue, whereas DCs and Tregs were decreased in blood. Expression of 17 genes in the lung and 20 genes in the right ventricle were relevantly (>2.0 fold) regulated in the PH group. These effects were, at least in part, attenuated in response to Macitentan treatment. In humans as well as rats, immune cells showed significant correlations to clinical, echocardiographic, and haemodynamic parameters. PH is accompanied by a distinct inflammatory response in lung and right but not left ventricular tissue attenuated by Macitentan. Correlations of circulating DCs as well as tissue resident immune cells with parameters reflecting right ventricular function raise the idea of both, promising biomarkers and novel treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilonka Rohm
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Cardiology, Angiology, Pneumology, and Intensive Medical Care, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
| | - Katja Grün
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Cardiology, Angiology, Pneumology, and Intensive Medical Care, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
| | - Linda Marleen Müller
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Cardiology, Angiology, Pneumology, and Intensive Medical Care, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
| | - Laura Bäz
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Cardiology, Angiology, Pneumology, and Intensive Medical Care, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Förster
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Cardiology, Angiology, Pneumology, and Intensive Medical Care, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
| | - Andrea Schrepper
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
| | - Daniel Kretzschmar
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Cardiology, Angiology, Pneumology, and Intensive Medical Care, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
| | - Rudin Pistulli
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Cardiology, Angiology, Pneumology, and Intensive Medical Care, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
| | - Atilla Yilmaz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Elisabeth Klinikum Schmalkalden, Schmalkalden, Germany
| | - Reinhard Bauer
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Jung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alexander Berndt
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
| | - P Christian Schulze
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Cardiology, Angiology, Pneumology, and Intensive Medical Care, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
| | - Marcus Franz
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Cardiology, Angiology, Pneumology, and Intensive Medical Care, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
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15
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Clonally selected primitive endothelial cells promote occlusive pulmonary arteriopathy and severe pulmonary hypertension in rats exposed to chronic hypoxia. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1136. [PMID: 31980720 PMCID: PMC6981224 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58083-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
One current concept suggests that unchecked proliferation of clonally selected precursors of endothelial cells (ECs) contribute to severe pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). We hypothesized that clonally selected ECs expressing the progenitor marker CD117 promote severe occlusive pulmonary hypertension (PH). The remodelled pulmonary arteries of PAH patients harboured CD117+ ECs. Rat lung CD117+ ECs underwent four generations of clonal expansion to enrich hyperproliferative ECs. The resulting clonally enriched ECs behaved like ECs, as measured by in vitro and in vivo angiogenesis assays. The same primitive ECs showed a limited ability for mesenchymal lineage differentiation. Endothelial differentiation and function were enhanced by blocking TGF-β signalling, promoting bone morphogenic protein (BMP) signalling. The transplantation of the EC clones caused arterio-occlusive PH in rats exposed to chronic hypoxia. These EC clones engrafted in the pulmonary arteries. Yet cessation of chronic hypoxia promoted lung cell apoptosis and resolution of vascular lesions. In conclusion, this is to the best of our knowledge, the first report that clonally enriched primitive ECs promote occlusive pulmonary arteriopathy and severe PH. These primitive EC clones further give rise to cells of endothelial and mesenchymal lineage as directed by BMP and TGF-β signaling.
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16
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Bordenave J, Tu L, Berrebeh N, Thuillet R, Cumont A, Le Vely B, Fadel E, Nadaud S, Savale L, Humbert M, Huertas A, Guignabert C. Lineage Tracing Reveals the Dynamic Contribution of Pericytes to the Blood Vessel Remodeling in Pulmonary Hypertension. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:766-782. [PMID: 31969018 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.313715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Excessive accumulation of resident cells within the pulmonary vascular wall represents the hallmark feature of the remodeling occurring in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Furthermore, we have previously demonstrated that pulmonary arterioles are excessively covered by pericytes in PAH, but this process is not fully understood. The aim of our study was to investigate the dynamic contribution of pericytes in PAH vascular remodeling. Approach and Results: In this study, we performed in situ, in vivo, and in vitro experiments. We isolated primary cultures of human pericytes from controls and PAH lung specimens then performed functional studies (cell migration, proliferation, and differentiation). In addition, to follow up pericyte number and fate, a genetic fate-mapping approach was used with an NG2CreER;mT/mG transgenic mice in a model of pulmonary arteriole muscularization occurring during chronic hypoxia. We identified phenotypic and functional abnormalities of PAH pericytes in vitro, as they overexpress CXCR (C-X-C motif chemokine receptor)-7 and TGF (transforming growth factor)-βRII and, thereby, display a higher capacity to migrate, proliferate, and differentiate into smooth muscle-like cells than controls. In an in vivo model of chronic hypoxia, we found an early increase in pericyte number in a CXCL (C-X-C motif chemokine ligand)-12-dependent manner whereas later, from day 7, activation of the canonical TGF-β signaling pathway induces pericytes to differentiate into smooth muscle-like cells. CONCLUSIONS Our findings reveal a pivotal role of pulmonary pericytes in PAH and identify CXCR-7 and TGF-βRII as 2 intrinsic abnormalities in these resident progenitor vascular cells that foster the onset and maintenance of PAH structural changes in blood lung vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Bordenave
- From the INSERM UMR_S 999, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, France (J.B., L.T., N.B., R.T., A.C., B.L.V., E.F., L.S., M.H., A.H., C.G.).,Université Paris-Saclay, School of Medicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (J.B., L.T., N.B., R.T., A.C., B.L.V., E.F., L.S., M.H., A.H., C.G.)
| | - Ly Tu
- From the INSERM UMR_S 999, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, France (J.B., L.T., N.B., R.T., A.C., B.L.V., E.F., L.S., M.H., A.H., C.G.).,Université Paris-Saclay, School of Medicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (J.B., L.T., N.B., R.T., A.C., B.L.V., E.F., L.S., M.H., A.H., C.G.)
| | - Nihel Berrebeh
- From the INSERM UMR_S 999, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, France (J.B., L.T., N.B., R.T., A.C., B.L.V., E.F., L.S., M.H., A.H., C.G.).,Université Paris-Saclay, School of Medicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (J.B., L.T., N.B., R.T., A.C., B.L.V., E.F., L.S., M.H., A.H., C.G.)
| | - Raphaël Thuillet
- From the INSERM UMR_S 999, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, France (J.B., L.T., N.B., R.T., A.C., B.L.V., E.F., L.S., M.H., A.H., C.G.).,Université Paris-Saclay, School of Medicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (J.B., L.T., N.B., R.T., A.C., B.L.V., E.F., L.S., M.H., A.H., C.G.)
| | - Amélie Cumont
- From the INSERM UMR_S 999, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, France (J.B., L.T., N.B., R.T., A.C., B.L.V., E.F., L.S., M.H., A.H., C.G.).,Université Paris-Saclay, School of Medicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (J.B., L.T., N.B., R.T., A.C., B.L.V., E.F., L.S., M.H., A.H., C.G.)
| | - Benjamin Le Vely
- From the INSERM UMR_S 999, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, France (J.B., L.T., N.B., R.T., A.C., B.L.V., E.F., L.S., M.H., A.H., C.G.).,Université Paris-Saclay, School of Medicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (J.B., L.T., N.B., R.T., A.C., B.L.V., E.F., L.S., M.H., A.H., C.G.)
| | - Elie Fadel
- From the INSERM UMR_S 999, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, France (J.B., L.T., N.B., R.T., A.C., B.L.V., E.F., L.S., M.H., A.H., C.G.).,Université Paris-Saclay, School of Medicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (J.B., L.T., N.B., R.T., A.C., B.L.V., E.F., L.S., M.H., A.H., C.G.)
| | - Sophie Nadaud
- Sorbonne Université, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), INSERM, UMR_S 1166, Facultê de mêdecine Pitiê Salpêtriêre, Paris, France (S.N.)
| | - Laurent Savale
- From the INSERM UMR_S 999, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, France (J.B., L.T., N.B., R.T., A.C., B.L.V., E.F., L.S., M.H., A.H., C.G.).,Université Paris-Saclay, School of Medicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (J.B., L.T., N.B., R.T., A.C., B.L.V., E.F., L.S., M.H., A.H., C.G.).,AP-HP, Department of Respiratory and Intensive Care Medicine, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (L.S., M.H., A.H.)
| | - Marc Humbert
- From the INSERM UMR_S 999, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, France (J.B., L.T., N.B., R.T., A.C., B.L.V., E.F., L.S., M.H., A.H., C.G.).,Université Paris-Saclay, School of Medicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (J.B., L.T., N.B., R.T., A.C., B.L.V., E.F., L.S., M.H., A.H., C.G.).,AP-HP, Department of Respiratory and Intensive Care Medicine, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (L.S., M.H., A.H.)
| | - Alice Huertas
- From the INSERM UMR_S 999, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, France (J.B., L.T., N.B., R.T., A.C., B.L.V., E.F., L.S., M.H., A.H., C.G.).,Université Paris-Saclay, School of Medicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (J.B., L.T., N.B., R.T., A.C., B.L.V., E.F., L.S., M.H., A.H., C.G.).,AP-HP, Department of Respiratory and Intensive Care Medicine, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (L.S., M.H., A.H.)
| | - Christophe Guignabert
- From the INSERM UMR_S 999, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, France (J.B., L.T., N.B., R.T., A.C., B.L.V., E.F., L.S., M.H., A.H., C.G.).,Université Paris-Saclay, School of Medicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (J.B., L.T., N.B., R.T., A.C., B.L.V., E.F., L.S., M.H., A.H., C.G.)
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17
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Mathew R, Huang J, Iacobas S, Iacobas DA. Pulmonary Hypertension Remodels the Genomic Fabrics of Major Functional Pathways. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11020126. [PMID: 31979420 PMCID: PMC7074533 DOI: 10.3390/genes11020126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a serious disorder with high morbidity and mortality rate. We analyzed the right-ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP), right-ventricular hypertrophy (RVH), lung histology, and transcriptomes of six-week-old male rats with PH induced by (1) hypoxia (HO), (2) administration of monocrotaline (CM), or (3) administration of monocrotaline and exposure to hypoxia (HM). The results in PH rats were compared to those in control rats (CO). After four weeks exposure, increased RVSP and RVH, pulmonary arterial wall thickening, and alteration of the lung transcriptome were observed in all PH groups. The HM group exhibited the largest alterations, as well as neointimal lesions and obliteration of the lumen in small arteries. We found that PH increased the expression of caveolin1, matrix metallopeptidase 2, and numerous inflammatory and cell proliferation genes. The cell cycle, vascular smooth muscle contraction, and oxidative phosphorylation pathways, as well as their interplay, were largely perturbed. Our results also suggest that the upregulated Rhoa (Ras homolog family member A) mediates its action through expression coordination with several ATPases. The upregulation of antioxidant genes and the extensive mitochondrial damage observed, especially in the HM group, indicate metabolic shift toward aerobic glycolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajamma Mathew
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA; (R.M.); (J.H.)
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA; (R.M.); (J.H.)
| | - Sanda Iacobas
- Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | - Dumitru A. Iacobas
- Personalized Genomics Laboratory, Center for Computational Systems Biology, Roy G Perry College of Engineering, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX 77446, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-936-261-9926
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18
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Jalce G, Guignabert C. Multiple roles of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in pulmonary hypertension. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2020; 318:L1-L9. [DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00234.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a life-threatening condition arising from the loss and obstructive remodeling of the pulmonary arteries, leading to the sustained elevation of pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) and subsequently right ventricular (RV) failure and death. PH encompasses a group of multifactorial diseases, such as pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and chronic thromboembolic PH, for which there is no treatment that can stop or reverse the progression of remodeling of the pulmonary vasculature. The identification of new molecular targets for the development of more effective drugs is thus urgently needed. In this context, macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), a pleiotropic upstream proinflammatory mediator, is emerging as a promising molecular target, as it contributes to perivascular inflammation and pulmonary arterial remodeling, two key hallmarks of PAH that are not specifically targeted by currently approved therapies. The objective of this review is to summarize the scientific evidence on the pathogenic roles of MIF and its potential as a biomarker and therapeutic target in PH/PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christophe Guignabert
- INSERM UMR_S 999, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre France
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19
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Mamazhakypov A, Viswanathan G, Lawrie A, Schermuly RT, Rajagopal S. The role of chemokines and chemokine receptors in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 178:72-89. [PMID: 31399998 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by progressive pulmonary artery remodelling leading to increased right ventricular pressure overload, which results in right heart failure and premature death. Inflammation plays a central role in the development of PAH, and the recruitment and function of immune cells are tightly regulated by chemotactic cytokines called chemokines. A number of studies have shown that the development and progression of PAH are associated with the dysregulated expression of several chemokines and chemokine receptors in the pulmonary vasculature. Moreover, some chemokines are differentially regulated in the pressure-overloaded right ventricle. Recent studies have tested the efficacy of pharmacological agents targeting several chemokines and chemokine receptors for their effects on the development of PAH, suggesting that these receptors could serve as useful therapeutic targets. In this review, we provide recent insights into the role of chemokines and chemokine receptors in PAH and RV remodelling and the opportunities and roadblocks in targeting them. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue on Risk factors, comorbidities, and comedications in cardioprotection. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v178.1/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argen Mamazhakypov
- Department of Internal Medicine, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Gayathri Viswanathan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Allan Lawrie
- Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Ralph Theo Schermuly
- Department of Internal Medicine, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sudarshan Rajagopal
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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20
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Leong ZP, Hikasa Y. Effects of masitinib compared with tadalafil for the treatment of monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension in rats. Vascul Pharmacol 2019; 122-123:106599. [PMID: 31629919 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2019.106599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Targeting vascular remodeling in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) remains a challenge given the lack of potent anti-remodeling abilities of the therapeutic drugs. Although sildenafil has been shown to ameliorate cardiopulmonary remodeling, that of tadalafil is questionable. Masitinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor appears safer and more potent than imatinib for treatment of malignancies, but its efficacy on PAH is unknown. Therefore, we investigated the anti-remodeling properties of masitinib (5, 15, 50 mg/kg) and tadalafil (5, 10 mg/kg) using a monocrotaline-induced rat model of PAH. The 14-day treatment with masitinib (15, 50 mg/kg) resulted in significantly decreased right ventricular (RV) systolic pressure (RVSP) and hypertrophy (RVH), and pulmonary vascular remodeling, whereas tadalafil showed weaker anti-remodeling properties. Besides, masitinib significantly blocked the mitogen-associated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, and reduced phosphodiesterase (PDE)-5 mRNA expression in the lungs. By contrast, tadalafil did not significantly inhibit the MAPK pathway. Further, the 28-day treatment extension revealed that masitinib-treated rats (15 mg/kg) had significantly lower RVSP, and higher heart rate and serum cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) level, whereas those treated with tadalafil (10 mg/kg) showed insignificantly lower RVSP and higher cGMP level. Moreover, the RVH indices, heart rates, body weight gains, and survival rates of rats in both groups were comparable. Collectively, these results suggest that the treatment with a low-dose masitinib was non-inferior than tadalafil. A lower dose of masitinib may represent a novel approach to target both the cardiopulmonary remodeling and the dysregulated vasoconstriction in PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Ping Leong
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1, Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Hikasa
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1, Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan; Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8550, Japan.
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21
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Dai Z, Zhu MM, Peng Y, Jin H, Machireddy N, Qian Z, Zhang X, Zhao YY. Endothelial and Smooth Muscle Cell Interaction via FoxM1 Signaling Mediates Vascular Remodeling and Pulmonary Hypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2019; 198:788-802. [PMID: 29664678 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201709-1835oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Angioproliferative vasculopathy is a hallmark of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). However, little is known about how endothelial cell (EC) and smooth muscle cell (SMC) crosstalk regulates the angioproliferative vascular remodeling. OBJECTIVES To investigate the role of EC and SMC interaction and underlying signaling pathways in pulmonary hypertension (PH) development. METHODS SMC-specific Foxm1 (forkhead box M1) or Cxcr4 knockout mice, EC-specific Foxm1 or Egln1 knockout mice, and EC-specific Egln1/Cxcl12 double knockout mice were used to assess the role of FoxM1 on SMC proliferation and PH. Lung tissues and cells from patients with PAH were used to validate clinical relevance. FoxM1 inhibitor thiostrepton was used in Sugen 5416/hypoxia- and monocrotaline-challenged rats. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS FoxM1 expression was markedly upregulated in lungs and pulmonary arterial SMCs of patients with idiopathic PAH and four discrete PH rodent models. Mice with SMC- (but not EC-) specific deletion of Foxm1 were protected from hypoxia- or Sugen 5416/hypoxia-induced PH. The upregulation of FoxM1 in SMCs induced by multiple EC-derived factors (PDGF-B, CXCL12, ET-1, and MIF) mediated SMC proliferation. Genetic deletion of endothelial Cxcl12 in Egln1Tie2Cre mice or loss of its cognate receptor Cxcr4 in SMCs in hypoxia-treated mice inhibited FoxM1 expression, SMC proliferation, and PH. Accordingly, pharmacologic inhibition of FoxM1 inhibited severe PH in both Sugen 5416/hypoxia and monocrotaline-challenged rats. CONCLUSIONS Multiple factors derived from dysfunctional ECs induced FoxM1 expression in SMCs and activated FoxM1-dependent SMC proliferation, which contributes to pulmonary vascular remodeling and PH. Thus, targeting FoxM1 signaling represents a novel strategy for treatment of idiopathic PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyu Dai
- 1 Program for Lung and Vascular Biology, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,2 Division of Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics.,3 Department of Pharmacology and.,4 The Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - Maggie M Zhu
- 1 Program for Lung and Vascular Biology, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,2 Division of Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics.,3 Department of Pharmacology and.,4 The Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - Yi Peng
- 1 Program for Lung and Vascular Biology, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,2 Division of Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics.,3 Department of Pharmacology and.,4 The Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - Hua Jin
- 1 Program for Lung and Vascular Biology, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,2 Division of Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics.,3 Department of Pharmacology and.,4 The Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - Narsa Machireddy
- 1 Program for Lung and Vascular Biology, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,2 Division of Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics.,3 Department of Pharmacology and.,4 The Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - Zhijian Qian
- 5 Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Xianming Zhang
- 1 Program for Lung and Vascular Biology, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,2 Division of Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics.,3 Department of Pharmacology and.,4 The Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - You-Yang Zhao
- 1 Program for Lung and Vascular Biology, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,2 Division of Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics.,6 Department of Pharmacology, and.,7 Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.,3 Department of Pharmacology and.,4 The Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; and
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22
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Zhang T, Kawaguchi N, Yoshihara K, Hayama E, Furutani Y, Kawaguchi K, Tanaka T, Nakanishi T. Silibinin efficacy in a rat model of pulmonary arterial hypertension using monocrotaline and chronic hypoxia. Respir Res 2019; 20:79. [PMID: 31023308 PMCID: PMC6485095 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-019-1041-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) may be involved in the development of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). CXCR4 inhibitor AMD3100 was described to have a positive effect on the prevention of pulmonary arterial muscularization in PAH models. Silibinin is a traditional medicine that has an antagonistic effect on CXCR4. We investigated the effect of silibinin using rat models of PAH. Methods PAH was induced by a single subcutaneous injection of monocrotaline. The rats were maintained in a chronic hypoxic condition (10% O2) with or without silibinin. To evaluate the efficacy of silibinin on PAH, right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP), Fulton index (weight ratio of right ventricle to the left ventricle and septum), percent medial wall thickness (% MT), and vascular occlusion score (VOS) were measured and calculated. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed targeting CXCR4 and c-Kit. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed for the stem cell markers CXCR4, stromal cell derived factor-1 (SDF-1), c-Kit, and stem cell factor (SCF), and the inflammatory markers monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα). Statistical analyses were performed using t-test and one-way analysis of variance with Bonferroni’s post hoc test. Results Silibinin treatment for 1 week reduced RVSP and Fulton index. Treatment for 2 weeks reduced RVSP, Fulton index, % MT, and VOS, as well as downregulating the expression of CXCR4, SDF-1, and TNFα in pulmonary arteries. In contrast, treatment for 3 weeks failed to ameliorate PAH. The time-course study demonstrated that RVSP, Fulton index, % MT, and VOS gradually increased over time, with a decrease in the expression of CXCR4 and TNFα occurring after 2 weeks of PAH development. After 3 weeks, SDF-1, c-Kit, and SCF began to decrease and, after 5 weeks, MCP1 and IL-6 gradually accumulated. Conclusions The CXCR4 inhibitor silibinin can ameliorate PAH, possibly through the suppression of the CXCR4/SDF-1 axis, until the point where PAH becomes a severe and irreversible condition. Silibinin results in reduced pulmonary arterial pressure and delays pulmonary arteriolar occlusion and pulmonary vascular remodeling. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12931-019-1041-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Adult Congenital Cardiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan.,Department of Structural Heart Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Nanako Kawaguchi
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Adult Congenital Cardiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan.
| | - Kenji Yoshihara
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Adult Congenital Cardiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Emiko Hayama
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Adult Congenital Cardiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Furutani
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Adult Congenital Cardiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Kayoko Kawaguchi
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Adult Congenital Cardiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Takeshi Tanaka
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Adult Congenital Cardiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Toshio Nakanishi
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Adult Congenital Cardiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan.
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23
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Bhagwani AR, Hultman S, Farkas D, Moncayo R, Dandamudi K, Zadu AK, Cool CD, Farkas L. Endothelial cells are a source of Nestin expression in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213890. [PMID: 30883593 PMCID: PMC6422269 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Uncontrolled proliferation of endothelial cells is essential to the pathogenesis of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Both proliferation and cytoskeleton reorganization are associated with upregulation of the intermediate filament protein Nestin. Recently, accumulation of Nestin-expressing cells was found in pulmonary vascular lesions of PAH patients. The goal of this study is to determine if Nestin expression contributes to endothelial proliferation in pulmonary arterial hypertension, using both lung tissues and endothelial cells. Here we found that endothelial cells from complex and plexiform lesions of PAH patients expressed Nestin. These Nestin+ cells further stained positive for the angiogenic factors CXC chemokine ligand 12 and Wnt1. Likewise, in the chronic hypoxia/SU5416 animal model of pulmonary hypertension, Nestin+ endothelial cells were found in occlusive pulmonary vascular lesions. In vitro, both growing rat and human lung endothelial cells expressed Nestin protein. When Nestin was overexpressed in endothelial cells (both rat and human), Nestin overexpression promoted proliferation and expression of CXC chemokine ligand 12. Nestin overexpression further increased angiogenic tube formation in vitro. Conclusions: We found increased Nestin expression from endothelial cells of occlusive lung vascular lesions in severe pulmonary hypertension. Elevated Nestin expression likely contributes to unchecked pulmonary vascular proliferation and angiogenesis, possibly via induction of CXC chemokine ligand 12. Additional studies are required to determine whether targeting Nestin would be beneficial to treat PAH.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Animals
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemokine CXCL12/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Endothelial Cells/pathology
- Female
- Humans
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/genetics
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/metabolism
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/pathology
- Lung/blood supply
- Lung/metabolism
- Lung/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/genetics
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/metabolism
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/pathology
- Nestin/genetics
- Nestin/metabolism
- Pulmonary Artery/metabolism
- Pulmonary Artery/pathology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneel R. Bhagwani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States of America
| | - Schuyler Hultman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States of America
| | - Daniela Farkas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Moncayo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States of America
| | - Kaivalya Dandamudi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States of America
| | - Arsema K. Zadu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States of America
| | - Carlyne D. Cool
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado at Denver, Denver, CO, United States of America
| | - Laszlo Farkas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States of America
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24
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Albee LJ, LaPorte HM, Gao X, Eby JM, Cheng YH, Nevins AM, Volkman BF, Gaponenko V, Majetschak M. Identification and functional characterization of arginine vasopressin receptor 1A : atypical chemokine receptor 3 heteromers in vascular smooth muscle. Open Biol 2019; 8:rsob.170207. [PMID: 29386406 PMCID: PMC5795052 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.170207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent observations suggest that atypical chemokine receptor (ACKR)3 and chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor (CXCR)4 regulate human vascular smooth muscle function through hetero-oligomerization with α1-adrenoceptors. Here, we show that ACKR3 also regulates arginine vasopressin receptor (AVPR)1A. We observed that ACKR3 agonists inhibit arginine vasopressin (aVP)-induced inositol trisphosphate (IP3) production in human vascular smooth muscle cells (hVSMCs) and antagonize aVP-mediated constriction of isolated arteries. Proximity ligation assays, co-immunoprecipitation and bioluminescence resonance energy transfer experiments suggested that recombinant and endogenous ACKR3 and AVPR1A interact on the cell surface. Interference with ACKR3 : AVPR1A heteromerization using siRNA and peptide analogues of transmembrane domains of ACKR3 abolished aVP-induced IP3 production. aVP stimulation resulted in β-arrestin 2 recruitment to AVPR1A and ACKR3. While ACKR3 activation failed to cross-recruit β-arrestin 2 to AVPR1A, the presence of ACKR3 reduced the efficacy of aVP-induced β-arrestin 2 recruitment to AVPR1A. AVPR1A and ACKR3 co-internalized upon agonist stimulation in hVSMC. These data suggest that AVPR1A : ACKR3 heteromers are constitutively expressed in hVSMC, provide insights into molecular events at the heteromeric receptor complex, and offer a mechanistic basis for interactions between the innate immune and vasoactive neurohormonal systems. Our findings suggest that ACKR3 is a regulator of vascular smooth muscle function and a possible drug target in diseases associated with impaired vascular reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren J Albee
- Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, 2160 S. 1st Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Heather M LaPorte
- Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, 2160 S. 1st Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Xianlong Gao
- Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, 2160 S. 1st Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Jonathan M Eby
- Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, 2160 S. 1st Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - You-Hong Cheng
- Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, 2160 S. 1st Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Amanda M Nevins
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Brian F Volkman
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Vadim Gaponenko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Matthias Majetschak
- Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, 2160 S. 1st Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA .,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, 2160 S. 1st Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
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25
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Involvement of CXCR4 in Normal and Abnormal Development. Cells 2019; 8:cells8020185. [PMID: 30791675 PMCID: PMC6406665 DOI: 10.3390/cells8020185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CXC motif chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) is associated with normal and abnormal development, including oncogenesis. The ligand of CXCR4 is stromal cell-derived factor (SDF), also known as CXC motif ligand (CXCL) 12. Through the SDF-1/CXCR4 axis, both homing and migration of hematopoietic (stem) cells are regulated through niches in the bone marrow. Outside of the bone marrow, however, SDF-1 can recruit CXCR4-positive cells from the bone marrow. SDF/CXCR4 has been implicated in the maintenance and/or differentiation of stemness, and tissue-derived stem cells can be associated with SDF-1 and CXCR4 activity. CXCR4 plays a role in multiple pathways involved in carcinogenesis and other pathologies. Here, we summarize reports detailing the functions of CXCR4. We address the molecular signature of CXCR4 and how this molecule and cells expressing it are involved in either normal (maintaining stemness or inducing differentiation) or abnormal (developing cancer and other pathologies) events. As a constituent of stem cells, the SDF-1/CXCR4 axis influences downstream signal transduction and the cell microenvironment.
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26
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Farkas D, Thompson AAR, Bhagwani AR, Hultman S, Ji H, Kotha N, Farr G, Arnold ND, Braithwaite A, Casbolt H, Cole JE, Sabroe I, Monaco C, Cool CD, Goncharova EA, Lawrie A, Farkas L. Toll-like Receptor 3 Is a Therapeutic Target for Pulmonary Hypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2019; 199:199-210. [PMID: 30211629 PMCID: PMC6353001 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201707-1370oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by vascular cell proliferation and endothelial cell apoptosis. TLR3 (Toll-like receptor 3) is a receptor for double-stranded RNA and has been recently implicated in vascular protection. OBJECTIVES To study the expression and role of TLR3 in PAH and to determine whether a TLR3 agonist reduces pulmonary hypertension in preclinical models. METHODS Lung tissue and endothelial cells from patients with PAH were investigated by polymerase chain reaction, immunofluorescence, and apoptosis assays. TLR3-/- and TLR3+/+ mice were exposed to chronic hypoxia and SU5416. Chronic hypoxia or chronic hypoxia/SU5416 rats were treated with the TLR3 agonist polyinosinic/polycytidylic acid (Poly[I:C]). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS TLR3 expression was reduced in PAH patient lung tissue and endothelial cells, and TLR3-/- mice exhibited more severe pulmonary hypertension following exposure to chronic hypoxia/SU5416. TLR3 knockdown promoted double-stranded RNA signaling via other intracellular RNA receptors in endothelial cells. This was associated with greater susceptibility to apoptosis, a known driver of pulmonary vascular remodeling. Poly(I:C) increased TLR3 expression via IL-10 in rat endothelial cells. In vivo, high-dose Poly(I:C) reduced pulmonary hypertension in both rat models in proof-of-principle experiments. In addition, Poly(I:C) also reduced right ventricular failure in established pulmonary hypertension. CONCLUSIONS Our work identifies a novel role for TLR3 in PAH based on the findings that reduced expression of TLR3 contributes to endothelial apoptosis and pulmonary vascular remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Farkas
- Division of Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - A. A. Roger Thompson
- Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Aneel R. Bhagwani
- Division of Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Schuyler Hultman
- Division of Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Hyun Ji
- Division of Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Naveen Kotha
- Division of Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Grant Farr
- Division of Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Nadine D. Arnold
- Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Braithwaite
- Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Casbolt
- Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer E. Cole
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Sabroe
- Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Claudia Monaco
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Carlyne D. Cool
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado; and
| | - Elena A. Goncharova
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Allan Lawrie
- Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Laszlo Farkas
- Division of Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
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Smits J, Tasev D, Andersen S, Szulcek R, Botros L, Ringgaard S, Andersen A, Vonk-Noordegraaf A, Koolwijk P, Bogaard HJ. Blood Outgrowth and Proliferation of Endothelial Colony Forming Cells are Related to Markers of Disease Severity in Patients with Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123763. [PMID: 30486375 PMCID: PMC6321271 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), lung-angioproliferation leads to increased pulmonary vascular resistance, while simultaneous myocardial microvessel loss contributes to right ventricular (RV) failure. Endothelial colony forming cells (ECFC) are highly proliferative, angiogenic cells that may contribute to either pulmonary vascular obstruction or to RV microvascular adaptation. We hypothesize ECFC phenotypes (outgrowth, proliferation, tube formation) are related to markers of disease severity in a prospective cohort-study of 33 PAH and 30 healthy subjects. ECFC were transplanted in pulmonary trunk banded rats with RV failure. The presence of ECFC outgrowth in PAH patients was associated with low RV ejection fraction, low central venous saturation and a shorter time to clinical worsening (5.4 months (0.6–29.2) vs. 36.5 months (7.4–63.4), p = 0.032). Functionally, PAH ECFC had higher proliferative rates compared to control in vitro, although inter-patient variability was high. ECFC proliferation was inversely related to RV end diastolic volume (R2 = 0.39, p = 0.018), but not pulmonary vascular resistance. Tube formation-ability was similar among donors. Normal and highly proliferative PAH ECFC were transplanted in pulmonary trunk banded rats. While no effect on hemodynamic measurements was observed, RV vascular density was restored. In conclusion, we found that ECFC outgrowth associates with high clinical severity in PAH, suggesting recruitment. Transplantation of highly proliferative ECFC restored myocardial vascular density in pulmonary trunk banded rats, while RV functional improvements were not observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josien Smits
- Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), De Boelelaan 1118, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, Department of Physiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Dimitar Tasev
- Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, Department of Physiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Stine Andersen
- Aarhus University Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevaard 99, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark.
| | - Robert Szulcek
- Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), De Boelelaan 1118, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, Department of Physiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Liza Botros
- Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), De Boelelaan 1118, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, Department of Physiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Steffen Ringgaard
- Aarhus University Hospital, MR Centre, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevaard 99, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark.
| | - Asger Andersen
- Aarhus University Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevaard 99, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark.
| | - Anton Vonk-Noordegraaf
- Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), De Boelelaan 1118, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Pieter Koolwijk
- Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, Department of Physiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Harm Jan Bogaard
- Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), De Boelelaan 1118, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Distribution and morphology of baroreceptors in the rat carotid sinus as revealed by immunohistochemistry for P2X3 purinoceptors. Histochem Cell Biol 2018; 151:161-173. [PMID: 30244428 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-018-1734-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The morphological characteristics of baroreceptors in the rat carotid sinus were reevaluated by whole-mount preparations with immunohistochemistry for P2X3 purinoceptors using confocal scanning laser microscopy. Immunoreactive nerve endings for P2X3 were distributed in the internal carotid artery proximal to the carotid bifurcation, particularly in the region opposite the carotid body. Some pre-terminal axons in nerve endings were ensheathed by myelin sheaths immunoreactive for myelin basic protein. Pre-terminal axons ramified into several branches that extended two-dimensionally in every direction. The axon terminals of P2X3-immunoreactive nerve endings were flat and leaf-like in shape, and extended hederiform- or knob-like protrusions in the adventitial layer. Some axons and axon terminals with P2X3 immunoreactivity were also immunoreactive for P2X2, and axon terminals were closely surrounded by terminal Schwann cells with S100 or S100B immunoreactivity. These results revealed the detailed morphology of P2X3-immunoreactive nerve endings and suggested that these endings respond to a mechanical deformation of the carotid sinus wall with their flat leaf-like terminals.
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Leong ZP, Hikasa Y. Effects of toceranib compared with sorafenib on monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension and cardiopulmonary remodeling in rats. Vascul Pharmacol 2018; 110:31-41. [PMID: 30071297 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sorafenib reverses pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and cardiopulmonary remodeling (CPR), but the effects of toceranib are unknown. This study investigated anti-remodeling effects and determined optimal doses of toceranib and sorafenib on monocrotaline (MCT)-induced PAH and CPR in rats. MCT-treated rats were orally treated with a 14-day course of sorafenib (10, 30, or 100 mg/kg), toceranib (1, 3, or 10 mg/kg), or water. Both sorafenib and toceranib significantly reversed the right ventricular (RV) hypertrophy at 10 mg/kg, but only sorafenib significantly improved the RV systolic and mean pressures. Sorafenib significantly normalized the B-type natriuretic peptide mRNA level of the RV and increased the non-muscularized pulmonary artery percentage. However, these effects were only observed at the highest toceranib dose, and neither toceranib dose reduced the fully muscularized pulmonary artery percentage. Further, the inhibition on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling was stronger in sorafenib than in toceranib. Besides the stronger inhibition on mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling, the greater reversal ability of sorafenib may be also due to the simultaneous blockade on the C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 and autophagy induction. Toceranib insignificantly reversed CPR, and a high-dose therapy did not improve the RV hemodynamic outcomes. Sorafenib significantly reversed CPR, and a low-dose sorafenib therapy may be a suitable therapeutic agent for PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Ping Leong
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1, Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Hikasa
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1, Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan; Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8550, Japan.
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30
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Wang Y, Ying L, Jin KK, Nan Y, Hu S, Wu X, Qi R, Luo X, Wang L. Adenosine A(2A) receptor activation reverses hypoxia‑induced rat pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell proliferation via cyclic AMP‑mediated inhibition of the SDF1‑CXC4 signaling pathway. Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:607-614. [PMID: 29693117 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence and the subsequent development of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) involve complicated mechanisms. Of these, the proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) has been indicated to be closely associated with its progression. Therefore, therapeutic methods targeting PASMCs to inhibit proliferation is an effective method for alleviating PAH. The present study was designed to determine the role of the adenosine A(2A) receptor (A2A receptor) in hypoxia‑induced rat PASMC (RPASMC) proliferation. Primary RPASMCs were isolated from the pulmonary artery of adult male SD rats, cultured and used for the following experiments. The mRNA level and protein expression of CXCR4 were measured by reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis, respectively. The cell proliferation of RPASMCs was measured using a cell proliferation assay kit. In the present study, it was demonstrated that the proliferation of RPASMCs was partially mediated by activation of the stromal cell‑derived factor 1 (SDF1)‑CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) axis under hypoxic conditions. In addition, SDF1‑α alone upregulated the mRNA and protein expression levels of CXCR4, and stimulated the proliferation of RPASMCs. The protein expression of CXCR4 and the cell proliferation were markedly inhibited by application of A2A receptor agonist CGS21680 or cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) under hypoxic conditions or treatment with SDF1‑α and was reversed by the A2A receptor antagonist SCH58261 or 8‑bromoadenosine‑3',5'‑cyclic monophosphorothioate. These results demonstrated that the inhibition of SDF1‑CXC4 signaling by the activation of A2A receptor and subsequent increase in the level of cAMP may be a potential method to ameliorate PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Lei Ying
- Department of Pathophysiology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Ke-Ke Jin
- Department of Pathophysiology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Yan Nan
- Department of Neonatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, P.R. China
| | - Suhua Hu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Xueqin Wu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Ruyi Qi
- Department of Pathophysiology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Xin Luo
- Department of Pathophysiology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Liangxing Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
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31
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Zhang T, Kawaguchi N, Hayama E, Furutani Y, Nakanishi T. High expression of CXCR4 and stem cell markers in a monocrotaline and chronic hypoxia-induced rat model of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Exp Ther Med 2018; 15:4615-4622. [PMID: 29805477 PMCID: PMC5952071 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a severe and fatal clinical syndrome. C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) is known to serve a key role in recruiting mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from the bone marrow. In the present study, a rat model of PAH induced by 5 weeks of chronic hypoxia and treatment with a single injection of monocrotaline (60 mg/kg) was used to investigate the involvement of CXCR4 in PAH. Successful establishment of the PAH model was confirmed by significant differences between the PAH and control groups in right ventricular systolic pressure, Fulton index, wall thickness, vascular occlusion score determined by immunohistochemical staining and the expression of inflammatory markers measured by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The expression of CXCR4 and other stem cell markers were compared in the PAH and control groups. RT-qPCR showed that the expression of CXCR4, SCF, c-Kit, and CD29, which are expressed in MSCs, was significantly higher in the PAH group. Immunohistochemical staining also showed that the numbers of CXCR4-, c-Kit- and CD90-positive cells were significantly higher in the PAH group. These results suggest that CXCR4 is involved in the pathogenesis of PAH and that stem cells may serve an important role in pulmonary vascular remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
| | - Nanako Kawaguchi
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
| | - Emiko Hayama
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Furutani
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
| | - Toshio Nakanishi
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
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32
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Nicolls MR, Voelkel NF. The Roles of Immunity in the Prevention and Evolution of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017; 195:1292-1299. [PMID: 27786553 PMCID: PMC5443903 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201608-1630pp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mark R. Nicolls
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto/Stanford University, Palo Alto, California; and
| | - Norbert F. Voelkel
- School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
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33
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Favre S, Gambini E, Nigro P, Scopece A, Bianciardi P, Caretti A, Pompilio G, Corno AF, Vassalli G, von Segesser LK, Samaja M, Milano G. Sildenafil attenuates hypoxic pulmonary remodelling by inhibiting bone marrow progenitor cells. J Cell Mol Med 2016; 21:871-880. [PMID: 27860185 PMCID: PMC5387166 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The recruitment of bone marrow (BM)-derived progenitor cells to the lung is related to pulmonary remodelling and the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension (PH). Although sildenafil is a known target in PH treatment, the underlying molecular mechanism is still elusive. To test the hypothesis that the therapeutic effect of sildenafil is linked to the reduced recruitment of BM-derived progenitor cells, we induced pulmonary remodelling in rats by two-week exposure to chronic hypoxia (CH, 10% oxygen), a trigger of BM-derived progenitor cells. Rats were treated with either placebo (saline) or sildenafil (1.4 mg/kg/day ip) during CH. Control rats were kept in room air (21% oxygen) with no treatment. As expected, sildenafil attenuated the CH-induced increase in right ventricular systolic pressure and right ventricular hypertrophy. However, sildenafil suppressed the CH-induced increase in c-kit+ cells in the adventitia of pulmonary arteries. Moreover, sildenafil reduced the number of c-kit+ cells that colocalize with tyrosine kinase receptor 2 (VEGF-R2) and CD68 (a marker for macrophages), indicating a positive effect on moderating hypoxia-induced smooth muscle cell proliferation and inflammation without affecting the pulmonary levels of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α. Furthermore, sildenafil depressed the number of CXCR4+ cells. Collectively, these findings indicate that the improvement in pulmonary haemodynamic by sildenafil is linked to decreased recruitment of BM-derived c-kit+ cells in the pulmonary tissue. The attenuation of the recruitment of BM-derived c-kit+ cells by sildenafil may provide novel therapeutic insights into the control of pulmonary remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley Favre
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Department of Surgery and Anesthesiology, University Hospital Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Elisa Gambini
- Vascular Biology and Regenerative Medicine Unit, Centro Cardiologico Monzino-IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Patrizia Nigro
- Vascular Biology and Regenerative Medicine Unit, Centro Cardiologico Monzino-IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Scopece
- Vascular Biology and Regenerative Medicine Unit, Centro Cardiologico Monzino-IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Anna Caretti
- Department of Health Science, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulio Pompilio
- Vascular Biology and Regenerative Medicine Unit, Centro Cardiologico Monzino-IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Vassalli
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Departments of Cardiology and Heart Surgery, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ludwig K von Segesser
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Department of Surgery and Anesthesiology, University Hospital Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michele Samaja
- Department of Health Science, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Milano
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Department of Surgery and Anesthesiology, University Hospital Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Vascular Biology and Regenerative Medicine Unit, Centro Cardiologico Monzino-IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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Bing W, Pang X, Qu Q, Bai X, Yang W, Bi Y, Bi X. Simvastatin improves the homing of BMSCs via the PI3K/AKT/miR-9 pathway. J Cell Mol Med 2016; 20:949-61. [PMID: 26871266 PMCID: PMC4831354 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) have great therapeutic potential for many diseases. However, the homing of BMSCs to injury sites remains a difficult problem. Recent evidence indicates that simvastatin stimulates AKT phosphorylation, and p‐AKT affects the expression of chemokine (CXC motif) receptor‐4 (CXCR4). Therefore, simvastatin may improve the expression of CXCR4 in BMSCs, and microRNAs (miRs) may participate in this process. In this study, we demonstrated that simvastatin increased both the total and the surface expression of CXCR4 in BMSCs. Stromal cell‐derived factor‐1α (SDF‑1α)‐induced migration of BMSCs was also enhanced by simvastatin, and this action was inhibited by AMD 3100(a chemokine receptor antagonist for CXCR4). The PI3K/AKT pathway was activated by simvastatin in this process, and LY294002 reversed the overexpression of CXCR4 caused by simvastatin. MiR‐9 directly targeted CXCR4 in rat BMSCs, and simvastatin decreased miR‐9 expression. P‐AKT affected the expression of miR‐9; as the phosphorylation of AKT increased, miR‐9 expression decreased. In addition, LY294002 increased miR‐9 expression. Taken together, our results indicated that simvastatin improved the migration of BMSCs via the PI3K/AKT pathway. MiR‐9 also participated in this process, and the phosphorylation of AKT affected miR‐9 expression, suggesting that simvastatin might have beneficial effects in stem cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Bing
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Qi Lu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xinyan Pang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Qi Lu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qingxi Qu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Qi Lu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiao Bai
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Qi Lu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Wenwen Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Qi Lu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yanwen Bi
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Qi Lu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiaolu Bi
- School of Life Science of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
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35
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Reconciling paradigms of abnormal pulmonary blood flow and quasi-malignant cellular alterations in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Vascul Pharmacol 2016; 83:17-25. [PMID: 26804008 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) structural and functional abnormalities of the small lung vessels interact and lead to a progressive increase in pulmonary vascular resistance and right heart failure. A current pathobiological concept characterizes PAH as a 'quasi-malignant' disease focusing on cancer-like alterations in endothelial cells (EC) and the importance of their acquired apoptosis-resistant, hyper-proliferative phenotype in the process of vascular remodeling. While changes in pulmonary blood flow (PBF) have been long-since recognized and linked to the development of PAH, little is known about a possible relationship between an altered PBF and the quasi-malignant cell phenotype in the pulmonary vascular wall. This review summarizes recognized and hypothetical effects of an abnormal PBF on the pulmonary vascular bed and links these to quasi-malignant changes found in the pulmonary endothelium. Here we describe that abnormal PBF does not only trigger a pulmonary vascular cell growth program, but may also maintain the cancer-like phenotype of the endothelium. Consequently, normalization of PBF and EC response to abnormal PBF may represent a treatment strategy in patients with established PAH.
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Felty Q, Sakao S, Voelkel NF. Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: A Stem Cell Hypothesis. LUNG STEM CELLS IN THE EPITHELIUM AND VASCULATURE 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-16232-4_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Farkas D, Alhussaini AA, Kraskauskas D, Kraskauskiene V, Cool CD, Nicolls MR, Natarajan R, Farkas L. Nuclear factor κB inhibition reduces lung vascular lumen obliteration in severe pulmonary hypertension in rats. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2014; 51:413-25. [PMID: 24684441 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0355oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
NF-κB and IL-6, a NF-κB downstream mediator, play a central role in the inflammatory response of tissues. We aimed to determine the role of the classical NF-κB pathway in severe pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) induced by SU5416 and chronic hypoxia (SuHx) in rats. Tissue samples from patients with idiopathic PAH (iPAH) and control subjects were investigated. SuHx rats were treated from Days 1 to 3, 1 to 21, and 29 to 42 with the NF-κB inhibitor pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) and/or from Days 1 to 21 with anti-IL-6 antibody. Nuclear staining for NF-κB, an indicator of the activation of the classical NF-κB pathway, was detected in pulmonary arterial lesions of patients with iPAH and SuHx rats. NF-κB inhibition with PDTC prevented and reduced pulmonary arterial obliteration without reducing muscularization. However, the elevated lung levels of IL-6 were not reduced in PDTC-treated SuHx animals. PDTC treatment prevented or reduced apoptosis of pulmonary artery wall cells and pulmonary arterial obliteration. IL-6 inhibition had only a partial effect on apoptosis and obliteration. Pulmonary arterial media wall thickness was not affected by any of these treatments. Preventive and therapeutic PDTC treatment promoted immune regulation by increasing the number of perivascular CD4(+) T cells, in particular regulatory T cells (early treatment), and by reducing the number of perivascular CD8(+) T lymphocytes and CD45RA(+) B lymphocytes. Therapeutic PDTC treatment further preserved right ventricular function in SuHx animals. Inhibition of NF-κB may represent a therapeutic option for pulmonary arterial obliteration via reduced vessel wall cell apoptosis and improved regulation of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Farkas
- 1 Victoria Johnson Center for Lung Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
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