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Ball L, Frey T, Haag F, Frank S, Hoffmann S, Laska M, Steinhaus M, Neuhaus K, Krautwurst D. Geosmin, a Food- and Water-Deteriorating Sesquiterpenoid and Ambivalent Semiochemical, Activates Evolutionary Conserved Receptor OR11A1. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024. [PMID: 38955350 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c01515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Geosmin, a ubiquitous volatile sesquiterpenoid of microbiological origin, is causative for deteriorating the quality of many foods, beverages, and drinking water, by eliciting an undesirable "earthy/musty" off-flavor. Moreover, and across species from worm to human, geosmin is a volatile, chemosensory trigger of both avoidance and attraction behaviors, suggesting its role as semiochemical. Volatiles typically are detected by chemosensory receptors of the nose, which have evolved to best detect ecologically relevant food-related odorants and semiochemicals. An insect receptor for geosmin was recently identified in flies. A human geosmin-selective receptor, however, has been elusive. Here, we report on the identification and characterization of a human odorant receptor for geosmin, with its function being conserved in orthologs across six mammalian species. Notably, the receptor from the desert-dwelling kangaroo rat showed a more than 100-fold higher sensitivity compared to its human ortholog and detected geosmin at low nmol/L concentrations in extracts from geosmin-producing actinomycetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Ball
- TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising 85354, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Tim Frey
- TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising 85354, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Freising 85354, Germany
- Tecan Deutschland GmbH, Crailsheim 74564, Germany
| | - Franziska Haag
- Leibniz Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Stephanie Frank
- Leibniz Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Sandra Hoffmann
- Leibniz Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Matthias Laska
- IFM Biology, Linköping University, Linköping 581 83, Sweden
| | - Martin Steinhaus
- Leibniz Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Klaus Neuhaus
- Core Facility Microbiome, ZIEL - Institute for Food & Health, Technical University of Munich, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Dietmar Krautwurst
- Leibniz Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Freising 85354, Germany
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Emter R, Merillat C, Dossenbach S, Natsch A. The trilogy of human musk receptors: linking receptor activation, genotype, and sensory perception. Chem Senses 2024; 49:bjae015. [PMID: 38591752 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjae015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The scent of musk plays a unique role in the history of perfumery. Musk odorants comprise 6 diverse chemical classes and perception differences in strength and quality among human panelists have long puzzled the field of olfaction research. Three odorant receptors (OR) had recently been described for musk odorants: OR5AN1, OR1N2, and OR5A2. High functional expression of the difficult-to-express human OR5A2 was achieved by a modification of the C-terminal domain and the link between sensory perception and receptor activation for the trilogy of these receptors and their key genetic variants was investigated: All 3 receptors detect only musky smelling compounds among 440 commercial fragrance compounds. OR5A2 is the key receptor for the classes of polycyclic and linear musks and for most macrocylic lactones. A single P172L substitution reduces the sensitivity of OR5A2 by around 50-fold. In parallel, human panelists homozygous for this mutation have around 40-60-fold higher sensory detection threshold for selective OR5A2 ligands. For macrocyclic lactones, OR5A2 could further be proven as the key OR by a strong correlation between in vitro activation and the sensory detection threshold in vivo. OR5AN1 is the dominant receptor for the perception of macrocyclic ketones such as muscone and some nitromusks, as panelists with a mutant OR5A2 are still equally sensitive to these ligands. Finally, OR1N2 appears to be an additional receptor involved in the perception of the natural (E)-ambrettolide. This study for the first time links OR activation to sensory perception and genetic polymorphisms for this unique class of odorants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Emter
- Fragrances S&T, Ingredients Research, Givaudan Schweiz AG, Kemptthal, Switzerland
| | - Christel Merillat
- Fragrances S&T, Ingredients Research, Givaudan Schweiz AG, Kemptthal, Switzerland
| | - Sandro Dossenbach
- Fragrances S&T, Ingredients Research, Givaudan Schweiz AG, Kemptthal, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Natsch
- Fragrances S&T, Ingredients Research, Givaudan Schweiz AG, Kemptthal, Switzerland
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Bräuer AU, Sevecke-Rave J, Gläser A, Nahrath P, Hummel T, Witt M. Optimization of mRNA extraction from human nasal mucosa biopsies for gene expression profile analysis by qRT-PCR. Clin Anat 2023; 36:1001-1006. [PMID: 37337364 DOI: 10.1002/ca.24081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) is the gold-standard method for analyzing modifications in gene expression in cells and tissues. However, large quantities of high-quality RNA samples are needed for analyzing the expression of multiple genes from one human tissue sample. Here, we provide an optimized protocol for extracting large amounts of RNA from human nasal mucosal biopsies. The quality and quantity of samples were sufficient for qRT-PCR analyses of the expressions of various genes, in duplicate. In contrast to other protocols, we optimized RNA isolation to increase the amount from nasal biopsy samples for analyses of multiple genes. In most previous publications, expressions of only one or a few genes, including housekeeping genes, were analyzed because the amount of biological material was small. We were able to improve our protocol with respect to the yield and quality of RNA. This is likely to produce better results from molecular analyses of very small biopsy samples of human nasal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- A U Bräuer
- Research Group Anatomy, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Research Center Neurosensory Science, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - J Sevecke-Rave
- Research Group Anatomy, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - A Gläser
- Research Group Anatomy, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - P Nahrath
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical Faculty Carl-Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - T Hummel
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical Faculty Carl-Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - M Witt
- Institute of Anatomy & Centre of Transdisciplinary Neuroscience Rostock, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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Pallotti S, Picciolini M, Antonini M, Renieri C, Napolioni V. Genome-wide scan for runs of homozygosity in South American Camelids. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:470. [PMID: 37605116 PMCID: PMC10440933 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09547-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alpaca (Vicugna pacos), llama (Lama glama), vicugna (Vicugna vicugna) and guanaco (Lama guanicoe), are the camelid species distributed over the Andean high-altitude grasslands, the Altiplano, and the Patagonian arid steppes. Despite the wide interest on these animals, most of the loci under selection are still unknown. Using whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data we investigated the occurrence and the distribution of Runs Of Homozygosity (ROHs) across the South American Camelids (SACs) genome to identify the genetic relationship between the four species and the potential signatures of selection. RESULTS A total of 37 WGS samples covering the four species was included in the final analysis. The multi-dimensional scaling approach showed a clear separation between the four species; however, admixture analysis suggested a strong genetic introgression from vicugna and llama to alpaca. Conversely, very low genetic admixture of the guanaco with the other SACs was found. The four species did not show significant differences in the number, length of ROHs (100-500 kb) and genomic inbreeding values. Longer ROHs (> 500 kb) were found almost exclusively in alpaca. Seven overlapping ROHs were shared by alpacas, encompassing nine loci (FGF5, LOC107034918, PRDM8, ANTXR2, LOC102534792, BSN, LOC116284892, DAG1 and RIC8B) while nine overlapping ROHs were found in llama with twenty-five loci annotated (ERC2, FZD9, BAZ1B, BCL7B, LOC116284208, TBL2, MLXIPL, PHF20, TRNAD-AUC, LOC116284365, RBM39, ARFGEF2, DCAF5, EXD2, HSPB11, LRRC42, LDLRAD1, TMEM59, LOC107033213, TCEANC2, LOC102545169, LOC116278408, SMIM15, NDUFAF2 and RCOR1). Four overlapping ROHs, with three annotated loci (DLG1, KAT6B and PDE4D) and three overlapping ROHs, with seven annotated genes (ATP6V1E1, BCL2L13, LOC116276952, BID, KAT6B, LOC116282667 and LOC107034552), were detected for vicugna and guanaco, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The signatures of selection revealed genomic areas potentially selected for production traits as well as for natural adaptation to harsh environment. Alpaca and llama hint a selection driven by environment as well as by farming purpose while vicugna and guanaco showed selection signals for adaptation to harsh environment. Interesting, signatures of selection on KAT6B gene were identified for both vicugna and guanaco, suggesting a positive effect on wild populations fitness. Such information may be of interest to further ecological and animal production studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Pallotti
- Genomic And Molecular Epidemiology (GAME) Lab, School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy.
| | | | - Marco Antonini
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Development (ENEA), Roma, Italy
| | - Carlo Renieri
- School of Pharmacy and Health Products, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Valerio Napolioni
- Genomic And Molecular Epidemiology (GAME) Lab, School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
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Gunder N, Dörig P, Witt M, Welge-Lüssen A, Menzel S, Hummel T. Future therapeutic strategies for olfactory disorders: electrical stimulation, stem cell therapy, and transplantation of olfactory epithelium-an overview. HNO 2023; 71:35-43. [PMID: 36734997 PMCID: PMC9897160 DOI: 10.1007/s00106-022-01249-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Olfactory disorders may be temporary or permanent and can have various causes. Currently, many COVID-19 patients report a reduced or complete loss of olfactory function. A wide range of treatment options have been investigated in the past, such as olfactory training, acupuncture, medical therapy, transcranial magnetic stimulation, or surgical excision of olfactory epithelium, e.g., in severe qualitative smell disorders. The development of a bioelectric nose, e.g., in connection with direct electrical stimulation or transplantation of olfactory epithelium or stem cells, represent treatment options of the future. The basis of these developments and the state of knowledge is discussed in the following work.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Gunder
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Hals-, Nasen- und Ohrenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus an der Technischen Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
| | - P Dörig
- Universitäts-HNO Klinik Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - M Witt
- Institut für Anatomie, Universitätsmedizin Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | | | - S Menzel
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Hals-, Nasen- und Ohrenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus an der Technischen Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - T Hummel
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Hals-, Nasen- und Ohrenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus an der Technischen Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
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Kuroda S, Nakaya-Kishi Y, Tatematsu K, Hinuma S. Human Olfactory Receptor Sensor for Odor Reconstitution. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:6164. [PMID: 37448013 DOI: 10.3390/s23136164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Among the five human senses, light, sound, and force perceived by the eye, ear, and skin, respectively are physical phenomena, and therefore can be easily measured and expressed as objective, univocal, and simple digital data with physical quantity. However, as taste and odor molecules perceived by the tongue and nose are chemical phenomena, it has been difficult to express them as objective and univocal digital data, since no reference chemicals can be defined. Therefore, while the recording, saving, transmitting to remote locations, and replaying of human visual, auditory, and tactile information as digital data in digital devices have been realized (this series of data flow is defined as DX (digital transformation) in this review), the DX of human taste and odor information is not yet in the realization stage. Particularly, since there are at least 400,000 types of odor molecules and an infinite number of complex odors that are mixtures of these molecules, it has been considered extremely difficult to realize "human olfactory DX" by converting all odors perceived by human olfaction into digital data. In this review, we discuss the current status and future prospects of the development of "human olfactory DX", which we believe can be realized by utilizing odor sensors that employ the olfactory receptors (ORs) that support human olfaction as sensing molecules (i.e., human OR sensor).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun'ichi Kuroda
- Department of Biomolecular Science and Reaction, SANKEN, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
- R&D Center, Komi-Hakko Corp, 3F Osaka University Technoalliance C Bldg, 2-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yukiko Nakaya-Kishi
- R&D Center, Komi-Hakko Corp, 3F Osaka University Technoalliance C Bldg, 2-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kenji Tatematsu
- Department of Biomolecular Science and Reaction, SANKEN, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
- R&D Center, Komi-Hakko Corp, 3F Osaka University Technoalliance C Bldg, 2-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shuji Hinuma
- Department of Biomolecular Science and Reaction, SANKEN, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
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Smati H, Torkia YB, Khemis IB, Aouaini F, Lamine AB. Modeling by statistical physics and interpretation of the olfactory process of the two enantiomers 3-mercapto-2-methylbutan-1-ol and 3-mercapto-2-methylpentan-1-ol on the OR2M3 human olfactory receptor. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:124896. [PMID: 37268074 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In the present paper, a putative adsorption process of two odorants thiols (3-mercapto-2-methylbutan-1-ol and 3-mercapto-2-methylpentan-1-ol) on the human olfactory receptor OR2M3 has been investigated via advanced models developed by a grand canonical formalism of statistical physics. For the two olfactory systems, a monolayer model with two types of energy (ML2E) has been selected to correlate with the experimental data. The physicochemical analysis of the statistical physics modeling results showed that the adsorption system of the two odorants was multimolecular. Furthermore, the molar adsorption energies were inferior to 22.7 kJ/mol, which confirmed the physisorption process of the adsorption of the two odorant thiols on OR2M3. In addition, quantitative characterizations of both odorants were determined via the olfactory receptor pore size distribution (RPSD) and the adsorption energy distribution (AED), which were spread out from 0.25 to 1.25 nm and from 5 to 35 kJ/mol, respectively. For thermodynamic characterization of the olfactory process, the adsorption entropy indicated the disorder of the adsorption systems of 3-mercapto-2-methylbutan-1-ol and 3-mercapto-2-methylpentan-1-ol on the human olfactory receptor OR2M3. Besides, the used model showed that the presence of copper ions increases the efficacy (olfactory response at saturation) of 3-mercapt-2-methylpentan-1-ol odorant activating OR2M3. The docking molecular simulation indicated that the 3-mercapto-2-methylpentan-1-ol molecule presented more binding affinities (17.15 kJ/mol) with olfactory receptor OR2M3 than 3-mercapto-2-methylbutan-1-ol (14.64 kJ/mol). On the other hand, the two estimated binding affinities of the two odorants belonged to the adsorption energies spectrum (AED) to confirm the physisorption nature of the olfactory adsorption process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houda Smati
- Laboratory of Quantum and Statistical Physics LR 18 ES 18, University of Monastir, Faculty of Sciences of Monastir, Environnement Street, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Yosra Ben Torkia
- Laboratory of Quantum and Statistical Physics LR 18 ES 18, University of Monastir, Faculty of Sciences of Monastir, Environnement Street, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia.
| | - Ismahene Ben Khemis
- Laboratory of Quantum and Statistical Physics LR 18 ES 18, University of Monastir, Faculty of Sciences of Monastir, Environnement Street, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia.
| | - Fatma Aouaini
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdelmottaleb Ben Lamine
- Laboratory of Quantum and Statistical Physics LR 18 ES 18, University of Monastir, Faculty of Sciences of Monastir, Environnement Street, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia.
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Hummel T, Power Guerra N, Gunder N, Hähner A, Menzel S. Olfactory Function and Olfactory Disorders. Laryngorhinootologie 2023; 102:S67-S92. [PMID: 37130532 PMCID: PMC10184680 DOI: 10.1055/a-1957-3267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The sense of smell is important. This became especially clear to patients with infection-related olfactory loss during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. We react, for example, to the body odors of other humans. The sense of smell warns us of danger, and it allows us to perceive flavors when eating and drinking. In essence, this means quality of life. Therefore, anosmia must be taken seriously. Although olfactory receptor neurons are characterized by regenerative capacity, anosmia is relatively common with about 5 % of anosmic people in the general population. Olfactory disorders are classified according to their causes (e. g., infections of the upper respiratory tract, traumatic brain injury, chronic rhinosinusitis, age) with the resulting different therapeutic options and prognoses. Thorough history taking is therefore important. A wide variety of tools are available for diagnosis, ranging from short screening tests and detailed multidimensional test procedures to electrophysiological and imaging methods. Thus, quantitative olfactory disorders are easily assessable and traceable. For qualitative olfactory disorders such as parosmia, however, no objectifying diagnostic procedures are currently available. Therapeutic options for olfactory disorders are limited. Nevertheless, there are effective options consisting of olfactory training as well as various additive drug therapies. The consultation and the competent discussion with the patients are of major importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hummel
- Interdisziplinäres Zentrum Riechen und Schmecken, HNO Klinik, TU Dresden
| | - N Power Guerra
- Rudolf-Zenker-Institut für Experimentelle Chirurgie, Medizinische Universität Rostock, Rostock
| | - N Gunder
- Universitäts-HNO Klinik Dresden, Dresden
| | - A Hähner
- Interdisziplinäres Zentrum Riechen und Schmecken, HNO Klinik, TU Dresden
| | - S Menzel
- Interdisziplinäres Zentrum Riechen und Schmecken, HNO Klinik, TU Dresden
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Camara G, Alotaibi M, Lessard-Beaudoin M, Busch K, Gendron L, Graham RK. Specific olfactory deficit patterns observed in seniors and associated with cognitive decline. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2023; 126:110775. [PMID: 37120003 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2023.110775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunction is a common symptom in neurodegenerative disorders and is regarded as a potential early predictor of impending cognitive decline. This study was undertaken in order to determine if olfactory dysfunction observed in the elderly is due to a general loss of smell or the inability to detect specific odours, and if misidentification of odours correlates with cognitive scores. Seniors for the Olfactory Response and Cognition in Aging (ORCA) sub-study were recruited from the Quebec Nutrition and Successful Aging (NuAge) cohort. The University of Pennsylvania smell identification test (UPSIT) was performed to measure olfactory function and the telephone Mini Mental State Examination (t-MMSE) and the French version of the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status Modified (F-TICS-m) for cognitive status. The results demonstrate that seniors exhibit specific olfactory loss and had severe difficulty in particular in identifying lemon, pizza, fruit punch, cheddar cheese and lime. Furthermore, there was a significant difference in the ability to detect certain odours between the sexes. Results also showed that misidentification of certain scents was associated with cognitive scores, and when the sexes were assessed separately sex-specific misidentification of cognitive-associated odours was observed. The relationship between the cognitive scores and scent misidentification suggests that impending cognitive decline may be highlighted by the inability to smell specific odours. Our study provides additional support for the testing of olfactory function in the elderly and suggests that loss of smell for particular scents may become a useful diagnostic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Camara
- Research Centre on Aging CIUSSS de l'Estrie - CHUS, Canada; Dept of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Majed Alotaibi
- Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, United States of America; King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health and Science, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Melissa Lessard-Beaudoin
- Research Centre on Aging CIUSSS de l'Estrie - CHUS, Canada; Dept of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Kate Busch
- Research Centre on Aging CIUSSS de l'Estrie - CHUS, Canada
| | - Louis Gendron
- Dept of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Rona K Graham
- Research Centre on Aging CIUSSS de l'Estrie - CHUS, Canada; Dept of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada.
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10
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Goldman AW. Olfaction in (Social) Context: The Role of Social Complexity in Trajectories of Older Adults' Olfactory Abilities. J Aging Health 2023; 35:108-124. [PMID: 35739641 DOI: 10.1177/08982643221108020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: Olfaction is an important correlate of later-life health, including cognition and mortality risk. Environmental enrichment protects against olfactory decline, yet little research considers the social context as a source of sensory enrichment or stimulation. This study examines how exposure to social complexity (i.e., diversity or novelty in social networks and activities) shapes later-life olfaction. Methods: Cross-sectional and longitudinal ordered logit models analyze data from 1,447 older adults interviewed at Rounds 1 and 2 of the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project. Results: Exposure to greater social complexity (larger social networks, greater network diversity) is associated with significantly better olfaction at baseline. Increases in network diversity and fewer network losses significantly protect against olfactory decline over time. Discussion: Findings highlight the social context as an important, yet relatively overlooked source of sensory enrichment, and underscore the need for biological applications to integrate social life dynamics into studies of health trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa W Goldman
- Department of Sociology, 6019Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
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11
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Frey T, Kwadha CA, Haag F, Pelletier J, Wallin EA, Holgersson E, Hedenström E, Bohman B, Bengtsson M, Becher PG, Krautwurst D, Witzgall P. The human odorant receptor OR10A6 is tuned to the pheromone of the commensal fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. iScience 2022; 25:105269. [PMID: 36300000 PMCID: PMC9589189 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
All living things speak chemistry. The challenge is to reveal the vocabulary, the odorants that enable communication across phylogenies and to translate them to physiological, behavioral, and ecological function. Olfactory receptors (ORs) interface animals with airborne odorants. Expression in heterologous cells makes it possible to interrogate single ORs and to identify cognate ligands. The cosmopolitan, anthropophilic strain of the vinegar fly Drosophila melanogaster depends on human resources and housing for survival. Curiously, humans sense the pheromone (Z)-4-undecenal (Z4-11Al) released by single fly females. A screening of all human ORs shows that the most highly expressed OR10A6 is tuned to Z4-11Al. Females of an ancestral African fly strain release a blend of Z4-11Al and Z4-9Al that produces a different aroma, which is how we distinguish these fly strains by nose. That flies and humans sense Z4-11Al via dedicated ORs shows how convergent evolution shapes communication channels between vertebrate and invertebrate animals. Humans sense the sex pheromone Z411-Al released by single Drosophila melanogaster females The most highly expressed human olfactory receptor OR10A6 is tuned to Z411-Al An African fly strain emits two aldehydes, which we distinguish from Z411-Al by nose Convergent evolution shapes chemical communication between phylogenies
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Frey
- Leibniz-Institut für Lebensmittel-Systembiologie an der Technischen Universität München, Lise-Meitner Strasse 34, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Charles A. Kwadha
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 190, 234 22 Lomma, Sweden
| | - Franziska Haag
- Leibniz-Institut für Lebensmittel-Systembiologie an der Technischen Universität München, Lise-Meitner Strasse 34, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Julien Pelletier
- Leibniz-Institut für Lebensmittel-Systembiologie an der Technischen Universität München, Lise-Meitner Strasse 34, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Erika A. Wallin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Mid Sweden University, Holmgatan 10, 85170 Sundsvall, Sweden
| | | | - Erik Hedenström
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Mid Sweden University, Holmgatan 10, 85170 Sundsvall, Sweden
| | - Björn Bohman
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 190, 234 22 Lomma, Sweden
| | - Marie Bengtsson
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 190, 234 22 Lomma, Sweden
| | - Paul G. Becher
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 190, 234 22 Lomma, Sweden
| | - Dietmar Krautwurst
- Leibniz-Institut für Lebensmittel-Systembiologie an der Technischen Universität München, Lise-Meitner Strasse 34, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Peter Witzgall
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 190, 234 22 Lomma, Sweden,Corresponding author
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12
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Reply to: Target expression is a relevant factor in synthetic lethal screens. Commun Biol 2022; 5:836. [PMID: 35986082 PMCID: PMC9391391 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03747-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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13
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Masala C, Cavazzana A, Sanna F, Cecchini MP, Zanini A, Gasperi F, Menghi L, Endrizzi I, Borgogno M, Drago S, Cantone E, Ciofalo A, Macchi A, Monti G, Parma V, Piochi M, Pinna I, Torri L, Cabrino G, Ottaviano G, Pendolino AL, Pignatelli A, Pighin F, Bochicchio V, Motta G, Fontana G, Pasquariello B, Cavaliere C, Iacono V, Hummel T. Correlation between olfactory function, age, sex, and cognitive reserve index in the Italian population. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2022; 279:4943-4952. [PMID: 35211821 PMCID: PMC8869341 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-022-07311-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Loss of smell decreases the quality of life and contributes to the failure in recognizing hazardous substances. Given the relevance of olfaction in daily life, it is important to recognize an undiagnosed olfactory dysfunction to prevent these possible complications. Up to now, the prevalence of smell disorders in Italy is unknown due to a lack of epidemiological studies. Hence, the primary aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of olfactory dysfunction in a sample of Italian adults. Methods Six hundred and thirty-three participants (347 woman and 286 men; mean age 44.9 years, SD 17.3, age range 18–86) were recruited from 10 distinct Italian regions. Participants were recruited using a convenience sapling and were divided into six different age groups: 18–29 years (N = 157), 30–39 years (N = 129), 40–49 years (N = 99), 50–59 years (N = 106), > 60 years (N = 142). Olfactory function, cognitive abilities, cognitive reserve, and depression were assessed, respectively, with: Sniffin’ Sticks 16-item Odor Identification Test, Montreal Cognitive Assessment, Cognitive Reserve Index, and the Beck Depression Inventory. Additionally, socio-demographic data, medical history, and health-related lifestyle information were collected. Results About 27% of participants showed an odor identification score < 12 indicating hyposmia. Multiple regression analysis revealed that OI was significantly correlated with age, sex, and cognitive reserve index, and young women with high cognitive reserve index showing the highest olfactory scores. Conclusion This study provides data on the prevalence of olfactory dysfunction in different Italian regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Masala
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, SP8 Cittadella Universitaria Monserrato, 09042, Cagliari, Italy.
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Smell and Taste Clinic, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Annachiara Cavazzana
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Smell and Taste Clinic, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Fabrizio Sanna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, SP8 Cittadella Universitaria Monserrato, 09042, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Maria Paola Cecchini
- Section of Anatomy and Histology, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie, 8, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Alice Zanini
- Section of Anatomy and Histology, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie, 8, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Flavia Gasperi
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach, 1, San Michele All'Adige, 38010, Trento, Italy
- Center Agriculture Food Environment, University of Trento/Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Leonardo Menghi
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach, 1, San Michele All'Adige, 38010, Trento, Italy
- Center Agriculture Food Environment, University of Trento/Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
- Department of Technology and Innovation, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Isabella Endrizzi
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach, 1, San Michele All'Adige, 38010, Trento, Italy
| | | | | | - Elena Cantone
- Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatologic Sciences, Unit of Ear, Nose and Throat, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Ciofalo
- Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatologic Sciences, Unit of Ear, Nose and Throat, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Alberto Macchi
- ORL Clinica, University of Insubria and Varese, ASST Settelaghi, Varese, Italy
| | - Giulia Monti
- ORL Clinica, University of Insubria and Varese, ASST Settelaghi, Varese, Italy
| | - Valentina Parma
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market Street, Philadelphia, 19104, USA
| | - Maria Piochi
- University of Gastronomic Sciences, Pollenzo, Cuneo, Italy
| | - Ilenia Pinna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, SP8 Cittadella Universitaria Monserrato, 09042, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Luisa Torri
- University of Gastronomic Sciences, Pollenzo, Cuneo, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Angela Pignatelli
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Faride Pighin
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | - Gaetano Motta
- Clinic of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery Unit, Department of Anesthesiology, Surgical and Emergency Science, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Giorgia Fontana
- Geriatric Unit A, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Carlo Cavaliere
- Unit of Rhinology, Department of Organi di Senso, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Iacono
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, "Santa Maria della Misericordia" Hospital, Rovigo, Italy
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Smell and Taste Clinic, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Haag F, Di Pizio A, Krautwurst D. The key food odorant receptive range of broadly tuned receptor OR2W1. Food Chem 2021; 375:131680. [PMID: 34857413 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mammals perceive a multitude of odorants by their chemical sense of olfaction, a high-dimensional stimulus-detection system, with hundreds of narrowly or broadly tuned receptors, enabling pattern recognition by the brain. Cognate receptor-agonist information, however, is sparse, and the role of broadly tuned odorant receptors for encoding odor quality remains elusive. Here, we screened IL-6-HaloTag®-OR2W1 and haplotypes against 187 out of 230 defined key food odorants using the GloSensor™ system in HEK-293 cells, yielding 48 new agonists. Altogether, key food odorants represent about two-thirds of now 153 reported agonists of OR2W1, the highest number of agonists known for a mammalian odorant receptor. In summary, we characterized OR2W1 as a human odorant receptor, with a chemically diverse but exclusive receptive range, complementary to chemical subgroups covered by evolutionary younger, highly selective receptors. Our data suggest OR2W1 to be suited for participating in the detection of many foodborne odorants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Haag
- Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Str. 34, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Antonella Di Pizio
- Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Str. 34, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Dietmar Krautwurst
- Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Str. 34, 85354 Freising, Germany.
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Haag F, Hoffmann S, Krautwurst D. Key Food Furanones Furaneol and Sotolone Specifically Activate Distinct Odorant Receptors. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:10999-11005. [PMID: 34496214 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c03314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Furanones formed during the Maillard reaction often are natural aroma-determining compounds found in numerous foods. Prominent economically relevant representatives are the structural homologues Furaneol and sotolone, which are important natural flavoring compounds because of their distinct caramel- and seasoning-like odor qualities. These, however, cannot be predicted by the odorants' molecular shape, rather their receptors' activation parameters help to decipher the encoding of odor quality. Here, the distinct odor qualities of Furaneol and sotolone suggested an activation of at least two out of our ca. 400 different odorant receptor types, which are the molecular biosensors of our chemical sense of olfaction. While an odorant receptor has been identified for sotolone, a receptor specific for Furaneol has been elusive. Using a bidirectional screening approach employing 616 receptor variants and 187 key food odorants in a HEK-293 cell-based luminescence assay, we newly identified OR5M3 as a receptor specifically activated by Furaneol and homofuraneol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Haag
- Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology, Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Str. 34, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Sandra Hoffmann
- Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology, Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Str. 34, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Dietmar Krautwurst
- Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology, Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Str. 34, 85354 Freising, Germany
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16
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Son B, Kang W, Park S, Choi D, Park T. Dermal Olfactory Receptor OR51B5 Is Essential for Survival and Collagen Synthesis in Human Dermal Fibroblast (Hs68 Cells). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179273. [PMID: 34502185 PMCID: PMC8431403 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin dermis comprises extracellular matrix components, mainly collagen fibers. A decrease in collagen synthesis caused by several factors, including ultraviolet (UV) irradiation and stress, eventually causes extrinsic skin aging. Olfactory receptors (ORs) were initially considered to be specifically expressed in nasal tissue, but several ORs have been reported to be present in other tissues, and their biological roles have recently received increasing attention. In this study, we aimed to characterize the role of ORs in cell survival and collagen synthesis in dermal fibroblasts. We confirmed that UVB irradiation and dexamethasone exposure significantly decreased cell survival and collagen synthesis in Hs68 dermal fibroblasts. Moreover, we demonstrated that the mRNA expression of 10 ORs detectable in Hs68 cells was significantly downregulated in aged conditions compared with that in normal conditions. Thereafter, by individual knockdown of the 10 candidate ORs, we identified that only OR51B5 knockdown leads to a reduction of cell survival and collagen synthesis. OR51B5 knockdown decreased cAMP levels and dampened the downstream protein kinase A/cAMP-response element binding protein pathway, downregulating the survival- and collagen synthesis-related genes in the dermal fibroblasts. Therefore, OR51B5 may be an interesting candidate that plays a role in cell survival and collagen synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Taesun Park
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2123-3123; Fax: +82-2-365-3118
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Marcinek P, Haag F, Geithe C, Krautwurst D. An evolutionary conserved olfactory receptor for foodborne and semiochemical alkylpyrazines. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21638. [PMID: 34047404 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100224r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Molecular recognition is a fundamental principle in biological systems. The olfactory detection of both food and predators via ecological relevant odorant cues are abilities of eminent evolutionary significance for many species. Pyrazines are such volatile cues, some of which act as both human-centered key food odorants (KFOs) and semiochemicals. A pyrazine-selective odorant receptor has been elusive. Here we screened 2,3,5-trimethylpyrazine, a KFO and semiochemical, and 2,5-dihydro-2,4,5-trimethylthiazoline, an innate fear-associated non-KFO, against 616 human odorant receptor variants, in a cell-based luminescence assay. OR5K1 emerged as sole responding receptor. Tested against a comprehensive collection of 178 KFOs, we newly identified 18 pyrazines and (2R/2S)-4-methoxy-2,5-dimethylfuran-3(2H)-one as agonists. Notably, OR5K1 orthologs in mouse and domesticated species displayed a human-like, potency-ranked activation pattern of pyrazines, suggesting a domestication-led co-evolution of OR5K1 and its orthologs. In summary, OR5K1 is a specialized olfactory receptor across mammals for the detection of pyrazine-based key food odors and semiochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Marcinek
- Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.,Hamilton Germany GmbH, Gräfelfing, Germany
| | - Franziska Haag
- Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Christiane Geithe
- Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.,Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus - Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Dietmar Krautwurst
- Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
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18
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Garcia ECD, Luz LDA, Anzolin LK, Barbosa da Silva JL, Doty RL, Pinna FDR, Voegels RL, Fornazieri MA. Biopsy of the olfactory epithelium from the superior nasal septum: is it possible to obtain neurons without damaging olfaction? Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 2021; 88:787-793. [PMID: 34144902 PMCID: PMC9483995 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjorl.2021.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory biopsies from the superior part of the nasal septum did not significantly affect smell capacity. These biopsies obtain high rates of olfactory neurons. The described procedure also provides olfactory epithelium proper for morphological analysis.
Introduction Olfactory epithelium biopsy has been useful for studying diverse otorhinolaryngological and neurological diseases, including the potential to better understand the pathophysiology behind COVID-19 olfactory manifestations. However, the safety and efficacy of the technique for obtaining human olfactory epithelium are still not fully established. Objective This study aimed to determine the safety and efficacy of harvesting olfactory epithelium cells, nerve bundles, and olfactory epithelium proper for morphological analysis from the superior nasal septum. Methods During nasal surgery, 22 individuals without olfactory complaints underwent olfactory epithelium biopsies from the superior nasal septum. The efficacy of obtaining olfactory epithelium, verification of intact olfactory epithelium and the presence of nerve bundles in biopsies were assessed using immunofluorescence. Safety for the olfactory function was tested psychophysically using both unilateral and bilateral tests before and 1 month after the operative procedure. Results Olfactory epithelium was found in 59.1% of the subjects. Of the samples, 50% were of the quality necessary for morphological characterization and 90.9% had nerve bundles. There was no difference in the psychophysical scores obtained in the bilateral olfactory test (University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test [UPSIT®]) between means before biopsy: 32.3 vs. postoperative: 32.5, p = 0.81. Also, no significant decrease occurred in unilateral testing (mean unilateral test scores 6 vs. 6.2, p = 0.46). None out of the 56 different odorant identification significantly diminished (p > 0.05). Conclusion The technique depicted for olfactory epithelium biopsy is highly effective in obtaining neuronal olfactory tissue, but it has moderate efficacy in achieving samples useful for morphological analysis. Olfactory sensitivity remained intact.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucas de Almeida Luz
- Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Departamento de Cirurgia Clínica, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Lucas Kanieski Anzolin
- Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Departamento de Cirurgia Clínica, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Richard L Doty
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman Medicine School, Smell and Taste Center, Philadelphia, United States
| | | | - Richard Louis Voegels
- Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Otorrinolaringologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurélio Fornazieri
- Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Departamento de Cirurgia Clínica, Londrina, PR, Brazil; Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Otorrinolaringologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Departamento de Medicina, Londrina, PR, Brazil.
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19
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Dörig P, Gunder N, Witt M, Welge-Lüssen A, Hummel T. [Future therapeutic strategies for olfactory disorders: electrical stimulation, stem cell therapy, and transplantation of olfactory epithelium-an overview]. HNO 2021; 69:623-632. [PMID: 33988723 PMCID: PMC8120256 DOI: 10.1007/s00106-021-01060-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Passagere oder permanente Riechstörungen können verschiedene Ursachen haben. Ganz aktuell berichtet eine Vielzahl von Patienten im Rahmen von COVID-19-Infektionen über ein fehlendes oder vermindertes Riechvermögen. In der Vergangenheit wurden vielfältige Therapieoptionen untersucht, diese variieren vom Riechtraining über Akupunktur und medikamentöse Therapien bis hin zur transkraniellen Magnetstimulation oder, z. B. bei ausgeprägten qualitativen Riechstörungen, der chirurgischen Resektion der Riechschleimhaut. Die Entwicklung einer bioelektrischen Nase, z. B. in Verbindung mit direkter elektrischer Stimulation des Bulbus olfactorius, oder die Transplantation von Riechschleimhaut oder von Stammzellen stellen Behandlungsmöglichkeiten der Zukunft dar. Die Grundlagen für diese Entwicklungen sowie der Stand des Wissens werden in der vorliegenden Arbeit erläutert.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Dörig
- Universitäts-HNO Klinik Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031, Basel, Schweiz.
| | - N Gunder
- Universitäts-HNO Klinik Dresden, Dresden, Deutschland
| | - M Witt
- Institut für Anatomie, Universitätsmedizin Rostock, Rostock, Deutschland
| | - A Welge-Lüssen
- Universitäts-HNO Klinik Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031, Basel, Schweiz
| | - T Hummel
- Universitäts-HNO Klinik Dresden, Dresden, Deutschland
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Concas MP, Cocca M, Francescatto M, Battistuzzi T, Spedicati B, Feresin A, Morgan A, Gasparini P, Girotto G. The Role of Knockout Olfactory Receptor Genes in Odor Discrimination. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:631. [PMID: 33922566 PMCID: PMC8145969 DOI: 10.3390/genes12050631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, little is known about the role of olfactory receptor (OR) genes on smell performance. Thanks to the availability of whole-genome sequencing data of 802 samples, we identified 41 knockout (KO) OR genes (i.e., carriers of Loss of Function variants) and evaluated their effect on odor discrimination in 218 Italian individuals through recursive partitioning analysis. Furthermore, we checked the expression of these genes in human and mouse tissues using publicly available data and the presence of organ-related diseases in human KO (HKO) individuals for OR expressed in non-olfactory tissues (Fisher test). The recursive partitioning analysis showed that age and the high number (burden) of OR-KO genes impact the worsening of odor discrimination (p-value < 0.05). Human expression data showed that 33/41 OR genes are expressed in the olfactory system (OS) and 27 in other tissues. Sixty putative mouse homologs of the 41 humans ORs have been identified, 58 of which are expressed in the OS and 37 in other tissues. No association between OR-KO individuals and pathologies has been detected. In conclusion, our work highlights the role of the burden of OR-KO genes in worse odor discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pina Concas
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health—IRCCS, Burlo Garofolo, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (M.P.C.); (M.C.); (P.G.); (G.G.)
| | - Massimiliano Cocca
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health—IRCCS, Burlo Garofolo, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (M.P.C.); (M.C.); (P.G.); (G.G.)
| | - Margherita Francescatto
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (M.F.); (B.S.); (A.F.)
| | - Thomas Battistuzzi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Beatrice Spedicati
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (M.F.); (B.S.); (A.F.)
| | - Agnese Feresin
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (M.F.); (B.S.); (A.F.)
| | - Anna Morgan
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health—IRCCS, Burlo Garofolo, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (M.P.C.); (M.C.); (P.G.); (G.G.)
| | - Paolo Gasparini
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health—IRCCS, Burlo Garofolo, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (M.P.C.); (M.C.); (P.G.); (G.G.)
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (M.F.); (B.S.); (A.F.)
| | - Giorgia Girotto
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health—IRCCS, Burlo Garofolo, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (M.P.C.); (M.C.); (P.G.); (G.G.)
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (M.F.); (B.S.); (A.F.)
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Kang W, Son B, Park S, Choi D, Park T. UV-Irradiation- and Inflammation-Induced Skin Barrier Dysfunction Is Associated with the Expression of Olfactory Receptor Genes in Human Keratinocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2799. [PMID: 33802009 PMCID: PMC7999531 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory receptors (ORs) have diverse physiological roles in various cell types, beyond their function as odorant sensors in the olfactory epithelium. These previous findings have suggested that ORs could be diagnostic markers and promising therapeutic targets in several pathological conditions. In the current study, we sought to characterize the changes in the expression of ORs in the HaCaT human keratinocytes cell line exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light or inflammation, well-recognized stimulus for skin barrier disruption. We confirmed that major olfactory signaling components, including ORs, GNAL, Ric8b, and adenylate cyclase type 3, are highly expressed in HaCaT cells. We have also demonstrated that the 12 ectopic ORs detectable in HaCaT cells are more highly expressed in UV-irradiated or inflamed conditions than in normal conditions. We further assessed the specific OR-mediated biological responses of HaCaT cells in the presence of known odorant ligands of ORs and observed that specific ligand-activated ORs downregulate skin barrier genes in HaCaT cells. This study shows the potential of OR as a marker for skin barrier abnormalities. Further research is needed to explore how OR is implicated in the development and progression of barrier dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Taesun Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, BK21 FOUR, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Korea; (W.K.); (B.S.); (S.P.); (D.C.)
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Sachdeva V, Mora T, Walczak AM, Palmer SE. Optimal prediction with resource constraints using the information bottleneck. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1008743. [PMID: 33684112 PMCID: PMC7971903 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Responding to stimuli requires that organisms encode information about the external world. Not all parts of the input are important for behavior, and resource limitations demand that signals be compressed. Prediction of the future input is widely beneficial in many biological systems. We compute the trade-offs between representing the past faithfully and predicting the future using the information bottleneck approach, for input dynamics with different levels of complexity. For motion prediction, we show that, depending on the parameters in the input dynamics, velocity or position information is more useful for accurate prediction. We show which motion representations are easiest to re-use for accurate prediction in other motion contexts, and identify and quantify those with the highest transferability. For non-Markovian dynamics, we explore the role of long-term memory in shaping the internal representation. Lastly, we show that prediction in evolutionary population dynamics is linked to clustering allele frequencies into non-overlapping memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vedant Sachdeva
- Graduate Program in Biophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Thierry Mora
- Laboratoire de physique de l’École normale supérieure, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
- Paris Sciences et Lettres University Paris, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université Paris, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Aleksandra M. Walczak
- Laboratoire de physique de l’École normale supérieure, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
- Paris Sciences et Lettres University Paris, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université Paris, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Stephanie E. Palmer
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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23
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Olfactory Dysfunction in a Mexican Population Outside of COVID-19 Pandemic: Prevalence and Associated Factors (the OLFAMEX Study). Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2020; 20:78. [PMID: 33161494 PMCID: PMC7649040 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-020-00975-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To study the prevalence of olfactory loss and its associated factors in a Mexican population a cross-sectional analytical study based on a population interviewed about health, epidemiologic aspects, and sense of smell (tested with four scents: rose, banana, perfume, and gas) was conducted to evaluate olfactory detection, memory, and identification. Levels of sense of smell perception were determined when the participants detected, recognized, or identified all (normosmia), 1-3 (hyposmia), or none (anosmia) of the odorants. Associated factors of olfactory dysfunction were identified by multivariate analysis (odds ratio, 95%CI). RECENT FINDINGS Olfactory dysfunction is a prevalent disorder affecting up to 20% of the general population. In addition to viral infection, including COVID-19, a number of other causes and factors may also be involved. 1,956 surveys were conducted and 1,921 were analyzed. Most of the participants (62.1%) were women. The general prevalence of olfactory dysfunction, regarding detection, was 7.2% (7.1% hyposmia, 0.1% anosmia). Age-related olfactory deterioration was observed in both sexes from the 5th decade of life (OR 2.74, p = 0.0050). Women showed better olfactory identification (OR 0.73, p = 0.0010). Obesity (OR 1.97, p = 0.0070), low educational level, bad/very bad self-perceived olfactory function (OR 2.74, p = 0.0050), olfactory loss for less than one week (OR 1.35, p = 0.0030), exposure to toxics/irritants (OR 1.31, p = 0.0030), active smoking (OR 1.58, p < 0.0010), and type 2 diabetes mellitus (OR 2.68, 95%CI 1.74-4.10, p < 0.0001) were identified as factors associated with olfactory dysfunction. These results in a Mexican population suggest better olfactory identification (verbalization) in females. Age was a determining factor in the olfactory deterioration process and obesity and diabetes mellitus were also associated with olfactory disorders. Finally, these findings reinforce the differential diagnosis with other potential causes of sense of smell loss, during the COVID-19 outbreak.
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24
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Gisladottir RS, Ivarsdottir EV, Helgason A, Jonsson L, Hannesdottir NK, Rutsdottir G, Arnadottir GA, Skuladottir A, Jonsson BA, Norddahl GL, Ulfarsson MO, Helgason H, Halldorsson BV, Nawaz MS, Tragante V, Sveinbjornsson G, Thorgeirsson T, Oddsson A, Kristjansson RP, Bjornsdottir G, Thorgeirsson G, Jonsdottir I, Holm H, Gudbjartsson DF, Thorsteinsdottir U, Stefansson H, Sulem P, Stefansson K. Sequence Variants in TAAR5 and Other Loci Affect Human Odor Perception and Naming. Curr Biol 2020; 30:4643-4653.e3. [PMID: 33035477 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory receptor (OR) genes in humans form a special class characterized by unusually high DNA sequence diversity, which should give rise to differences in perception and behavior. In the largest genome-wide association study to date based on olfactory testing, we investigated odor perception and naming with smell tasks performed by 9,122 Icelanders, with replication in a separate sample of 2,204 individuals. We discovered an association between a low-frequency missense variant in TAAR5 and reduced intensity rating of fish odor containing trimethylamine (p.Ser95Pro, pcombined = 5.6 × 10-15). We demonstrate that TAAR5 genotype affects aversion to fish odor, reflected by linguistic descriptions of the odor and pleasantness ratings. We also discovered common sequence variants in two canonical olfactory receptor loci that associate with increased intensity and naming of licorice odor (trans-anethole: lead variant p.Lys233Asn in OR6C70, pcombined = 8.8 × 10-16 and pcombined = 1.4 × 10-9) and enhanced naming of cinnamon (trans-cinnamaldehyde; intergenic variant rs317787-T, pcombined = 5.0 × 10-17). Together, our results show that TAAR5 genotype variation influences human odor responses and highlight that sequence diversity in canonical OR genes can lead to enhanced olfactory ability, in contrast to the view that greater tolerance for mutations in the human OR repertoire leads to diminished function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa S Gisladottir
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Sturlugata 8, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland; School of Humanities, University of Iceland, Saemundargata 2, 102 Reykjavik, Iceland.
| | - Erna V Ivarsdottir
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Sturlugata 8, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland; School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Iceland, Dunhagi 5, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Agnar Helgason
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Sturlugata 8, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland; Department of Anthropology, University of Iceland, Saemundargata 10, 102 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Lina Jonsson
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Sturlugata 8, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland; Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 13, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden; The Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Blå Stråket 15, 413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Magnus O Ulfarsson
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Sturlugata 8, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland; Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Iceland, Dunhagi 5, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Hannes Helgason
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Sturlugata 8, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Bjarni V Halldorsson
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Sturlugata 8, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland; School of Technology, Reykjavik University, Menntavegur 1, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Muhammad S Nawaz
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Sturlugata 8, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | | | | | - Asmundur Oddsson
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Sturlugata 8, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | | | - Gudmundur Thorgeirsson
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Sturlugata 8, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Vatnsmyrarvegur 16, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland; Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Landspitali, The National University Hospital of Iceland, Hringbraut, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Ingileif Jonsdottir
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Sturlugata 8, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Vatnsmyrarvegur 16, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland; Department of Immunology, Landspitali, The National University Hospital of Iceland, Hringbraut, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Hilma Holm
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Sturlugata 8, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Daniel F Gudbjartsson
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Sturlugata 8, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland; School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Iceland, Dunhagi 5, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Unnur Thorsteinsdottir
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Sturlugata 8, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Vatnsmyrarvegur 16, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Patrick Sulem
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Sturlugata 8, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Sturlugata 8, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Vatnsmyrarvegur 16, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland.
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25
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Peptides, DNA and MIPs in Gas Sensing. From the Realization of the Sensors to Sample Analysis. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20164433. [PMID: 32784423 PMCID: PMC7472373 DOI: 10.3390/s20164433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Detection and monitoring of volatiles is a challenging and fascinating issue in environmental analysis, agriculture and food quality, process control in industry, as well as in 'point of care' diagnostics. Gas chromatographic approaches remain the reference method for the analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs); however, gas sensors (GSs), with their advantages of low cost and no or very little sample preparation, have become a reality. Gas sensors can be used singularly or in array format (e.g., e-noses); coupling data output with multivariate statical treatment allows un-target analysis of samples headspace. Within this frame, the use of new binding elements as recognition/interaction elements in gas sensing is a challenging hot-topic that allowed unexpected advancement. In this review, the latest development of gas sensors and gas sensor arrays, realized using peptides, molecularly imprinted polymers and DNA is reported. This work is focused on the description of the strategies used for the GSs development, the sensing elements function, the sensors array set-up, and the application in real cases.
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26
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Makeyeva Y, Nicol C, Ledger WL, Ryugo DK. Immunocytochemical Localization of Olfactory-signaling Molecules in Human and Rat Spermatozoa. J Histochem Cytochem 2020; 68:491-513. [PMID: 32603211 DOI: 10.1369/0022155420939833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of olfactory receptors (ORs) in non-olfactory tissues has been widely reported over the last 20 years. Olfactory marker protein (OMP) is highly expressed in mature olfactory sensory neurons (mOSNs) of the olfactory epithelium. It is involved in the olfactory signal transduction pathway, which is mediated by well-conserved components, including ORs, olfactory G protein (Golf), and adenylyl cyclase 3 (AC3). OMP is widely expressed in non-olfactory tissues with an apparent preference for motile cells. We hypothesized that OMP is expressed in compartment-specific locations and co-localize with an OR, Golf, and AC3 in rat epididymal and human-ejaculated spermatozoa. We used immunocytochemistry to examine the expression patterns of OMP and OR6B2 (human OR, served as positive olfactory control) in experimentally induced modes of activation and determine whether there are any observable differences in proteins expression during the post-ejaculatory stages of spermatozoal functional maturation. We found that OMP was expressed in compartment-specific locations in human and rat spermatozoa. OMP was co-expressed with Golf and AC3 in rat spermatozoa and with OR6B2 in all three modes of activation (control, activated, and hyperactivated), and the mode of activation changed the co-expression pattern in acrosomal-reacted human spermatozoa. These observations suggest that OMP expression is a reliable indicator of OR-mediated chemoreception, may be used to identify ectopically expressed ORs, and could participate in second messenger signaling cascades that mediate fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya Makeyeva
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Royal Hospital for Women, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Westfield Research Laboratories, School of Women's and Children's Health, Royal Hospital for Women, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Christopher Nicol
- UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia, and Andrology Laboratory, NSW Health Pathology, Royal Hospital for Women, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - William L Ledger
- Fertility & Research Centre, Royal Hospital for Women, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David K Ryugo
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Royal Hospital for Women, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, UNSW, Royal Hospital for Women, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Otolaryngology, Head, Neck & Skull Base Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Royal Hospital for Women, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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27
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Haag F, Ahmed L, Reiss K, Block E, Batista VS, Krautwurst D. Copper-mediated thiol potentiation and mutagenesis-guided modeling suggest a highly conserved copper-binding motif in human OR2M3. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:2157-2179. [PMID: 31435697 PMCID: PMC7256108 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03279-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur-containing compounds within a physiological relevant, natural odor space, such as the key food odorants, typically constitute the group of volatiles with the lowest odor thresholds. The observation that certain metals, such as copper, potentiate the smell of sulfur-containing, metal-coordinating odorants led to the hypothesis that their cognate receptors are metalloproteins. However, experimental evidence is sparse-so far, only one human odorant receptor, OR2T11, and a few mouse receptors, have been reported to be activated by sulfur-containing odorants in a copper-dependent way, while the activation of other receptors by sulfur-containing odorants did not depend on the presence of metals. Here we identified an evolutionary conserved putative copper interaction motif CC/CSSH, comprising two copper-binding sites in TMH5 and TMH6, together with the binding pocket for 3-mercapto-2-methylpentan-1-ol in the narrowly tuned human receptor OR2M3. To characterize the copper-binding motif, we combined homology modeling, docking studies, site-directed mutagenesis, and functional expression of recombinant ORs in a cell-based, real-time luminescence assay. Ligand activation of OR2M3 was potentiated in the presence of copper. This effect of copper was mimicked by ionic and colloidal silver. In two broadly tuned receptors, OR1A1 and OR2W1, which did not reveal a putative copper interaction motif, activation by their most potent, sulfur-containing key food odorants did not depend on the presence of copper. Our results suggest a highly conserved putative copper-binding motif to be necessary for a copper-modulated and thiol-specific function of members from three subfamilies of family 2 ORs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Haag
- Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology, Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Str. 34, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Lucky Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Krystle Reiss
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Eric Block
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, 12222, USA
| | - Victor S Batista
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Dietmar Krautwurst
- Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology, Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Str. 34, 85354, Freising, Germany.
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28
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Zou LQ, Vogt O, Schriever VA, Croy I, Schaal B, Hummel T. Decreasing prevalence of specific anosmia to non-steroid odorants from childhood to adolescence. Physiol Behav 2020; 218:112833. [PMID: 32061678 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.112833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Specific anosmia is defined as the inability to detect a particular odorant, despite a normal olfactory function. Previous studies reported sex-related difference in detection threshold to steroid odorants, like androstenone or androstadienone during adolescence, and boys showed an increased detection threshold with age. However, such investigations have not been performed for non-steroid odorants. Hence, the current study investigated sex- and age-related effects on the prevalence of specific anosmia in children/adolescents aged 5-14 years (n = 800) to non-steroid odorants. The detection thresholds of three non-steroid odorants (bacdanol, methylsalicylate, and 3-hydrox-2-methyl-4-pyrone) with different molecular weights were measured. Results indicate that the rate of specific anosmia for all three odorants decreases from childhood to adolescence. This decrease is independent of sex and is most pronounced for odorants with higher molecular weight compared to the odorant with lower molecular weight. Thus, the development of basic olfactory functions for these three odorants continues until adolescence. The effect of molecular weight suggests that the locus of effect is at the periphery of the olfactory system, due to changes in either olfactory receptor expression patterns or perireceptor events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai-Quan Zou
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Chemical Senses and Mental Health Lab, Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Olivia Vogt
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Valentin A Schriever
- Abteilung Neuropädiatrie, Klinik und Poliklinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ilona Croy
- Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Benoist Schaal
- Developmental and Cognitive Ethology-Psychology Lab, Centre des Sciences du Goût, CNRS (UMR 5265), Université de Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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29
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Safety and efficacy of superior turbinate biopsies as a source of olfactory epithelium appropriate for morphological analysis. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2019; 277:483-492. [DOI: 10.1007/s00405-019-05728-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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30
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Cherry JA, Baum MJ. Sex differences in main olfactory system pathways involved in psychosexual function. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2019; 19:e12618. [PMID: 31634411 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We summarize literature from animal and human studies assessing sex differences in the ability of the main olfactory system to detect and process sex-specific olfactory signals ("pheromones") that control the expression of psychosexual functions in males and females. A case is made in non primate mammals for an obligatory role of pheromonal signaling via the main olfactory system (in addition to the vomeronasal-accessory olfactory system) in mate recognition and sexual arousal, with male-specific as well as female-specific pheromones subserving these functions in the opposite sex. Although the case for an obligatory role of pheromones in mate recognition and mating among old world primates, including humans, is weaker, we review the current literature assessing the role of putative human pheromones (eg, AND, EST, "copulin"), detected by the main olfactory system, in promoting mate choice and mating in men and women. Based on animal studies, we hypothesize that sexually dimorphic effects of putative human pheromones are mediated via main olfactory inputs to the medial amygdala which, in turn, transmits olfactory information to sites in the hypothalamus that regulate reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Cherry
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael J Baum
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
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31
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Bathini P, Brai E, Auber LA. Olfactory dysfunction in the pathophysiological continuum of dementia. Ageing Res Rev 2019; 55:100956. [PMID: 31479764 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2019.100956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sensory capacities like smell, taste, hearing, vision decline with aging, but increasing evidence show that sensory dysfunctions are one of the early signs diagnosing the conversion from physiological to pathological brain state. Smell loss represents the best characterized sense in clinical practice and is considered as one of the first preclinical signs of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, occurring a decade or more before the onset of cognitive and motor symptoms. Despite the numerous scientific reports and the adoption in clinical practice, the etiology of sensory damage as prodromal of dementia remains largely unexplored and more studies are needed to resolve the mechanisms underlying sensory network dysfunction. Although both cognitive and sensory domains are progressively affected, loss of sensory experience in early stages plays a major role in reducing the autonomy of demented people in their daily tasks or even possibly contributing to their cognitive decline. Interestingly, the chemosensory circuitry is devoid of a blood brain barrier, representing a vulnerable port of entry for neurotoxic species that can spread to the brain. Furthermore, the exposure of the olfactory system to the external environment make it more susceptible to mechanical injury and trauma, which can cause degenerative neuroinflammation. In this review, we will summarize several findings about chemosensory impairment signing the conversion from healthy to pathological brain aging and we will try to connect those observations to the promising research linking environmental influences to sporadic dementia. The scientific body of knowledge will support the use of chemosensory diagnostics in the presymptomatic stages of AD and other biomarkers with the scope of finding treatment strategies before the onset of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Bathini
- Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Emanuele Brai
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory for the Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lavinia Alberi Auber
- Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland; Swiss Integrative Center of Human Health, Fribourg, Switzerland.
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32
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Qin S, Li Q, Tang C, Tu Y. Optimal compressed sensing strategies for an array of nonlinear olfactory receptor neurons with and without spontaneous activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:20286-20295. [PMID: 31548382 PMCID: PMC6789560 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1906571116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
There are numerous different odorant molecules in nature but only a relatively small number of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) in brains. This "compressed sensing" challenge is compounded by the constraint that ORNs are nonlinear sensors with a finite dynamic range. Here, we investigate possible optimal olfactory coding strategies by maximizing mutual information between odor mixtures and ORNs' responses with respect to the bipartite odor-receptor interaction network (ORIN) characterized by sensitivities between all odorant-ORN pairs. For ORNs without spontaneous (basal) activity, we find that the optimal ORIN is sparse-a finite fraction of sensitives are zero, and the nonzero sensitivities follow a broad distribution that depends on the odor statistics. We show analytically that sparsity in the optimal ORIN originates from a trade-off between the broad tuning of ORNs and possible interference. Furthermore, we show that the optimal ORIN enhances performances of downstream learning tasks (reconstruction and classification). For ORNs with a finite basal activity, we find that having inhibitory odor-receptor interactions increases the coding capacity and the fraction of inhibitory interactions increases with the ORN basal activity. We argue that basal activities in sensory receptors in different organisms are due to the trade-off between the increase in coding capacity and the cost of maintaining the spontaneous basal activity. Our theoretical findings are consistent with existing experiments and predictions are made to further test our theory. The optimal coding model provides a unifying framework to understand the peripheral olfactory systems across different organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Qin
- Center for Quantitative Biology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qianyi Li
- Integrated Science Program, Yuanpei College, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chao Tang
- Center for Quantitative Biology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;
- School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yuhai Tu
- Physical Sciences Department, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598
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33
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Yohe LR, Davies KTJ, Simmons NB, Sears KE, Dumont ER, Rossiter SJ, Dávalos LM. Evaluating the performance of targeted sequence capture, RNA-Seq, and degenerate-primer PCR cloning for sequencing the largest mammalian multigene family. Mol Ecol Resour 2019; 20:140-153. [PMID: 31523924 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Multigene families evolve from single-copy ancestral genes via duplication, and typically encode proteins critical to key biological processes. Molecular analyses of these gene families require high-confidence sequences, but the high sequence similarity of the members can create challenges for sequencing and downstream analyses. Focusing on the common vampire bat, Desmodus rotundus, we evaluated how different sequencing approaches performed in recovering the largest mammalian protein-coding multigene family: olfactory receptors (OR). Using the genome as a reference, we determined the proportion of intact protein-coding receptors recovered by: (a) amplicons from degenerate primers sequenced via Sanger technology, (b) RNA-Seq of the main olfactory epithelium, and (c) those genes captured with probes designed from transcriptomes of closely-related species. Our initial re-annotation of the high-quality vampire bat genome resulted in >400 intact OR genes, more than doubling the original estimate. Sanger-sequenced amplicons performed the poorest among the three approaches, detecting <33% of receptors in the genome. In contrast, the transcriptome reliably recovered >50% of the annotated genomic ORs, and targeted sequence capture recovered nearly 75% of annotated genes. Each sequencing approach assembled high-quality sequences, even if it did not recover all receptors in the genome. While some variation may be due to limitations of the study design (e.g., different individuals), variation among approaches was mostly caused by low coverage of some receptors rather than high rates of assembly error. Given this variability, we caution against using the counts of intact receptors per species to model the birth-death process of multigene families. Instead, our results support the use of orthologous sequences to explore and model the evolutionary processes shaping these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurel R Yohe
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Kalina T J Davies
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Nancy B Simmons
- Department of Mammalogy, Division of Vertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA
| | - Karen E Sears
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Dumont
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Stephen J Rossiter
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Liliana M Dávalos
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Consortium for Inter-Disciplinary Environmental Research, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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34
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Mantel M, Ferdenzi C, Roy JM, Bensafi M. Individual Differences as a Key Factor to Uncover the Neural Underpinnings of Hedonic and Social Functions of Human Olfaction: Current Findings from PET and fMRI Studies and Future Considerations. Brain Topogr 2019; 32:977-986. [PMID: 31564029 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-019-00733-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The hedonic and social dimensions of olfactory perception are characterized by a great diversity across people. Whereas the cerebral processing underlying these aspects of odor perception have been widely explored in the last decades, very few brain imaging studies considered individual differences. This lack of consideration weakens the current models in the field, where the paradigm of universality is the norm. The present review is aimed at examining this issue. Through a synthetic summary, we will first present past studies suggesting that (1) hedonics are represented consistently throughout the olfactory system from primary to secondary areas, with a progressive cognitive modulation and integration with other senses, (2) social dimension of odors may be represented in a distinct pathway involving social and attentional networks. In a second, and more critical part, we will highlight the importance of individual differences for the cerebral study of human olfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marylou Mantel
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, University Claude Bernard of Lyon, CNRS, INSERM, Lyon, France.
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France.
- Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, CRNL, CNRS UMR5292 - Inserm U1028 - UCBL, Bâtiment 462 - Neurocampus, 95 boulevard Pinel, 69675, Bron Cedex, France.
| | - Camille Ferdenzi
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, University Claude Bernard of Lyon, CNRS, INSERM, Lyon, France
| | | | - Moustafa Bensafi
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, University Claude Bernard of Lyon, CNRS, INSERM, Lyon, France.
- Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, CRNL, CNRS UMR5292 - Inserm U1028 - UCBL, Bâtiment 462 - Neurocampus, 95 boulevard Pinel, 69675, Bron Cedex, France.
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35
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Investigating the Putative Impact of Odors Purported to Have Beneficial Effects on Sleep: Neural and Perceptual Processes. CHEMOSENS PERCEPT 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12078-019-09269-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Primacy coding facilitates effective odor discrimination when receptor sensitivities are tuned. PLoS Comput Biol 2019; 15:e1007188. [PMID: 31323033 PMCID: PMC6692051 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The olfactory system faces the difficult task of identifying an enormous variety of odors independent of their intensity. Primacy coding, where the odor identity is encoded by the receptor types that respond earliest, might provide a compact and informative representation that can be interpreted efficiently by the brain. In this paper, we analyze the information transmitted by a simple model of primacy coding using numerical simulations and statistical descriptions. We show that the encoded information depends strongly on the number of receptor types included in the primacy representation, but only weakly on the size of the receptor repertoire. The representation is independent of the odor intensity and the transmitted information is useful to perform typical olfactory tasks with close to experimentally measured performance. Interestingly, we find situations in which a smaller receptor repertoire is advantageous for discriminating odors. The model also suggests that overly sensitive receptor types could dominate the entire response and make the whole array useless, which allows us to predict how receptor arrays need to adapt to stay useful during environmental changes. Taken together, we show that primacy coding is more useful than simple binary and normalized coding, essentially because the sparsity of the odor representations is independent of the odor statistics, in contrast to the alternatives. Primacy coding thus provides an efficient odor representation that is independent of the odor intensity and might thus help to identify odors in the olfactory cortex. Humans can identify odors independent of their intensity. Experimental data suggest that this is accomplished by representing the odor identity by the earliest responding receptor types. Using theoretical modeling, we here show that such a primacy code outperforms alternative encodings and allows discriminating odors with close to experimentally measured performance. This performance depends strongly on the number of receptors considered in the primacy code, but the receptor repertoire size is less important. The model also suggests a strong evolutionary pressure on the receptor sensitivities, which could explain observed receptor copy number adaptations. By predicting psycho-physical experiments, the model will thus contribute to our understanding of the olfactory system.
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Saraiva LR, Riveros-McKay F, Mezzavilla M, Abou-Moussa EH, Arayata CJ, Makhlouf M, Trimmer C, Ibarra-Soria X, Khan M, Van Gerven L, Jorissen M, Gibbs M, O’Flynn C, McGrane S, Mombaerts P, Marioni JC, Mainland JD, Logan DW. A transcriptomic atlas of mammalian olfactory mucosae reveals an evolutionary influence on food odor detection in humans. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaax0396. [PMID: 31392275 PMCID: PMC6669018 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax0396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian olfactory system displays species-specific adaptations to different ecological niches. To investigate the evolutionary dynamics of olfactory sensory neuron (OSN) subtypes across mammalian evolution, we applied RNA sequencing of whole olfactory mucosa samples from mouse, rat, dog, marmoset, macaque, and human. We find that OSN subtypes, representative of all known mouse chemosensory receptor gene families, are present in all analyzed species. Further, we show that OSN subtypes expressing canonical olfactory receptors are distributed across a large dynamic range and that homologous subtypes can be either highly abundant across all species or species/order specific. Highly abundant mouse and human OSN subtypes detect odorants with similar sensory profiles and sense ecologically relevant odorants, such as mouse semiochemicals or human key food odorants. Together, our results allow for a better understanding of the evolution of mammalian olfaction in mammals and provide insights into the possible functions of highly abundant OSN subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis R. Saraiva
- Sidra Medicine, PO Box 26999, Doha, Qatar
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
- European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton,, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Casey Trimmer
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ximena Ibarra-Soria
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Mona Khan
- Max Planck Research Unit for Neurogenetics, Max von-Laue-Strasse 4, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Laura Van Gerven
- Department of ENT-HNS, UZ Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mark Jorissen
- Department of ENT-HNS, UZ Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matthew Gibbs
- Waltham Centre for Pet Nutrition, Leicestershire LE14 4RT, UK
| | - Ciaran O’Flynn
- Waltham Centre for Pet Nutrition, Leicestershire LE14 4RT, UK
| | - Scott McGrane
- Waltham Centre for Pet Nutrition, Leicestershire LE14 4RT, UK
| | - Peter Mombaerts
- Max Planck Research Unit for Neurogenetics, Max von-Laue-Strasse 4, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - John C. Marioni
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
- European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton,, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
- CRUK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Joel D. Mainland
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Darren W. Logan
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Waltham Centre for Pet Nutrition, Leicestershire LE14 4RT, UK
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Kajii TS, Oka A, Saito F, Mitsui J, Iida J. Whole-exome sequencing in a Japanese pedigree implicates a rare non-synonymous single-nucleotide variant in BEST3 as a candidate for mandibular prognathism. Bone 2019; 122:193-198. [PMID: 30849546 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Mandibular prognathism is a phenotype of facial deformity seen in populations around the world, but with higher incidence among East Asian populations. Five genome-wide nonparametric linkage analyses and a genome-wide association study to identify susceptibility loci of the phenotype have shown inconsistent results. To explore variants related to mandibular prognathism, we undertook whole-exome sequencing in a Japanese pedigree. The pedigree was ascertained as mandibular prognathism. The pedigree comprised 15 individuals from 4 generations. Four affected individuals across 2 generations and 5 unaffected individuals were chosen for whole-exome sequencing. Five non-synonymous single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) of UBASH3B, OR6M1, OR8D4, OR8B4, and BEST3 genes were detected in all 4 affected individuals, but in none of the 5 unaffected individuals. A non-synonymous SNV of the BEST3 gene, Chr12(GRCh37):g.70048878G>T, NM_032735.2:c.1816C>A, p.(L606I), was identified as rare missense variant. BEST3 is located on chromosome 12q15 and encodes bestrophin 3 from the bestrophin family of anion channels. The 4 other non-synonymous SNVs of UBASH3B, OR6M1, OR8D4, and OR8B4 were not considered plausible candidates for mandibular prognathism. Our whole-exome sequencing implicates a rare non-synonymous SNV of BEST3 as a candidate for mandibular prognathism in the Japanese pedigree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi S Kajii
- Section of Orthodontics, Department of Oral Growth and Development, Fukuoka Dental College, 2-15-1 Tamura, Sawara-ku, Fukuoka 814-0193, Japan.
| | - Akira Oka
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokai University, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan
| | - Fumio Saito
- Department of Orthodontics, Division of Oral Functional Science, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan
| | - Jun Mitsui
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Junichiro Iida
- Department of Orthodontics, Division of Oral Functional Science, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan
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Genetic variation across the human olfactory receptor repertoire alters odor perception. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:9475-9480. [PMID: 31040214 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1804106115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans use a family of more than 400 olfactory receptors (ORs) to detect odors, but there is currently no model that can predict olfactory perception from receptor activity patterns. Genetic variation in human ORs is abundant and alters receptor function, allowing us to examine the relationship between receptor function and perception. We sequenced the OR repertoire in 332 individuals and examined how genetic variation affected 276 olfactory phenotypes, including the perceived intensity and pleasantness of 68 odorants at two concentrations, detection thresholds of three odorants, and general olfactory acuity. Genetic variation in a single OR was frequently associated with changes in odorant perception, and we validated 10 cases in which in vitro OR function correlated with in vivo odorant perception using a functional assay. In 8 of these 10 cases, reduced receptor function was associated with reduced intensity perception. In addition, we used participant genotypes to quantify genetic ancestry and found that, in combination with single OR genotype, age, and gender, we can explain between 10% and 20% of the perceptual variation in 15 olfactory phenotypes, highlighting the importance of single OR genotype, ancestry, and demographic factors in the variation of olfactory perception.
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40
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Sorokowski P, Karwowski M, Misiak M, Marczak MK, Dziekan M, Hummel T, Sorokowska A. Sex Differences in Human Olfaction: A Meta-Analysis. Front Psychol 2019; 10:242. [PMID: 30814965 PMCID: PMC6381007 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the view that women's olfactory abilities outperform men's is taken for granted, some studies involving large samples suggested that male and female olfactory abilities are actually similar. To address this discrepancy, we conducted a meta-analysis of existing studies on olfaction, targeting possible sex differences. The analyzed sample comprised n = 8 848 (5 065 women and 3 783 men) for olfactory threshold (as measured with the Sniffin Sticks Test; SST), n = 8 067 (4 496 women and 3 571 men) for discrimination (SST), n = 13 670 (7 501 women and 6 169 men) for identification (SST), and a total sample of n = 7 154 (3 866 women and 3 288 men) for works using University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT). We conducted separate meta-analyses for each aspect of olfaction: identification, discrimination and threshold. The results of our meta-analysis indicate that women generally outperform men in olfactory abilities. What is more, they do so in every aspect of olfaction analyzed in the current study. However, the effect sizes were weak and ranged between g = 0.08 and g = 0.30. We discuss our findings in the context of factors that potentially shape sex differences in olfaction. Nevertheless, although our findings seem to confirm the "common knowledge" on female olfactory superiority, it needs to be emphasized that the effect sizes we observed were notably small.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michał Misiak
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Martyna Dziekan
- Institute of Psychology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Poznan, Poland
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Interdisziplinäres Zentrum Geruch und Geschmack, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
| | - Agnieszka Sorokowska
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland.,Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychotherapie und Psychosomatik, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Abstract
Olfaction plays a critical role in several aspects of life. Olfactory disorders are very common in the general population, and can lead to malnutrition, weight loss, food poisoning, depression, and other disturbances. Odorants are first detected in the upper region of the nose by the main olfactory epithelium (OE). In this region, millions of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) interact with odor molecules through the odorant receptors (ORs), which belong to the superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors. The binding of odors to the ORs initiates an electrical signal that travels along the axons to the main olfactory bulb of the brain. The information is then transmitted to other regions of the brain, leading to odorant perception and emotional and behavioral responses. In the OE, OSNs die and are continuously replaced from stem cells localized in the epithelium's basal region. Damage to this epithelium can be caused by multiple factors, leading to anosmia (smell loss). In this chapter, we introduce the basic organization of the OE and focus on the molecular mechanisms involved in odorant perception. We also describe recent experiments that address the mechanisms of OSNs regeneration in response to neuronal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaías Glezer
- Department of Biochemistry, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bettina Malnic
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Salazar I, Sanchez-Quinteiro P, Barrios AW, López Amado M, Vega JA. Anatomy of the olfactory mucosa. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2019; 164:47-65. [PMID: 31604563 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63855-7.00004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The classic notion that humans are microsmatic animals was born from comparative anatomy studies showing the reduction in the size of both the olfactory bulbs and the limbic brain relative to the whole brain. However, the human olfactory system contains a number of neurons comparable to that of most other mammals, and humans have exquisite olfactory abilities. Major advances in molecular and genetic research have resulted in the identification of extremely large gene families that express receptors for sensing odors. Such advances have led to a renaissance of studies focused on both human and nonhuman aspects of olfactory physiology and function. Evidence that olfactory dysfunction is among the earliest signs of a number of neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders has led to considerable interest in the use of olfactory epithelial biopsies for potentially identifying such disorders. Moreover, the unique features of the olfactory ensheathing cells have made the olfactory mucosa a promising and unexpected source of cells for treating spinal cord injuries and other neural injuries in which cell guidance is critical. The olfactory system of humans and other primates differs in many ways from that of other species. In this chapter we provide an overview of the anatomy of not only the human olfactory mucosa but of mucosae from a range of mammals from which more detailed information is available. Basic information regarding the general organization of the olfactory mucosa, including its receptor cells and the large number of other cell types critical for their maintenance and function, is provided. Cross-species comparisons are made when appropriate. The polemic issue of the human vomeronasal organ in both the adult and fetus is discussed, along with recent findings regarding olfactory subsystems within the nose of a number of mammals (e.g., the septal organ and Grüneberg ganglion).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Salazar
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Production and Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Unit of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain.
| | - Pablo Sanchez-Quinteiro
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Production and Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Unit of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Arthur W Barrios
- Laboratory of Histology, Embryology and Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Nacional Mayor of San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Manuel López Amado
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital La Coruña, La Coruña, Spain
| | - José A Vega
- Unit of Anatomy, Department of Morphology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
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Block E. Molecular Basis of Mammalian Odor Discrimination: A Status Report. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:13346-13366. [PMID: 30453735 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b04471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Humans have 396 unique, intact olfactory receptors (ORs), G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) containing receptor-specific binding sites; other mammals have more. Activation of these transmembrane proteins by an odorant initiates a signaling cascade, evoking an action potential leading to perception of a smell. Because the number of distinguishable odorants vastly exceeds the number of ORs, research has focused on mechanisms of recognition and signaling processes for classes of odorants. In this review, selected recent examples will be presented of "deorphaned" mammalian receptors, where the OR ligands (odorants) as well as key aspects of receptor-odorant interactions were identified using odorant-mediated receptor activation data together with site-directed mutagenesis and molecular modeling. Based on cumulative evidence from OR deorphaning and olfactory receptor neuron activation studies, a receptor-ligand docking model rather than an alternative bond vibration model is suggested to best explain the molecular basis of the exquisitely sensitive odor discrimination in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Block
- Department of Chemistry , University at Albany, SUNY , Albany , New York 12222 , United States
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Abstract
Since the first attempts to mimic the human nose with artificial devices, a variety of sensors have been developed, ranging from simple inorganic and organic gas detectors to biosensing elements incorporating proteins of the biological olfactory system. In order to design a device able to mimic the human nose, two major issues still need to be addressed regarding the complexity of olfactory coding and the extreme sensitivity of the biological system. So far, only 50 of the approximately 300–400 functioning olfactory receptors have been de-orphanized, still a long way from breaking the human olfactory code. On the other hand, the exceptional sensitivity of the human nose is based on amplification mechanisms difficult to reproduce with electronic circuits, and perhaps novel approaches are required to address this issue. Here, we review the recent literature on chemical sensing both in biological systems and artificial devices, and try to establish the state-of-the-art towards the design of an electronic nose.
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45
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Oleszkiewicz A, Würfel H, Han P, Hummel T. Molecularly diverse odors advance olfactory threshold testing. J SENS STUD 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/joss.12440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Oleszkiewicz
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology; TU Dresden; Dresden Germany
- University of Wroclaw, Institute of Psychology; Wroclaw Poland
| | - Helene Würfel
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology; TU Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - Pengfei Han
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology; TU Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology; TU Dresden; Dresden Germany
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Oleszkiewicz A, Rambacher L, Whitcroft KL, Hummel T. The confounding effect of background odors on olfactory sensitivity testing. J Neurosci Methods 2018; 306:88-91. [PMID: 29782885 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human olfactory sensitivity is known to vary significantly across subjects. Furthermore, environmental factors such as background noise and odor are known to affect target odor threshold scores but have not yet been fully delineated. We aimed to determine whether congruent and non-congruent background odor impaired target odor threshold scores. NEW METHOD We performed odor threshold testing in 103 normosmic adults, using phenylethylalcohol (PEA) or linalool as target odors, under three conditions: (a) congruent target and background odors (e.g., PEA in the test and PEA in the background), (b) non-congruent target and background odors (e.g. PEA in the test and Linalool in the background) and (c) no background odor. Background odor was applied to the investigator's glove and testing was performed in an otherwise odorless room. RESULTS We found that congruent background odors significantly impaired target odor threshold scores. Non-congruent background odors also impaired target odor threshold, but significantly more so with PEA as target and Linalool as background odor. The best threshold scores were obtained with no background odor. Comparison with Existing Method(s). At present, many testing environments may be contaminated with ambient background odors. We have shown that this may negatively affect odor threshold scores, particularly where background and target odors are congruent. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that investigators performing odor threshold testing do so in well ventilated, odor free environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Oleszkiewicz
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Germany; University of Wroclaw, Institute of Psychology, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - L Rambacher
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Germany
| | - K L Whitcroft
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Germany; UCL Ear Institute, University College London, London, UK; Centre for the Study of the Senses, Institute of Philosophy, School of Advanced Study, London, UK; Royal National Throat Nose and Ear Hospital, University College London Hospitals, London, UK
| | - T Hummel
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Germany
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Variability of the Expression of Reference Genes in Samples of Human Olfactory Epithelium. Bull Exp Biol Med 2018; 164:655-657. [PMID: 29577185 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-018-4052-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed variability of the expression of three reference genes in biopsy samples of the olfactory epithelium obtained from healthy volunteers. The expression of B2M, HPRT1, and CASC3 genes was analyzed by real-time PCR. The pairs of genes B2M-HPRT1 and B2M-CASC3 were found to possess minimum individual variability of expression and can be reliable candidates for the reference genes in analysis of gene expression in neural cells.
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Geithe C, Protze J, Kreuchwig F, Krause G, Krautwurst D. Structural determinants of a conserved enantiomer-selective carvone binding pocket in the human odorant receptor OR1A1. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:4209-4229. [PMID: 28656349 PMCID: PMC11107518 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2576-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chirality is a common phenomenon within odorants. Most pairs of enantiomers show only moderate differences in odor quality. One example for enantiomers that are easily discriminated by their odor quality is the carvones: humans significantly distinguish between the spearmint-like (R)-(-)-carvone and caraway-like (S)-(+)-carvone enantiomers. Moreover, for the (R)-(-)-carvone, an anosmia is observed in about 8% of the population, suggesting enantioselective odorant receptors (ORs). With only about 15% de-orphaned human ORs, the lack of OR crystal structures, and few comprehensive studies combining in silico and experimental approaches to elucidate structure-function relations of ORs, knowledge on cognate odorant/OR interactions is still sparse. An adjusted homology modeling approach considering OR-specific proline-caused conformations, odorant docking studies, single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis, site-directed mutagenesis, and subsequent functional studies with recombinant ORs in a cell-based, real-time luminescence assay revealed 11 amino acid positions to constitute an enantioselective binding pocket necessary for a carvone function in human OR1A1 and murine Olfr43, respectively. Here, we identified enantioselective molecular determinants in both ORs that discriminate between minty and caraway odor. Comparison with orthologs from 36 mammalian species demonstrated a hominid-specific carvone binding pocket with about 100% conservation. Moreover, we identified loss-of-function SNPs associated with the carvone binding pocket of OR1A1. Given carvone enantiomer-specific receptor activation patterns including OR1A1, our data suggest OR1A1 as a candidate receptor for constituting a carvone enantioselective phenotype, which may help to explain mechanisms underlying a (R)-(-)-carvone-specific anosmia in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Geithe
- Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Lebensmittelchemie Leibniz Institut (DFA), Freising, Germany
| | - Jonas Protze
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany
| | - Franziska Kreuchwig
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany
- Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerd Krause
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany.
| | - Dietmar Krautwurst
- Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Lebensmittelchemie Leibniz Institut (DFA), Freising, Germany.
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Verbeurgt C, Veithen A, Carlot S, Tarabichi M, Dumont JE, Hassid S, Chatelain P. The human bitter taste receptor T2R38 is broadly tuned for bacterial compounds. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181302. [PMID: 28902853 PMCID: PMC5597121 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
T2R38 has been shown to be a specific bacterial detector implicated in innate immune defense mechanism of human upper airway. Several clinical studies have demonstrated that this receptor is associated with the development of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). T2R38 was previously reported to bind to homoserine lactones (HSL), quorum sensing molecules specific of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa and other gram negative species. Nevertheless, these bacteria are not the major pathogens found in CRS. Here we report on the identification of bacterial metabolites acting as new agonists of T2R38 based on a single cell calcium imaging study. Two quorum sensing molecules (Agr D1 thiolactone from Staphylococcus Aureus and CSP-1 from Streptococcus Pneumoniae) and a list of 32 bacterial metabolites from pathogens frequently implicated in CRS were tested. First, we observed that HSL failed to activate T2R38 in our experimental system, but that the dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), used as a solvent for these lactones may, by itself, account for the agonistic effect previously described. Secondly, we showed that both Agr D1 thiolactone and CSP-1 are inactive but that at least 7 bacterial metabolites (acetone, 2-butanone, 2-pentanone, 2-methylpropanal, dimethyl disulfide, methylmercaptan, γ-butyrolactone) are able to specifically trigger this receptor. T2R38 is thus much more broadly tuned for bacterial compounds than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Verbeurgt
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Erasme University Hospital, Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Sébastien Carlot
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Erasme University Hospital, Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Maxime Tarabichi
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research in human and molecular Biology, Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jacques E. Dumont
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research in human and molecular Biology, Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sergio Hassid
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Erasme University Hospital, Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
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Prospects of ionic liquids application in electronic and bioelectronic nose instruments. Trends Analyt Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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