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Tobaiqy M. A review of serious adverse events linked with GLP-1 agonists in type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity treatment. Pharmacol Rep 2024; 76:981-990. [PMID: 39093550 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-024-00629-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonists play a crucial role in treating type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity by providing glycemic control and aiding weight management. Despite their widespread use, concerns about serious adverse events have prompted extensive research. This review aims to describe the current understanding of serious adverse events associated with GLP-1 agonists. A comprehensive search of PubMed, Google Scholar and Embase databases was performed starting from 2010. Studies reporting evidence of an association between GLP-1 agonists and serious adverse events from 22 articles (5 case reports, 5 randomized controlled trials (RCTs), 9 real-world data cohort analyses, 2 meta-analyses and 1 systematic review and meta-analysis) were included and categorized by the type of adverse event. While some studies reported risks, including anaphylaxis, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, psychiatric and thyroid-related events, others found no significant associations. The evidence remains mixed, necessitating further research to fully understand the safety profile of GLP-1 agonists and inform clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansour Tobaiqy
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, 45311, Saudi Arabia.
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2
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Milivojcevic Bevc I, Tasic-Uros D, Stojanovic BS, Jovanovic I, Dimitrijevic Stojanovic M, Gajovic N, Jurisevic M, Radosavljevic G, Pantic J, Stojanovic B. Redefining Immune Dynamics in Acute Pancreatitis: The Protective Role of Galectin-3 Deletion and Treg Cell Enhancement. Biomolecules 2024; 14:642. [PMID: 38927046 PMCID: PMC11201657 DOI: 10.3390/biom14060642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a complex inflammatory condition that can lead to systemic inflammatory responses and multiple organ dysfunction. This study investigates the role of Galectin-3 (Gal-3), a β-galactoside-binding lectin, in modulating acquired immune responses in AP. Acute pancreatitis was induced by ligation of the bile-pancreatic duct in wild-type and Galectin-3-deficient C57BL/6 mice. We determined the phenotypic and molecular features of inflammatory cells, serum concentrations of amylase, pancreatic trypsin activity, and pancreatic and lung pathology. Galectin-3 deficiency decreased the total number of CD3+CD49- T cells and CD4+ T helper cells, downregulated the production of inflammatory cytokine and IFN-γ, and increased the accumulation of IL-10-producing Foxp3+ T regulatory cells and regulatory CD4+ T cells in the pancreata of diseased animals. The deletion of Galectin-3 ameliorates acute pancreatitis characterized by lowering serum amylase concentration and pancreatic trypsin activity, and attenuating of the histopathology of the lung. These findings shed light on the role of Galectin-3 in acquired immune response in acute pancreatitis and identify Galectin-3 as an attractive target for investigation of the immunopathogenesis of disease and for consideration as a potential therapeutic target for patients with acute inflammatory disease of the pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Danijela Tasic-Uros
- City Medical Emergency Department, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (I.M.B.); (D.T.-U.)
| | - Bojana S. Stojanovic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (I.J.); (N.G.); (M.J.); (G.R.); (J.P.); (B.S.)
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Ivan Jovanovic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (I.J.); (N.G.); (M.J.); (G.R.); (J.P.); (B.S.)
| | - Milica Dimitrijevic Stojanovic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (I.J.); (N.G.); (M.J.); (G.R.); (J.P.); (B.S.)
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Nevena Gajovic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (I.J.); (N.G.); (M.J.); (G.R.); (J.P.); (B.S.)
| | - Milena Jurisevic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (I.J.); (N.G.); (M.J.); (G.R.); (J.P.); (B.S.)
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Gordana Radosavljevic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (I.J.); (N.G.); (M.J.); (G.R.); (J.P.); (B.S.)
| | - Jelena Pantic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (I.J.); (N.G.); (M.J.); (G.R.); (J.P.); (B.S.)
| | - Bojan Stojanovic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (I.J.); (N.G.); (M.J.); (G.R.); (J.P.); (B.S.)
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
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Roumane A, Mcilroy GD, Sommer N, Han W, Heisler LK, Rochford JJ. GLP-1 receptor agonist improves metabolic disease in a pre-clinical model of lipodystrophy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1379228. [PMID: 38745956 PMCID: PMC11091257 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1379228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Aims Individuals with lipodystrophies typically suffer from metabolic disease linked to adipose tissue dysfunction including lipoatrophic diabetes. In the most severe forms of lipodystrophy, congenital generalised lipodystrophy, adipose tissue may be almost entirely absent. Better therapies for affected individuals are urgently needed. Here we performed the first detailed investigation of the effects of a glucagon like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonist in lipoatrophic diabetes, using mice with generalised lipodystrophy. Methods Lipodystrophic insulin resistant and glucose intolerant seipin knockout mice were treated with the GLP-1R agonist liraglutide either acutely preceding analyses of insulin and glucose tolerance or chronically prior to metabolic phenotyping and ex vivo studies. Results Acute liraglutide treatment significantly improved insulin, glucose and pyruvate tolerance. Once daily injection of seipin knockout mice with liraglutide for 14 days led to significant improvements in hepatomegaly associated with steatosis and reduced markers of liver fibrosis. Moreover, liraglutide enhanced insulin secretion in response to glucose challenge with concomitantly improved glucose control. Conclusions GLP-1R agonist liraglutide significantly improved lipoatrophic diabetes and hepatic steatosis in mice with generalised lipodystrophy. This provides important insights regarding the benefits of GLP-1R agonists for treating lipodystrophy, informing more widespread use to improve the health of individuals with this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahlima Roumane
- The Rowett Institute and Aberdeen Cardiovascular and Diabetes Centre, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - George D. Mcilroy
- The Rowett Institute and Aberdeen Cardiovascular and Diabetes Centre, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Nadine Sommer
- The Rowett Institute and Aberdeen Cardiovascular and Diabetes Centre, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Weiping Han
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lora K. Heisler
- The Rowett Institute and Aberdeen Cardiovascular and Diabetes Centre, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Justin J. Rochford
- The Rowett Institute and Aberdeen Cardiovascular and Diabetes Centre, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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Navabi M, Ghasemzadeh Rahbardar M, Mehri S, Hosseinzadeh H. Attenuation of acrylamide-induced neurotoxicity by supplementation of sitagliptin in Wistar rats. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2024; 27:311-318. [PMID: 38333747 PMCID: PMC10849208 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2023.73187.15905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Objectives Acrylamide (ACR) induces neurotoxicity in humans and animals through different mechanisms. Sitagliptin is a type-2 diabetes medication with neuroprotective properties. The effects of sitagliptin against neurotoxicity stimulated by ACR were examined. Materials and Methods Male Wistar rats were classified as follows: 1. Control (normal saline, 11 days, IP), 2. ACR (50 mg/kg, 11 days, IP), 3. ACR (11 days, days 11-20 normal saline), 4-7. ACR+sitagliptin (5, 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg, 11 days, IP), 8. ACR+sitagliptin (10 mg/kg, days 6-11), 9. ACR+sitagliptin (10 mg/kg, days 6-20), 10. Sitagliptin (40 mg/kg, 11 days), 11. ACR+vitamin E (200 mg/kg, IP). Finally, the gait score was evaluated. Reduced glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured in cortex tissue. Also, IL-1β, TNF-α, and caspase-3 levels were assessed in the cortex by western blotting. Results ACR caused movement disorders, triggered oxidative stress, and raised TNF-α, IL-1β, and caspase-3 cleaved levels. Supplementation of sitagliptin (10 mg/kg) along with ACR, in 3 protocols, reduced gait disorders compared to the ACR group. Receiving sitagliptin in all doses plus ACR and injection of sitagliptin (10 mg/kg) from days 6 to11 reduced the MDA level of cortex tissue. Sitagliptin (all doses) plus ACR increased the GSH level of the cortex tissue. Sitagliptin (10 mg/kg) with ACR dropped the amounts of TNF-α and caspase-3 cleaved proteins in cortex tissue but did not affect the IL-1β level. Conclusion Sitagliptin disclosed preventive and therapeutic effects on ACR neurotoxicity. Sitagliptin possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties and inhibits CR neurotoxicity in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahboobeh Navabi
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Soghra Mehri
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Abduh MS, Saghir SAM, Al Hroob AM, Bin-Ammar A, Al-Tarawni AH, Murugaiyah V, Mahmoud AM. Averrhoa carambola leaves prevent dyslipidemia and oxidative stress in a rat model of poloxamer-407-induced acute hyperlipidemia. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1134812. [PMID: 36814487 PMCID: PMC9939629 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1134812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The star fruit [Averrhoa carambola L (Oxalidaceae)] is traditionally used in the treatment of many ailments in many countries. It possesses several pharmacological activities, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. However, it contains the neurotoxic caramboxin and its high content of oxalic acid limits its consumption by individuals with compromised kidney function. This study assessed the anti-hyperlipidemic and antioxidant activities of different fractions of the methanolic extract of A. carambola leaves (MEACL). Methods: The antioxidant activity was investigated using FRAP, and ABTS and DPPH radical-scavenging assays and the inhibitory activity toward pancreatic lipase (PL) and HMG-CoA reductase was assayed in vitro. Acute hyperlipidemia was induced by poloxamer-407 (P-407) in rats and different fractions of MEACL (n-hexane, chloroform, n-butanol, ethyl acetate (EA), water, and chloroform) were orally administered. Cholesterol and triglycerides were determined at 0, 12, 24, and 48 h and LDL-C, vLDL-C, HDL-C, lipid peroxidation (LPO) and antioxidants were assayed after 48 h. The expression of ABCA1, ABCG5, ABCG8, LDL-R, SREBP-1, and SREBP-2 and the activity of HMG-CoA reductase were assayed in the liver of P-407-administered rats treated with the EA fraction. Results: The in vitro data revealed potent radical-scavenging activities of MEACL fractions with the most potent effect showed by the EA fraction that also suppressed the activities of HMG-CoA reductase and PL. In P-407-induced hyperlipidemic rats, all fractions prevented dyslipidemia as shown by the decrease in total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-C, vLDL-C and atherogenic index. MEACL and its fractions prevented LPO and boosted GSH, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase in P-407-administered rats. The EA fraction showed more effective anti-hyperlipidemic and antioxidant effects than other fractions and downregulated SREBP-2 while upregulated ABCA1 and LDL-R and ameliorated LPL and HMG-CoA reductase in hyperlipidemic rats. Conclusion: MEACL showed in vitro and in vivo antioxidant activity and the EA fraction significantly ameliorated dyslipidemia in a rat model of P-407-induced acute hyperlipidemia by modulating LPL, PL, HMG-CoA reductase, and cholesterolgenesis-related factors. Therefore, the leaves of A. carambola represent a safe alternative for the star fruit particularly in kidney disease patients, and the EA is the most effective anti-hyperlipidemic and antioxidant fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maisa Siddiq Abduh
- Immune Responses in Different Diseases Research Group, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan A. M. Saghir
- Department of Medical Analysis, Princess Aisha Bint Al-Hussein College of Nursing and Medical Sciences, Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Ma’an, Jordan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Amir M. Al Hroob
- Department of Medical Analysis, Princess Aisha Bint Al-Hussein College of Nursing and Medical Sciences, Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Ma’an, Jordan
| | - Albandari Bin-Ammar
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Vikneswaran Murugaiyah
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Ayman M. Mahmoud
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Physiology Division, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
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6
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Park S, Oh S, Kim EK. Glucagon-like peptide-1 analog liraglutide leads to multiple metabolic alterations in diet-induced obese mice. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102682. [PMID: 36356900 PMCID: PMC9730228 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Liraglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 analog, has beneficial metabolic effects in patients with type 2 diabetes and obesity. Although the high efficacy of liraglutide as an anti-diabetic and anti-obesity drug is well known, liraglutide-induced metabolic alterations in diverse tissues remain largely unexplored. Here, we report the changes in metabolic profiles induced by a 2-week subcutaneous injection of liraglutide in diet-induced obese mice fed a high-fat diet for 8 weeks. Our comprehensive metabolomic analyses of the hypothalamus, plasma, liver, and skeletal muscle showed that liraglutide intervention led to various metabolic alterations in comparison with diet-induced obese or nonobese mice. We found that liraglutide remarkably coordinated not only fatty acid metabolism in the hypothalamus and skeletal muscle but also amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism in plasma and liver. Comparative analyses of metabolite dynamics revealed that liraglutide rewired intertissue metabolic correlations. Our study points to a previously unappreciated metabolic alteration by liraglutide in several tissues, which may underlie its therapeutic effects within and across the tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seokjae Park
- Department of Brain Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Republic of Korea,Neurometabolomics Research Center, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjoon Oh
- Department of Brain Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Republic of Korea,Neurometabolomics Research Center, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Kyoung Kim
- Department of Brain Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Republic of Korea,Neurometabolomics Research Center, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Republic of Korea,For correspondence: Eun-Kyoung Kim
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Kamel N, Hady M, Ragaa N, Mohamed F. Effect of nucleotides on growth performance, gut health, and some immunological parameters of broiler chicken exposed to high stocking density. Livest Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Nagy A, Juhász MF, Görbe A, Váradi A, Izbéki F, Vincze Á, Sarlós P, Czimmer J, Szepes Z, Takács T, Papp M, Fehér E, Hamvas J, Kárász K, Török I, Stimac D, Poropat G, Ince AT, Erőss B, Márta K, Pécsi D, Illés D, Váncsa S, Földi M, Faluhelyi N, Farkas O, Nagy T, Kanizsai P, Márton Z, Szentesi A, Hegyi P, Párniczky A. Glucose levels show independent and dose-dependent association with worsening acute pancreatitis outcomes: Post-hoc analysis of a prospective, international cohort of 2250 acute pancreatitis cases. Pancreatology 2021; 21:1237-1246. [PMID: 34332908 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2021.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic risk factors, such as obesity, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia are independent risk factors for the development of various complications in acute pancreatitis (AP). Hypertriglyceridemia dose-dependently elicits pancreatotoxicity and worsens the outcomes of AP. The role of hyperglycemia, as a toxic metabolic factor in the clinical course of AP, has not been examined yet. METHODS We analyzed a prospective, international cohort of 2250 AP patients, examining associations between (1) glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), (2) on-admission glucose, (3) peak in-hospital glucose and clinically important outcomes (mortality, severity, complications, length of hospitalization (LOH), maximal C-reactive protein (CRP)). We conducted a binary logistic regression accounting for age, gender, etiology, diabetes, and our examined variables. Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (ROC) was applied to detect the diagnostic accuracy of the three variables. RESULTS Both on-admission and peak serum glucose are independently associated with AP severity and mortality, accounting for age, gender, known diabetes and AP etiology. They show a dose-dependent association with severity (p < 0.001 in both), mortality (p < 0.001), LOH (p < 0.001), maximal CRP (p < 0.001), systemic (p < 0.001) and local complications (p < 0.001). Patients with peak glucose >7 mmol/l had a 15 times higher odds for severe AP and a five times higher odds for mortality. We found a trend of increasing HbA1c with increasing LOH (p < 0.001), severity and local complications. CONCLUSIONS On-admission and peak in-hospital glucose are independently and dose-dependently associated with increasing AP severity and mortality. In-hospital laboratory control of glucose and adequate treatment of hyperglycemia are crucial in the management of AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anikó Nagy
- Heim Pál National Pediatric Institute, Budapest, Hungary; Institute for Translational Medicine, Szentágothai Research Centre, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; Doctoral School of Clinical Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Márk Félix Juhász
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Szentágothai Research Centre, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Anikó Görbe
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Szentágothai Research Centre, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Alex Váradi
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Szentágothai Research Centre, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Izbéki
- Szent György University Teaching Hospital of Fejér County, Székesfehérvár, Hungary
| | - Áron Vincze
- Division of Gastroenterology, First Department of Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Patrícia Sarlós
- Division of Gastroenterology, First Department of Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - József Czimmer
- Division of Gastroenterology, First Department of Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Szepes
- Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tamás Takács
- Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Mária Papp
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Eszter Fehér
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | | | | | - Imola Török
- County Emergency Clinical Hospital - Gastroenterology and University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology, Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Davor Stimac
- Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | | | - Ali Tüzün Ince
- Hospital of Bezmialem Vakif University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bálint Erőss
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Szentágothai Research Centre, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Katalin Márta
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Szentágothai Research Centre, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Dániel Pécsi
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Szentágothai Research Centre, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Dóra Illés
- Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Szilárd Váncsa
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Szentágothai Research Centre, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Mária Földi
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Szentágothai Research Centre, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; Doctoral School of Clinical Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary; Centre for Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Nándor Faluhelyi
- Department of Medical Imaging, Clinical Centre, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Farkas
- Department of Medical Imaging, Clinical Centre, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Tamás Nagy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Péter Kanizsai
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Clinical Centre, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Márton
- First Department of Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Andrea Szentesi
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Szentágothai Research Centre, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; Doctoral School of Clinical Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary; Centre for Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Péter Hegyi
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Szentágothai Research Centre, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; Doctoral School of Clinical Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary; Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Division of Pancreatic Diseases, Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andrea Párniczky
- Heim Pál National Pediatric Institute, Budapest, Hungary; Institute for Translational Medicine, Szentágothai Research Centre, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; Doctoral School of Clinical Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.
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Pickford P, Lucey M, Rujan RM, McGlone ER, Bitsi S, Ashford FB, Corrêa IR, Hodson DJ, Tomas A, Deganutti G, Reynolds CA, Owen BM, Tan TM, Minnion J, Jones B, Bloom SR. Partial agonism improves the anti-hyperglycaemic efficacy of an oxyntomodulin-derived GLP-1R/GCGR co-agonist. Mol Metab 2021; 51:101242. [PMID: 33933675 PMCID: PMC8163982 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucagon receptor (GLP-1R/GCGR) co-agonism can maximise weight loss and improve glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes and obesity. In this study, we investigated the cellular and metabolic effects of modulating the balance between G protein and β-arrestin-2 recruitment at GLP-1R and GCGR using oxyntomodulin (OXM)-derived co-agonists. This strategy has been previously shown to improve the duration of action of GLP-1R mono-agonists by reducing target desensitisation and downregulation. METHODS Dipeptidyl dipeptidase-4 (DPP-4)-resistant OXM analogues were generated and assessed for a variety of cellular readouts. Molecular dynamic simulations were used to gain insights into the molecular interactions involved. In vivo studies were performed in mice to identify the effects on glucose homeostasis and weight loss. RESULTS Ligand-specific reductions in β-arrestin-2 recruitment were associated with slower GLP-1R internalisation and prolonged glucose-lowering action in vivo. The putative benefits of GCGR agonism were retained, with equivalent weight loss compared to the GLP-1R mono-agonist liraglutide despite a lesser degree of food intake suppression. The compounds tested showed only a minor degree of biased agonism between G protein and β-arrestin-2 recruitment at both receptors and were best classified as partial agonists for the two pathways measured. CONCLUSIONS Diminishing β-arrestin-2 recruitment may be an effective way to increase the therapeutic efficacy of GLP-1R/GCGR co-agonists. These benefits can be achieved by partial rather than biased agonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phil Pickford
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Maria Lucey
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Roxana-Maria Rujan
- Centre for Sport, Exercise, and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Alison Gingell Building, CV1 5FB, UK
| | - Emma Rose McGlone
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Stavroula Bitsi
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Fiona B Ashford
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR) and Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - David J Hodson
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR) and Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
| | - Alejandra Tomas
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Giuseppe Deganutti
- Centre for Sport, Exercise, and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Alison Gingell Building, CV1 5FB, UK
| | - Christopher A Reynolds
- Centre for Sport, Exercise, and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Alison Gingell Building, CV1 5FB, UK; School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Bryn M Owen
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Tricia M Tan
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - James Minnion
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Ben Jones
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Stephen R Bloom
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
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10
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Medak KD, Shamshoum H, Peppler WT, Wright DC. GLP1 receptor agonism protects against acute olanzapine-induced hyperglycemia. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2020; 319:E1101-E1111. [PMID: 33017220 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00309.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Olanzapine is a second-generation antipsychotic (SGA) used in the treatment of schizophrenia and a number of off-label conditions. Although effective in reducing psychoses, acute olanzapine treatment causes hyperglycemia. Pharmacological agonists of the glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1) receptor have been shown to offset weight gain associated with chronic SGA administration. It is not known whether GLP1 receptor agonism would mitigate the acute metabolic side effects of SGAs. Within this context, we sought to determine whether pharmacological targeting of the GLP1 receptor would be sufficient to protect against acute olanzapine-induced impairments in glucose and lipid homeostasis. Male C57BL/6J mice were treated with olanzapine and/or the GLP1 receptor agonists liraglutide and exendin 4, and the blood glucose response was measured. We found that liraglutide or exendin 4 completely protected male mice against olanzapine-induced hyperglycemia in parallel with increases in circulating insulin (liraglutide, exendin 4) and reductions in glucagon (liraglutide only). In additional experiments, female mice, which are protected from acute olanzapine-induced hyperglycemia, displayed hyperglycemia, increases in glucagon, and reductions in insulin when treated with olanzapine and the GLP1 receptor antagonist exendin 9-39 compared with olanzapine treatment alone. Although in some instances the pharmacological targeting of the GLP1 receptor attenuated indexes of olanzapine-induced lipolysis, increases in liver triglyceride accumulation were not impacted. Our findings provide evidence that signaling through the GLP1 receptor can remarkably influence acute olanzapine-induced hyperglycemia, and from the standpoint of protecting against acute excursions in blood glucose, GLP1 receptor agonists should be considered as an adjunct treatment approach.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Antipsychotic drugs cause rapid perturbations in glucose and lipid metabolism. In the present study we have demonstrated that cotreatment with glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1) receptor agonists, such as liraglutide, protects against metabolic dysregulation caused by the antipsychotic drug olanzapine. These findings suggest that pharmacological targeting of the GLP1 receptor could be an effective adjunct approach to mitigate the harmful acute metabolic side effects of antipsychotic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle D Medak
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hesham Shamshoum
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Willem T Peppler
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - David C Wright
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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11
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Tolerance develops toward GLP-1 receptor agonists' glucose-lowering effect in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 885:173443. [PMID: 32750365 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists are popular antidiabetic drugs with potent glucose-lowering effects and low risk of hypoglycemia. Animal experiments and human data indicate that tolerance develops toward at least some of their effects, e.g., gastric motility. Whether tolerance develops toward the glucose-lowering effect of GLP-1 receptor agonists in mice has never been formally tested. The hypothesis of tolerance development in mice will be reported in this study. The direct glucose-lowering effect of the GLP-1 receptor agonists was measured in non-fasted mice and with intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test. Exenatide (10 μg/kg) and liraglutide (600 μg/kg) both substantially lost efficacy during the 18-day treatment as compared to the acute effect. We conclude that our results demonstrate development of tolerance toward GLP-1 receptor agonists' glucose-lowering effect in mice.
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12
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Madhu D, Khadir A, Hammad M, Kavalakatt S, Dehbi M, Al-Mulla F, Abubaker J, Tiss A. The GLP-1 analog exendin-4 modulates HSP72 expression and ERK1/2 activity in BTC6 mouse pancreatic cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2020; 1868:140426. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2020.140426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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13
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Lucey M, Pickford P, Bitsi S, Minnion J, Ungewiss J, Schoeneberg K, Rutter GA, Bloom SR, Tomas A, Jones B. Disconnect between signalling potency and in vivo efficacy of pharmacokinetically optimised biased glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists. Mol Metab 2020; 37:100991. [PMID: 32278079 PMCID: PMC7262448 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.100991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The objective of this study was to determine how pharmacokinetically advantageous acylation impacts on glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) signal bias, trafficking, anti-hyperglycaemic efficacy, and appetite suppression. Methods In vitro signalling responses were measured using biochemical and biosensor assays. GLP-1R trafficking was determined by confocal microscopy and diffusion-enhanced resonance energy transfer. Pharmacokinetics, glucoregulatory effects, and appetite suppression were measured in acute, sub-chronic, and chronic settings in mice. Results A C-terminally acylated ligand, [F1,G40,K41.C16 diacid]exendin-4, was identified that showed undetectable β-arrestin recruitment and GLP-1R internalisation. Depending on the cellular system used, this molecule was up to 1000-fold less potent than the comparator [D3,G40,K41.C16 diacid]exendin-4 for cyclic AMP signalling, yet was considerably more effective in vivo, particularly for glucose regulation. Conclusions C-terminal acylation of biased GLP-1R agonists increases their degree of signal bias in favour of cAMP production and improves their therapeutic potential. Programming of GLP-1R agonists for selective signalling. Signal bias allows “low efficacy” agonists to be highly effective in vivo. GLP-1R endocytosis does not affect pharmacokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lucey
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Pickford
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Stavroula Bitsi
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - James Minnion
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Guy A Rutter
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen R Bloom
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Alejandra Tomas
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom.
| | - Ben Jones
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom.
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14
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Abstract
Today, excluding insulin, there are eight classes of anti-diabetic medicines that have been added to the pharmacy since the introduction of metformin in the mid-1950s; the sulfonylureas, biguanides, thiazolidinediones, α-glucosidase inhibitors, meglitinides, incretins, and sodium glucose transport 2 inhibitors. Does the fact that metformin is still first-line treatment suggest that our drug discovery efforts over the past 60 years have not been good enough? Or does it suggest that diabetes is such a complex disorder that no single treatment, other than gastric bypass surgery, can affect true normalization of not only blood sugar but also the underlying pathologies? Our understanding of the disease has most definitely improved which may bring hope for the future in terms of science, but for it to be beneficial, this science has to be translated into better drug treatments for the disease. In this review, I have examined the eight classes of anti-diabetes drugs from a drug discovery perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Clapham
- Medical School, University of Buckingham, Buckingham, UK.
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15
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Toots M, Seppa K, Jagomäe T, Koppel T, Pallase M, Heinla I, Terasmaa A, Plaas M, Vasar E. Preventive treatment with liraglutide protects against development of glucose intolerance in a rat model of Wolfram syndrome. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10183. [PMID: 29976929 PMCID: PMC6033861 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28314-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Wolfram syndrome (WS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the WFS1 (Wolframin1) gene. The syndrome first manifests as diabetes mellitus, followed by optic nerve atrophy, deafness, and neurodegeneration. The underlying mechanism is believed to be a dysregulation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response, which ultimately leads to cellular death. Treatment with glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists has been shown to normalize ER stress response in several in vitro and in vivo models. Early chronic intervention with the GLP-1 receptor agonist liraglutide starting before the onset of metabolic symptoms prevented the development of glucose intolerance, improved insulin and glucagon secretion control, reduced ER stress and inflammation in Langerhans islets in Wfs1 mutant rats. Thus, treatment with GLP-1 receptor agonists might be a promising strategy as a preventive treatment for human WS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarja Toots
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Laboratory Animal Centre, University of Tartu, 14B Ravila Street, Tartu, 50411, Estonia
| | - Kadri Seppa
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Department of Physiology, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, Tartu, 50411, Estonia
| | - Toomas Jagomäe
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Department of Physiology, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, Tartu, 50411, Estonia
| | - Tuuliki Koppel
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Laboratory Animal Centre, University of Tartu, 14B Ravila Street, Tartu, 50411, Estonia
| | - Maia Pallase
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Laboratory Animal Centre, University of Tartu, 14B Ravila Street, Tartu, 50411, Estonia
| | - Indrek Heinla
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Laboratory Animal Centre, University of Tartu, 14B Ravila Street, Tartu, 50411, Estonia
| | - Anton Terasmaa
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Department of Physiology, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, Tartu, 50411, Estonia
| | - Mario Plaas
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Department of Physiology, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, Tartu, 50411, Estonia. .,Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Laboratory Animal Centre, University of Tartu, 14B Ravila Street, Tartu, 50411, Estonia.
| | - Eero Vasar
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Department of Physiology, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, Tartu, 50411, Estonia.,Centre of Excellence for Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila 19, Tartu, 50411, Estonia
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16
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The obesity pandemic poses a unique set of problems for acute pancreatitis - both by increasing acute pancreatitis incidence, and worsening acute pancreatitis severity. This review explores these associations, underlying mechanisms, and potential therapies. RECENT FINDINGS We review how the obesity associated increase in gallstones, surgical, and endoscopic interventions for obesity management, diabetes, and related medications such as incretin-based therapies and hypertriglyceridemia may increase the incidence of acute pancreatitis. The mechanism of how obesity may increase acute pancreatitis severity are discussed with a focus on cytokines, adipokines, damage-associated molecular patterns and unsaturated fatty acid-mediated lipotoxicity. The role of obesity in exacerbating pancreatic necrosis is discussed; focusing on obesity-associated pancreatic steatosis. We also discuss how peripancreatic fat necrosis worsens organ failure independent of pancreatic necrosis. Last, we discuss emerging therapies including choice of intravenous fluids and the use of lipase inhibitors which have shown promise during severe acute pancreatitis. SUMMARY We discuss how obesity may contribute to increasing acute pancreatitis incidence, the role of lipolytic unsaturated fatty acid release in worsening acute pancreatitis, and potential approaches, including appropriate fluid management and lipase inhibition in improving acute pancreatitis outcomes.
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17
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da Silva Xavier G, Mondragon A, Mourougavelou V, Cruciani-Guglielmacci C, Denom J, Herrera PL, Magnan C, Rutter GA. Pancreatic alpha cell-selective deletion of Tcf7l2 impairs glucagon secretion and counter-regulatory responses to hypoglycaemia in mice. Diabetologia 2017; 60:1043-1050. [PMID: 28343277 PMCID: PMC5423960 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-017-4242-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) is a high mobility group (HMG) box-containing transcription factor and downstream effector of the Wnt signalling pathway. SNPs in the TCF7L2 gene have previously been associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes in genome-wide association studies. In animal studies, loss of Tcf7l2 function is associated with defective islet beta cell function and survival. Here, we explore the role of TCF7L2 in the control of the counter-regulatory response to hypoglycaemia by generating mice with selective deletion of the Tcf7l2 gene in pancreatic alpha cells. METHODS Alpha cell-selective deletion of Tcf7l2 was achieved by crossing mice with floxed Tcf7l2 alleles to mice bearing a Cre recombinase transgene driven by the preproglucagon promoter (PPGCre), resulting in Tcf7l2AKO mice. Glucose homeostasis and hormone secretion in vivo and in vitro, and islet cell mass were measured using standard techniques. RESULTS While glucose tolerance was unaffected in Tcf7l2AKO mice, glucose infusion rates were increased (AUC for glucose during the first 60 min period of hyperinsulinaemic-hypoglycaemic clamp test was increased by 1.98 ± 0.26-fold [p < 0.05; n = 6] in Tcf7l2AKO mice vs wild-type mice) and glucagon secretion tended to be lower (plasma glucagon: 0.40 ± 0.03-fold vs wild-type littermate controls [p < 0.01; n = 6]). Tcf7l2AKO mice displayed reduced fasted plasma glucose concentration. Glucagon release at low glucose was impaired in islets isolated from Tcf7l2AKO mice (0.37 ± 0.02-fold vs islets from wild-type littermate control mice [p < 0.01; n = 6). Alpha cell mass was also reduced (72.3 ± 20.3% [p < 0.05; n = 7) in Tcf7l2AKO mice compared with wild-type mice. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION The present findings demonstrate an alpha cell-autonomous role for Tcf7l2 in the control of pancreatic glucagon secretion and the maintenance of alpha cell mass and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela da Silva Xavier
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Angeles Mondragon
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Vishnou Mourougavelou
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | | | - Jessica Denom
- Université Paris Diderot Paris 7 - CNRS UMR 8251, Paris, France
| | - Pedro Luis Herrera
- Department of Genetic Medicine & Development, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Guy A Rutter
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
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18
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Nguyen DTT, van Noort D, Jeong IK, Park S. Endocrine system on chip for a diabetes treatment model. Biofabrication 2017; 9:015021. [PMID: 28222044 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/aa5cc9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The endocrine system is a collection of glands producing hormones which, among others, regulates metabolism, growth and development. One important group of endocrine diseases is diabetes, which is caused by a deficiency or diminished effectiveness of endogenous insulin. By using a microfluidic perfused 3D cell-culture chip, we developed an 'endocrine system on chip' to potentially be able to screen drugs for the treatment of diabetes by measuring insulin release over time. Insulin-secreting β-cells are located in the pancreas, while L-cells, located in the small intestines, stimulate insulin secretion. Thus, we constructed a co-culture of intestinal-pancreatic cells to measure the effect of glucose on the production of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) from the L-cell line (GLUTag) and insulin from the pancreatic β-cell line (INS-1). After three days of culture, both cell lines formed aggregates, exhibited 3D cell morphology, and showed good viability (>95%). We separately measured the dynamic profile of GLP-1 and insulin release at glucose concentrations of 0.5 and 20 mM, as well as the combined effect of GLP-1 on insulin production at these glucose concentrations. In response to glucose stimuli, GLUTag and INS-1 cells produced higher amounts of GLP-1 and insulin, respectively, compared to a static 2D cell culture. INS-1 combined with GLUTag cells exhibited an even higher insulin production in response to glucose stimulation. At higher glucose concentrations, the diabetes model on chip showed faster saturation of the insulin level. Our results suggest that the endocrine system developed in this study is a useful tool for observing dynamical changes in endocrine hormones (GLP-1 and insulin) in a glucose-dependent environment. Moreover, it can potentially be used to screen GLP-1 analogues and natural insulin and GLP-1 stimulants for diabetes treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dao Thi Thuy Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
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19
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Saisho Y. Pancreas Volume and Fat Deposition in Diabetes and Normal Physiology: Consideration of the Interplay Between Endocrine and Exocrine Pancreas. Rev Diabet Stud 2016; 13:132-147. [PMID: 28012279 DOI: 10.1900/rds.2016.13.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The pancreas is comprised of exocrine and endocrine components. Despite the fact that they are derived from a common origin in utero, these two compartments are often studied individually because of the different roles and functions of the exocrine and endocrine pancreas. Recent studies have shown that not only type 1 diabetes (T1D), but also type 2 diabetes (T2D), is characterized by a deficit in beta-cell mass, suggesting that pathological changes in the pancreas are critical events in the natural history of diabetes. In both patients with T1D and those with T2D, pancreas mass and exocrine function have been reported to be reduced. On the other hand, pancreas volume and pancreatic fat increase with obesity. Increased beta-cell mass with increasing obesity has also been observed in humans, and ectopic fat deposits in the pancreas have been reported to cause beta-cell dysfunction. Moreover, neogenesis and transdifferentiation from the exocrine to the endocrine compartment in the postnatal period are regarded as a source of newly formed beta-cells. These findings suggest that there is important interplay between the endocrine and exocrine pancreas throughout life. This review summarizes the current knowledge on physiological and pathological changes in the exocrine and endocrine pancreas (i.e., beta-cell mass), and discusses the potential mechanisms of the interplay between the two compartments in humans to understand the pathophysiology of diabetes better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Saisho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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20
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Akalestou E, Christakis I, Solomou AM, Minnion JS, Rutter GA, Bloom SR. Proglucagon-Derived Peptides Do Not Significantly Affect Acute Exocrine Pancreas in Rats. Pancreas 2016; 45:967-73. [PMID: 26731187 PMCID: PMC4820085 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000000585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Reports have suggested a link between treatment with glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) analogs and an increased risk of pancreatitis. Oxyntomodulin, a dual agonist of both GLP-1 and glucagon receptors, is currently being investigated as a potential antiobesity therapy, but little is known about its pancreatic safety. The aim of the study was to investigate the acute effect of oxyntomodulin and other proglucagon-derived peptides on the rat exocrine pancreas. METHODS Glucagon-like peptide 1, oxyntomodulin, glucagon, and exendin-4 were infused into anesthetized rats to measure plasma amylase concentration changes. In addition, the effect of each peptide on both amylase release and proliferation in rat pancreatic acinar (AR42J) and primary isolated ductal cells was determined. RESULTS Plasma amylase did not increase postpeptide infusion, compared with vehicle and cholecystokinin; however, oxyntomodulin inhibited plasma amylase when coadministered with cholecystokinin. None of the peptides caused a significant increase in proliferation rate or amylase secretion from acinar and ductal cells. CONCLUSIONS The investigated peptides do not have an acute effect on the exocrine pancreas with regard to proliferation and plasma amylase, when administered individually. Oxyntomodulin seems to be a potent inhibitor of amylase release, potentially making it a safer antiobesity agent regarding pancreatitis, compared with GLP-1 agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Akalestou
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Ioannis Christakis
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Antonia M. Solomou
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - James S. Minnion
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Guy A. Rutter
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Stephen R. Bloom
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
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21
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Tan X, Hu J. Evogliptin: a new dipeptidyl peptidase inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2016; 17:1285-93. [DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2016.1183645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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22
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Barbetti F, Colombo C, Haataja L, Cras-Méneur C, Bernardini S, Arvan P. Hyperglucagonemia in an animal model of insulin- deficient diabetes: what therapy can improve it? Clin Diabetes Endocrinol 2016; 2:11. [PMID: 28702245 PMCID: PMC5471666 DOI: 10.1186/s40842-016-0029-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Intra-islet insulin contributes to alpha-cell suppression. Akita mice carry a toxic-gain-of- function Ins2 gene mutation encoding proinsulin-C(A7)Y, similar to that described in human Mutant Ins-gene induced Diabetes of Youth, which decreases intra-islet insulin. Herein, we examined Akita mice for examination of circulating insulin and circulating glucagon levels. The possibility that loss of intra-islet suppression of alpha-cells, with increased circulating glucagon, contributes to diabetes under conditions of intra-islet insulin deficiency, raises questions about effective treatments that may be available. Methods Blood glucose, plasma insulin, C-peptide I, C-peptide II, and glucagon were measured at various times during development of diabetes in Akita mice. We also used Akita- like hProC(A7)Y-CpepGFP transgenic mice in Ins2+/+, Ins2+/− and Ins2−/− genetic backgrounds (providing animals with greater or lesser defects in islet insulin production, respectively) in order to examine the relative abundance of immunostainable intra-islet glucagon-positive and insulin-positive cells. Similar measurements were made in Akita mice. Finally, the effects of treatment with insulin, exendin-4, and leptin on blood glucose were then compared in Akita mice. Results Interestingly, total insulin levels in the circulation were not frankly low in Akita mice, although they did not rise appropriately with the onset of hyperglycemia. By contrast, in severely diabetic Akita mice at 6 weeks of age, circulating glucagon levels were significantly elevated. Additionally, in Ins2+/− and Ins2−/− mice bearing the Akita-like hProC(A7)Y-CpepGFP transgene, development of diabetes correlated with an increase in the relative intra-islet abundance of immunostainable glucagon-positive cells, and a similar observation was made in Akita islets. In Akita mice, whereas a brief treatment with exendin-4 resulted in no apparent improvement in hyperglycemia, leptin treatment resulted in restoration of normoglycemia. Curiously, leptin treatment also suppressed circulating glucagon levels. Conclusions Loss of insulin-mediated intra-islet suppression of glucagon production may be a contributor to hyperglycemia in Akita mice, and leptin treatment appears beneficial in such a circumstance. This treatment might also be considered in some human diabetes patients with diminished insulin reserve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Barbetti
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Tor Vergata. Tor Vergata University Hospital, first floor, section D, room 118, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Colombo
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Leena Haataja
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Corentin Cras-Méneur
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Sergio Bernardini
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Peter Arvan
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI USA.,University of Michigan Medical Center, Brehm Tower room 5112, 1000 Wall St., Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA
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23
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Sedman T, Rünkorg K, Krass M, Luuk H, Plaas M, Vasar E, Volke V. Exenatide Is an Effective Antihyperglycaemic Agent in a Mouse Model of Wolfram Syndrome 1. J Diabetes Res 2016; 2016:9239530. [PMID: 27069934 PMCID: PMC4812441 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9239530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Wolfram syndrome 1 is a very rare monogenic disease resulting in a complex of disorders including diabetes mellitus. Up to now, insulin has been used to treat these patients. Some of the monogenic forms of diabetes respond preferentially to sulphonylurea preparations. The aim of the current study was to elucidate whether exenatide, a GLP-1 receptor agonist, and glipizide, a sulphonylurea, are effective in a mouse model of Wolfram syndrome 1. Wolframin-deficient mice were used to test the effect of insulin secretagogues. Wolframin-deficient mice had nearly normal fasting glucose levels but developed hyperglycaemia after glucose challenge. Exenatide in a dose of 10 μg/kg lowered the blood glucose level in both wild-type and wolframin-deficient mice when administered during a nonfasted state and during the intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test. Glipizide (0.6 or 2 mg/kg) was not able to reduce the glucose level in wolframin-deficient animals. In contrast to other groups, wolframin-deficient mice had a lower insulin-to-glucose ratio during the intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test, indicating impaired insulin secretion. Exenatide increased the insulin-to-glucose ratio irrespective of genotype, demonstrating the ability to correct the impaired insulin secretion caused by wolframin deficiency. We conclude that GLP-1 agonists may have potential in the treatment of Wolfram syndrome-related diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuuli Sedman
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
- Centre for Translational Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kertu Rünkorg
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
- Centre for Translational Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Maarja Krass
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
- Centre for Translational Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Hendrik Luuk
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
- Centre for Translational Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mario Plaas
- Laboratory Animal Centre, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Eero Vasar
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
- Centre for Translational Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Vallo Volke
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
- Centre for Translational Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
- Tartu University Hospital, 8 L. Puusepa Street, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
- *Vallo Volke:
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24
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Li Y, Bader M, Tamargo I, Rubovitch V, Tweedie D, Pick CG, Greig NH. Liraglutide is neurotrophic and neuroprotective in neuronal cultures and mitigates mild traumatic brain injury in mice. J Neurochem 2015; 135:1203-1217. [PMID: 25982185 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI), a brain dysfunction for which there is no present effective treatment, is often caused by a concussive impact to the head and affects an estimated 1.7 million Americans annually. Our laboratory previously demonstrated that exendin-4, a long-lasting glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonist, has neuroprotective effects in cellular and animal models of TBI. Here, we demonstrate neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects of a different GLP-1R agonist, liraglutide, in neuronal cultures and a mouse model of mild TBI (mTBI). Liraglutide promoted dose-dependent proliferation in SH-SY5Y cells and in a GLP-1R over-expressing cell line at reduced concentrations. Pre-treatment with liraglutide rescued neuronal cells from oxidative stress- and glutamate excitotoxicity-induced cell death. Liraglutide produced neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects similar to those of exendin-4 in vitro. The cAMP/PKA/pCREB pathway appears to play an important role in this neuroprotective activity of liraglutide. Furthermore, our findings in cell culture were well-translated in a weight drop mTBI mouse model. Post-treatment with a clinically relevant dose of liraglutide for 7 days in mice ameliorated memory impairments caused by mTBI when evaluated 7 and 30 days post trauma. These data cross-validate former studies of exendin-4 and suggest that liraglutide holds therapeutic potential for the treatment of mTBI. Exendin-4, a long-lasting glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonist, has neuroprotective effects in cellular and animal models of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Here, we demonstrate neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects of a different GLP-1R agonist, liraglutide, in neuronal cultures and a mouse model of mild TBI (mTBI). Liraglutide promoted dose-dependent proliferation in SH-SY5Y cells and in a GLP-1R over-expressing cell line at reduced concentrations. Pretreatment with liraglutide rescued neuronal cells from oxidative stress- and glutamate excitotoxicity-induced cell death. Liraglutide produced neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects similar to those of exendin-4 in vitro, likely involving the cAMP/PKA/pCREB pathway. Our findings in cell culture were well-translated in a weight-drop mTBI mouse model. Post-treatment with a clinically relevant dose of liraglutide for 7 days in mice ameliorated memory impairments caused by mTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazhou Li
- Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Miaad Bader
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, 69978 Israel
| | - Ian Tamargo
- Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Vardit Rubovitch
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, 69978 Israel
| | - David Tweedie
- Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Chaim G Pick
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, 69978 Israel.,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, 69978 Israel
| | - Nigel H Greig
- Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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25
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Huang C, Yuan L, Cao S. Endogenous GLP-1 as a key self-defense molecule against lipotoxicity in pancreatic islets. Int J Mol Med 2015; 36:173-85. [PMID: 25976560 PMCID: PMC4494597 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of pro-α cells is known to increase in response to β cell injury and these cells then generate glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), thus attenuating the development of diabetes. The aim of the present study was to further examine the role and the mechanisms responsible for intra-islet GLP-1 production as a self-protective response against lipotoxicity. The levels of the key enzyme, prohormone convertase 1/3 (PC1/3), as well as the synthesis and release of GLP-1 in models of lipotoxicity were measured. Furthermore, islet viability, apoptosis, oxidative stress and inflammation, as well as islet structure were assessed after altering GLP-1 receptor signaling. Both prolonged exposure to palmitate and a high-fat diet facilitated PC1/3 expression, as well as the synthesis and release of GLP-1 induced by β cell injury and the generation of pro-α cells. Prolonged exposure to palmitate increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and the antioxidant, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), partially prevented the detrimental effects induced by palmitate on β cells, resulting in decreased GLP-1 levels. Furthermore, the inhibition of GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) signaling by treatment with exendin‑(9-39) further decreased cell viability, increased cell apoptosis and caused a stronger inhibition of the β cell-specific transcription factor, pancreatic duodenal homeobox 1 (PDX1). Moreover, treatment with the GLP-1R agonist, liraglutide, normalized islet structure and function, resulting in a decrease in cell death and in the amelioration of β cell marker expression. Importantly, liraglutide maintained the oxidative balance and decreased inflammatory factor and p65 expression. Overall, our data demonstrate that an increase in the number of pro-α cells and the activation of the intra-islet GLP-1 system comprise a self-defense mechanism for enhancing β cell survival to combat lipid overload, which is in part mediated by oxidative stress and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghu Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Li Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Shuyi Cao
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
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26
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Koehler JA, Baggio LL, Cao X, Abdulla T, Campbell JE, Secher T, Jelsing J, Larsen B, Drucker DJ. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists increase pancreatic mass by induction of protein synthesis. Diabetes 2015; 64:1046-56. [PMID: 25277394 DOI: 10.2337/db14-0883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) controls glucose homeostasis by regulating secretion of insulin and glucagon through a single GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R). GLP-1R agonists also increase pancreatic weight in some preclinical studies through poorly understood mechanisms. Here we demonstrate that the increase in pancreatic weight following activation of GLP-1R signaling in mice reflects an increase in acinar cell mass, without changes in ductal compartments or β-cell mass. GLP-1R agonists did not increase pancreatic DNA content or the number of Ki67(+) cells in the exocrine compartment; however, pancreatic protein content was increased in mice treated with exendin-4 or liraglutide. The increased pancreatic mass and protein content was independent of cholecystokinin receptors, associated with a rapid increase in S6 phosphorylation, and mediated through the GLP-1R. Rapamycin abrogated the GLP-1R-dependent increase in pancreatic mass but had no effect on the robust induction of Reg3α and Reg3β gene expression. Mass spectrometry analysis identified GLP-1R-dependent upregulation of Reg family members, as well as proteins important for translation and export, including Fam129a, eIF4a1, Wars, and Dmbt1. Hence, pharmacological GLP-1R activation induces protein synthesis, leading to increased pancreatic mass, independent of changes in DNA content or cell proliferation in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline A Koehler
- Department of Medicine, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laurie L Baggio
- Department of Medicine, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xiemin Cao
- Department of Medicine, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tahmid Abdulla
- Department of Medicine, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan E Campbell
- Department of Medicine, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Brett Larsen
- Department of Medicine, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel J Drucker
- Department of Medicine, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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27
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Filippatos TD, Panagiotopoulou TV, Elisaf MS. Adverse Effects of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists. Rev Diabet Stud 2015; 11:202-30. [PMID: 26177483 DOI: 10.1900/rds.2014.11.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists are a class of injective anti-diabetic drugs that improve glycemic control and many other atherosclerosis-related parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, the use of this relatively new class of drugs may be associated with certain adverse effects. Concerns have been expressed regarding the effects of these drugs on pancreatic and thyroid tissue, since animal studies and analyses of drug databases indicate an association of GLP-1 receptor agonists with pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, and thyroid cancer. However, several meta-analyses failed to confirm a cause-effect relation between GLP-1 receptor agonists and the development of these adverse effects. One benefit of GLP-1 receptor agonists is that they do not cause hypoglycemia when combined with metformin or thiazolidinediones, but the dose of concomitant sulphonylurea or insulin may have to be decreased to reduce the risk of hypoglycemic episodes. On the other hand, several case reports have linked the use of these drugs, mainly exenatide, with the occurrence of acute kidney injury, primarily through hemodynamic derangement due to nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. The most common symptoms associated with the use of GLP-1 receptor agonists are gastrointestinal symptoms, mainly nausea. Other common adverse effects include injection site reactions, headache, and nasopharyngitis, but these effects do not usually result in discontinuation of the drug. Current evidence shows that GLP-1 receptor agonists have no negative effects on the cardiovascular risk of patients with T2D. Thus, GLP-1 receptor agonists appear to have a favorable safety profile, but ongoing trials will further assess their cardiovascular effects. The aim of this review is to analyze critically the available data regarding adverse events of GLP-1 receptor agonists in different anatomic systems published in Pubmed and Scopus. Whenever possible, certain differences between GLP-1 receptor agonists are described. The review also provides the reader with structured data that compare the rates of the most common adverse effects for each of the various GLP-1 receptor agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodosios D Filippatos
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Thalia V Panagiotopoulou
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Moses S Elisaf
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
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28
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Du Q, Wang YJ, Yang S, Han P. Clinical utility and patient considerations in the use of the sitagliptin-metformin combination in Chinese patients. Patient Prefer Adherence 2015; 9:281-7. [PMID: 25709414 PMCID: PMC4332288 DOI: 10.2147/ppa.s64691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) continues to increase each year. However, the efficacy of glucose-lowering therapies remains unsatisfactory. Moreover, the clinical characteristics and manifestations of DM in Chinese patients are different from those in Western patients. Thus, it is imperative to develop an optimal treatment protocol for lowering blood glucose levels in Chinese patients with DM. Sitagliptin has been used in People's Republic of China, and sitagliptin and metformin combination therapy may not alter their individual pharmacokinetics. To date, several clinical trials undertaken to investigate the efficacy of sitagliptin and metformin combination therapy have revealed that it effectively controlled glycated hemoglobin, fasting plasma glucose, and postprandial plasma glucose levels to a greater extent than sitagliptin or metformin alone. In addition, the combined therapy was well tolerated and induced few side effects, which were largely mild. Furthermore, the combined therapy was easy to administer, and the patients receiving this therapy showed good compliance. Therefore, for Chinese patients with type 2 DM, sitagliptin and metformin combination therapy is preferred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Du
- Department of Endocrinology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Qiang Du, Department of Endocrinology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 138 4206 0676, Email
| | - Yan-Jun Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sheng Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ping Han
- Department of Endocrinology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China
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29
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Mitchell RK, Mondragon A, Chen L, Mcginty JA, French PM, Ferrer J, Thorens B, Hodson DJ, Rutter GA, Da Silva Xavier G. Selective disruption of Tcf7l2 in the pancreatic β cell impairs secretory function and lowers β cell mass. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 24:1390-9. [PMID: 25355422 PMCID: PMC4321446 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is characterized by β cell dysfunction and loss. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the T-cell factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) gene, associated with T2D by genome-wide association studies, lead to impaired β cell function. While deletion of the homologous murine Tcf7l2 gene throughout the developing pancreas leads to impaired glucose tolerance, deletion in the β cell in adult mice reportedly has more modest effects. To inactivate Tcf7l2 highly selectively in β cells from the earliest expression of the Ins1 gene (∼E11.5) we have therefore used a Cre recombinase introduced at the Ins1 locus. Tcfl2fl/fl::Ins1Cre mice display impaired oral and intraperitoneal glucose tolerance by 8 and 16 weeks, respectively, and defective responses to the GLP-1 analogue liraglutide at 8 weeks. Tcfl2fl/fl::Ins1Cre islets displayed defective glucose- and GLP-1-stimulated insulin secretion and the expression of both the Ins2 (∼20%) and Glp1r (∼40%) genes were significantly reduced. Glucose- and GLP-1-induced intracellular free Ca2+ increases, and connectivity between individual β cells, were both lowered by Tcf7l2 deletion in islets from mice maintained on a high (60%) fat diet. Finally, analysis by optical projection tomography revealed ∼30% decrease in β cell mass in pancreata from Tcfl2fl/fl::Ins1Cre mice. These data demonstrate that Tcf7l2 plays a cell autonomous role in the control of β cell function and mass, serving as an important regulator of gene expression and islet cell coordination. The possible relevance of these findings for the action of TCF7L2 polymorphisms associated with Type 2 diabetes in man is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan K Mitchell
- Section of Cell Biology, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine
| | - Angeles Mondragon
- Section of Cell Biology, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine
| | | | | | | | - Jorge Ferrer
- Section of Genetics and Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Bernard Thorens
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Physiology Department, University of Lausanne, Genopode Building, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David J Hodson
- Section of Cell Biology, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine
| | - Guy A Rutter
- Section of Cell Biology, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine,
| | - Gabriela Da Silva Xavier
- Section of Cell Biology, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine,
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