1
|
Hancock PA, Ochomo E, Messenger LA. Genetic surveillance of insecticide resistance in African Anopheles populations to inform malaria vector control. Trends Parasitol 2024; 40:604-618. [PMID: 38760258 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2024.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Insecticide resistance in malaria vector populations poses a major threat to malaria control, which relies largely on insecticidal interventions. Contemporary vector-control strategies focus on combatting resistance using multiple insecticides with differing modes of action within the mosquito. However, diverse genetic resistance mechanisms are present in vector populations, and continue to evolve. Knowledge of the spatial distribution of these genetic mechanisms, and how they impact the efficacy of different insecticidal products, is critical to inform intervention deployment decisions. We developed a catalogue of genetic-resistance mechanisms in African malaria vectors that could guide molecular surveillance. We highlight situations where intervention deployment has led to resistance evolution and spread, and identify challenges in understanding and mitigating the epidemiological impacts of resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Penelope A Hancock
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Eric Ochomo
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Vector Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, UK
| | - Louisa A Messenger
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, USA; Parasitology and Vector Biology (PARAVEC) Laboratory, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Schwartz M, Petiot N, Chaloyard J, Senty-Segault V, Lirussi F, Senet P, Nicolai A, Heydel JM, Canon F, Sonkaria S, Khare V, Didierjean C, Neiers F. Structural and Thermodynamic Insights into Dimerization Interfaces of Drosophila Glutathione Transferases. Biomolecules 2024; 14:758. [PMID: 39062472 PMCID: PMC11274453 DOI: 10.3390/biom14070758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the dimerization interfaces of fly GSTs through sequence alignment. Our investigation revealed GSTE1 as a particularly intriguing target, providing valuable insights into the variations within Delta and Epsilon GST interfaces. The X-ray structure of GSTE1 was determined, unveiling remarkable thermal stability and a distinctive dimerization interface. Utilizing circular dichroism, we assessed the thermal stability of GSTE1 and other Drosophila GSTs with resolved X-ray structures. The subsequent examination of GST dimer stability correlated with the dimerization interface supported by findings from X-ray structural analysis and thermal stability measurements. Our discussion extends to the broader context of GST dimer interfaces, offering a generalized perspective on their stability. This research enhances our understanding of the structural and thermodynamic aspects of GST dimerization, contributing valuable insights to the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Schwartz
- Flavour Perception: Molecular Mechanisms (Flavours), INRAE, CNRS, Université de Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France; (M.S.); (J.C.); (V.S.-S.); (J.-M.H.)
| | - Nicolas Petiot
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, UMR 6303 CNRS, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21078 Dijon, France; (N.P.); (P.S.); (A.N.)
| | - Jeanne Chaloyard
- Flavour Perception: Molecular Mechanisms (Flavours), INRAE, CNRS, Université de Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France; (M.S.); (J.C.); (V.S.-S.); (J.-M.H.)
| | - Véronique Senty-Segault
- Flavour Perception: Molecular Mechanisms (Flavours), INRAE, CNRS, Université de Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France; (M.S.); (J.C.); (V.S.-S.); (J.-M.H.)
| | - Frédéric Lirussi
- UMR 1231, Lipides Nutrition Cancer, INSERM, 21000 Dijon, France;
- UFR des Sciences de Santé, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France
- Plateforme PACE, Laboratoire de Pharmacologie-Toxicologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Besançon, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Patrick Senet
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, UMR 6303 CNRS, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21078 Dijon, France; (N.P.); (P.S.); (A.N.)
| | - Adrien Nicolai
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, UMR 6303 CNRS, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21078 Dijon, France; (N.P.); (P.S.); (A.N.)
| | - Jean-Marie Heydel
- Flavour Perception: Molecular Mechanisms (Flavours), INRAE, CNRS, Université de Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France; (M.S.); (J.C.); (V.S.-S.); (J.-M.H.)
| | | | - Sanjiv Sonkaria
- Soft Foundry Institute, Seoul National University, Kwanak-gu, Seoul 39-131, Republic of Korea; (S.S.); (V.K.)
| | - Varsha Khare
- Soft Foundry Institute, Seoul National University, Kwanak-gu, Seoul 39-131, Republic of Korea; (S.S.); (V.K.)
| | | | - Fabrice Neiers
- Flavour Perception: Molecular Mechanisms (Flavours), INRAE, CNRS, Université de Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France; (M.S.); (J.C.); (V.S.-S.); (J.-M.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Spadar A, Collins E, Messenger LA, Clark TG, Campino S. Uncovering the genetic diversity in Aedes aegypti insecticide resistance genes through global comparative genomics. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13447. [PMID: 38862628 PMCID: PMC11166649 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Aedes aegypti is vector of many arboviruses including Zika, dengue, yellow fever, West Nile, and Chikungunya. Its control efforts are hampered by widespread insecticide resistance reported in the Americas and Asia, while data from Africa is more limited. Here we use publicly available 729 Ae. aegypti whole-genome sequencing samples from 15 countries, including nine in Africa, to investigate the genetic diversity in four insecticide resistance linked genes: ace-1, GSTe2, rdl and vgsc. Apart from vgsc, the other genes have been less investigated in Ae. aegypti, and almost no genetic diversity information is available. Among the four genes, we identified 1,829 genetic variants including 474 non-synonymous substitutions, some of which have been previously documented, as well as putative copy number variations in GSTe2 and vgsc. Global insecticide resistance phenotypic data demonstrated variable resistance in geographic areas with resistant genotypes. Overall, our work provides the first global catalogue and geographic distribution of known and new amino-acid mutations and duplications that can be used to guide the identification of resistance drivers in Ae. aegypti and thereby support monitoring efforts and strategies for vector control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anton Spadar
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Emma Collins
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Louisa A Messenger
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA
- Parasitology and Vector Biology Laboratory (UNLV PARAVEC Lab), School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Taane G Clark
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Susana Campino
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Odero JO, Dennis TPW, Polo B, Nwezeobi J, Boddé M, Nagi SC, Hernandez-Koutoucheva A, Nambunga IH, Bwanary H, Mkandawile G, Govella NJ, Kaindoa EW, Ferguson HM, Ochomo E, Clarkson CS, Miles A, Lawniczak MKN, Weetman D, Baldini F, Okumu FO. Discovery of knock-down resistance in the major African malaria vector Anopheles funestus. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.13.584754. [PMID: 38854026 PMCID: PMC11160573 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.13.584754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
A major mechanism of insecticide resistance in insect pests is knock-down resistance (kdr) caused by mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel (Vgsc) gene. Despite being common in most malaria Anopheles vector species, kdr mutations have never been observed in Anopheles funestus, the principal malaria vector in Eastern and Southern Africa. While monitoring 10 populations of An. funestus in Tanzania, we unexpectedly found resistance to DDT, a banned insecticide, in one location. Through whole-genome sequencing of 333 An. funestus samples from these populations, we found 8 novel amino acid substitutions in the Vgsc gene, including the kdr variant, L976F (L1014F in An. gambiae), in tight linkage disequilibrium with another (P1842S). The mutants were found only at high frequency in one region, with a significant decline between 2017 and 2023. Notably, kdr L976F was strongly associated with survivorship to the exposure to DDT insecticide, while no clear association was noted with a pyrethroid insecticide (deltamethrin). Further study is necessary to identify the origin and spread of kdr in An. funestus, and the potential threat to current insecticide-based vector control in Africa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joel O Odero
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
- School of Biodiversity, One Health, and Veterinary Medicine, G12 8QQ, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Tristan P W Dennis
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, L3 5QA, Liverpool, UK
| | - Brian Polo
- Entomology Section, Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Joachim Nwezeobi
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Marilou Boddé
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Sanjay C Nagi
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, L3 5QA, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Ismail H Nambunga
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Hamis Bwanary
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Gustav Mkandawile
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Nicodem J Govella
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Emmanuel W Kaindoa
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Heather M Ferguson
- School of Biodiversity, One Health, and Veterinary Medicine, G12 8QQ, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Eric Ochomo
- Entomology Section, Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Chris S Clarkson
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Alistair Miles
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Mara K N Lawniczak
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - David Weetman
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, L3 5QA, Liverpool, UK
| | - Francesco Baldini
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
- School of Biodiversity, One Health, and Veterinary Medicine, G12 8QQ, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Fredros O Okumu
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
- School of Biodiversity, One Health, and Veterinary Medicine, G12 8QQ, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kamau L, Bennett KL, Ochomo E, Herren J, Agumba S, Otieno S, Omoke D, Matoke-Muhia D, Mburu D, Mwangangi J, Ramaita E, Juma EO, Mbogo C, Barasa S, Miles A. The Anopheles coluzzii range extends into Kenya: detection, insecticide resistance profiles and population genetic structure in relation to conspecific populations in West and Central Africa. Malar J 2024; 23:122. [PMID: 38671462 PMCID: PMC11046809 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-024-04950-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anopheles coluzzii is a primary vector of malaria found in West and Central Africa, but its presence has hitherto never been documented in Kenya. A thorough understanding of vector bionomics is important as it enables the implementation of targeted and effective vector control interventions. Malaria vector surveillance efforts in the country have tended to focus on historically known primary vectors. The current study sought to determine the taxonomic status of samples collected from five different malaria epidemiological zones in Kenya as well as describe the population genetic structure and insecticide resistance profiles in relation to other An. coluzzii populations. METHODS Mosquitoes were sampled as larvae from Busia, Kwale, Turkana, Kirinyaga and Kiambu counties, representing the range of malaria endemicities in Kenya, in 2019 and 2021 and emergent adults analysed using Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) data processed in accordance with the Anopheles gambiae 1000 Genomes Project phase 3. Where available, historical samples from the same sites were included for WGS. Comparisons were made with An. coluzzii cohorts from West and Central Africa. RESULTS This study reports the detection of An. coluzzii for the first time in Kenya. The species was detected in Turkana County across all three time points from which samples were analyzed and its presence confirmed through taxonomic analysis. Additionally, there was a lack of strong population genetic differentiation between An. coluzzii from Kenya and those from the more northerly regions of West and Central Africa, suggesting they represent a connected extension to the known species range. Mutations associated with target-site resistance to DDT and pyrethroids and metabolic resistance to DDT were found at high frequencies up to 64%. The profile and frequencies of the variants observed were similar to An. coluzzii from West and Central Africa but the ace-1 mutation linked to organophosphate and carbamate resistance present in An. coluzzii from coastal West Africa was absent in Kenya. CONCLUSIONS These findings emphasize the need for the incorporation of genomics in comprehensive and routine vector surveillance to inform on the range of malaria vector species, and their insecticide resistance status to inform the choice of effective vector control approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luna Kamau
- Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development (CBRD), Kenya Medical Research Institute, PO Box 54840, Nairobi, 00200, Kenya.
| | - Kelly L Bennett
- Malaria Vector Genomic Surveillance, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Eric Ochomo
- Centre for Global Health Research (CGHR), Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Herren
- International Center for Insect Physiology and Ecology (Icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Silas Agumba
- Centre for Global Health Research (CGHR), Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Samson Otieno
- Centre for Global Health Research (CGHR), Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Diana Omoke
- Centre for Global Health Research (CGHR), Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Damaris Matoke-Muhia
- Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development (CBRD), Kenya Medical Research Institute, PO Box 54840, Nairobi, 00200, Kenya
- Pan African Mosquito Control Association (PAMCA), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - David Mburu
- Pwani University Biosciences Research Centre (PUBReC), Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Joseph Mwangangi
- Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast (CGMR-C), Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Edith Ramaita
- Ministry of Health-National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP), Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Elijah O Juma
- Pan African Mosquito Control Association (PAMCA), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Charles Mbogo
- Pan African Mosquito Control Association (PAMCA), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sonia Barasa
- Malaria Vector Genomic Surveillance, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
- Pan African Mosquito Control Association (PAMCA), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Alistair Miles
- Malaria Vector Genomic Surveillance, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Song H, Chu J, Li W, Li X, Fang L, Han J, Zhao S, Ma Y. A Novel Approach Utilizing Domain Adversarial Neural Networks for the Detection and Classification of Selective Sweeps. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2304842. [PMID: 38308186 PMCID: PMC11005742 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
The identification and classification of selective sweeps are of great significance for improving the understanding of biological evolution and exploring opportunities for precision medicine and genetic improvement. Here, a domain adaptation sweep detection and classification (DASDC) method is presented to balance the alignment of two domains and the classification performance through a domain-adversarial neural network and its adversarial learning modules. DASDC effectively addresses the issue of mismatch between training data and real genomic data in deep learning models, leading to a significant improvement in its generalization capability, prediction robustness, and accuracy. The DASDC method demonstrates improved identification performance compared to existing methods and excels in classification performance, particularly in scenarios where there is a mismatch between application data and training data. The successful implementation of DASDC in real data of three distinct species highlights its potential as a useful tool for identifying crucial functional genes and investigating adaptive evolutionary mechanisms, particularly with the increasing availability of genomic data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Song
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal GeneticsBreeding, and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education & Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of AgricultureHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan430070China
| | - Jinyu Chu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal GeneticsBreeding, and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education & Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of AgricultureHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan430070China
| | - Wangjiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal GeneticsBreeding, and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education & Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of AgricultureHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan430070China
| | - Xinyun Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal GeneticsBreeding, and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education & Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of AgricultureHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan430070China
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryWuhan430070China
| | - Lingzhao Fang
- Center for Quantitative Genetics and GenomicsAarhus UniversityAarhus8000Denmark
| | - Jianlin Han
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal GeneticsBreeding, and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education & Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of AgricultureHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan430070China
- CAAS‐ILRI Joint Laboratory on Livestock and Forage Genetic ResourcesInstitute of Animal ScienceChinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)Beijing100193China
- Livestock Genetics ProgramInternational Livestock Research Institute (ILRI)Nairobi00100Kenya
| | - Shuhong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal GeneticsBreeding, and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education & Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of AgricultureHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan430070China
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryWuhan430070China
- Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology Guangdong LaboratoryGuangzhou510642China
| | - Yunlong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal GeneticsBreeding, and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education & Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of AgricultureHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan430070China
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryWuhan430070China
- Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology Guangdong LaboratoryGuangzhou510642China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ballu A, Ugazio C, Duplaix C, Noly A, Wullschleger J, Torriani SFF, Dérédec A, Carpentier F, Walker AS. Preventing multi-resistance: New insights for managing fungal adaptation. Environ Microbiol 2024; 26:e16614. [PMID: 38570900 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Sustainable crop protection is vital for food security, yet it is under threat due to the adaptation of a diverse and evolving pathogen population. Resistance can be managed by maximising the diversity of selection pressure through dose variation and the spatial and temporal combination of active ingredients. This study explores the interplay between operational drivers for maximising the sustainability of management strategies in relation to the resistance status of fungal populations. We applied an experimental evolution approach to three artificial populations of Zymoseptoria tritici, an economically significant wheat pathogen, each differing in initial resistance status. Our findings reveal that diversified selection pressure curtails the selection of resistance in naïve populations and those with low frequencies of single resistance. Increasing the number of modes of action most effectively delays resistance development, surpassing the increase in the number of fungicides, fungicide choice based on resistance risk, and temporal variation in fungicide exposure. However, this approach favours generalism in the evolved populations. The prior presence of multiple resistant isolates and their subsequent selection in populations override the effects of diversity in management strategies, thereby invalidating any universal ranking. Therefore, the initial resistance composition must be specifically considered in sustainable resistance management to address real-world field situations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agathe Ballu
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UR BIOGER, Palaiseau, France
| | - Claire Ugazio
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UR BIOGER, Palaiseau, France
| | | | - Alicia Noly
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UR BIOGER, Palaiseau, France
| | | | | | - Anne Dérédec
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UR BIOGER, Palaiseau, France
| | - Florence Carpentier
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UR MaIAGE, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- AgroParisTech, Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kamau L, Bennett KL, Ochomo E, Herren J, Agumba S, Otieno S, Omoke D, Matoke-Muhia D, Mburu D, Mwangangi J, Ramaita E, Juma EO, Mbogo C, Barasa S, Miles A. The Anopheles coluzzii range extends into Kenya: Detection, insecticide resistance profiles and population genetic structure in relation to conspecific populations in West and Central Africa. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-3953608. [PMID: 38410447 PMCID: PMC10896386 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3953608/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Background Anopheles coluzzii is a primary vector of malaria found in West and Central Africa, but its presence has hitherto never been documented in Kenya. A thorough understanding of vector bionomics is important as it enables the implementation of targeted and effective vector control interventions. Malaria vector surveillance efforts in the country have tended to focus on historically known primary vectors. In the current study, we sought to determine the taxonomic status of samples collected from five different malaria epidemiological zones in Kenya as well asdescribe the population genetic structure and insecticide resistance profiles in relation to other An. coluzzi populations. Methods Mosquitoes were sampled as larvae from Busia, Kwale, Turkana, Kirinyaga and Kiambu counties, representing the range of malaria endemicities in Kenya, in 2019 and 2021 and emergent adults analysed using Whole Genome Sequencing data processed in accordance with the Anopheles gambiae 1000 Genomes Project phase 3. Where available, historical samples from the same sites were included for WGS. Results This study reports the detection of Anopheles coluzzii for the first time in Kenya. The species was detected in Turkana County across all three time points sampled and its presence confirmed through taxonomic analysis. Additionally, we found a lack of strong population genetic differentiation between An. coluzzii from Kenya and those from the more northerly regions of West and Central Africa, suggesting they represent a connected extension to the known species range. Mutations associated with target-site resistance to DDT and pyrethroids and metabolic resistance to DDT were found at high frequencies of ~60%. The profile and frequencies of the variants observed were similar to An. coluzzii from West and Central Africa but the ace-1 mutation linked to organophosphate and carbamate resistance present in An. coluzzii from coastal West Africa was absent in Kenya. Conclusions These findings emphasise the need for the incorporation of genomics in comprehensive and routine vector surveillance to inform on the range of malaria vector species, and their insecticide resistance status to inform the choice of effective vector control approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luna Kamau
- Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development (CBRD), Kenya Medical Research Institute
| | - Kelly L Bennett
- Malaria Vector Genomic Surveillance, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute
| | - Eric Ochomo
- Centre for Global Health Research (CGHR), Kenya Medical Research Institute
| | - Jeremy Herren
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology
| | - Silas Agumba
- Centre for Global Health Research (CGHR), Kenya Medical Research Institute
| | - Samson Otieno
- Centre for Global Health Research (CGHR), Kenya Medical Research Institute
| | - Diana Omoke
- Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development (CBRD), Kenya Medical Research Institute
| | - Damaris Matoke-Muhia
- Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development (CBRD), Kenya Medical Research Institute
| | | | - Joseph Mwangangi
- Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast (CGMR-C), Kenya Medical Research Institute
| | - Edith Ramaita
- Ministry of Health - National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP)
| | | | | | - Sonia Barasa
- Malaria Vector Genomic Surveillance, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute
| | - Alistair Miles
- Malaria Vector Genomic Surveillance, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Poulton BC, Colman F, Anthousi A, Sattelle DB, Lycett GJ. Aedes aegypti CCEae3A carboxylase expression confers carbamate, organophosphate and limited pyrethroid resistance in a model transgenic mosquito. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0011595. [PMID: 38377131 PMCID: PMC10906864 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Insecticide resistance is a serious threat to our ability to control mosquito vectors which transmit pathogens including malaria parasites and arboviruses. Understanding the underlying mechanisms is an essential first step in tackling the challenges presented by resistance. This study aimed to functionally characterise the carboxylesterase, CCEae3A, the elevated expression of which has been implicated in temephos resistance in Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus larvae. Using our GAL4/UAS expression system, already established in insecticide-sensitive Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes, we produced transgenic An. gambiae mosquitoes that express an Ae. aegypti CCEae3A ubiquitously. This new transgenic line permits examination of CCEae3A expression in a background in which there is not a clear orthologue in Vectorbase and allows comparison with existing An. gambiae GAL4-UAS lines. Insecticide resistance profiling of these transgenic An. gambiae larvae indicated significant increases in resistance ratio for three organophosphate insecticides, temephos (6), chloropyriphos (6.6) and fenthion (3.2) when compared to the parental strain. Cross resistance to adulticides from three major insecticide classes: organophosphates (malathion, fenitrothion and pirimiphos methyl), carbamates (bendiocarb and propoxur) and pyrethroid (alpha-cypermethrin) was also detected. Resistance to certain organophosphates and carbamates validates conclusions drawn from previous expression and phenotypic data. However, detection of resistance to pirimiphos methyl and alphacypermethrin has not previously been formally associated with CCEae3A, despite occurring in Ae. aegypti strains where this gene was upregulated. Our findings highlight the importance of characterising individual resistance mechanisms, thereby ensuring accurate information is used to guide future vector control strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beth C. Poulton
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Fraser Colman
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Amalia Anthousi
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - David B. Sattelle
- Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth J. Lycett
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Fadel AN, Ibrahim SS, Sandeu MM, Tatsinkou CGM, Menze BD, Irving H, Hearn J, Nagi SC, Weedall GD, Terence E, Tchapga W, Wanji S, Wondji CS. Exploring the molecular mechanisms of increased intensity of pyrethroid resistance in Central African population of a major malaria vector Anopheles coluzzii. Evol Appl 2024; 17:e13641. [PMID: 38410533 PMCID: PMC10895554 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Molecular mechanisms driving the escalation of pyrethroid resistance in the major malaria mosquitoes of Central Africa remain largely uncharacterized, hindering effective management strategies. Here, resistance intensity and the molecular mechanisms driving it were investigated in a population of Anopheles coluzzii from northern Cameroon. High levels of pyrethroid and organochloride resistance were observed in An. coluzzii population, with no mortality for 1× permethrin; only 11% and 33% mortalities for 5× and 10× permethrin diagnostic concentrations, and <2% mortalities for deltamethrin and DDT, respectively. Moderate bendiocarb resistance (88% mortality) and full susceptibility to malathion were observed. Synergist bioassays with piperonyl butoxide recovered permethrin susceptibility, with mortalities increasing to 53.39%, and 87.30% for 5× and 10× permethrin, respectively, implicating P450 monooxygenases. Synergist bioassays with diethyl maleate (DEM) recovered permethrin and DDT susceptibilities (mortalities increasing to 34.75% and 14.88%, respectively), implicating glutathione S-transferases. RNA-seq-based genome-wide transcriptional analyses supported by quantitative PCR identified glutathione S-transferase, GSTe2 (RNA-seqFC = 2.93 and qRT-PCRFC = 8.4, p < 0.0043) and CYP450, CYP6Z2 (RNA-seqFC = 2.39 and qRT-PCRFC = 11.7, p < 0.0177) as the most overexpressed detoxification genes in the pyrethroid-resistant mosquitoes, compared to mosquitoes of the susceptible Ngousso colony. Other overexpressed genes include P450s, CYP6M2 (FC = 1.68, p < 0.0114), CYP4G16 (FC = 2.02, p < 0.0005), and CYP4G17 (FC = 1.86, p < 0.0276). While high frequency of the 1014F kdr mutation (50%) and low frequencies of 1014S (6.61%) and 1575Y (10.29%) were observed, no ace-1 mutation was detected in bendiocarb-resistant populations, suggesting the preeminent role of metabolic mechanism. Overexpression of metabolic resistance genes (including GSTe2 and CYP6Z2 known to confer resistance to multiple insecticides) in An. coluzzii from the Sudan Savannah of Cameroon highlights the need for alternative management strategies to reduce malaria burden in northern Cameroon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amen N. Fadel
- Center for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID)YaoundéCameroon
- Department of Microbiology and ParasitologyUniversity of BueaBueaCameroon
| | - Sulaiman S. Ibrahim
- Center for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID)YaoundéCameroon
- Department of BiochemistryBayero UniversityKanoNigeria
- Vector Biology DepartmentLiverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM)LiverpoolUK
| | - Maurice M. Sandeu
- Center for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID)YaoundéCameroon
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious DiseasesSchool of Veterinary Medicine and SciencesUniversity of NgaoundéréNgaoundéréCameroon
| | | | | | - Helen Irving
- Vector Biology DepartmentLiverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM)LiverpoolUK
| | - Jack Hearn
- Centre of Epidemiology and Planetary HealthNorth FacultyVeterinary & Animal ScienceScotland's Rural CollegeInvernessUK
| | - Sanjay C. Nagi
- Vector Biology DepartmentLiverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM)LiverpoolUK
| | - Gareth D. Weedall
- School of Biological and Environmental SciencesLiverpool John Moores UniversityLiverpoolUK
| | - Ebai Terence
- Center for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID)YaoundéCameroon
| | - Williams Tchapga
- Center for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID)YaoundéCameroon
| | - Samuel Wanji
- Department of Microbiology and ParasitologyUniversity of BueaBueaCameroon
| | - Charles S. Wondji
- Center for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID)YaoundéCameroon
- Vector Biology DepartmentLiverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM)LiverpoolUK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Moss S, Pretorius E, Ceesay S, Hutchins H, da Silva ET, Ndiath MO, Jones RT, Vasileva H, Phelan J, Acford-Palmer H, Collins E, Rodrigues A, Krishna S, Clark TG, Last A, Campino S. Genomic surveillance of Anopheles mosquitoes on the Bijagós Archipelago using custom targeted amplicon sequencing identifies mutations associated with insecticide resistance. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:10. [PMID: 38178249 PMCID: PMC10768400 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-06085-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insecticide resistance is reducing the efficacy of vector control interventions, consequently threatening efforts to control vector-borne diseases, including malaria. Investigating the prevalence of molecular markers of resistance is a useful tool for monitoring the spread of insecticide resistance in disease vectors. The Bijagós Archipelago (Bijagós) in Guinea-Bissau is a region of stable malaria transmission where insecticide-treated nets are the mainstay for malaria control. However, the prevalence of molecular markers of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors is not well understood. METHODS A total of 214 Anopheles mosquitoes were analysed from 13 islands across the Bijagós. These mosquitoes were collected using CDC light traps in November 2019, during the peak malaria transmission season. High-throughput multiplex amplicon sequencing was used to investigate the prevalence of 17 different molecular markers associated with insecticide resistance in four genes: vgsc, rdl, ace1 and gste2. RESULTS Of the 17 screened mutations, four were identified in mosquitoes from the Bijagós: vgsc L995F (12.2%), N1570Y (6.2%) and A1746S (0.7%) and rdl A269G (1.1%). This study is the first to report the L995F knock-down resistance (kdr)-west allele in Anopheles melas on the Archipelago. An additional eight non-synonymous single-nucleotide polymorphisms were identified across the four genes which have not been described previously. The prevalences of the vgsc L995F and N1570Y mutations were higher on Bubaque Island than on the other islands in this study; Bubaque is the most populous island in the archipelago, with the greatest population mobility and connection to continental Guinea-Bissau. CONCLUSIONS This study provides the first surveillance data for genetic markers present in malaria vectors from islands across the Bijagós Archipelago. Overall prevalence of insecticide resistance mutations was found to be low. However, the identification of the vgsc L995F and N1570Y mutations associated with pyrethroid resistance warrants further monitoring. This is particularly important as the mainstay of malaria control on the islands is the use of pyrethroid insecticide-treated nets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Moss
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Elizabeth Pretorius
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Sainey Ceesay
- Medical Research Council, The Gambia (MRCG), Fajara, Gambia
| | - Harry Hutchins
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Eunice Teixeira da Silva
- Ministério de Saúde Pública, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau
- Projecto de Saúde Bandim, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau
| | | | - Robert T Jones
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Hristina Vasileva
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Jody Phelan
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Holly Acford-Palmer
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Emma Collins
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Sanjeev Krishna
- Clinical Academic Group, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust-St. George's University of London, London, UK
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné (CERMEL), Lambaréné, Gabon
- Institut Für Tropenmedizin Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Taane G Clark
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Anna Last
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Susana Campino
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lucas ER, Nagi SC, Egyir-Yawson A, Essandoh J, Dadzie S, Chabi J, Djogbénou LS, Medjigbodo AA, Edi CV, Kétoh GK, Koudou BG, Van't Hof AE, Rippon EJ, Pipini D, Harding NJ, Dyer NA, Cerdeira LT, Clarkson CS, Kwiatkowski DP, Miles A, Donnelly MJ, Weetman D. Genome-wide association studies reveal novel loci associated with pyrethroid and organophosphate resistance in Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles coluzzii. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4946. [PMID: 37587104 PMCID: PMC10432508 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40693-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance to insecticides in Anopheles mosquitoes threatens the effectiveness of malaria control, but the genetics of resistance are only partially understood. We performed a large scale multi-country genome-wide association study of resistance to two widely used insecticides: deltamethrin and pirimiphos-methyl, using sequencing data from An. gambiae and An. coluzzii from ten locations in West Africa. Resistance was highly multi-genic, multi-allelic and variable between populations. While the strongest and most consistent association with deltamethrin resistance came from Cyp6aa1, this was based on several independent copy number variants (CNVs) in An. coluzzii, and on a non-CNV haplotype in An. gambiae. For pirimiphos-methyl, signals included Ace1, cytochrome P450s, glutathione S-transferases and the nAChR target site of neonicotinoid insecticides. The regions around Cyp9k1 and the Tep family of immune genes showed evidence of cross-resistance to both insecticides. These locally-varying, multi-allelic patterns highlight the challenges involved in genomic monitoring of resistance, and may form the basis for improved surveillance methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric R Lucas
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.
| | - Sanjay C Nagi
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | | | - John Essandoh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Samuel Dadzie
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Joseph Chabi
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Luc S Djogbénou
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), Université d'Abomey-Calavi (UAC), 01 B.P. 526, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Adandé A Medjigbodo
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), Université d'Abomey-Calavi (UAC), 01 B.P. 526, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Constant V Edi
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, 01 BP 1303, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Guillaume K Kétoh
- Laboratory of Ecology and Ecotoxicology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, Université de Lomé, 01 B.P. 1515, Lomé, Togo
| | - Benjamin G Koudou
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, 01 BP 1303, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Arjen E Van't Hof
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Emily J Rippon
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Dimitra Pipini
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Nicholas J Harding
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Naomi A Dyer
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Louise T Cerdeira
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | | | | | - Alistair Miles
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Martin J Donnelly
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK.
| | - David Weetman
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ibrahim SS, Muhammad A, Hearn J, Weedall GD, Nagi SC, Mukhtar MM, Fadel AN, Mugenzi LJ, Patterson EI, Irving H, Wondji CS. Molecular drivers of insecticide resistance in the Sahelo-Sudanian populations of a major malaria vector Anopheles coluzzii. BMC Biol 2023; 21:125. [PMID: 37226196 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01610-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Information on common markers of metabolic resistance in malaria vectors from countries sharing similar eco-climatic characteristics can facilitate coordination of malaria control. Here, we characterized populations of the major malaria vector Anopheles coluzzii from Sahel region, spanning four sub-Saharan African countries: Nigeria, Niger, Chad and Cameroon. RESULTS Genome-wide transcriptional analysis identified major genes previously implicated in pyrethroid and/or cross-resistance to other insecticides, overexpressed across the Sahel, including CYP450s, glutathione S-transferases, carboxylesterases and cuticular proteins. Several, well-known markers of insecticide resistance were found in high frequencies-including in the voltage-gated sodium channel (V402L, I940T, L995F, I1527T and N1570Y), the acetylcholinesterase-1 gene (G280S) and the CYP4J5-L43F (which is fixed). High frequencies of the epidemiologically important chromosomal inversion polymorphisms, 2La, 2Rb and 2Rc, were observed (~80% for 2Rb and 2Rc). The 2La alternative arrangement is fixed across the Sahel. Low frequencies of these inversions (<10%) were observed in the fully insecticide susceptible laboratory colony of An. coluzzii (Ngoussou). Several of the most commonly overexpressed metabolic resistance genes sit in these three inversions. Two commonly overexpressed genes, GSTe2 and CYP6Z2, were functionally validated. Transgenic Drosophila melanogaster flies expressing GSTe2 exhibited extremely high DDT and permethrin resistance (mortalities <10% in 24h). Serial deletion of the 5' intergenic region, to identify putative nucleotide(s) associated with GSTe2 overexpression, revealed that simultaneous insertion of adenine nucleotide and a transition (T->C), between Forkhead box L1 and c-EST putative binding sites, were responsible for the high overexpression of GSTe2 in the resistant mosquitoes. Transgenic flies expressing CYP6Z2 exhibited marginal resistance towards 3-phenoxybenzylalcohol (a primary product of pyrethroid hydrolysis by carboxylesterases) and a type II pyrethroid, α-cypermethrin. However, significantly higher mortalities were observed in CYP6Z2 transgenic flies compared with controls, on exposure to the neonicotinoid, clothianidin. This suggests a possible bioactivation of clothianidin into a toxic intermediate, which may make it an ideal insecticide against populations of An. coluzzii overexpressing this P450. CONCLUSIONS These findings will facilitate regional collaborations within the Sahel region and refine implementation strategies through re-focusing interventions, improving evidence-based, cross-border policies towards local and regional malaria pre-elimination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sulaiman S Ibrahim
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.
- Department of Biochemistry, Bayero University, PMB 3011, Kano, Nigeria.
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Abdullahi Muhammad
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
- Centre for Biotechnology Research, Bayero University, PMB 3011, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Jack Hearn
- Centre of Epidemiology and Planetary Health, Veterinary & Animal Science, Scotland's Rural College, Inverness, IV2 5NA, UK
| | - Gareth D Weedall
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Sanjay C Nagi
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | | | - Amen N Fadel
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Leon J Mugenzi
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Edward I Patterson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Helen Irving
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Charles S Wondji
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lu X, Simma EA, Spanoghe P, Van Leeuwen T, Dermauw W. Recombinant expression and characterization of GSTd3 from a resistant population of Anopheles arabiensis and comparison of DDTase activity with GSTe2. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 192:105397. [PMID: 37105620 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The development of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors is a challenge for the global effort to control and eradicate malaria. Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are multifunctional enzymes involved in the detoxification of many classes of insecticides. For mosquitoes, it is known that overexpression of an epsilon GST, GSTe2, confers resistance towards DDT and pyrethroids. In addition to GSTe2, consistent overexpression of a delta class GST, GSTd3, has been observed in insecticide resistant populations of different malaria vector species. However, the functional role of GSTd3 towards DDT resistance has not yet been investigated. Here, we recombinantly expressed both GSTe2 and GSTd3 from Anopheles arabiensis and compared their metabolic activities against DDT. Both AaGSTd3 and AaGSTe2 exhibited CDNB-conjugating and glutathione peroxidase activity and DDT metabolism was observed for both GSTs. However, the DDT dehydrochlorinase activity exhibited by AaGSTe2 was much higher than for AaGSTd3, and AaGSTe2 was also able to eliminate DDE although the metabolite could not be identified. Molecular modeling revealed subtle differences in the binding pocket of both enzymes and a better fit of DDT within the H-site of AaGSTe2. The overexpression but much lower DDT metabolic activity of AaGSTd3, might suggest that AaGSTd3 sequesters DDT. These findings highlight the complexity of insecticide resistance in the major malaria vectors and the difficulties associated with control of the vectors using DDT, which is still used for indoor residual spraying.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xueping Lu
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Eba Alemayehu Simma
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.
| | - Pieter Spanoghe
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Thomas Van Leeuwen
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Wannes Dermauw
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Plant Sciences Unit, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Tchouakui M, Assatse T, Tazokong HR, Oruni A, Menze BD, Nguiffo-Nguete D, Mugenzi LMJ, Kayondo J, Watsenga F, Mzilahowa T, Osae M, Wondji CS. Detection of a reduced susceptibility to chlorfenapyr in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae contrasts with full susceptibility in Anopheles funestus across Africa. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2363. [PMID: 36759650 PMCID: PMC9911381 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29605-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
New insecticides have recently been produced to help control pyrethroid-resistant malaria vectors including the pyrrole, chlorfenapyr. Monitoring the susceptibility of mosquito populations against this new product and potential cross-resistance with current insecticides is vital for better resistance management. In this study, we assessed the resistance status of the major malaria vectors Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus to chlorfenapyr across Africa and explored potential cross-resistance with known pyrethroid resistance markers. Efficacy of chlorfenapyr 100 µg/ml against An. gambiae and An. funestus from five Cameroonian locations, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana, Uganda, and Malawi was assessed using CDC bottle assays. Synergist assays were performed with PBO (4%), DEM (8%) and DEF (0.25%) and several pyrethroid-resistant markers were genotyped in both species to assess potential cross-resistance between pyrethroids and chlorfenapyr. Resistance to chlorfenapyr was detected in An. gambiae populations from DRC (Kinshasa) (mortality rate: 64.3 ± 7.1%) Ghana (Obuasi) (65.9 ± 7.4%), Cameroon (Mangoum; 75.2 ± 7.7% and Nkolondom; 86.1 ± 7.4). In contrast, all An. funestus populations were fully susceptible. A negative association was observed between the L1014F-kdr mutation and chlorfenapyr resistance with a greater frequency of homozygote resistant mosquitoes among the dead mosquitoes after exposure compared to alive (OR 0.5; P = 0.02) whereas no association was found between GSTe2 (I114T in An. gambiae; L119F in An. funestus) and resistance to chlorfenapyr. A significant increase of mortality to chlorfenapyr 10 µg/ml was observed in An. funestus after to PBO, DEM and DEF whereas a trend for a decreased mortality was observed in An. gambiae after PBO pre-exposure. This study reveals a greater risk of chlorfenapyr resistance in An. gambiae populations than in An. funestus. However, the higher susceptibility in kdr-resistant mosquitoes points to higher efficacy of chlorfenapyr against the widespread kdr-based pyrethroid resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magellan Tchouakui
- Medical Entomology Department, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), P.O. Box 13501, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Tatiane Assatse
- Medical Entomology Department, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), P.O. Box 13501, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Parasitology and Ecology Laboratory, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Hervé R Tazokong
- Medical Entomology Department, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), P.O. Box 13501, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Parasitology and Ecology Laboratory, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Ambrose Oruni
- Entomology Department, Uganda Virus Research Institute (UVRI), P.O.Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Benjamin D Menze
- Medical Entomology Department, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), P.O. Box 13501, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Daniel Nguiffo-Nguete
- Medical Entomology Department, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), P.O. Box 13501, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Leon M J Mugenzi
- Medical Entomology Department, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), P.O. Box 13501, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Jonathan Kayondo
- Entomology Department, Uganda Virus Research Institute (UVRI), P.O.Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Francis Watsenga
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, P.O Box 1197, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Themba Mzilahowa
- Entomology Department, Malaria Alert Centre (MAC), Kamuzu University of Health Sciences (KUHeS), P.O Box 265, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Michael Osae
- Radiation Entomology and Pest Management Centre, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Legon, PO Box LG80, Accra, Ghana
| | - Charles S Wondji
- Medical Entomology Department, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), P.O. Box 13501, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L35QA, UK.
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), P.O. Box 2008, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lucas ER, Nagi SC, Egyir-Yawson A, Essandoh J, Dadzie S, Chabi J, Djogbénou LS, Medjigbodo AA, Edi CV, Ketoh GK, Koudou BG, Van't Hof AE, Rippon EJ, Pipini D, Harding NJ, Dyer NA, Cerdeira LT, Clarkson CS, Kwiatkowski DP, Miles A, Donnelly MJ, Weetman D. Genome-wide association studies reveal novel loci associated with pyrethroid and organophosphate resistance in Anopheles gambiae s.l. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.13.523889. [PMID: 36712022 PMCID: PMC9882144 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.13.523889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to insecticides in Anopheles mosquitoes threatens the effectiveness of the most widespread tools currently used to control malaria. The genetic underpinnings of resistance are still only partially understood, with much of the variance in resistance phenotype left unexplained. We performed a multi-country large scale genome-wide association study of resistance to two insecticides widely used in malaria control: deltamethrin and pirimiphos-methyl. Using a bioassay methodology designed to maximise the phenotypic difference between resistant and susceptible samples, we sequenced 969 phenotyped female An. gambiae and An. coluzzii from ten locations across four countries in West Africa (Benin, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana and Togo), identifying single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and copy number variants (CNVs) segregating in the populations. The patterns of resistance association were highly multiallelic and variable between populations, with different genomic regions contributing to resistance, as well as different mutations within a given region. While the strongest and most consistent association with deltamethrin resistance came from the region around Cyp6aa1 , this resistance was based on a combination of several independent CNVs in An. coluzzii , and on a non-CNV bearing haplotype in An. gambiae . Further signals involved a range of cytochrome P450, mitochondrial, and immunity genes. Similarly, for pirimiphos-methyl, while the strongest signal came from the region of Ace1 , more widespread signals included cytochrome P450s, glutathione S-transferases, and a subunit of the nAChR target site of neonicotinoid insecticides. The regions around Cyp9k1 and the Tep family of immune genes were associated with resistance to both insecticide classes, suggesting possible cross-resistance mechanisms. These locally-varying, multigenic and multiallelic patterns highlight the challenges involved in genomic monitoring and surveillance of resistance, and form the basis for improvement of methods used to detect and predict resistance. Based on simulations of resistance variants, we recommend that yet larger scale studies, exceeding 500 phenotyped samples per population, are required to better identify associated genomic regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric R Lucas
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Sanjay C Nagi
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | | | - John Essandoh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Sam Dadzie
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Joseph Chabi
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Luc S Djogbénou
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), Université d'Abomey-Calavi (UAC), 01 B.P. 526, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Adandé A Medjigbodo
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), Université d'Abomey-Calavi (UAC), 01 B.P. 526, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Constant V Edi
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, 01 BP 1303 Abidjan 01, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Guillaume K Ketoh
- Laboratory of Ecology and Ecotoxicology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, Université de Lomé, 01 B.P: 1515 Lomé 01, Togo
| | - Benjamin G Koudou
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, 01 BP 1303 Abidjan 01, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Arjen E Van't Hof
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Emily J Rippon
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Dimitra Pipini
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Nicholas J Harding
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Naomi A Dyer
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Louise T Cerdeira
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Chris S Clarkson
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | | | - Alistair Miles
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J Donnelly
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - David Weetman
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kwame Amlalo G, Akorli J, Etornam Akyea-Bobi N, Sowa Akporh S, Aqua-Baidoo D, Opoku M, Frempong K, Pi-Bansa S, Boakye HA, Joannides J, Nyarko Osei JH, Pwalia R, Abla Akorli E, Manu A, Dadzie SK. Evidence of High Frequencies of Insecticide Resistance Mutations in Aedes aegypti (Culicidae) Mosquitoes in Urban Accra, Ghana: Implications for Insecticide-based Vector Control of Aedes-borne Arboviral Diseases. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 59:2090-2101. [PMID: 36066455 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjac120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The most widespread arboviral diseases such as Dengue, Chikungunya, and Zika are transmitted mainly by Aedes mosquitoes. Due to the lack of effective therapeutics for most of these diseases, vector control remains the most effective preventative and control measure. This study investigated and compared the species composition, insecticide susceptibility, and resistance mechanisms in Aedes mosquito populations from a forest reserve converted to an eco-park and a peri-domestic sites in urban Accra, Ghana. Immature Aedes were sampled from the study sites, raised to adults, and exposed to deltamethrin, permethrin, DDT, fenitrothion, bendiocarb, permethrin + PBO, and deltamethrin + PBO using WHO tube assays. Melting curve analyses were performed for F1536C, V1016I, and V410L genetic mutations in surviving and dead mosquitoes following exposure to deltamethrin and permethrin. Microplate assay was used to access enzyme activity levels in adult mosquitoes from both populations. Aedes aegypti was found to be the dominant species from both study populations. The susceptibility test results revealed a high frequency of resistance to all the insecticides except fenitrothion. F1534C mutations were observed in 100% and 97% of mosquitoes from the peri-domestic and forest population, respectively but were associated with pyrethroid resistance only in the forest population (P < 0.0001). For the first time in Aedes mosquitoes in Ghana, we report the existence V410L mutations, mostly under selection only in the forest population (HWE P < 0.0001) and conclude that Aedes vectors in urban Accra have developed resistance to many commonly used insecticides. This information is important for the formulation of vector control strategies for Aedes control in Ghana.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Godwin Kwame Amlalo
- Vestergaard NMIMR Vector Labs, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Epidemiology and Disease Control, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 13, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Jewelna Akorli
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Nukunu Etornam Akyea-Bobi
- Vestergaard NMIMR Vector Labs, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Samuel Sowa Akporh
- Vestergaard NMIMR Vector Labs, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Dominic Aqua-Baidoo
- Vestergaard NMIMR Vector Labs, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Millicent Opoku
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Kwadwo Frempong
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Sellase Pi-Bansa
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Helena A Boakye
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Joannitta Joannides
- Vestergaard NMIMR Vector Labs, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Joseph Harold Nyarko Osei
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Rebecca Pwalia
- Vestergaard NMIMR Vector Labs, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Esinam Abla Akorli
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Alexander Manu
- Department of Epidemiology and Disease Control, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 13, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Samuel K Dadzie
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Dykes CL, Sharma G, Behera AK, Kapoor N, Paine MJI, Donnelly MJ, Singh OP. Tandem duplication of a genomic region encoding glutathione S-transferase epsilon-2 and -4 genes in DDT-resistant Anopheles stephensi strain from India. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17872. [PMID: 36284104 PMCID: PMC9596695 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21522-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The glutathione S-transferases (GST) genes are a multigene family of enzymes involved in the metabolism of endogenous and xenobiotic compounds by catalysing the conjugation of the reduced form of glutathione to the substrate. The epsilon class of GST (GSTe), unique to arthropods, is known to be involved in the detoxification process of several classes of insecticides, and GSTe2 in particular is known to have DDT dehydrochlorinase activity. This communication reports a tandem duplication of a genomic region encoding GSTe2 and GSTe4 genes in a laboratory-colonized DDT-resistant Anopheles stephensi. We identified duplication breakpoints and the organization of gene duplication through Sanger sequencing performed on long-PCR products. Manual annotation of sequences revealed a tandemly-arrayed duplication of a 3.62 kb segment of GST epsilon gene clusters comprised of five genes: a partial GSTe1, GSTe2, GSTe2-pseudogene, GSTe4 and partial GSTe5, interconnected by a conserved 2.42 kb DNA insert segment major part of which is homologous to a genomic region located on a different chromosome. The tandemly duplicated array contained a total of two GSTe2 and three GSTe4 functional paralog genes. Read-depth coverage and split-read analysis of Illumina-based whole-genome sequence reads confirmed the presence of duplication in the corresponding region of the genome. The increased gene dose in mosquitoes as a result of the GSTe gene-duplication may be an adaptive process to increase levels of detoxifying enzymes to counter insecticide pressure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cherry L Dykes
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Sector 8, Dwarka, New Delhi, 110077, India
| | - Gunjan Sharma
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Sector 8, Dwarka, New Delhi, 110077, India
| | - Abhisek K Behera
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Sector 8, Dwarka, New Delhi, 110077, India
| | - Neera Kapoor
- Indira Gandhi National Open University, Maidangarhi, New Delhi, 110068, India
| | - Mark J I Paine
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Martin J Donnelly
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Om P Singh
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Sector 8, Dwarka, New Delhi, 110077, India.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Evolution of the Ace-1 and Gste2 Mutations and Their Potential Impact on the Use of Carbamate and Organophosphates in IRS for Controlling Anopheles gambiae s.l., the Major Malaria Mosquito in Senegal. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11091021. [PMID: 36145453 PMCID: PMC9504234 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11091021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Widespread of insecticide resistance amongst the species of the Anopheles gambiae complex continues to threaten vector control in Senegal. In this study, we investigated the presence and evolution of the Ace-1 and Gste2 resistance genes in natural populations of Anopheles gambiae s.l., the main malaria vector in Senegal. Using historical samples collected from ten sentinel health districts, this study focused on three different years (2013, 2017, and 2018) marking the periods of shift between the main public health insecticides families (pyrethroids, carbamates, organophosphates) used in IRS to track back the evolutionary history of the resistance mutations on the Ace-1 and Gste2 loci. The results revealed the presence of four members of the Anopheles gambiae complex, with the predominance of An. arabiensis followed by An. gambiae, An. coluzzii, and An. gambiae–coluzzii hybrids. The Ace-1 mutation was only detected in An. gambiae and An. gambiae–coluzzii hybrids at low frequencies varying between 0.006 and 0.02, while the Gste2 mutation was found in all the species with a frequency ranging between 0.02 and 0.25. The Ace-1 and Gste2 genes were highly diversified with twenty-two and thirty-one different haplotypes, respectively. The neutrality tests on each gene indicated a negative Tajima’s D, suggesting the abundance of rare alleles. The presence and spread of the Ace-1 and Gste2 resistance mutations represent a serious threat to of the effectiveness and the sustainability of IRS-based interventions using carbamates or organophosphates to manage the widespread pyrethroids resistance in Senegal. These data are of the highest importance to support the NMCP for evidence-based vector control interventions selection and targeting.
Collapse
|
20
|
Campos M, Phelan J, Spadar A, Collins E, Gonçalves A, Pelloquin B, Vaselli NM, Meiwald A, Clark E, Stica C, Orsborne J, Sylla M, Edi C, Camara D, Mohammed AR, Afrane YA, Kristan M, Walker T, Gomez LF, Messenger LA, Clark TG, Campino S. High-throughput barcoding method for the genetic surveillance of insecticide resistance and species identification in Anopheles gambiae complex malaria vectors. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13893. [PMID: 35974073 PMCID: PMC9381500 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17822-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Surveillance of malaria vector species and the monitoring of insecticide resistance are essential to inform malaria control strategies and support the reduction of infections and disease. Genetic barcoding of mosquitoes is a useful tool to assist the high-throughput surveillance of insecticide resistance, discriminate between sibling species and to detect the presence of Plasmodium infections. In this study, we combined multiplex PCR, custom designed dual indexing, and Illumina next generation sequencing for high throughput single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-profiling of four species from the Anopheles (An.) gambiae complex (An. gambiae sensu stricto, An. coluzzii, An. arabiensis and An. melas). By amplifying and sequencing only 14 genetic fragments (500 bp each), we were able to simultaneously detect Plasmodium infection; insecticide resistance-conferring SNPs in ace1, gste2, vgsc and rdl genes; the partial sequences of nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) and intergenic spacers (IGS), Short INterspersed Elements (SINE), as well as mitochondrial genes (cox1 and nd4) for species identification and genetic diversity. Using this amplicon sequencing approach with the four selected An. gambiae complex species, we identified a total of 15 non-synonymous mutations in the insecticide target genes, including previously described mutations associated with resistance and two new mutations (F1525L in vgsc and D148E in gste2). Overall, we present a reliable and cost-effective high-throughput panel for surveillance of An. gambiae complex mosquitoes in malaria endemic regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Campos
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Jody Phelan
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Anton Spadar
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Emma Collins
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Adéritow Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Pública, Praia, 719, Cabo Verde
| | - Bethanie Pelloquin
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Nagasaki, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Natasha Marcella Vaselli
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Anne Meiwald
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Emma Clark
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Caleb Stica
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - James Orsborne
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Moussa Sylla
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Constant Edi
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Cote d'Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Denka Camara
- Programme National de Lutte Contre le Paludisme, Ministère de la Santé, BP. 595, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Abdul Rahim Mohammed
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Yaw Asare Afrane
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Mojca Kristan
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Thomas Walker
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Louisa A Messenger
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Taane G Clark
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Susana Campino
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ashraf F, Weedall GD. Characterization of the glutathione S-transferase genes in the sand flies Phlebotomus papatasi and Lutzomyia longipalpis shows expansion of the novel glutathione S-transferase xi (X) class. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 31:417-433. [PMID: 35238100 PMCID: PMC9540044 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis control often relies upon insecticidal control of phlebotomine sandfly vector populations. Such methods are vulnerable to the evolution of insecticide resistance via a range of molecular mechanisms. There is evidence that two major resistance mechanisms, target site insensitivity and metabolic resistance, have evolved in some sandfly populations and further genetic characterization of resistance would be useful to understand and combat it. To facilitate the study of the mechanisms of metabolic resistance, here we improved the annotation and characterized a major detoxification gene family, the glutathione-s-transferases (GST), in the genomes of two sand fly species: Phlebotomus papatasi and Lutzomyia longipalpis. The compositions of the GST gene family differ markedly from those of Aedes and Anopheles mosquitoes. Most strikingly, the xi (X) class of GSTs appears to have expanded in both sand fly genomes. Our results provide a basis for further studies of metabolic resistance mechanisms in these important disease vector species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Ashraf
- School of Biological and Environmental SciencesLiverpool John Moores UniversityLiverpoolUK
| | - Gareth D. Weedall
- School of Biological and Environmental SciencesLiverpool John Moores UniversityLiverpoolUK
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Njoroge H, van't Hof A, Oruni A, Pipini D, Nagi S, Lynd A, Lucas ER, Tomlinson S, Grau‐Bove X, McDermott D, Wat'senga FT, Manzambi EZ, Agossa FR, Mokuba A, Irish S, Kabula B, Mbogo C, Bargul J, Paine MJI, Weetman D, Donnelly MJ. Identification of a rapidly-spreading triple mutant for high-level metabolic insecticide resistance in Anopheles gambiae provides a real-time molecular diagnostic for antimalarial intervention deployment. Mol Ecol 2022; 31:4307-4318. [PMID: 35775282 PMCID: PMC9424592 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Studies of insecticide resistance provide insights into the capacity of populations to show rapid evolutionary responses to contemporary selection. Malaria control remains heavily dependent on pyrethroid insecticides, primarily in long lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs). Resistance in the major malaria vectors has increased in concert with the expansion of LLIN distributions. Identifying genetic mechanisms underlying high-level resistance is crucial for the development and deployment of resistance-breaking tools. Using the Anopheles gambiae 1000 genomes (Ag1000g) data we identified a very recent selective sweep in mosquitoes from Uganda which localized to a cluster of cytochrome P450 genes. Further interrogation revealed a haplotype involving a trio of mutations, a nonsynonymous point mutation in Cyp6p4 (I236M), an upstream insertion of a partial Zanzibar-like transposable element (TE) and a duplication of the Cyp6aa1 gene. The mutations appear to have originated recently in An. gambiae from the Kenya-Uganda border, with stepwise replacement of the double-mutant (Zanzibar-like TE and Cyp6p4-236 M) with the triple-mutant haplotype (including Cyp6aa1 duplication), which has spread into the Democratic Republic of Congo and Tanzania. The triple-mutant haplotype is strongly associated with increased expression of genes able to metabolize pyrethroids and is strongly predictive of resistance to pyrethroids most notably deltamethrin. Importantly, there was increased mortality in mosquitoes carrying the triple-mutation when exposed to nets cotreated with the synergist piperonyl butoxide (PBO). Frequencies of the triple-mutant haplotype remain spatially variable within countries, suggesting an effective marker system to guide deployment decisions for limited supplies of PBO-pyrethroid cotreated LLINs across African countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harun Njoroge
- Department of Vector BiologyLiverpool School of Tropical MedicineLiverpoolUK
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) Centre for Geographic Medicine CoastKEMRI‐Wellcome Trust Research ProgrammeKilifiKenya
| | - Arjen van't Hof
- Department of Vector BiologyLiverpool School of Tropical MedicineLiverpoolUK
| | - Ambrose Oruni
- Department of Vector BiologyLiverpool School of Tropical MedicineLiverpoolUK
- College of Veterinary MedicineAnimal Resources and Bio‐securityMakerere UniversityKampalaUganda
| | - Dimitra Pipini
- Department of Vector BiologyLiverpool School of Tropical MedicineLiverpoolUK
| | - Sanjay C. Nagi
- Department of Vector BiologyLiverpool School of Tropical MedicineLiverpoolUK
| | - Amy Lynd
- Department of Vector BiologyLiverpool School of Tropical MedicineLiverpoolUK
| | - Eric R. Lucas
- Department of Vector BiologyLiverpool School of Tropical MedicineLiverpoolUK
| | - Sean Tomlinson
- Department of Vector BiologyLiverpool School of Tropical MedicineLiverpoolUK
| | - Xavi Grau‐Bove
- Department of Vector BiologyLiverpool School of Tropical MedicineLiverpoolUK
| | - Daniel McDermott
- Department of Vector BiologyLiverpool School of Tropical MedicineLiverpoolUK
| | | | - Emile Z. Manzambi
- Institut National de Recherche BiomédicaleKinshasaDemocratic Republic of Congo
| | - Fiacre R. Agossa
- USAID President's Malaria Initiative, VectorLink Project, Abt AssociatesRockvilleMarylandUSA
| | - Arlette Mokuba
- USAID President's Malaria Initiative, VectorLink Project, Abt AssociatesRockvilleMarylandUSA
| | - Seth Irish
- U.S. President's Malaria Initiative and Centers for Disease Control and PreventionAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Bilali Kabula
- Amani Research CentreNational Institute for Medical ResearchTanzania
| | - Charles Mbogo
- Population Health UnitKEMRI‐Wellcome Trust Research ProgrammeNairobiKenya
- KEMRI‐Centre for Geographic Medicine Research CoastKilifiKenya
| | - Joel Bargul
- Department of BiochemistryJomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and TechnologyJujaKenya
- The Animal Health DepartmentInternational Centre of Insect Physiology and EcologyNairobiKenya
| | - Mark J. I. Paine
- Department of Vector BiologyLiverpool School of Tropical MedicineLiverpoolUK
| | - David Weetman
- Department of Vector BiologyLiverpool School of Tropical MedicineLiverpoolUK
| | - Martin J. Donnelly
- Department of Vector BiologyLiverpool School of Tropical MedicineLiverpoolUK
- Parasites and Microbes ProgrammeWellcome Sanger InstituteCambridgeUK
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Hearn J, Djoko Tagne CS, Ibrahim SS, Tene-Fossog B, Mugenzi LMJ, Irving H, Riveron JM, Weedall GD, Wondji CS. Multi-omics analysis identifies a CYP9K1 haplotype conferring pyrethroid resistance in the malaria vector Anopheles funestus in East Africa. Mol Ecol 2022; 31:3642-3657. [PMID: 35546741 PMCID: PMC9321817 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic resistance to pyrethroids is a menace to the continued effectiveness of malaria vector controls. Its molecular basis is complex and varies geographically across Africa. Here, we used a multi‐omics approach, followed‐up with functional validation to show that a directionally selected haplotype of a cytochrome P450, CYP9K1 is a major driver of resistance in Anopheles funestus. A PoolSeq GWAS using mosquitoes alive and dead after permethrin exposure, from Malawi and Cameroon, detected candidate genomic regions, but lacked consistency across replicates. Targeted sequencing of candidate resistance genes detected several SNPs associated with known pyrethroid resistance QTLs. The most significant SNPs were in the cytochrome P450 CYP304B1 (Cameroon), CYP315A1 (Uganda) and the ABC transporter gene ABCG4 (Malawi). However, when comparing field resistant mosquitoes to laboratory susceptible, the pyrethroid resistance locus rp1 and SNPs around the ABC transporter ABCG4 were consistently significant, except for Uganda where SNPs in the P450 CYP9K1 was markedly significant. In vitro heterologous metabolism assays with recombinant CYP9K1 revealed that it metabolises type II pyrethroid (deltamethrin; 64% depletion) but not type I (permethrin; 0%), while moderately metabolising DDT (17%). CYP9K1 exhibited reduced genetic diversity in Uganda underlying an extensive selective sweep. Furthermore, a glycine to alanine (G454A) amino acid change in CYP9K1 was fixed in Ugandan mosquitoes but not in other An. funestus populations. This study sheds further light on the evolution of metabolic resistance in a major malaria vector by implicating more genes and variants that can be used to design field‐applicable markers to better track resistance Africa‐wide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jack Hearn
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Carlos S Djoko Tagne
- LSTM Research Unit, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Bamenda, P.O. Box 39 Bambili, Bamenda, Cameroon
| | - Sulaiman S Ibrahim
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Billy Tene-Fossog
- LSTM Research Unit, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Leon M J Mugenzi
- LSTM Research Unit, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Helen Irving
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Jacob M Riveron
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Gareth D Weedall
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Charles S Wondji
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.,LSTM Research Unit, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Tchouakui M, Assatse T, Mugenzi LMJ, Menze BD, Nguiffo-Nguete D, Tchapga W, Kayondo J, Watsenga F, Manzambi EZ, Osae M, Wondji CS. Comparative study of the effect of solvents on the efficacy of neonicotinoid insecticides against malaria vector populations across Africa. Infect Dis Poverty 2022; 11:35. [PMID: 35462556 PMCID: PMC9036736 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-022-00962-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background New insecticides with a novel mode of action such as neonicotinoids have recently been recommended for public health by WHO. Resistance monitoring of such novel insecticides requires a robust protocol to monitor the development of resistance in natural populations. In this study, we comparatively used three different solvents to assess the susceptibility of malaria vectors to neonicotinoids across Africa. Methods Mosquitoes were collected from May to July 2021 from three agricultural settings in Cameroon (Njombe-Penja, Nkolondom, and Mangoum), the Democratic Republic of Congo (Ndjili-Brasserie), Ghana (Obuasi), and Uganda (Mayuge). Using the CDC bottle test, we compared the effect of three different solvents (ethanol, acetone, MERO) on the efficacy of neonicotinoids against Anopheles gambiae s.l. In addition, TaqMan assays were used to genotype key pyrethroid-resistant markers in An. gambiae and odds ratio based on Fisher exact test were used to evaluate potential cross-resistance between pyrethroids and clothianidin. Results Lower mortality was observed when using absolute ethanol or acetone alone as solvent for clothianidin (11.4‒51.9% mortality in Nkolondom, 31.7‒48.2% in Mangoum, 34.6‒56.1% in Mayuge, 39.4‒45.6% in Obuasi, 83.7‒89.3% in Congo and 71.1‒95.9% in Njombe pendja) compared to acetone + MERO for which 100% mortality were observed for all the populations. Similar observations were done for imidacloprid and acetamiprid. Synergist assays (PBO, DEM and DEF) with clothianidin revealed a significant increase of mortality suggesting that metabolic resistance mechanisms are contributing to the reduced susceptibility. A negative association was observed between the L1014F-kdr mutation and clothianidin resistance with a greater frequency of homozygote resistant mosquitoes among the dead than among survivors (OR = 0.5; P = 0.02). However, the I114T-GSTe2 was in contrast significantly associated with a greater ability to survive clothianidin with a higher frequency of homozygote resistant among survivors than other genotypes (OR = 2.10; P = 0.013). Conclusions This study revealed a contrasted susceptibility pattern depending on the solvents with ethanol/acetone resulting to lower mortality, thus possibly overestimating resistance, whereas the MERO consistently showed a greater efficacy of neonicotinoids but it could prevent to detect early resistance development. Therefore, we recommend monitoring the susceptibility using both acetone alone and acetone + MERO (4 µg/ml for clothianidin) to capture the accurate resistance profile of the mosquito populations. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40249-022-00962-4.
Collapse
|
25
|
Sympatric Populations of the Anopheles gambiae Complex in Southwest Burkina Faso Evolve Multiple Diverse Resistance Mechanisms in Response to Intense Selection Pressure with Pyrethroids. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13030247. [PMID: 35323544 PMCID: PMC8955173 DOI: 10.3390/insects13030247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Targeting mosquitoes with insecticides is one of the most effective methods to prevent malaria transmission. Although numbers of malaria cases have declined substantially this century, this pattern is not universal and Burkina Faso has one of the highest burdens of malaria; it is also a hotspot for the evolution of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors. We have established laboratory colonies from multiple species within the An. gambiae complex, the most efficient group of malaria vectors in the world, from larval collections in southwest Burkina Faso. Using bioassays with different insecticides widely used to control public health pests, we provide a profile of insecticide resistance in each of these colonies and, using molecular tools, reveal the genetic changes underpinning this resistance. We show that, whilst many resistance mechanisms are shared between species, there are some important differences which may affect resistance to current and future insecticide classes. The complexity, and diversity of resistance mechanisms highlights the importance of screening any potential new insecticide intended for use in malaria control against a wide range of populations. These stable laboratory colonies provide a valuable resource for insecticide discovery, and for further studies on the evolution and dispersal of insecticide resistance within and between species. Abstract Pyrethroid resistance in the Anopheles vectors of malaria is driving an urgent search for new insecticides that can be used in proven vector control tools such as insecticide treated nets (ITNs). Screening for potential new insecticides requires access to stable colonies of the predominant vector species that contain the major pyrethroid resistance mechanisms circulating in wild populations. Southwest Burkina Faso is an apparent hotspot for the emergence of pyrethroid resistance in species of the Anopheles gambiae complex. We established stable colonies from larval collections across this region and characterised the resistance phenotype and underpinning genetic mechanisms. Three additional colonies were successfully established (1 An. coluzzii, 1 An. gambiae and 1 An. arabiensis) to add to the 2 An. coluzzii colonies already established from this region; all 5 strains are highly resistant to pyrethroids. Synergism assays found that piperonyl butoxide (PBO) exposure was unable to fully restore susceptibility although exposure to a commercial ITN containing PBO resulted in 100% mortality. All colonies contained resistant alleles of the voltage gated sodium channel but with differing proportions of alternative resistant haplotypes. RNAseq data confirmed the role of P450s, with CYP6P3 and CYP6Z2 elevated in all 5 strains, and identified many other resistance mechanisms, some found across strains, others unique to a particular species. These strains represent an important resource for insecticide discovery and provide further insights into the complex genetic changes driving pyrethroid resistance.
Collapse
|
26
|
Hancock PA, Lynd A, Wiebe A, Devine M, Essandoh J, Wat'senga F, Manzambi EZ, Agossa F, Donnelly MJ, Weetman D, Moyes CL. Modelling spatiotemporal trends in the frequency of genetic mutations conferring insecticide target-site resistance in African mosquito malaria vector species. BMC Biol 2022; 20:46. [PMID: 35164747 PMCID: PMC8845222 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01242-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resistance in malaria vectors to pyrethroids, the most widely used class of insecticides for malaria vector control, threatens the continued efficacy of vector control tools. Target-site resistance is an important genetic resistance mechanism caused by mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel (Vgsc) gene that encodes the pyrethroid target-site. Understanding the geographic distribution of target-site resistance, and temporal trends across different vector species, can inform strategic deployment of vector control tools. RESULTS We develop a Bayesian statistical spatiotemporal model to interpret species-specific trends in the frequency of the most common resistance mutations, Vgsc-995S and Vgsc-995F, in three major malaria vector species Anopheles gambiae, An. coluzzii, and An. arabiensis over the period 2005-2017. The models are informed by 2418 observations of the frequency of each mutation in field sampled mosquitoes collected from 27 countries spanning western and eastern regions of Africa. For nine selected countries, we develop annual predictive maps which reveal geographically structured patterns of spread of each mutation at regional and continental scales. The results show associations, as well as stark differences, in spread dynamics of the two mutations across the three vector species. The coverage of ITNs was an influential predictor of Vgsc allele frequencies, with modelled relationships between ITN coverage and allele frequencies varying across species and geographic regions. We found that our mapped Vgsc allele frequencies are a significant partial predictor of phenotypic resistance to the pyrethroid deltamethrin in An. gambiae complex populations. CONCLUSIONS Our predictive maps show how spatiotemporal trends in insecticide target-site resistance mechanisms in African An. gambiae vary across individual vector species and geographic regions. Molecular surveillance of resistance mechanisms will help to predict resistance phenotypes and track their spread.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Amy Lynd
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L35QA, UK
| | | | - Maria Devine
- Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
| | - John Essandoh
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L35QA, UK
| | - Francis Wat'senga
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, PO Box 1192, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Emile Z Manzambi
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, PO Box 1192, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Fiacre Agossa
- USAID President's Malaria Initiative, VectorLink Project, Abt Associates, 6130 Executive Blvd 16, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Martin J Donnelly
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L35QA, UK
| | - David Weetman
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L35QA, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Multi-insecticide resistant malaria vectors in the field remain susceptible to malathion, despite the presence of Ace1 point mutations. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1009963. [PMID: 35143477 PMCID: PMC8830663 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Insecticide resistance in Anopheles mosquitoes is seriously threatening the success of insecticide-based malaria vector control. Surveillance of insecticide resistance in mosquito populations and identifying the underlying mechanisms enables optimisation of vector control strategies. Here, we investigated the molecular mechanisms of insecticide resistance in three Anopheles coluzzii field populations from southern Côte d’Ivoire, including Agboville, Dabou and Tiassalé. All three populations were resistant to bendiocarb, deltamethrin and DDT, but not or only very weakly resistant to malathion. The absence of malathion resistance is an unexpected result because we found the acetylcholinesterase mutation Ace1-G280S at high frequencies, which would typically confer cross-resistance to carbamates and organophosphates, including malathion. Notably, Tiassalé was the most susceptible population to malathion while being the most resistant one to the pyrethroid deltamethrin. The resistance ratio to deltamethrin between Tiassalé and the laboratory reference colony was 1,800 fold. By sequencing the transcriptome of individual mosquitoes, we found numerous cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenases – including CYP6M2, CYP6P2, CYP6P3, CYP6P4 and CYP6P5 – overexpressed in all three field populations. This could be an indication for negative cross-resistance caused by overexpression of pyrethroid-detoxifying cytochrome P450s that may activate pro-insecticides, thereby increasing malathion susceptibility. In addition to the P450s, we found several overexpressed carboxylesterases, glutathione S-transferases and other candidates putatively involved in insecticide resistance. Insecticide-based mosquito control has saved millions of lives from malaria and other vector-borne diseases. However, the emergence and increase of insecticide resistant Anopheles populations seriously threaten to derail malaria control programmes. Surveillance of insecticide resistance and understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms are key for choosing effective vector control strategies. Here, we characterised the degree and mechanisms of resistance in three malaria vector populations from Côte d’Ivoire. Our key finding was that these multi-insecticide resistant malaria vectors largely remained susceptible to malathion, despite the presence of a mutation in the target enzyme of this organophosphate insecticide that would typically confer resistance. Intriguingly, we found overexpression of metabolic P450 enzymes that are known to detoxify insecticides and activate pro-insecticides such as malathion. It is highly probable that, here, we observed P450-mediated negative cross-resistance for the first time in Anopheles field populations. Negative cross-resistance merits further investigation as advantage could be taken of this phenomenon in the fight against multi-resistant malaria vectors.
Collapse
|
28
|
Matowo J, Weetman D, Pignatelli P, Wright A, Charlwood JD, Kaaya R, Shirima B, Moshi O, Lukole E, Mosha J, Manjurano A, Mosha F, Rowland M, Protopopoff N. Expression of pyrethroid metabolizing P450 enzymes characterizes highly resistant Anopheles vector species targeted by successful deployment of PBO-treated bednets in Tanzania. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0249440. [PMID: 35073324 PMCID: PMC8786186 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Long lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) are a proven tool to reduce malaria transmission, but in Africa efficacy is being reduced by pyrethroid resistance in the major vectors. A previous study that was conducted in Muleba district, Tanzania indicated possible involvement of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases in a pyrethroid resistance in An. gambiae population where pre-exposure to piperonyl butoxide (PBO) followed by permethrin exposure in CDC bottle bioassays led to partial restoration of susceptibility. PBO is a synergist that can block pyrethroid-metabolizing enzymes in a mosquito. Insecticide resistance profiles and underlying mechanisms were investigated in Anopheles gambiae and An. funestus from Muleba during a cluster randomized trial. Diagnostic dose bioassays using permethrin, together with intensity assays, suggest pyrethroid resistance that is both strong and very common, but not extreme. Transcriptomic analysis found multiple P450 genes over expressed including CYP6M2, CYP6Z3, CYP6P3, CYP6P4, CYP6AA1 and CYP9K1 in An. gambiae and CYP6N1, CYP6M7, CYP6M1 and CYP6Z1 in An. funestus. Indeed, very similar suites of P450 enzymes commonly associated with resistant populations elsewhere in Africa were detected as over expressed suggesting a convergence of mechanisms across Sub-Saharan African malaria vectors. The findings give insight into factors that may correlate with pyrethroid PBO LLIN success, broadly supporting model predictions, but revision to guidelines previously issued by the World Health Organization is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johnson Matowo
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Entomology, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
- * E-mail:
| | - David Weetman
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia Pignatelli
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra Wright
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jacques D. Charlwood
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Kaaya
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Entomology, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Boniface Shirima
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Entomology, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Oliva Moshi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Entomology, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Eliud Lukole
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza Medical Research Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Jacklin Mosha
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza Medical Research Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Alphaxard Manjurano
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza Medical Research Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Franklin Mosha
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Entomology, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Mark Rowland
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Natacha Protopopoff
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Messenger LA, Impoinvil LM, Derilus D, Yewhalaw D, Irish S, Lenhart A. A whole transcriptomic approach provides novel insights into the molecular basis of organophosphate and pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles arabiensis from Ethiopia. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 139:103655. [PMID: 34562591 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2021.103655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The development of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors is of increasing concern in Ethiopia because of its potential implications for vector control failure. To better elucidate the specificity of resistance mechanisms and to facilitate the design of control strategies that minimize the likelihood of selecting for cross-resistance, a whole transcriptomic approach was used to explore gene expression patterns in a multi-insecticide resistant population of Anopheles arabiensis from Oromia Region, Ethiopia. This field population was resistant to the diagnostic doses of malathion (average mortality of 71.9%) and permethrin (77.4%), with pools of survivors and unexposed individuals analyzed using Illumina RNA-sequencing, alongside insecticide susceptible reference strains. This population also demonstrated deltamethrin resistance but complete susceptibility to alpha-cypermethrin, bendiocarb and propoxur, providing a phenotypic basis for detecting insecticide-specific resistance mechanisms. Transcriptomic data revealed overexpression of genes including cytochrome P450s, glutathione-s-transferases and carboxylesterases (including CYP4C36, CYP6AA1, CYP6M2, CYP6M3, CYP6P4, CYP9K1, CYP9L1, GSTD3, GSTE2, GSTE3, GSTE4, GSTE5, GSTE7 and two carboxylesterases) that were shared between malathion and permethrin survivors. We also identified nineteen highly overexpressed cuticular-associated proteins (including CYP4G16, CYP4G17 and chitinase) and eighteen salivary gland proteins (including D7r4 short form salivary protein), which may be contributing to a non-specific resistance phenotype by either enhancing the cuticular barrier or promoting binding and sequestration of insecticides, respectively. These findings provide novel insights into the molecular basis of insecticide resistance in this lesser well-characterized major malaria vector species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louisa A Messenger
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd. Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA; American Society for Microbiology, 1752 N Street, NW Washington, DC, 20036, USA; Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy Mackenzie Impoinvil
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd. Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Dieunel Derilus
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd. Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Delenasaw Yewhalaw
- Tropical and Infectious Diseases Research Center, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Pathology, College of Health Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Seth Irish
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd. Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA; President's Malaria Initiative, Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd. Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Audrey Lenhart
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd. Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Wolie RZ, Koffi AA, Ahoua Alou LP, Sternberg ED, N'Nan-Alla O, Dahounto A, Yapo FHA, Kanh KMH, Camara S, Oumbouke WA, Tia IZ, Nguetta SPA, Thomas MB, NGuessan R. Evaluation of the interaction between insecticide resistance-associated genes and malaria transmission in Anopheles gambiae sensu lato in central Côte d'Ivoire. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:581. [PMID: 34801086 PMCID: PMC8605510 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-05079-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is evidence that the knockdown resistance gene (Kdr) L1014F and acetylcholinesterase-1 gene (Ace-1R) G119S mutations involved in pyrethroid and carbamate resistance in Anopheles gambiae influence malaria transmission in sub-Saharan Africa. This is likely due to changes in the behaviour, life history and vector competence and capacity of An. gambiae. In the present study, performed as part of a two-arm cluster randomized controlled trial evaluating the impact of household screening plus a novel insecticide delivery system (In2Care Eave Tubes), we investigated the distribution of insecticide target site mutations and their association with infection status in wild An. gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) populations. Methods Mosquitoes were captured in 40 villages around Bouaké by human landing catch from May 2017 to April 2019. Randomly selected samples of An. gambiae s.l. that were infected or not infected with Plasmodium sp. were identified to species and then genotyped for Kdr L1014F and Ace-1R G119S mutations using quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays. The frequencies of the two alleles were compared between Anopheles coluzzii and Anopheles gambiae and then between infected and uninfected groups for each species. Results The presence of An. gambiae (49%) and An. coluzzii (51%) was confirmed in Bouaké. Individuals of both species infected with Plasmodium parasites were found. Over the study period, the average frequency of the Kdr L1014F and Ace-1R G119S mutations did not vary significantly between study arms. However, the frequencies of the Kdr L1014F and Ace-1R G119S resistance alleles were significantly higher in An. gambiae than in An. coluzzii [odds ratio (95% confidence interval): 59.64 (30.81–131.63) for Kdr, and 2.79 (2.17–3.60) for Ace-1R]. For both species, there were no significant differences in Kdr L1014F or Ace-1R G119S genotypic and allelic frequency distributions between infected and uninfected specimens (P > 0.05). Conclusions Either alone or in combination, Kdr L1014F and Ace-1R G119S showed no significant association with Plasmodium infection in wild An. gambiae and An. coluzzii, demonstrating the similar competence of these species for Plasmodium transmission in Bouaké. Additional factors including behavioural and environmental ones that influence vector competence in natural populations, and those other than allele measurements (metabolic resistance factors) that contribute to resistance, should be considered when establishing the existence of a link between insecticide resistance and vector competence. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosine Z Wolie
- Unité de Recherche et de Pédagogie de Génétique, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, UFR Biosciences, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. .,Vector Control Product Evaluation Centre, Institut Pierre Richet (VCPEC-IPR), Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire. .,Institut Pierre Richet (IPR), Institut National de Santé Publique (INSP), Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire.
| | - Alphonsine A Koffi
- Vector Control Product Evaluation Centre, Institut Pierre Richet (VCPEC-IPR), Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire.,Institut Pierre Richet (IPR), Institut National de Santé Publique (INSP), Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Ludovic P Ahoua Alou
- Vector Control Product Evaluation Centre, Institut Pierre Richet (VCPEC-IPR), Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire.,Institut Pierre Richet (IPR), Institut National de Santé Publique (INSP), Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Eleanore D Sternberg
- Department of Entomology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.,Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Oulo N'Nan-Alla
- Unité de Recherche et de Pédagogie de Génétique, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, UFR Biosciences, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Amal Dahounto
- Vector Control Product Evaluation Centre, Institut Pierre Richet (VCPEC-IPR), Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Florent H A Yapo
- Vector Control Product Evaluation Centre, Institut Pierre Richet (VCPEC-IPR), Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Kpahe M H Kanh
- Unité de Recherche et de Pédagogie de Génétique, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, UFR Biosciences, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Soromane Camara
- Vector Control Product Evaluation Centre, Institut Pierre Richet (VCPEC-IPR), Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire.,Institut Pierre Richet (IPR), Institut National de Santé Publique (INSP), Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Welbeck A Oumbouke
- Vector Control Product Evaluation Centre, Institut Pierre Richet (VCPEC-IPR), Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire.,Innovative Vector Control Consortium, IVCC, Liverpool, UK
| | - Innocent Z Tia
- Vector Control Product Evaluation Centre, Institut Pierre Richet (VCPEC-IPR), Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire.,Institut Pierre Richet (IPR), Institut National de Santé Publique (INSP), Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire.,Université Alassane Ouattara, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Simon-Pierre A Nguetta
- Unité de Recherche et de Pédagogie de Génétique, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, UFR Biosciences, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Matthew B Thomas
- Department of Entomology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Raphael NGuessan
- Vector Control Product Evaluation Centre, Institut Pierre Richet (VCPEC-IPR), Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire.,Institut Pierre Richet (IPR), Institut National de Santé Publique (INSP), Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire.,Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Namias A, Jobe NB, Paaijmans KP, Huijben S. The need for practical insecticide-resistance guidelines to effectively inform mosquito-borne disease control programs. eLife 2021; 10:e65655. [PMID: 34355693 PMCID: PMC8346280 DOI: 10.7554/elife.65655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Monitoring local mosquito populations for insecticide resistance is critical for effective vector-borne disease control. However, widely used phenotypic assays, which are designed to monitor the emergence and spread of insecticide resistance (technical resistance), do not translate well to the efficacy of vector control products to suppress mosquito numbers in the field (practical resistance). This is because standard testing conditions such as environmental conditions, exposure dose, and type of substrate differ dramatically from those experienced by mosquitoes under field conditions. In addition, field mosquitoes have considerably different physiological characteristics such as age and blood-feeding status. Beyond this, indirect impacts of insecticide resistance and/or exposure on mosquito longevity, pathogen development, host-seeking behavior, and blood-feeding success impact disease transmission. Given the limited number of active ingredients currently available and the observed discordance between resistance and disease transmission, we conclude that additional testing guidelines are needed to determine practical resistance-the efficacy of vector control tools under relevant local conditions- in order to obtain programmatic impact.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Namias
- Département de Biologie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, Paris, France
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (ISEM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier, France
| | - Ndey Bassin Jobe
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Life Sciences C, Tempe, United States
| | - Krijn Petrus Paaijmans
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Life Sciences C, Tempe, United States
- The Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, Biodesign Institute, Tempe, United States
- ISGlobal, Carrer del Rosselló, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Distrito da Manhiça, Mozambique
| | - Silvie Huijben
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Life Sciences C, Tempe, United States
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
CRISPR/Cas9 modified An. gambiae carrying kdr mutation L1014F functionally validate its contribution in insecticide resistance and combined effect with metabolic enzymes. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009556. [PMID: 34228718 PMCID: PMC8284791 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Insecticide resistance in Anopheles mosquitoes is a major obstacle in maintaining the momentum in reducing the malaria burden; mitigating strategies require improved understanding of the underlying mechanisms. Mutations in the target site of insecticides (the voltage gated sodium channel for the most widely used pyrethroid class) and over-expression of detoxification enzymes are commonly reported, but their relative contribution to phenotypic resistance remain poorly understood. Here we present a genome editing pipeline to introduce single nucleotide polymorphisms in An. gambiae which we have used to study the effect of the classical kdr mutation L1014F (L995F based on An. gambiae numbering), one of the most widely distributed resistance alleles. Introduction of 1014F in an otherwise fully susceptible genetic background increased levels of resistance to all tested pyrethroids and DDT ranging from 9.9-fold for permethrin to >24-fold for DDT. The introduction of the 1014F allele was sufficient to reduce mortality of mosquitoes after exposure to deltamethrin treated bednets, even as the only resistance mechanism present. When 1014F was combined with over-expression of glutathione transferase Gste2, resistance to permethrin increased further demonstrating the critical combined effect between target site resistance and detoxification enzymes in vivo. We also show that mosquitoes carrying the 1014F allele in homozygosity showed fitness disadvantages including increased mortality at the larval stage and a reduction in fecundity and adult longevity, which can have consequences for the strength of selection that will apply to this allele in the field. Escalation of pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles mosquitoes threatens to reduce the effectiveness of our most important tools in malaria control. Studying the mechanisms underlying insecticide resistance is critical to design mitigation strategies. Here, using genome modified mosquitoes, we functionally characterize the most prevalent mutation in resistant mosquitoes, showing that it confers substantial levels of resistance to all tested pyrethroids and undermines the performance of pyrethroid-treated nets. Furthermore, we show that combining this mutation with elevated levels of a detoxification enzyme further increases resistance. The pipeline we have developed provides a robust approach to quantifying the contribution of different combinations of resistance mechanisms to the overall phenotype, providing the missing link between resistance monitoring and predictions of resistance impact.
Collapse
|
33
|
Hamid-Adiamoh M, Nwakanma D, Assogba BS, Ndiath MO, D’Alessandro U, Afrane YA, Amambua-Ngwa A. Influence of insecticide resistance on the biting and resting preferences of malaria vectors in the Gambia. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0241023. [PMID: 34166376 PMCID: PMC8224845 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The scale-up of indoor residual spraying and long-lasting insecticidal nets, together with other interventions have considerably reduced the malaria burden in The Gambia. This study examined the biting and resting preferences of the local insecticide-resistant vector populations few years following scale-up of anti-vector interventions. Method Indoor and outdoor-resting Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes were collected between July and October 2019 from ten villages in five regions in The Gambia using pyrethrum spray collection (indoor) and prokopack aspirator from pit traps (outdoor). Polymerase chain reaction assays were performed to identify molecular species, insecticide resistance mutations, Plasmodium infection rate and host blood meal. Results A total of 844 mosquitoes were collected both indoors (421, 49.9%) and outdoors (423, 50.1%). Four main vector species were identified, including An. arabiensis (indoor: 15%, outdoor: 26%); An. coluzzii (indoor: 19%, outdoor: 6%), An. gambiae s.s. (indoor: 11%, outdoor: 16%), An. melas (indoor: 2%, outdoor: 0.1%) and hybrids of An. coluzzii-An. gambiae s.s (indoors: 3%, outdoors: 2%). A significant preference for outdoor resting was observed in An. arabiensis (Pearson X2 = 22.7, df = 4, P<0.001) and for indoor resting in An. coluzzii (Pearson X2 = 55.0, df = 4, P<0.001). Prevalence of the voltage-gated sodium channel (Vgsc)-1014S was significantly higher in the indoor-resting (allele freq. = 0.96, 95%CI: 0.78–1, P = 0.03) than outdoor-resting (allele freq. = 0.82, 95%CI: 0.76–0.87) An. arabiensis population. For An. coluzzii, the prevalence of most mutation markers was higher in the outdoor (allele freq. = 0.92, 95%CI: 0.81–0.98) than indoor-resting (allele freq. = 0.78, 95%CI: 0.56–0.86) mosquitoes. However, in An. gambiae s.s., the prevalence of Vgsc-1014F, Vgsc-1575Y and GSTe2-114T was high (allele freq. = 0.96–1), but did not vary by resting location. The overall sporozoite positivity rate was 1.3% (95% CI: 0.5–2%) in mosquito populations. Indoor-resting An. coluzzii had mainly fed on human blood while indoor-resting An. arabiensis fed on animal blood. Conclusion In this study, high levels of resistance mutations were observed that could be influencing the mosquito populations to rest indoors or outdoors. The prevalent animal-biting behaviour demonstrated in the mosquito populations suggest that larval source management could be an intervention to complement vector control in this setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Majidah Hamid-Adiamoh
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP) and Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia at The London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia
- * E-mail:
| | - Davis Nwakanma
- Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia at The London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Benoit Sessinou Assogba
- Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia at The London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Mamadou Ousmane Ndiath
- Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia at The London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Umberto D’Alessandro
- Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia at The London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Yaw A. Afrane
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP) and Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Alfred Amambua-Ngwa
- Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia at The London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Campos M, Rona LDP, Willis K, Christophides GK, MacCallum RM. Unravelling population structure heterogeneity within the genome of the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:422. [PMID: 34103015 PMCID: PMC8185951 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07722-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Whole genome re-sequencing provides powerful data for population genomic studies, allowing robust inferences of population structure, gene flow and evolutionary history. For the major malaria vector in Africa, Anopheles gambiae, other genetic aspects such as selection and adaptation are also important. In the present study, we explore population genetic variation from genome-wide sequencing of 765 An. gambiae and An. coluzzii specimens collected from across Africa. We used t-SNE, a recently popularized dimensionality reduction method, to create a 2D-map of An. gambiae and An. coluzzii genes that reflect their population structure similarities. Results The map allows intuitive navigation among genes distributed throughout the so-called “mainland” and numerous surrounding “island-like” gene clusters. These gene clusters of various sizes correspond predominantly to low recombination genomic regions such as inversions and centromeres, and also to recent selective sweeps. Because this mosquito species complex has been studied extensively, we were able to support our interpretations with previously published findings. Several novel observations and hypotheses are also made, including selective sweeps and a multi-locus selection event in Guinea-Bissau, a known intense hybridization zone between An. gambiae and An. coluzzii. Conclusions Our results present a rich dataset that could be utilized in functional investigations aiming to shed light onto An. gambiae s.l genome evolution and eventual speciation. In addition, the methodology presented here can be used to further characterize other species not so well studied as An. gambiae, shortening the time required to progress from field sampling to the identification of genes and genomic regions under unique evolutionary processes. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-07722-y.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melina Campos
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Luisa D P Rona
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology in Molecular Entomology, National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (INCT-EM, CNPq), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Katie Willis
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
de La Canal LH, Dall'Agnol B, Webster A, Reck J, Martins JR, Klafke GM. Mechanisms of amitraz resistance in a Rhipicephalus microplus strain from southern Brazil. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2021; 12:101764. [PMID: 34139543 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2021.101764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Amitraz is one of the most used acaricides for the control of ticks of domestic animals, however, extensive use of this active ingredient has favored the development of resistant populations of Rhipicephalus microplus worldwide. The possible mechanisms of metabolic and/or target-site alterations mechanisms of amitraz resistance were investigated in a Brazilian field population of R. microplus (São Gabriel strain). Bioassays with the synergists piperonylbutoxide, triphenylphosphate and diethyl-maleate were used to evaluate the metabolic mechanisms involved. Target-site insensitivity was investigated by amplification and sequencing of a fragment of the octopamine/tyramine (OCT/TYR) receptor gene. Piperonylbutoxide synergism (synergism ratio = 2.8) indicated the participation of the P450 pathway in the detoxification of amitraz. Previously reported single nucleotide polymorphisms that confer amino acid changes in the OCT/TYR receptor, threonine to proline (T8P) and leucine to serine (L22S), were found in the amitraz-resistant strain but not in the susceptible reference strain. The results suggest that amitraz resistance in the studied strain is multi-factorial and may result from cytochrome P450 detoxification and mutations in octopamine receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Henrique de La Canal
- Departamento de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa Agropecuária (DDPA), Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento (SEAPDR), Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor - Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Estrada do Conde 6000, Eldorado do Sul, RS., 92990-000, Brazil
| | - Bruno Dall'Agnol
- Departamento de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa Agropecuária (DDPA), Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento (SEAPDR), Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor - Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Estrada do Conde 6000, Eldorado do Sul, RS., 92990-000, Brazil
| | - Anelise Webster
- Departamento de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa Agropecuária (DDPA), Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento (SEAPDR), Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor - Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Estrada do Conde 6000, Eldorado do Sul, RS., 92990-000, Brazil
| | - José Reck
- Departamento de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa Agropecuária (DDPA), Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento (SEAPDR), Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor - Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Estrada do Conde 6000, Eldorado do Sul, RS., 92990-000, Brazil
| | - João Ricardo Martins
- Departamento de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa Agropecuária (DDPA), Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento (SEAPDR), Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor - Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Estrada do Conde 6000, Eldorado do Sul, RS., 92990-000, Brazil
| | - Guilherme M Klafke
- Departamento de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa Agropecuária (DDPA), Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento (SEAPDR), Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor - Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Estrada do Conde 6000, Eldorado do Sul, RS., 92990-000, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Genome-Wide Transcriptional Analysis and Functional Validation Linked a Cluster of Epsilon Glutathione S-Transferases with Insecticide Resistance in the Major Malaria Vector Anopheles funestus across Africa. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12040561. [PMID: 33924421 PMCID: PMC8069850 DOI: 10.3390/genes12040561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance is threatening the effectiveness of insecticide-based interventions in use for malaria control. Pinpointing genes associated with resistance is crucial for evidence-based resistance management targeting the major malaria vectors. Here, a combination of RNA-seq based genome-wide transcriptional analysis and RNA-silencing in vivo functional validation were used to identify key insecticide resistance genes associated with DDT and DDT/permethrin cross-resistance across Africa. A cluster of glutathione-S-transferase from epsilon group were found to be overexpressed in resistant populations of Anopheles funestus across Africa including GSTe1 [Cameroon (fold change, FC: 2.54), Ghana (4.20), Malawi (2.51)], GSTe2 [Cameroon (4.47), Ghana (7.52), Malawi (2.13)], GSTe3 [Cameroon (2.49), Uganda (2.60)], GSTe4 in Ghana (3.47), GSTe5 [Ghana (2.94), Malawi (2.26)], GSTe6 [Cameroun (3.0), Ghana (3.11), Malawi (3.07), Uganda (3.78)] and GSTe7 (2.39) in Ghana. Validation of GSTe genes expression profiles by qPCR confirmed that the genes are differentially expressed across Africa with a greater overexpression in DDT-resistant mosquitoes. RNAi-based knock-down analyses supported that five GSTe genes are playing a major role in resistance to pyrethroids (permethrin and deltamethrin) and DDT in An. funestus, with a significant recovery of susceptibility observed when GSTe2, 3, 4, 5 and GSTe6 were silenced. These findings established that GSTe3, 4, 5 and 6 contribute to DDT resistance and should be further characterized to identify their specific genetic variants, to help design DNA-based diagnostic assays, as previously done for the 119F-GSTe2 mutation. This study highlights the role of GSTes in the development of resistance to insecticides in malaria vectors and calls for actions to mitigate this resistance.
Collapse
|
37
|
Medjigbodo AA, Djogbenou LS, Koumba AA, Djossou L, Badolo A, Adoha CJ, Ketoh GK, Mavoungou JF. Phenotypic Insecticide Resistance in Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae): Specific Characterization of Underlying Resistance Mechanisms Still Matters. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 58:730-738. [PMID: 33043968 PMCID: PMC7954100 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjaa195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
An effective control of malaria vectors requires an extensive knowledge of mechanisms underlying the resistance-phenotypes developed by these vectors against insecticides. We investigated Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes from Benin and Togo for their intensity of insecticide resistance and we discussed the involvement of genotyped mechanisms in the resistance-phenotypes observed. Three- to five-day-old adult mosquitoes emerged from field and laboratory An. gambiae larvae were assayed using WHO tube intensity tests against various doses of deltamethrin: 1× (0.05%); 2× (0.1%); 5× (0.25%); 7.5× (0.375%) and those of pirimiphos-methyl: 0.5× (0.125%); 1× (0.25%). Members of An. gambiae complex were screened in field populations using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. The presence of kdrR(1014F/1014S) and ace-1R(119S) mutations was also investigated using TaqMan and PCR-RFLP techniques, respectively. Anopheles gambiae from field were very resistant to deltamethrin, whereas KisKdr and AcerKdrKis strains displayed 100% mortality rates at 2× the diagnostic dose. In contrast, the field mosquitoes displayed a low resistance-intensity against 1× the diagnostic dose of pirimiphos-methyl, whereas AcerKis and AcerKdrKis strains showed susceptibility at 0.5× the diagnostic dose. Anopheles gambiae s.s., Anopheles coluzzii, and Anopheles arabiensis were identified. Allelic frequencies of kdrR (1014F) and ace-1R (119S) mutations in the field populations varied from 0.65 to 1 and 0 to 0.84, respectively. The field An. gambiae displayed high-resistance levels against deltamethrin and pirimiphos-methyl when compared with those of the laboratory An. gambiae-resistant strains. These results exhibit the complexity of underlying insecticide resistance mechanisms in these field malaria vectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adandé A Medjigbodo
- Laboratory of Infectious Vector-Borne Diseases, Regional Institute of Public Health/University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Entomology, University Joseph KI-ZERBO, BP, Burkina Faso, West Africa
| | - Luc S Djogbenou
- Laboratory of Infectious Vector-Borne Diseases, Regional Institute of Public Health/University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Aubin A Koumba
- Laboratory of Infectious Vector-Borne Diseases, Regional Institute of Public Health/University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
- University of Science and Technology of Masuku (USTM), BP, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Laurette Djossou
- Laboratory of Infectious Vector-Borne Diseases, Regional Institute of Public Health/University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Athanase Badolo
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Entomology, University Joseph KI-ZERBO, BP, Burkina Faso, West Africa
| | - Constantin J Adoha
- Laboratory of Infectious Vector-Borne Diseases, Regional Institute of Public Health/University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | | | - Jacques F Mavoungou
- University of Science and Technology of Masuku (USTM), BP, Franceville, Gabon
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Muhammad A, Ibrahim SS, Mukhtar MM, Irving H, Abajue MC, Edith NMA, Da’u SS, Paine MJI, Wondji CS. High pyrethroid/DDT resistance in major malaria vector Anopheles coluzzii from Niger-Delta of Nigeria is probably driven by metabolic resistance mechanisms. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247944. [PMID: 33705436 PMCID: PMC7951933 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Entomological surveillance of local malaria vector populations is an important component of vector control and resistance management. In this study, the resistance profile and its possible mechanisms was characterised in a field population of the major malaria vector Anopheles coluzzii from Port Harcourt, the capital of Rivers state, in the Niger-Delta Region of Nigeria. Larvae collected in Port-Harcourt, were reared to adulthood and used for WHO bioassays. The population exhibited high resistance to permethrin, deltamethrin and DDT with mortalities of 6.7% ± 2.4, 37.5% ± 3.2 and 6.3% ± 4.1, respectively, but were fully susceptible to bendiocarb and malathion. Synergist bioassays with piperonylbutoxide (PBO) partially recovered susceptibility, with mortalities increasing to 53% ± 4, indicating probable role of CYP450s in permethrin resistance (χ2 = 29.48, P < 0.0001). Transcriptional profiling revealed five major resistance-associated genes overexpressed in the field samples compared to the fully susceptible laboratory colony, Ngoussou. Highest fold change (FC) was observed with GSTe2 (FC = 3.3 in permethrin exposed and 6.2 in unexposed) and CYP6Z3 (FC = 1.4 in exposed and 4.6 in unexposed). TaqMan genotyping of 32 F0 females detected the 1014F and 1575Y knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations with frequencies of 0.84 and 0.1, respectively, while 1014S mutation was not detected. Sequencing of a fragment of the voltage-gated sodium channel, spanning exon 20 from 13 deltamethrin-resistant and 9 susceptible females revealed only 2 distinct haplotypes with a low haplotype diversity of 0.33. The findings of high pyrethroid resistance but with a significant degree of recovery after PBO synergist assay suggests the need to move to PBO-based nets. This could be complemented with carbamate- or organophosphate-based indoor residual spraying in this area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdullahi Muhammad
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Centre for Biotechnology Research, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Sulaiman S. Ibrahim
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Biochemistry, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
- LSTM Research Unit, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | - Helen Irving
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Maduamaka C. Abajue
- Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
| | - Noutcha M. A. Edith
- Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
| | - Sabitu S. Da’u
- Department of Science, School of Continuing Education, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Mark J. I. Paine
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Charles S. Wondji
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Liverpool, United Kingdom
- LSTM Research Unit, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Tchouakui M, Mugenzi LMJ, Wondji MJ, Tchoupo M, Njiokou F, Wondji CS. Combined over-expression of two cytochrome P450 genes exacerbates the fitness cost of pyrethroid resistance in the major African malaria vector Anopheles funestus. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 173:104772. [PMID: 33771251 PMCID: PMC8024743 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2021.104772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic resistance driven by multiple P450 genes is worsening insecticide resistance in malaria vectors. However, it remains unclear whether such multiple over-expression imposes an additive fitness cost in the vectors. Here, we showed that two highly over-expressed P450 genes (CYP6P9a and CYP6P9b) combine to impose additive fitness costs in pyrethroid-resistant Anopheles funestus. Genotyping of the CYP6P9b resistance allele in hybrid mosquitoes from a pyrethroid-resistant FUMOZ-R and the susceptible FANG strains revealed that this gene imposes a fitness cost in resistant mosquitoes similar to CYP6P9a. Homozygote susceptible CYP6P9b_S (SS) significantly lay more eggs than the resistant (OR = 2.2, P = 0.04) and with greater hatching rate (p < 0.04). Homozygote resistant larvae CYP6P9b_R (RR) developed significantly slower than homozygote susceptible from L1-L4 (χ2 = 7.2; P = 0.007) with a late pupation observed for RR compared to both heterozygotes and homozygotes susceptible (χ2 = 11.17; P = 0.0008). No difference was observed between genotypes for adult longevity with no change in allele frequency and gene expression across the lifespan. Furthermore, we established that CYP6P9b combines with CYP6P9a to additively exacerbate the fitness cost of pyrethroid resistance with a greater reduction in fecundity/fertility and increased developmental time of double homozygote resistant mosquitoes. Moreover, an increased proportion of double homozygote susceptible individuals was noted over 10 generations in the insecticide-free environment (χ2 = 6.3; P = 0.01) suggesting a reversal to susceptibility in the absence of selection. Such greater fitness cost imposed by multiple P450 genes shows that resistance management strategy based on rotation could help slow the spread of resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magellan Tchouakui
- LSTM Research Unit, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), P.O. BOX 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Parasitology and Ecology Laboratory, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, P.O. Box 812, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Leon M J Mugenzi
- LSTM Research Unit, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), P.O. BOX 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon.
| | - Murielle J Wondji
- LSTM Research Unit, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), P.O. BOX 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, L35QA Liverpool, UK.
| | - Micareme Tchoupo
- LSTM Research Unit, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), P.O. BOX 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Flobert Njiokou
- Parasitology and Ecology Laboratory, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, P.O. Box 812, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Charles S Wondji
- LSTM Research Unit, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), P.O. BOX 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, L35QA Liverpool, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Genome variation and population structure among 1142 mosquitoes of the African malaria vector species Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles coluzzii. Genome Res 2020; 30:1533-1546. [PMID: 32989001 PMCID: PMC7605271 DOI: 10.1101/gr.262790.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Mosquito control remains a central pillar of efforts to reduce malaria burden in sub-Saharan Africa. However, insecticide resistance is entrenched in malaria vector populations, and countries with a high malaria burden face a daunting challenge to sustain malaria control with a limited set of surveillance and intervention tools. Here we report on the second phase of a project to build an open resource of high-quality data on genome variation among natural populations of the major African malaria vector species Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles coluzzii We analyzed whole genomes of 1142 individual mosquitoes sampled from the wild in 13 African countries, as well as a further 234 individuals comprising parents and progeny of 11 laboratory crosses. The data resource includes high-confidence single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) calls at 57 million variable sites, genome-wide copy number variation (CNV) calls, and haplotypes phased at biallelic SNPs. We use these data to analyze genetic population structure and characterize genetic diversity within and between populations. We illustrate the utility of these data by investigating species differences in isolation by distance, genetic variation within proposed gene drive target sequences, and patterns of resistance to pyrethroid insecticides. This data resource provides a foundation for developing new operational systems for molecular surveillance and for accelerating research and development of new vector control tools. It also provides a unique resource for the study of population genomics and evolutionary biology in eukaryotic species with high levels of genetic diversity under strong anthropogenic evolutionary pressures.
Collapse
|
41
|
Oumbouke WA, Pignatelli P, Barreaux AMG, Tia IZ, Koffi AA, Ahoua Alou LP, Sternberg ED, Thomas MB, Weetman D, N'Guessan R. Fine scale spatial investigation of multiple insecticide resistance and underlying target-site and metabolic mechanisms in Anopheles gambiae in central Côte d'Ivoire. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15066. [PMID: 32934291 PMCID: PMC7493912 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71933-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Routine monitoring of occurrence, levels and mechanisms of insecticide resistance informs effective management strategies, and should be used to assess the effect of new tools on resistance. As part of a cluster randomised controlled trial evaluating a novel insecticide-based intervention in central Côte d’Ivoire, we assessed resistance and its underlying mechanisms in Anopheles gambiae populations from a subset of trial villages. Resistance to multiple insecticides in An. gambiae s.s. and An. coluzzii was detected across villages, with dose–response assays demonstrating extremely high resistance intensity to the pyrethroid deltamethrin (> 1,500-fold), and mortality following exposure to pyrethroid-treated bednets was low (< 30% mortality in cone bioassays). The 1014F kdr mutation was almost fixed (≥ 90%) in all villages but the 1575Y kdr-amplifying mutation was relatively rare (< 15%). The carbamate and organophosphate resistance-associated Ace-1 G119S mutation was also detected at moderate frequencies (22–43%). Transcriptome analysis identified overexpression of P450 genes known to confer pyrethroid resistance (Cyp9K1, Cyp6P3, and Cyp6M2), and also a carboxylesterase (COEAE1F) as major candidates. Cyp6P3 expression was high but variable (up to 33-fold) and correlated positively with deltamethrin resistance intensity across villages (r2 = 0.78, P = 0.02). Tools and strategies to mitigate the extreme and multiple resistance provided by these mechanisms are required in this area to avoid future control failures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Welbeck A Oumbouke
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK. .,Institut Pierre Richet (IPR), Institut National de Santé Publique (INSP), Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire.
| | - Patricia Pignatelli
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, UK
| | - Antoine M G Barreaux
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Department of Entomology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Innocent Z Tia
- Institut Pierre Richet (IPR), Institut National de Santé Publique (INSP), Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Alphonsine A Koffi
- Institut Pierre Richet (IPR), Institut National de Santé Publique (INSP), Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Ludovic P Ahoua Alou
- Institut Pierre Richet (IPR), Institut National de Santé Publique (INSP), Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Eleanore D Sternberg
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, UK.,Department of Entomology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Matthew B Thomas
- Department of Entomology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - David Weetman
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, UK
| | - Raphael N'Guessan
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,Institut Pierre Richet (IPR), Institut National de Santé Publique (INSP), Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Adedeji EO, Ogunlana OO, Fatumo S, Beder T, Ajamma Y, Koenig R, Adebiyi E. Anopheles metabolic proteins in malaria transmission, prevention and control: a review. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:465. [PMID: 32912275 PMCID: PMC7488410 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04342-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing resistance to currently available insecticides in the malaria vector, Anopheles mosquitoes, hampers their use as an effective vector control strategy for the prevention of malaria transmission. Therefore, there is need for new insecticides and/or alternative vector control strategies, the development of which relies on the identification of possible targets in Anopheles. Some known and promising targets for the prevention or control of malaria transmission exist among Anopheles metabolic proteins. This review aims to elucidate the current and potential contribution of Anopheles metabolic proteins to malaria transmission and control. Highlighted are the roles of metabolic proteins as insecticide targets, in blood digestion and immune response as well as their contribution to insecticide resistance and Plasmodium parasite development. Furthermore, strategies by which these metabolic proteins can be utilized for vector control are described. Inhibitors of Anopheles metabolic proteins that are designed based on target specificity can yield insecticides with no significant toxicity to non-target species. These metabolic modulators combined with each other or with synergists, sterilants, and transmission-blocking agents in a single product, can yield potent malaria intervention strategies. These combinations can provide multiple means of controlling the vector. Also, they can help to slow down the development of insecticide resistance. Moreover, some metabolic proteins can be modulated for mosquito population replacement or suppression strategies, which will significantly help to curb malaria transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eunice Oluwatobiloba Adedeji
- Covenant University Bioinformatics Research (CUBRe), Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State Nigeria
- Department of Biochemistry, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State Nigeria
| | - Olubanke Olujoke Ogunlana
- Covenant University Bioinformatics Research (CUBRe), Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State Nigeria
- Department of Biochemistry, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State Nigeria
| | - Segun Fatumo
- Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, Bloomsbury, London, UK
| | - Thomas Beder
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Yvonne Ajamma
- Covenant University Bioinformatics Research (CUBRe), Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State Nigeria
| | - Rainer Koenig
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Ezekiel Adebiyi
- Covenant University Bioinformatics Research (CUBRe), Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State Nigeria
- Computer and Information Sciences, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State Nigeria
- Division of Applied Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), G200, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Hamid-Adiamoh M, Amambua-Ngwa A, Nwakanma D, D'Alessandro U, Awandare GA, Afrane YA. Insecticide resistance in indoor and outdoor-resting Anopheles gambiae in Northern Ghana. Malar J 2020; 19:314. [PMID: 32867769 PMCID: PMC7460795 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-03388-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Selection pressure from continued exposure to insecticides drives development of insecticide resistance and changes in resting behaviour of malaria vectors. There is need to understand how resistance drives changes in resting behaviour within vector species. The association between insecticide resistance and resting behaviour of Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) in Northern Ghana was examined. METHODS F1 progenies from adult mosquitoes collected indoors and outdoors were exposed to DDT, deltamethrin, malathion and bendiocarb using WHO insecticide susceptibility tests. Insecticide resistance markers including voltage-gated sodium channel (Vgsc)-1014F, Vgsc-1014S, Vgsc-1575Y, glutathione-S-transferase epsilon 2 (GSTe2)-114T and acetylcholinesterase (Ace1)-119S, as well as blood meal sources were investigated using PCR methods. Activities of metabolic enzymes, acetylcholine esterase (AChE), non-specific β-esterases, glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and monooxygenases were measured from unexposed F1 progenies using microplate assays. RESULTS Susceptibility of Anopheles coluzzii to deltamethrin 24 h post-exposure was significantly higher in indoor (mortality = 5%) than outdoor (mortality = 2.5%) populations (P = 0.02). Mosquitoes were fully susceptible to malathion (mortality: indoor = 98%, outdoor = 100%). Susceptibility to DDT was significantly higher in outdoor (mortality = 9%) than indoor (mortality = 0%) mosquitoes (P = 0.006). Mosquitoes were also found with suspected resistance to bendiocarb but mortality was not statistically different (mortality: indoor = 90%, outdoor = 95%. P = 0.30). Frequencies of all resistance alleles were higher in F1 outdoor (0.11-0.85) than indoor (0.04-0.65) mosquito populations, while Vgsc-1014F in F0 An. gambiae sensu stricto (s.s) was significantly associated with outdoor-resting behaviour (P = 0.01). Activities of non-specific β-esterase enzymes were significantly higher in outdoor than indoor mosquitoes (Mean enzyme activity: Outdoor = : 1.70/mg protein; Indoor = 1.35/mg protein. P < 0.0001). AChE activity was also more elevated in outdoor (0.62/mg protein) than indoor (0.57/mg protein) mosquitoes but this was not significant (P = 0.08). Human blood index (HBI) was predominantly detected in indoor (18%) than outdoor mosquito populations (3%). CONCLUSIONS The overall results did not establish that there was a significant preference of resistant malaria vectors to solely rest indoors or outdoors, but varied depending on the resistant alleles present. Phenotypic resistance was higher in indoor than outdoor-resting mosquitoes, but genotypic and metabolic resistance levels were higher in outdoor than the indoor populations. Continued monitoring of changes in resting behaviour within An. gambiae s.l. populations is recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Majidah Hamid-Adiamoh
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP) and Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
- Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Banjul, Gambia
| | - Alfred Amambua-Ngwa
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP) and Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
- Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Banjul, Gambia
| | - Davis Nwakanma
- Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Banjul, Gambia
| | - Umberto D'Alessandro
- Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Banjul, Gambia
| | - Gordon A Awandare
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP) and Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Yaw A Afrane
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP) and Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Genomic Variant Analyses in Pyrethroid Resistant and Susceptible Malaria Vector, Anopheles sinensis. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2020; 10:2185-2193. [PMID: 32423920 PMCID: PMC7341135 DOI: 10.1534/g3.120.401279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Anopheles sinensis is a major malaria vector in Southeast Asia. Resistance to pyrethroid insecticides in this species has impeded malaria control in the region. Previous studies found that An. sinensis populations from Yunnan Province, China were highly resistant to deltamethrin and did not carry mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene that cause knockdown resistance. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that other genomic variants are associated with the resistance phenotype. Using paired-end whole genome sequencing (DNA-seq), we generated 108 Gb of DNA sequence from deltamethrin -resistant and -susceptible mosquito pools with an average coverage of 83.3× depth. Using a stringent filtering method, we identified a total of 916,926 single nucleotide variants (SNVs), including 32,240 non-synonymous mutations. A total of 958 SNVs differed significantly in allele frequency between deltamethrin -resistant and -susceptible mosquitoes. Of these, 43 SNVs were present within 37 genes that code for immunity, detoxification, cuticular, and odorant proteins. A subset of 12 SNVs were randomly selected for genotyping of individual mosquitoes by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and showed consistent allele frequencies with the pooled DNA-seq derived allele frequencies. In addition, copy number variations (CNVs) were detected in 56 genes, including 33 that contained amplification alleles and 23 that contained deletion alleles in resistant mosquitoes compared to susceptible mosquitoes. The genomic variants described here provide a useful resource for future studies on the genetic mechanism of insecticide resistance in this important malaria vector species.
Collapse
|
45
|
Helvecio E, Romão TP, de Carvalho-Leandro D, de Oliveira IF, Cavalcanti AEHD, Reimer L, de Paiva Cavalcanti M, de Oliveira APS, Paiva PMG, Napoleão TH, Wallau GL, de Melo Neto OP, Melo-Santos MAV, Ayres CFJ. Polymorphisms in GSTE2 is associated with temephos resistance in Aedes aegypti. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 165:104464. [PMID: 32359546 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are enzymes involved in several distinct biological processes. In insects, the GSTs, especially delta and epsilon classes, play a key role in the metabolism of xenobiotics used to control insect populations. Here, we investigated its potential role in temephos resistance, examining the GSTE2 gene from susceptible (RecL) and resistant (RecR) strains of the mosquito Aedes aegypti, vector for several pathogenic arboviruses. Total GST enzymatic activity and the GSTE2 gene expression profile were evaluated, with the GSTE2 cDNA and genomic loci sequenced from both strains. Recombinant GSTE2 and mutants were produced in a heterologous expression system and assayed for enzyme kinetic parameters. These proteins also had their 3D structure predicted through molecular modeling. Our results showed that RecR has a profile of total GST enzymatic activity higher than RecL, with the expression of the GSTE2 gene in resistant larvae increasing six folds. Four exclusive RecR mutations were observed (L111S, I150V, E178A and A198E), which were absent in the laboratory susceptible strains. The enzymatic activity of the recombinant GSTE2 showed different kinetic parameters, with the GSTE2 RecR showing an enhanced ability to metabolize its substrate. The I150V mutation was shown to induce significant changes in catalytic parameters and a 3D modeling of GSTE2 mapped two of the RecR changes (L111S and I150V) near the enzyme's catalytic pocket, also implying an impact on its catalytic activity. Our results reinforce a potential role for GSTE2 in the metabolic resistance phenotype while contributing to the understanding of the molecular basis for the resistance mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisama Helvecio
- Department of Entomology, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, FIOCRUZ, Recife, PE 50740-465, Brazil
| | - Tatiany Patrícia Romão
- Department of Entomology, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, FIOCRUZ, Recife, PE 50740-465, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | - Lisa Reimer
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Gabriel Luz Wallau
- Department of Entomology, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, FIOCRUZ, Recife, PE 50740-465, Brazil
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Škerlová J, Lindström H, Gonis E, Sjödin B, Neiers F, Stenmark P, Mannervik B. Structure and steroid isomerase activity of
Drosophila
glutathione transferase E14 essential for ecdysteroid biosynthesis. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:1187-1195. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jana Škerlová
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics Stockholm University Sweden
| | - Helena Lindström
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics Stockholm University Sweden
| | - Elodie Gonis
- CSGA Laboratory of Taste and Olfaction University Bourgogne Franche‐Comté Dijon France
| | - Birgitta Sjödin
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics Stockholm University Sweden
| | - Fabrice Neiers
- CSGA Laboratory of Taste and Olfaction University Bourgogne Franche‐Comté Dijon France
| | - Pål Stenmark
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics Stockholm University Sweden
- Department of Experimental Medical Science Lund University Sweden
| | - Bengt Mannervik
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics Stockholm University Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Bergey CM, Lukindu M, Wiltshire RM, Fontaine MC, Kayondo JK, Besansky NJ. Assessing connectivity despite high diversity in island populations of a malaria mosquito. Evol Appl 2020; 13:417-431. [PMID: 31993086 PMCID: PMC6976967 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Documenting isolation is notoriously difficult for species with vast polymorphic populations. High proportions of shared variation impede estimation of connectivity, even despite leveraging information from many genetic markers. We overcome these impediments by combining classical analysis of neutral variation with assays of the structure of selected variation, demonstrated using populations of the principal African malaria vector Anopheles gambiae. Accurate estimation of mosquito migration is crucial for efforts to combat malaria. Modeling and cage experiments suggest that mosquito gene drive systems will enable malaria eradication, but establishing safety and efficacy requires identification of isolated populations in which to conduct field testing. We assess Lake Victoria islands as candidate sites, finding one island 30 km offshore is as differentiated from mainland samples as populations from across the continent. Collectively, our results suggest sufficient contemporary isolation of these islands to warrant consideration as field-testing locations and illustrate shared adaptive variation as a useful proxy for connectivity in highly polymorphic species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina M. Bergey
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameINUSA
- Eck Institute for Global HealthUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameINUSA
- Department of GeneticsRutgers UniversityPiscatawayNJUSA
- Departments of Anthropology and BiologyPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPAUSA
| | - Martin Lukindu
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameINUSA
- Eck Institute for Global HealthUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameINUSA
| | - Rachel M. Wiltshire
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameINUSA
- Eck Institute for Global HealthUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameINUSA
| | - Michael C. Fontaine
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES)University of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
- MIVEGECIRDCNRSUniversity of MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| | | | - Nora J. Besansky
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameINUSA
- Eck Institute for Global HealthUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameINUSA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
An Experimental Hut Evaluation of PBO-Based and Pyrethroid-Only Nets against the Malaria Vector Anopheles funestus Reveals a Loss of Bed Nets Efficacy Associated with GSTe2 Metabolic Resistance. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11020143. [PMID: 32013227 PMCID: PMC7073577 DOI: 10.3390/genes11020143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing insecticide resistance in malaria vectors is threatening the effectiveness of insecticide-based interventions, including Long Lasting Insecticidal Nets (LLINs). However, the impact of metabolic resistance on the effectiveness of these tools remains poorly characterized. Using experimental hut trials and genotyping of a glutathione S-transferase resistance marker (L119F-GSTe2), we established that GST-mediated resistance is reducing the efficacy of LLINs against Anopheles funestus. Hut trials performed in Cameroon revealed that Piperonyl butoxide (PBO)-based nets induced a significantly higher mortality against pyrethroid resistant An. funestus than pyrethroid-only nets. Blood feeding rate and deterrence were significantly higher in all LLINs than control. Genotyping the L119F-GSTe2 mutation revealed that, for permethrin-based nets, 119F-GSTe2 resistant mosquitoes have a greater ability to blood feed than susceptible while the opposite effect is observed for deltamethrin-based nets. For Olyset Plus, a significant association with exophily was observed in resistant mosquitoes (OR = 11.7; p < 0.01). Furthermore, GSTe2-resistant mosquitoes (cone assays) significantly survived with PermaNet 2.0 (OR = 2.1; p < 0.01) and PermaNet 3.0 (side) (OR = 30.1; p < 0.001) but not for Olyset Plus. This study shows that the efficacy of PBO-based nets (e.g., blood feeding inhibition) against pyrethroid resistant malaria vectors could be impacted by other mechanisms including GST-mediated metabolic resistance not affected by the synergistic action of PBO. Mosaic LLINs incorporating a GST inhibitor (diethyl maleate) could help improve their efficacy in areas of GST-mediated resistance.
Collapse
|
49
|
Functional genetic validation of key genes conferring insecticide resistance in the major African malaria vector, Anopheles gambiae. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:25764-25772. [PMID: 31801878 PMCID: PMC6926047 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1914633116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Insecticide resistance in Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes can derail malaria control programs, and to overcome it, we need to discover the underlying molecular basis. Here, we characterize 3 genes most often associated with insecticide resistance directly by their overproduction in genetically modified An. gambiae. We show that overexpression of each gene confers resistance to representatives of at least 1 insecticide class, and taken together, the 3 genes provide cross-resistance to all 4 major insecticide classes currently used in public health. These data validate the candidate genes as markers to monitor the spread of resistance in mosquito populations. The modified mosquitoes produced are also valuable tools to prescreen the efficacy of new insecticides against existing resistance mechanisms. Resistance in Anopheles gambiae to members of all 4 major classes (pyrethroids, carbamates, organochlorines, and organophosphates) of public health insecticides limits effective control of malaria transmission in Africa. Increase in expression of detoxifying enzymes has been associated with insecticide resistance, but their direct functional validation in An. gambiae is still lacking. Here, we perform transgenic analysis using the GAL4/UAS system to examine insecticide resistance phenotypes conferred by increased expression of the 3 genes—Cyp6m2, Cyp6p3, and Gste2—most often found up-regulated in resistant An. gambiae. We report evidence in An. gambiae that organophosphate and organochlorine resistance is conferred by overexpression of GSTE2 in a broad tissue profile. Pyrethroid and carbamate resistance is bestowed by similar Cyp6p3 overexpression, and Cyp6m2 confers only pyrethroid resistance when overexpressed in the same tissues. Conversely, such Cyp6m2 overexpression increases susceptibility to the organophosphate malathion, presumably due to conversion to the more toxic metabolite, malaoxon. No resistant phenotypes are conferred when either Cyp6 gene overexpression is restricted to the midgut or oenocytes, indicating that neither tissue is involved in insecticide resistance mediated by the candidate P450s examined. Validation of genes conferring resistance provides markers to guide control strategies, and the observed negative cross-resistance due to Cyp6m2 gives credence to proposed dual-insecticide strategies to overcome pyrethroid resistance. These transgenic An. gambiae-resistant lines are being used to test the “resistance-breaking” efficacy of active compounds early in their development.
Collapse
|
50
|
Lucas ER, Rockett KA, Lynd A, Essandoh J, Grisales N, Kemei B, Njoroge H, Hubbart C, Rippon EJ, Morgan J, Van't Hof AE, Ochomo EO, Kwiatkowski DP, Weetman D, Donnelly MJ. A high throughput multi-locus insecticide resistance marker panel for tracking resistance emergence and spread in Anopheles gambiae. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13335. [PMID: 31527637 PMCID: PMC6746726 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49892-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The spread of resistance to insecticides in disease-carrying mosquitoes poses a threat to the effectiveness of control programmes, which rely largely on insecticide-based interventions. Monitoring mosquito populations is essential, but obtaining phenotypic measurements of resistance is laborious and error-prone. High-throughput genotyping offers the prospect of quick and repeatable estimates of resistance, while also allowing resistance markers to be tracked and studied. To demonstrate the potential of highly-mulitplexed genotypic screening for measuring resistance-association of mutations and tracking their spread, we developed a panel of 28 known or putative resistance markers in the major malaria vector Anopheles gambiae, which we used to screen mosquitoes from a wide swathe of Sub-Saharan Africa (Burkina Faso, Ghana, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and Kenya). We found resistance association in four markers, including a novel mutation in the detoxification gene Gste2 (Gste2-119V). We also identified a duplication in Gste2 combining a resistance-associated mutation with its wild-type counterpart, potentially alleviating the costs of resistance. Finally, we describe the distribution of the multiple origins of kdr resistance, finding unprecedented diversity in the DRC. This panel represents the first step towards a quantitative genotypic model of insecticide resistance that can be used to predict resistance status in An. gambiae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric R Lucas
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.
| | - Kirk A Rockett
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Amy Lynd
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - John Essandoh
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.,Department of Wildlife and Entomology, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Nelson Grisales
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.,Abt Associates, 6130 Executive BLVD, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Brigid Kemei
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Harun Njoroge
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Christina Hubbart
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Emily J Rippon
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - John Morgan
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Arjen E Van't Hof
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Eric O Ochomo
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Dominic P Kwiatkowski
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK.,Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - David Weetman
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Martin J Donnelly
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.,Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| |
Collapse
|