1
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Yayan J, Rasche K, Franke KJ, Windisch W, Berger M. FDG-PET-CT as an early detection method for tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:2022. [PMID: 39075378 PMCID: PMC11285570 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-19495-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) causes major public health problems worldwide. Fighting TB requires sustained efforts in health prevention, diagnosis and treatment. Previous literature has shown that conventional diagnostic methods like X-ray and sputum microscopy often miss early or extrapulmonary TB due to their limited sensitivity. Blood tests, while useful, lack the anatomical detail needed for precise localization of TB lesions. A possible step forward in the fight against TB could be the use of Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography (FDG-PET) and Computed Tomography (CT). This meta-analysis discusses the current literature, including the methods, results and implications of using FDG-PET-CT in the early diagnosis of TB. Analysis of the studies showed that the sensitivity of FDG-PET-CT as a potential method for early detection of TB was 82.6%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Yayan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, Witten/Herdecke University, HELIOS Clinic Wuppertal, Heusnerstr. 40, 42283, Wuppertal, Germany.
| | - Kurt Rasche
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, Witten/Herdecke University, HELIOS Clinic Wuppertal, Heusnerstr. 40, 42283, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Karl-Josef Franke
- University of Witten/Herdecke Chair of Internal Medicine I Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Clinical Center Siegen, Siegen, Germany
| | - Wolfram Windisch
- Department of Pneumology, Cologne Merheim Hospital, Witten/Herdecke University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Melanie Berger
- Department of Pneumology, Cologne Merheim Hospital, Witten/Herdecke University, Cologne, Germany
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2
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Alanizi AA, Sorlin AM, Parker MFL, López-Álvarez M, Qin H, Lee SH, Blecha J, Rosenberg OS, Engel J, Ohliger MA, Flavell RR, Wilson DM. Bioorthogonal Radiolabeling of Azide-Modified Bacteria Using [ 18F]FB-sulfo-DBCO. Bioconjug Chem 2024; 35:517-527. [PMID: 38482815 PMCID: PMC11036355 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.4c00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
Purpose: This study was motivated by the need for better positron emission tomography (PET)-compatible tools to image bacterial infection. Our previous efforts have targeted bacteria-specific metabolism via assimilation of carbon-11 labeled d-amino acids into the bacterial cell wall. Since the chemical determinants of this incorporation are not fully understood, we sought a high-throughput method to label d-amino acid derived structures with fluorine-18. Our strategy employed a chemical biology approach, whereby an azide (-N3) bearing d-amino acid is incorporated into peptidoglycan muropeptides, with subsequent "click" cycloaddition with an 18F-labeled strained cyclooctyne partner. Procedures: A water-soluble, 18F-labeled and dibenzocyclooctyne (DBCO)-derived radiotracer ([18F]FB-sulfo-DBCO) was synthesized. This tracer was incubated with pathogenic bacteria treated with azide-bearing d-amino acids, and incorporated 18F was determined via gamma counting. In vitro uptake in bacteria previously treated with azide-modified d-amino acids was compared to that in cultures treated with amino acid controls. The biodistribution of [18F]FB-sulfo-DBCO was studied in a cohort of healthy mice with implications for future in vivo imaging. Results: The new strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC) radiotracer [18F]FB-sulfo-DBCO was synthesized with high radiochemical yield and purity via N-succinimidyl 4-[18F]fluorobenzoate ([18F]SFB). Accumulation of [18F]FB-sulfo-DBCO was significantly higher in several bacteria treated with azide-modified d-amino acids than in controls; for example, we observed 7 times greater [18F]FB-sulfo-DBCO ligation in Staphylococcus aureus cultures incubated with 3-azido-d-alanine versus those incubated with d-alanine. Conclusions: The SPAAC radiotracer [18F]FB-sulfo-DBCO was validated in vitro via metabolic labeling of azide-bearing peptidoglycan muropeptides. d-Amino acid-derived PET radiotracers may be more efficiently screened via [18F]FB-sulfo-DBCO modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aryn A. Alanizi
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University
of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Alexandre M. Sorlin
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University
of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Matthew F. L. Parker
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University
of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
- Department
of Psychiatry, Renaissance School of Medicine
at Stony Brook University, Stony
Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Marina López-Álvarez
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University
of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Hecong Qin
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University
of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Sang Hee Lee
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University
of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Joseph Blecha
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University
of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Oren S. Rosenberg
- Department
of Medicine, University of California, San
Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Joanne Engel
- Department
of Medicine, University of California, San
Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Michael A. Ohliger
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University
of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
- Department
of Radiology, Zuckerberg San Francisco General
Hospital, San Francisco, California 94110, United States
| | - Robert R. Flavell
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University
of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - David M. Wilson
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University
of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
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3
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Chesdachai S, Esquer Garrigos Z, DeSimone CV, DeSimone DC, Baddour LM. Infective Endocarditis Involving Implanted Cardiac Electronic Devices: JACC Focus Seminar 1/4. J Am Coll Cardiol 2024; 83:1326-1337. [PMID: 38569763 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2023.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Cardiac implantable electronic device-related infective endocarditis (CIED-IE) encompasses a range of clinical syndromes, including valvular, device lead, and bloodstream infections. However, accurately diagnosing CIED-IE remains challenging owing in part to diverse clinical presentations, lack of standardized definition, and variations in guideline recommendations. Furthermore, current diagnostic modalities, such as transesophageal echocardiography and [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography have limited sensitivity and specificity, further contributing to diagnostic uncertainty. This can potentially result in complications and unnecessary costs associated with inappropriate device extraction. Six hypothetical clinical cases that exemplify the diverse manifestations of CIED-IE are addressed herein. Through these cases, we highlight the importance of optimizing diagnostic accuracy and stewardship, understanding different pathogen-specific risks for bloodstream infections, guiding appropriate device extraction, and preventing CIED-IE, all while addressing key knowledge gaps. This review both informs clinicians and underscores crucial areas for future investigation, thereby shedding light on this complex and challenging syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supavit Chesdachai
- Division of Public Health, Infectious Diseases and Occupational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
| | - Zerelda Esquer Garrigos
- Division of Public Health, Infectious Diseases and Occupational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | | | - Daniel C DeSimone
- Division of Public Health, Infectious Diseases and Occupational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Larry M Baddour
- Division of Public Health, Infectious Diseases and Occupational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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4
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Jo J, Upadhyay T, Woods EC, Park KW, Pedowitz NJ, Jaworek-Korjakowska J, Wang S, Valdez TA, Fellner M, Bogyo M. Development of Oxadiazolone Activity-Based Probes Targeting FphE for Specific Detection of Staphylococcus aureus Infections. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:6880-6892. [PMID: 38411555 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a major human pathogen that is responsible for a wide range of systemic infections. Since its propensity to form biofilms in vivo poses formidable challenges for both detection and treatment, tools that can be used to specifically image S. aureus biofilms are highly valuable for clinical management. Here, we describe the development of oxadiazolone-based activity-based probes to target the S. aureus-specific serine hydrolase FphE. Because this enzyme lacks homologues in other bacteria, it is an ideal target for selective imaging of S. aureus infections. Using X-ray crystallography, direct cell labeling, and mouse models of infection, we demonstrate that oxadiazolone-based probes enable specific labeling of S. aureus bacteria through the direct covalent modification of the FphE active site serine. These results demonstrate the utility of the oxadizolone electrophile for activity-based probes and validate FphE as a target for the development of imaging contrast agents for the rapid detection of S. aureus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeyun Jo
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Tulsi Upadhyay
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Emily C Woods
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Ki Wan Park
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery Divisions, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Nichole J Pedowitz
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | | | - Sijie Wang
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Tulio A Valdez
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery Divisions, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Matthias Fellner
- Biochemistry Department, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Matthew Bogyo
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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5
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Burban A, Słupik D, Reda A, Szczerba E, Grabowski M, Kołodzińska A. Novel Diagnostic Methods for Infective Endocarditis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1245. [PMID: 38279244 PMCID: PMC10816594 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Infective endocarditis (IE) remains a dangerous disease and continues to have a high mortality rate. Unfortunately, despite continuous improvements in diagnostic methods, in many cases, blood cultures remain negative, and the pathogen causing endocarditis is unknown. This makes targeted therapy and the selection of appropriate antibiotics impossible. Therefore, we present what methods can be used to identify the pathogen in infective endocarditis. These are mainly molecular methods, including PCR and MGS, as well as imaging methods using radiotracers, which offer more possibilities for diagnosing IE. However, they are still not widely used in the diagnosis of IE. The article summarizes in which cases we should choose them and what we are most hopeful about in further research into the diagnosis of IE. In addition, registered clinical trials that are currently underway for the diagnosis of IE are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Burban
- 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
- Doctoral School, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Słupik
- 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Reda
- 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Szczerba
- 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Grabowski
- 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kołodzińska
- 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
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6
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Chen X, Gallagher F, Sellmyer MA, Ordonez AA, Kjaer A, Ohliger M, Wilson DM, Jain SK. Visualizing Bacterial Infections With Novel Targeted Molecular Imaging Approaches. J Infect Dis 2023; 228:S249-S258. [PMID: 37788506 PMCID: PMC10547462 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Although nearly a century has elapsed since the discovery of penicillin, bacterial infections remain a major global threat. Global antibiotic use resulted in an astounding 42 billion doses of antibiotics administered in 2015 with 128 billion annual doses expected by 2030. This overuse of antibiotics has led to the selection of multidrug-resistant "super-bugs," resulting in increasing numbers of patients being susceptible to life-threatening infections with few available therapeutic options. New clinical tools are therefore urgently needed to identify bacterial infections and monitor response to antibiotics, thereby limiting overuse of antibiotics and improving overall health. Next-generation molecular imaging affords unique opportunities to target and identify bacterial infections, enabling spatial characterization as well as noninvasive, temporal monitoring of the natural course of the disease and response to therapy. These emerging noninvasive imaging approaches could overcome several limitations of current tools in infectious disease, such as the need for biological samples for testing with their associated sampling bias. Imaging of living bacteria can also reveal basic biological insights about their behavior in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyi Chen
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ferdia Gallagher
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mark A Sellmyer
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alvaro A Ordonez
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andreas Kjaer
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Ohliger
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - David M Wilson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sanjay K Jain
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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7
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Sorlin A, López-Álvarez M, Rabbitt SJ, Alanizi AA, Shuere R, Bobba KN, Blecha J, Sakhamuri S, Evans MJ, Bayles KW, Flavell RR, Rosenberg OS, Sriram R, Desmet T, Nidetzky B, Engel J, Ohliger MA, Fraser JS, Wilson DM. Chemoenzymatic Syntheses of Fluorine-18-Labeled Disaccharides from [ 18F] FDG Yield Potent Sensors of Living Bacteria In Vivo. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:17632-17642. [PMID: 37535945 PMCID: PMC10436271 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Chemoenzymatic techniques have been applied extensively to pharmaceutical development, most effectively when routine synthetic methods fail. The regioselective and stereoselective construction of structurally complex glycans is an elegant application of this approach that is seldom applied to positron emission tomography (PET) tracers. We sought a method to dimerize 2-deoxy-[18F]-fluoro-d-glucose ([18F]FDG), the most common tracer used in clinical imaging, to form [18F]-labeled disaccharides for detecting microorganisms in vivo based on their bacteria-specific glycan incorporation. When [18F]FDG was reacted with β-d-glucose-1-phosphate in the presence of maltose phosphorylase, the α-1,4- and α-1,3-linked products 2-deoxy-[18F]-fluoro-maltose ([18F]FDM) and 2-deoxy-2-[18F]-fluoro-sakebiose ([18F]FSK) were obtained. This method was further extended with the use of trehalose (α,α-1,1), laminaribiose (β-1,3), and cellobiose (β-1,4) phosphorylases to synthesize 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-trehalose ([18F]FDT), 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-laminaribiose ([18F]FDL), and 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-cellobiose ([18F]FDC). We subsequently tested [18F]FDM and [18F]FSK in vitro, showing accumulation by several clinically relevant pathogens including Staphylococcus aureus and Acinetobacter baumannii, and demonstrated their specific uptake in vivo. Both [18F]FDM and [18F]FSK were stable in human serum with high accumulation in preclinical infection models. The synthetic ease and high sensitivity of [18F]FDM and [18F]FSK to S. aureus including methicillin-resistant (MRSA) strains strongly justify clinical translation of these tracers to infected patients. Furthermore, this work suggests that chemoenzymatic radiosyntheses of complex [18F]FDG-derived oligomers will afford a wide array of PET radiotracers for infectious and oncologic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre
M. Sorlin
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University
of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Marina López-Álvarez
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University
of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Sarah J. Rabbitt
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University
of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Aryn A. Alanizi
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University
of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Rebecca Shuere
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University
of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Kondapa Naidu Bobba
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University
of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Joseph Blecha
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University
of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Sasank Sakhamuri
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University
of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Michael J. Evans
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University
of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Kenneth W. Bayles
- Department
of Pathology and Microbiology, University
of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Robert R. Flavell
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University
of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Oren S. Rosenberg
- Department
of Medicine University of California, San
Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Renuka Sriram
- Department
of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Gent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Tom Desmet
- Department
of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Gent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Institute
of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Joanne Engel
- Department
of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Gent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Michael A. Ohliger
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University
of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
- Department
of Radiology Zuckerberg San Francisco General
Hospital, San Francisco, California 94110, United States
| | - James S. Fraser
- Department
of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - David M. Wilson
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University
of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
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8
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Borg RE, Ozbakir HF, Xu B, Li E, Fang X, Peng H, Chen IA, Mukherjee A. Genetically engineered filamentous phage for bacterial detection using magnetic resonance imaging. SENSORS & DIAGNOSTICS 2023; 2:948-955. [PMID: 38405385 PMCID: PMC10888512 DOI: 10.1039/d3sd00026e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Detecting bacterial cells with high specificity in deep tissues is challenging. Optical probes provide specificity, but are limited by the scattering and absorption of light in biological tissues. Conversely, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) allows unfettered access to deep tissues, but lacks contrast agents for detecting specific bacterial strains. Here, we introduce a biomolecular platform that combines both capabilities by exploiting the modularity of M13 phage to target bacteria with tunable specificity and allow deep-tissue imaging using T1-weighted MRI. We engineered two types of phage probes: one for detecting the phage's natural host, viz., F-pilus expressing E. coli; and the other for detecting a different (F-negative) bacterial target, V. cholerae. We show that these phage sensors generate 3-9-fold stronger T1 relaxation upon recognizing target cells relative to non-target bacteria. We further establish a preliminary proof-of-concept for in vivo applications, by demonstrating that phage-labeled bacteria can be detected in mice using MRI. The framework developed in this study may have potential utility in a broad range of applications, from basic biomedical research to in situ diagnostics, which require methods to detect and track specific bacteria in the context of intact living systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond E Borg
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Harun F Ozbakir
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Binzhi Xu
- Biomolecular Science and Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Eugene Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Xiwen Fang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Huan Peng
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Irene A Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Arnab Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
- Biological Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
- Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
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9
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Campbell E, Jordan C, Gilmour R. Fluorinated carbohydrates for 18F-positron emission tomography (PET). Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:3599-3626. [PMID: 37171037 PMCID: PMC10243284 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00037k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrate diversity is foundational in the molecular literacy that regulates cellular function and communication. Consequently, delineating and leveraging this structure-function interplay continues to be a core research objective in the development of candidates for biomedical diagnostics. A totemic example is the ubiquity of 2-deoxy-2-[18F]-fluoro-D-glucose (2-[18F]-FDG) as a radiotracer for positron emission tomography (PET), in which metabolic trapping is harnessed. Building on this clinical success, more complex sugars with unique selectivities are gaining momentum in molecular recognition and personalised medicine: this reflects the opportunities that carbohydrate-specific targeting affords in a broader sense. In this Tutorial Review, key milestones in the development of 2-[18F]-FDG and related glycan-based radiotracers for PET are described, with their diagnostic functions, to assist in navigating this rapidly expanding field of interdisciplinary research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Campbell
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany.
- Cells in Motion Interfaculty Centre, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Röntgenstraße 16, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Christina Jordan
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany.
- Cells in Motion Interfaculty Centre, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Röntgenstraße 16, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Ryan Gilmour
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany.
- Cells in Motion Interfaculty Centre, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Röntgenstraße 16, 48149, Münster, Germany
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10
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Sorlin AM, López-Álvarez M, Rabbitt SJ, Alanizi AA, Shuere R, Bobba KN, Blecha J, Sakhamuri S, Evans MJ, Bayles KW, Flavell RR, Rosenberg OS, Sriram R, Desmet T, Nidetzky B, Engel J, Ohliger MA, Fraser JS, Wilson DM. Chemoenzymatic syntheses of fluorine-18-labeled disaccharides from [ 18 F]FDG yield potent sensors of living bacteria in vivo. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.20.541529. [PMID: 37293043 PMCID: PMC10245702 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.20.541529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Chemoenzymatic techniques have been applied extensively to pharmaceutical development, most effectively when routine synthetic methods fail. The regioselective and stereoselective construction of structurally complex glycans is an elegant application of this approach, that is seldom applied to positron emission tomography (PET) tracers. We sought a method to dimerize 2-deoxy-[ 18 F]-fluoro-D-glucose ([ 18 F]FDG), the most common tracer used in clinical imaging, to form [ 18 F]-labeled disaccharides for detecting microorganisms in vivo based on their bacteria-specific glycan incorporation. When [ 18 F]FDG was reacted with β-D-glucose-1-phosphate in the presence of maltose phosphorylase, both the α-1,4 and α-1,3-linked products 2-deoxy-[ 18 F]-fluoro-maltose ([ 18 F]FDM) and 2-deoxy-2-[ 18 F]-fluoro-sakebiose ([ 18 F]FSK) were obtained. This method was further extended with the use of trehalose (α,α-1,1), laminaribiose (β-1,3), and cellobiose (β-1,4) phosphorylases to synthesize 2-deoxy-2-[ 18 F]fluoro-trehalose ([ 18 F]FDT), 2-deoxy-2-[ 18 F]fluoro-laminaribiose ([ 18 F]FDL), and 2-deoxy-2-[ 18 F]fluoro-cellobiose ([ 18 F]FDC). We subsequently tested [ 18 F]FDM and [ 18 F]FSK in vitro, showing accumulation by several clinically relevant pathogens including Staphylococcus aureus and Acinetobacter baumannii, and demonstrated their specific uptake in vivo. The lead sakebiose-derived tracer [ 18 F]FSK was stable in human serum and showed high uptake in preclinical models of myositis and vertebral discitis-osteomyelitis. Both the synthetic ease, and high sensitivity of [ 18 F]FSK to S. aureus including methicillin-resistant (MRSA) strains strongly justify clinical translation of this tracer to infected patients. Furthermore, this work suggests that chemoenzymatic radiosyntheses of complex [ 18 F]FDG-derived oligomers will afford a wide array of PET radiotracers for infectious and oncologic applications.
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Braams LM, Sijbesma JWA, Boersma HH, van Dijl JM, Elsinga PH, Glaudemans AWJM, Slart RHJA, van Oosten M. Preclinical evaluation of 2-[ 18F]fluorodeoxysorbitol as a tracer for targeted imaging of Enterobacterales infection. Int J Med Microbiol 2023; 313:151581. [PMID: 37209590 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2023.151581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]FDG) positron emission tomography (18F-FDG-PET) is widely used for the detection of inflammatory and infectious diseases. Although this modality has proven to be a useful diagnostic tool, reliable distinction of bacterial infection from sterile inflammation or even from a malignancy remains challenging. Therefore, there is a need for bacteria-specific tracers for PET imaging that facilitate a reliable distinction of bacterial infection from other pathology. The present study was aimed at exploring the potential of 2-[18F]-fluorodeoxysorbitol ([18F]FDS) as a tracer for detection of Enterobacterales infections. Sorbitol is a sugar alcohol that is commonly metabolized by bacteria of the Enterobacterales order, but not by mammalian cells, which makes it an attractive candidate for targeted bacterial imaging. The latter is important in view of the serious clinical implications of infections caused by Enterobacterales. Here we demonstrate that sorbitol-based PET can be applied to detect a broad range of clinical bacterial isolates not only in vitro, but also in blood and ascites samples from patients suffering from Enterobacterales infections. Notably, the possible application of [18F]FDS is not limited to Enterobacterales since Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Corynebacterium jeikeium also showed substantial uptake of this tracer. We conclude that [18F]FDS is a promising tracer for PET-imaging of infections caused by a group of bacteria that can cause serious invasive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisanne M Braams
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Hanzeplein 1 PO box 30001, 9700RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jürgen W A Sijbesma
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Imaging Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Hanzeplein 1 PO box 30001, 9700RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Hendrikus H Boersma
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Imaging Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Hanzeplein 1 PO box 30001, 9700RB Groningen, the Netherlands; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hanzeplein 1 PO box 30001, 9700RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Maarten van Dijl
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Hanzeplein 1 PO box 30001, 9700RB Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Philip H Elsinga
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Imaging Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Hanzeplein 1 PO box 30001, 9700RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Andor W J M Glaudemans
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Imaging Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Hanzeplein 1 PO box 30001, 9700RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Riemer H J A Slart
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Imaging Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Hanzeplein 1 PO box 30001, 9700RB Groningen, the Netherlands; TechMed Centre, Department of Biomedical Photonic Imaging, University of Twente, PO box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Marleen van Oosten
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Hanzeplein 1 PO box 30001, 9700RB Groningen, the Netherlands
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12
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Polyak A, Képes Z, Trencsényi G. Implant Imaging: Perspectives of Nuclear Imaging in Implant, Biomaterial, and Stem Cell Research. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10050521. [PMID: 37237591 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10050521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Until now, very few efforts have been made to specifically trace, monitor, and visualize implantations, artificial organs, and bioengineered scaffolds for tissue engineering in vivo. While mainly X-Ray, CT, and MRI methods have been used for this purpose, the applications of more sensitive, quantitative, specific, radiotracer-based nuclear imaging techniques remain a challenge. As the need for biomaterials increases, so does the need for research tools to evaluate host responses. PET (positron emission tomography) and SPECT (single photon emission computer tomography) techniques are promising tools for the clinical translation of such regenerative medicine and tissue engineering efforts. These tracer-based methods offer unique and inevitable support, providing specific, quantitative, visual, non-invasive feedback on implanted biomaterials, devices, or transplanted cells. PET and SPECT can improve and accelerate these studies through biocompatibility, inertivity, and immune-response evaluations over long investigational periods at high sensitivities with low limits of detection. The wide range of radiopharmaceuticals, the newly developed specific bacteria, and the inflammation of specific or fibrosis-specific tracers as well as labeled individual nanomaterials can represent new, valuable tools for implant research. This review aims to summarize the opportunities of nuclear-imaging-supported implant research, including bone, fibrosis, bacteria, nanoparticle, and cell imaging, as well as the latest cutting-edge pretargeting methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andras Polyak
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Imaging, Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zita Képes
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Imaging, Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - György Trencsényi
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Imaging, Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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13
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Singh SB, Bhandari S, Siwakoti S, Bhatta R, Raynor WY, Werner TJ, Alavi A, Hess S, Revheim ME. Is Imaging Bacteria with PET a Realistic Option or an Illusion? Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13071231. [PMID: 37046449 PMCID: PMC10093025 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13071231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The application of [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]FDG) as a radiotracer to detect sites of inflammation (either due to bacterial infection or primary inflammation) has led to exploring the role of PET in visualizing bacteria directly at sites of infection. However, the results from such efforts are controversial and inconclusive so far. We aimed to assess the limitations of PET as an effective modality in the diagnosis of bacterial infections. Inflammation due to bacterial infections can be visualized by using [18F]FDG-PET. However, the non-specificity of [18F]FDG makes it undesirable to visualize bacteria as the underlying cause of inflammation. Hence, more specific radiotracers that possibly bind to or accumulate in bacteria-specific receptors or enzymes are being explored. Several radiotracers, including 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluorosorbitol ([18F]FDS), 6-[18F]-fluoromaltose, [11C]para-aminobenzoic acid ([11C]PABA), radiolabeled trimethoprim (11C-TMP) and its analog fluoropropyl-trimethoprim (18F-FPTMP), other radiolabeled sugars, and antimicrobial drugs have been used to image microorganisms. Unfortunately, no progress has been made in translating the results to routine human use; feasibility and other factors have constrained their success in clinical settings. In the current article, we discuss the limitations of direct bacterial visualization with PET tracers, but emphasize the important role of [18F]FDG-PET as the only option for detecting evidence of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashi B Singh
- Department of Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sadikshya Bhandari
- Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel Hospital, Dhulikhel 45200, Nepal
| | - Shisir Siwakoti
- Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel Hospital, Dhulikhel 45200, Nepal
| | - Rabi Bhatta
- Universal College of Medical Sciences, Bhairahawa 32900, Nepal
| | - William Y Raynor
- Department of Radiology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 1 Robert Wood Johnson Place, MEB #404, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Thomas J Werner
- Department of Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Abass Alavi
- Department of Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Soren Hess
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Hospital Southwest Jutland, 6700 Esbjerg, Denmark
- Department of Regional Health Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Mona-Elisabeth Revheim
- The Intervention Center, Division of Technology and Innovation, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
- Division for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
- Norway and Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo, Norway
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14
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Chen D, Guo J, Li A, Sun C, Lin H, Lin H, Yang C, Wang W, Gao J. Metabolic fluorine labeling and hotspot imaging of dynamic gut microbiota in mice. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eabg6808. [PMID: 36706178 PMCID: PMC9882976 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg6808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Real-time localization and microbial activity information of indigenous gut microbiota over an extended period of time remains a challenge with existing visualizing methods. Here, we report a metabolic fluorine labeling (MEFLA)-based strategy for monitoring the dynamic gut microbiota via 19F magnetic resonance imaging (19F MRI). In situ labeling of different microbiota subgroups is achieved by using a panel of peptidoglycan-targeting MEFLA probes containing 19F atoms of different chemical shifts, and subsequent real-time in vivo imaging is accomplished by multiplexed hotspot 19F MRI with high sensitivity and unlimited penetration. Using this method, we realize extended visualization (>24 hours) of native gut microbes located at different intestinal sections and semiquantitative analysis of their metabolic dynamics modulated by various conditions, such as the host death and different β-lactam antibiotics. Our strategy holds great potential for noninvasive and real-time assessing of the metabolic activities and locations of the highly dynamic gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxia Chen
- Department of Chemical Biology, The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, and State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Junnan Guo
- Department of Chemical Biology, The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, and State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Ao Li
- Department of Chemical Biology, The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, and State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Chengjie Sun
- Department of Chemical Biology, The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, and State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Huibin Lin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Hongyu Lin
- Department of Chemical Biology, The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, and State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Chaoyong Yang
- Department of Chemical Biology, The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, and State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Jinhao Gao
- Department of Chemical Biology, The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, and State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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15
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Sun R, Liu M, Lu J, Chu B, Yang Y, Song B, Wang H, He Y. Bacteria loaded with glucose polymer and photosensitive ICG silicon-nanoparticles for glioblastoma photothermal immunotherapy. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5127. [PMID: 36050316 PMCID: PMC9433534 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32837-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria can bypass the blood-brain barrier (BBB), suggesting the possibility of employment of bacteria for combating central nervous system diseases. Herein, we develop a bacteria-based drug delivery system for glioblastoma (GBM) photothermal immunotherapy. The system, which we name as ‘Trojan bacteria’, consists of bacteria loaded with glucose polymer and photosensitive ICG silicon-nanoparticles. In an orthotopic GBM mouse model, we demonstrate that the intravenously injected bacteria bypass the BBB, targeting and penetrating GBM tissues. Upon 808 nm-laser irradiation, the photothermal effects produced by ICG allow the destruction of bacterial cells and the adjacent tumour cells. Furthermore, the bacterial debris as well as the tumour-associated antigens promote antitumor immune responses that prolong the survival of GBM-bearing mice. Moreover, we demonstrate the residual bacteria are effectively eliminated from the body, supporting the potential therapeutic use of this system. Different blood-brain barrier permeable systems, such as bacteria loaded with chemotherapy, have been proposed to treat glioblastoma. Here, the authors generate bacteria loaded with glucose polymer and photosensitive ICG silicon-nanoparticles to eliminate bacteria-infected glioblastoma cells and induce an anti-tumour immune response upon photothermal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Sun
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Biomedicine, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology (NANO-CIC), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Mingzhu Liu
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Biomedicine, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology (NANO-CIC), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Jianping Lu
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Biomedicine, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology (NANO-CIC), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Binbin Chu
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Biomedicine, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology (NANO-CIC), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yunmin Yang
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Biomedicine, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology (NANO-CIC), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Bin Song
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Biomedicine, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology (NANO-CIC), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Houyu Wang
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Biomedicine, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology (NANO-CIC), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Yao He
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Biomedicine, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology (NANO-CIC), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
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16
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Erba PA, Bartoli F, Sollini M, Raffaella B, Zanca R, Enrica E, Lazzeri E. Alternative Nuclear Imaging Tools for Infection Imaging. Curr Cardiol Rep 2022; 24:879-891. [PMID: 35696046 PMCID: PMC9288362 DOI: 10.1007/s11886-022-01708-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Cardiovascular infections are serious disease associated with high morbidity and mortality. Their diagnosis is challenging, requiring a proper management for a prompt recognition of the clinical manifestations, and a multidisciplinary approach involving cardiologists, cardiothoracic surgeons, infectious diseases specialist, imagers, and microbiologists. Imaging plays a central role in the diagnostic workout, including molecular imaging techniques. In this setting, two different strategies might be used to image infections: the first is based on the use of agents targeting the microorganism responsible for the infection. Alternatively, we can target the components of the pathophysiological changes of the inflammatory process and/or the host response to the infectious pathogen can be considered. Understanding the strength and limitations of each strategy is crucial to select the most appropriate imaging tool. Recent Findings Currently, multislice computed tomography (MSCT) and nuclear imaging (18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography, and leucocyte scintigraphy) are part of the diagnostic strategies. The main role of nuclear medicine imaging (PET/CT and SPECT/CT) is the confirmation of valve/CIED involvement and/or associated perivalvular infection and the detection of distant septic embolism. Proper patients’ preparation, imaging acquisition, and reconstruction as well as imaging reading are crucial to maximize the diagnostic information. Summary In this manuscript, we described the use of molecular imaging techniques, in particular WBC imaging, in patients with infective endocarditis, cardiovascular implantable electronic device infections, and infections of composite aortic graft, underlying the strength and limitations of such approached as compared to the other imaging modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Anna Erba
- Regional Center of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Translational Research and Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via Roma 57, 56126, Pisa, Italy.
- Medical Imaging Center, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Francesco Bartoli
- Regional Center of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Translational Research and Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via Roma 57, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Martina Sollini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Berchiolli Raffaella
- Vascular Surgery Unit, Department of Translational Research and Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Roberta Zanca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Esposito Enrica
- Regional Center of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Translational Research and Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via Roma 57, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Elena Lazzeri
- Regional Center of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Translational Research and Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via Roma 57, 56126, Pisa, Italy
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17
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Crișan G, Moldovean-Cioroianu NS, Timaru DG, Andrieș G, Căinap C, Chiș V. Radiopharmaceuticals for PET and SPECT Imaging: A Literature Review over the Last Decade. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5023. [PMID: 35563414 PMCID: PMC9103893 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) uses radioactive tracers and enables the functional imaging of several metabolic processes, blood flow measurements, regional chemical composition, and/or chemical absorption. Depending on the targeted processes within the living organism, different tracers are used for various medical conditions, such as cancer, particular brain pathologies, cardiac events, and bone lesions, where the most commonly used tracers are radiolabeled with 18F (e.g., [18F]-FDG and NA [18F]). Oxygen-15 isotope is mostly involved in blood flow measurements, whereas a wide array of 11C-based compounds have also been developed for neuronal disorders according to the affected neuroreceptors, prostate cancer, and lung carcinomas. In contrast, the single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) technique uses gamma-emitting radioisotopes and can be used to diagnose strokes, seizures, bone illnesses, and infections by gauging the blood flow and radio distribution within tissues and organs. The radioisotopes typically used in SPECT imaging are iodine-123, technetium-99m, xenon-133, thallium-201, and indium-111. This systematic review article aims to clarify and disseminate the available scientific literature focused on PET/SPECT radiotracers and to provide an overview of the conducted research within the past decade, with an additional focus on the novel radiopharmaceuticals developed for medical imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Crișan
- Faculty of Physics, Babeş-Bolyai University, Str. M. Kogălniceanu 1, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (G.C.); (N.S.M.-C.); (D.-G.T.)
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, County Clinical Hospital, Clinicilor 3-5, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | | | - Diana-Gabriela Timaru
- Faculty of Physics, Babeş-Bolyai University, Str. M. Kogălniceanu 1, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (G.C.); (N.S.M.-C.); (D.-G.T.)
| | - Gabriel Andrieș
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, County Clinical Hospital, Clinicilor 3-5, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Călin Căinap
- The Oncology Institute “Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuţă”, Republicii 34-36, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Vasile Chiș
- Faculty of Physics, Babeş-Bolyai University, Str. M. Kogălniceanu 1, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (G.C.); (N.S.M.-C.); (D.-G.T.)
- Institute for Research, Development and Innovation in Applied Natural Sciences, Babeș-Bolyai University, Str. Fântânele 30, 400327 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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18
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Bacteria eat nanoprobes for aggregation-enhanced imaging and killing diverse microorganisms. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1255. [PMID: 35273187 PMCID: PMC8913676 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28920-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently optical-based techniques for in vivo microbial population imaging are limited by low imaging depth and highly light-scattering tissue; and moreover, are generally effective against only one specific group of bacteria. Here, we introduce an imaging and therapy strategy, in which different bacteria actively eat the glucose polymer (GP)-modified gold nanoparticles through ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter pathway, followed by laser irradiation-mediated aggregation in the bacterial cells. As a result, the aggregates display ~15.2-fold enhancement in photoacoustic signals and ~3.0-fold enhancement in antibacterial rate compared with non-aggregated counterparts. Significantly, the developed strategy allows ultrasensitive imaging of bacteria in vivo as low ~105 colony-forming unit (CFU), which is around two orders of magnitude lower than most optical contrast agents. We further demonstrate the developed strategy enables the detection of ~107 CFU bacteria residing within tumour or gut. This technique enables visualization and treatment of diverse bacteria, setting the crucial step forward the study of microbial ecosystem. The authors demonstrate a strategy for bacterial uptake of gold nanoparticles modified with glucose polymer. The particles aggregate in the bacterial cells upon laser irradiation, resulting in enhanced photoacoustic signal and antibacterial activity, enabling sensitive imaging of bacteria in vivo.
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19
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Signore A, Conserva M, Varani M, Galli F, Lauri C, Velikyan I, Roivainen A. PET imaging of bacteria. Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-822960-6.00077-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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20
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Jiang H, Gu J, Zhao H, Joshi S, Perlmutter JS, Gropler RJ, Klein RS, Benzinger TLS, Tu Z. PET Study of Sphingosine-1-phosphate Receptor 1 Expression in Response to S. aureus Infection. Mol Imaging 2021; 2021:9982020. [PMID: 34934406 PMCID: PMC8654346 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9982020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1PR1) plays a crucial role in infectious diseases. Targeting S1PR1 provides protection against pathogens, such as influenza viruses. This study is aimed at investigating S1PR1 in response to bacterial infection by assessing S1PR1 expression in S. aureus-infected mice. A rodent local muscle bacterial infection model was developed by injecting S. aureus to the lower hind limb of Balb/c mice. The changes of S1PR1 expression in response to bacterial infection and blocking treatment were assessed using ex vivo biodistribution and in vivo positron emission tomography (PET) after intravenous injection of an S1PR1-specific radiotracer [18F]TZ4877. The specificity of [18F]TZ4877 was assessed using S1PR1-specific antagonist, NIBR-0213, and S1PR1-specific DsiRNA pretreated the animals. Immunohistochemical studies were performed to confirm the increase of S1PR1 expression in response to infection. Ex vivo biodistribution data showed that the uptake of [18F]TZ4877 was increased 30.6%, 54.3%, 74.3%, and 115.3% in the liver, kidney, pancreas, and thymus of the infected mice, respectively, compared to that in normal control mice, indicating that S1PR1 is involved in the early immune response to bacterial infection. NIBR-0213 or S1PR1-specific DsiRNA pretreatment reduced the tissue uptake of [18F]TZ4877, suggesting that uptake of [18F]TZ4877 is specific. Our PET/CT study data also confirmed that infected mice have increased [18F]TZ4877 uptake in several organs comparing to that in normal control mice. Particularly, compared to control mice, a 39% increase of [18F]TZ4877 uptake was observed in the infected muscle of S. aureus mice, indicating that S1PR1 expression was directly involved in the inflammatory response to infection. Overall, our study suggested that S1PR1 plays an important role in the early immune response to bacterial infection. The uptake of [18F]TZ4877 is tightly correlated with the S1R1 expression in response to S. aureus infection. PET with S1PR1-specific radiotracer [18F]TZ4877 could provide a noninvasive tool for detecting the early S1PR1 immune response to infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Jiang
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jiwei Gu
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Haiyang Zhao
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sumit Joshi
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Joel S. Perlmutter
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Robert J. Gropler
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Robyn S. Klein
- Department of Neuroscience, Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Tammie L. S. Benzinger
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Zhude Tu
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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21
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Siemons M, Luyten K, Khodaparast L, Khodaparast L, Lecina J, Claes F, Gallardo R, Koole M, Ramakers M, Schymkowitz J, Bormans G, Rousseau F. Synthetic Pept-Ins as a Generic Amyloid-Like Aggregation-Based Platform for In Vivo PET Imaging of Intracellular Targets. Bioconjug Chem 2021; 32:2052-2064. [PMID: 34487434 PMCID: PMC8447941 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid-like aggregation of proteins is induced by short amyloidogenic sequence segments within a specific protein sequence resulting in self-assembly into β-sheets. We recently validated a technology platform in which synthetic amyloid peptides ("Pept-ins") containing a specific aggregation-prone region (APR) are used to induce specific functional knockdown of the target protein from which the APR was derived, including bacterial, viral, and mammalian cell proteins. In this work, we investigated if Pept-ins can be used as vector probes for in vivo Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging of intracellular targets. The radiolabeled Pept-ins [68Ga]Ga-NODAGA-PEG4-vascin (targeting VEGFR2) and [68Ga]Ga-NODAGA-PEG2-P2 (targeting E. coli) were evaluated as PET probes. The Pept-in based radiotracers were cross-validated in a murine tumor and muscle infection model, respectively, and were found to combine target specificity with favorable in vivo pharmacokinetics. When the amyloidogenicity of the interacting region of the peptide is suppressed by mutation, cellular uptake and in vivo accumulation are abolished, highlighting the importance of the specific design of synthetic Pept-ins. The ubiquity of target-specific amyloidogenic sequence segments in natural proteins, the straightforward sequence-based design of the Pept-in probes, and their spontaneous internalization by cells suggest that Pept-ins may constitute a generic platform for in vivo PET imaging of intracellular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Siemons
- Laboratory
for Radiopharmaceutical Research, Department of Pharmaceutical and
Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, BE3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Switch
Laboratory, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
and Switch Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, BE3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kaat Luyten
- Laboratory
for Radiopharmaceutical Research, Department of Pharmaceutical and
Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, BE3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Switch
Laboratory, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
and Switch Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, BE3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ladan Khodaparast
- Switch
Laboratory, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
and Switch Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, BE3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Laleh Khodaparast
- Switch
Laboratory, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
and Switch Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, BE3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joan Lecina
- Laboratory
for Radiopharmaceutical Research, Department of Pharmaceutical and
Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, BE3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Filip Claes
- Switch
Laboratory, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
and Switch Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, BE3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rodrigo Gallardo
- Switch
Laboratory, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
and Switch Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, BE3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michel Koole
- Nuclear
Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven and UZ Leuven, BE3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Meine Ramakers
- Switch
Laboratory, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
and Switch Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, BE3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joost Schymkowitz
- Switch
Laboratory, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
and Switch Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, BE3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guy Bormans
- Laboratory
for Radiopharmaceutical Research, Department of Pharmaceutical and
Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, BE3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frederic Rousseau
- Switch
Laboratory, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
and Switch Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, BE3000 Leuven, Belgium
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22
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Lemaitre J, Naninck T, Delache B, Creppy J, Huber P, Holzapfel M, Bouillier C, Contreras V, Martinon F, Kahlaoui N, Pascal Q, Tricot S, Ducancel F, Vecellio L, Le Grand R, Maisonnasse P. Non-human primate models of human respiratory infections. Mol Immunol 2021; 135:147-164. [PMID: 33895579 PMCID: PMC8062575 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory pathogens represent a great burden for humanity and a potential source of new pandemics, as illustrated by the recent emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In recent decades, biotechnological advances have led to the development of numerous innovative therapeutic molecules and vaccine immunogens. However, we still lack effective treatments and vaccines against many respiratory pathogens. More than ever, there is a need for a fast, predictive, preclinical pipeline, to keep pace with emerging diseases. Animal models are key for the preclinical development of disease management strategies. The predictive value of these models depends on their ability to reproduce the features of the human disease, the mode of transmission of the infectious agent and the availability of technologies for monitoring infection. This review focuses on the use of non-human primates as relevant preclinical models for the development of prevention and treatment for human respiratory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Lemaitre
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Autoimmune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Thibaut Naninck
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Autoimmune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Benoît Delache
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Autoimmune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Justina Creppy
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Autoimmune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, INSERM U1100, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Philippe Huber
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Autoimmune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Marion Holzapfel
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Autoimmune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Camille Bouillier
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Autoimmune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Vanessa Contreras
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Autoimmune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Frédéric Martinon
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Autoimmune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Nidhal Kahlaoui
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Autoimmune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Quentin Pascal
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Autoimmune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Sabine Tricot
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Autoimmune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Frédéric Ducancel
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Autoimmune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Laurent Vecellio
- Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, INSERM U1100, Université de Tours, Tours, France; Plateforme Scientifique et Technique Animaleries (PST-A), Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Roger Le Grand
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Autoimmune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Pauline Maisonnasse
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Autoimmune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
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23
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Siddiqui NA, Houson HA, Kamble NS, Blanco JR, O'Donnell RE, Hassett DJ, Lapi SE, Kotagiri N. Leveraging copper import by yersiniabactin siderophore system for targeted PET imaging of bacteria. JCI Insight 2021; 6:144880. [PMID: 34027898 PMCID: PMC8262292 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.144880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an emerging need for accurate and rapid identification of bacteria in the human body to achieve diverse biomedical objectives. Copper homeostasis is vital for the survival of bacterial species owing to the roles of the metal as a nutrient, respiratory enzyme cofactor, and a toxin. Here, we report the development of a copper-64–labeled bacterial metal chelator, yersiniabactin, to exploit a highly conserved metal acquisition pathway for noninvasive and selective imaging of bacteria. Compared with traditional techniques used to manufacture probes, our strategy simplifies the process considerably by combining the function of metal attachment and cell recognition to the same molecule. We demonstrate, for the first time to our knowledge, how a copper-64 PET probe can be used to identify specific bacterial populations, monitor antibiotic treatment outcomes, and track bacteria in diverse niches in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil A Siddiqui
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Hailey A Houson
- Division of Advanced Medical Imaging Research, Department of Radiology and Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Nitin S Kamble
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Jose R Blanco
- Division of Advanced Medical Imaging Research, Department of Radiology and Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Robert E O'Donnell
- Department of Internal Medicine, Heart, Lung and Vascular Institute, and
| | - Daniel J Hassett
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Suzanne E Lapi
- Division of Advanced Medical Imaging Research, Department of Radiology and Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Nalinikanth Kotagiri
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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24
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Recent Progress in the Molecular Imaging of Tumor-Treating Bacteria. Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2021; 55:7-14. [PMID: 33643484 DOI: 10.1007/s13139-021-00689-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial cancer therapy (BCT) approaches have been extensively investigated because bacteria can show unique features of strong tropism for cancer, proliferation inside tumors, and antitumor immunity, while bacteria are also possible agents for drug delivery. Despite the rapidly increasing number of preclinical studies using BCT to overcome the limitations of conventional cancer treatments, very few BCT studies have advanced to clinical trials. In patients undergoing BCT, the precise localization and quantification of bacterial density in different body locations is important; however, most clinical trials have used subjective clinical signs and invasive sampling to confirm bacterial colonization. There is therefore a need to improve the visualization of bacterial densities using noninvasive and repetitive in vivo imaging techniques that can facilitate the clinical translation of BCT. In vivo optical imaging techniques using bioluminescence and fluorescence, which are extensively employed to image the therapeutic process of BCT in small animal research, are hard to apply to the human body because of their low penetrative power. Thus, new imaging techniques need to be developed for clinical trials. In this review, we provide an overview of the various in vivo bacteria-specific imaging techniques available for visualizing tumor-treating bacteria in BCT studies.
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25
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Takemiya K, Røise JJ, He M, Taing C, Rodriguez AG, Murthy N, Goodman MM, Taylor WR. Maltohexaose-indocyanine green (MH-ICG) for near infrared imaging of endocarditis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247673. [PMID: 33647027 PMCID: PMC7920357 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious endocarditis is a life-threatening disease, and diagnostics are urgently needed to accurately diagnose this disease especially in the case of prosthetic valve endocarditis. We show here that maltohexaose conjugated to indocyanine green (MH-ICG) can detect Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) infection in a rat model of infective endocarditis. The affinity of MH-ICG to S. aureus was determined and had a Km and Vmax of 5.4 μM and 3.0 X 10−6 μmol/minutes/108 CFU, respectively. MH-ICG had no detectable toxicity to mammalian cells at concentrations as high as 100 μM. The in vivo efficiency of MH-ICG in rats was evaluated using a right heart endocarditis model, and the accumulation of MH-ICG in the bacterial vegetations was 2.5 ± 0.2 times higher than that in the control left ventricular wall. The biological half-life of MH-ICG in healthy rats was 14.0 ± 1.3 minutes, and approximately 50% of injected MH-ICG was excreted into the feces after 24 hours. These data demonstrate that MH-ICG was internalized by bacteria with high specificity and that MH-ICG specifically accumulated in bacterial vegetations in a rat model of endocarditis. These results demonstrate the potential efficacy of this agent in the detection of infective endocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoko Takemiya
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United states of America
- * E-mail: (KT); (NM); (MMG); (WRT)
| | - Joachim J. Røise
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Maomao He
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Chung Taing
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Alexander G. Rodriguez
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United states of America
| | - Niren Murthy
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (KT); (NM); (MMG); (WRT)
| | - Mark M. Goodman
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory Center for Systems Imaging, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United states of America
- * E-mail: (KT); (NM); (MMG); (WRT)
| | - W. Robert Taylor
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United states of America
- Cardiology Division, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United states of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University School of Medicine and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United states of America
- * E-mail: (KT); (NM); (MMG); (WRT)
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26
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Renick PJ, Mulgaonkar A, Co CM, Wu CY, Zhou N, Velazquez A, Pennington J, Sherwood A, Dong H, Castellino L, Öz OK, Tang L, Sun X. Imaging of Actively Proliferating Bacterial Infections by Targeting the Bacterial Metabolic Footprint with d-[5- 11C]-Glutamine. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:347-361. [PMID: 33476123 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Since most d-amino acids (DAAs) are utilized by bacterial cells but not by mammalian eukaryotic hosts, recently DAA-based molecular imaging strategies have been extensively explored for noninvasively differentiating bacterial infections from the host's inflammatory responses. Given glutamine's pivotal role in bacterial survival, cell growth, biofilm formation, and even virulence, here we report a new positron emission tomography (PET) imaging approach using d-5-[11C]glutamine (d-[5-11C]-Gln) for potential clinical assessment of bacterial infection through a comparative study with its l-isomer counterpart, l-[5-11C]-Gln. In both control and infected mice, l-[5-11C]-Gln had substantially higher uptake levels than d-[5-11C]-Gln in most organs except the kidneys, showing the expected higher use of l-[5-11C]-Gln by mammalian tissues and more efficient renal excretion of d-[5-11C]-Gln. Importantly, our work demonstrates that PET imaging with d-[5-11C]-Gln is capable of detecting infections induced by both Escherichia coli (E. coli) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in a dual-infection murine myositis model with significantly higher infection-to-background contrast than with l-[5-11C]-Gln (in E. coli, 1.64; in MRSA, 2.62, p = 0.0004). This can be attributed to the fact that d-[5-11C]-Gln is utilized by bacteria while being more efficiently cleared from the host tissues. We confirmed the bacterial infection imaging specificity of d-[5-11C]-Gln by comparing its uptake in active bacterial infections versus sterile inflammation and with 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoroglucose ([18F]FDG). These results together demonstrate the translational potential of PET imaging with d-[5-11C]-Gln for the noninvasive detection of bacterial infectious diseases in humans.
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27
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Giron MC, Mazzi U. Molecular imaging of microbiota-gut-brain axis: searching for the right targeted probe for the right target and disease. Nucl Med Biol 2021; 92:72-77. [PMID: 33262001 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The highly bidirectional dialogue between the gut and the brain is markedly stimulated and influenced by the microbiome through integrated neuroendocrine, neurological and immunological processes. Gut microbiota itself communicate with the host producing hormonal intermediates, metabolites, proteins, and toxins responsible for a variety of biochemical and functional inputs, thereby shaping host homeostasis. Indeed, a dysregulated microbiota-gut-brain axis might be the origin of many neuroimmune-mediated disorders, e.g. autism, multiple sclerosis, depression, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, which appear months or even years prior to a diagnosis, corroborating the theory that the pathological process is spread from the gut to the brain. A much deeper comprehension of how commensal microbe can be manipulated to interfere with disease progression is crucial for developing new strategies to diagnose and treat diseases. In recent years, the potential of positron-emission-tomography (PET) in the field of bacteria detection has gained attention. The uptake of several PET tracers has been evaluated to investigate infection pathophysiology, e.g. sterile or pathogen-mediated infection, monitoring of progression, or as a surrogate endpoint in clinical trials. In this minireview, we briefly describe the role of microbiome-gut-brain axis in health and disease and we discuss the imaging modalities and agents that could be applied to study the dynamic interactions between microbiome, gut and brain. These are key aspects in understanding the biochemical lexicon underpinning the microbiome-host crosstalk that would enable the development of diagnostics and therapeutics by targeting the human microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cecilia Giron
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Italy.
| | - Ulderico Mazzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Italy
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28
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Ordoñez AA, Jain SK. Imaging of Bacterial Infections. Mol Imaging 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816386-3.00089-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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29
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Hevey R. The Role of Fluorine in Glycomimetic Drug Design. Chemistry 2020; 27:2240-2253. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Hevey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Basel, Pharmazentrum Klingelbergstrasse 50 4056 Basel Switzerland
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30
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Gabr MT, Haywood T, Gowrishankar G, Srinivasan A, Gambhir SS. New synthesis of 6″-[ 18 F]fluoromaltotriose for positron emission tomography imaging of bacterial infection. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2020; 63:466-475. [PMID: 32602175 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
6″-[18 F]fluoromaltotriose is a positron emission tomography tracer that can differentiate between bacterial infection and inflammation in vivo. Bacteria-specific uptake of 6″-[18 F]fluoromaltotriose is attributed to the targeting of maltodextrin transporter in bacteria that is absent in mammalian cells. Herein, we report a new synthesis of 6″-[18 F]fluoromaltotriose as a key step for its clinical translation. In comparison with the previously reported synthesis, the new synthesis features unambiguous assignment of the fluorine-18 position on the maltotriose unit. The new method utilizes direct fluorination of 2″,3″,4″-tri-O-acetyl-6″-O-trifyl-α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-4)-O-2',3',6'-tri-O-acetyl-α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-4)-1,2,3,6-tetra-O-acetyl-D-glucopyranose followed by basic hydrolysis. Radiolabeling of the new maltotriose triflate precursor proceeds using a single HPLC purification step, which results in shorter reaction time in comparison with the previously reported synthesis. Successful synthesis of 6″-[18 F]fluoromaltotriose has been achieved in 3.5 ± 0.3% radiochemical yield (decay corrected, n = 7) and radiochemical purity above 95%. The efficient radiosynthesis of 6″-[18 F]fluoromaltotriose would be critical in advancing this positron emission tomography tracer into clinical trials for imaging bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moustafa T Gabr
- Bio-X Program and Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Tom Haywood
- Bio-X Program and Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Gayatri Gowrishankar
- Bio-X Program and Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Ananth Srinivasan
- Bio-X Program and Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Sanjiv S Gambhir
- Bio-X Program and Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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31
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Li Y, Daryaee F, Yoon GE, Noh D, Smith-Jones PM, Si Y, Walker SG, Turkman N, Meimetis L, Tonge PJ. Positron Emission Tomography Imaging of Staphylococcus aureus Infection Using a Nitro-Prodrug Analogue of 2-[ 18F]F- p-Aminobenzoic Acid. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:2249-2259. [PMID: 32672928 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Deep-seated bacterial infections caused by pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus are difficult to diagnose and treat and are thus a major threat to human health. In previous work we demonstrated that positron emission tomography (PET) imaging with 2-[18F]F-p-aminobenzoic acid (2-[18F]F-PABA) could noninvasively identify, localize, and monitor S. aureus infection with excellent sensitivity and specificity in a rodent soft tissue infection model. However, 2-[18F]F-PABA is rapidly N-acetylated and eliminated, and in an attempt to improve radiotracer accumulation in bacteria we adopted a prodrug strategy in which the acid was protected by an ester and the amine was replaced with a nitro group. Metabolite analysis indicated that the nitro group of ethyl 2-[18F]fluoro-4-nitrobenzoate (2-[18F]F-ENB) is converted to the corresponding amine by bacteria-specific nitroreductases while the ester is hydrolyzed in vivo into the acid. PET/CT imaging of 2-[18F]F-ENB and the corresponding acid 2-[18F]F-NB in a rat soft tissue infection model demonstrated colocalization of the radiotracer with the bioluminescent signal arising from S. aureus Xen29, and demonstrated that the tracer could differentiate S. aureus infection from sterile inflammation. Significantly, the accumulation of both 2-[18F]F-ENB and 2-[18F]F-NB at the site of infection was 17-fold higher than at the site of sterile inflammation compared to 8-fold difference observed for 2-[18F]F-PABA, supporting the proposal that the active radiotracer in vivo is 2-[18F]F-NB. Collectively, these data suggest that 2-[18F]F-ENB and 2-[18F]F-NB have the potential for translation to humans as a rapid, noninvasive diagnostic tool to identify and localize S. aureus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Li
- Chronus Pharmaceuticals, 25 Health Sciences Drive, Stony Brook, New York 11790, United States
| | - Fereidoon Daryaee
- Chronus Pharmaceuticals, 25 Health Sciences Drive, Stony Brook, New York 11790, United States
| | - Grace E. Yoon
- The Facility for Experimental Radiopharmaceutical Manufacturing, Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Doyoung Noh
- The Facility for Experimental Radiopharmaceutical Manufacturing, Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Peter M. Smith-Jones
- The Facility for Experimental Radiopharmaceutical Manufacturing, Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | | | - Stephen G. Walker
- Department of Oral Biology and Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | | | - Labros Meimetis
- Chronus Pharmaceuticals, 25 Health Sciences Drive, Stony Brook, New York 11790, United States
| | - Peter J. Tonge
- Chronus Pharmaceuticals, 25 Health Sciences Drive, Stony Brook, New York 11790, United States
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32
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Polvoy I, Flavell RR, Rosenberg OS, Ohliger MA, Wilson DM. Nuclear Imaging of Bacterial Infection: The State of the Art and Future Directions. J Nucl Med 2020; 61:1708-1716. [PMID: 32764120 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.120.244939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased mortality rates from infectious diseases is a growing public health concern. Successful management of acute bacterial infections requires early diagnosis and treatment, which are not always easy to achieve. Structural imaging techniques such as CT and MRI are often applied to this problem. However, these methods generally rely on secondary inflammatory changes and are frequently not specific to infection. The use of nuclear medicine techniques can add crucial complementary information, allowing visualization of infectious pathophysiology beyond morphologic imaging. This review will discuss the current structural and functional imaging techniques used for the diagnosis of bacterial infection and their roles in different clinical scenarios. We will also present several new radiotracers in development, with an emphasis on probes targeting bacteria-specific metabolism. As highlighted by the current coronavirus disease 2019 epidemic, caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, similar thinking may apply in imaging viral pathogens; for this case, prominent effects on host proteins, most notably angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, might also provide worthwhile imaging targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Polvoy
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Robert R Flavell
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Oren S Rosenberg
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; and
| | - Michael A Ohliger
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Department of Radiology, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California
| | - David M Wilson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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33
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Goldenberg JM, Berthusen AJ, Cárdenas-Rodríguez J, Pagel MD. Differentiation of Myositis-Induced Models of Bacterial Infection and Inflammation with T 2-Weighted, CEST, and DCE-MRI. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 5:283-291. [PMID: 31572789 PMCID: PMC6752290 DOI: 10.18383/j.tom.2019.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We used T2 relaxation, chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST), and dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to assess whether bacterial infection can be differentiated from inflammation in a myositis-induced mouse model. We measured the T2 relaxation time constants, %CEST at 5 saturation frequencies, and area under the curve (AUC) from DCE-MRI after maltose injection from infected, inflamed, and normal muscle tissue models. We applied principal component analysis (PCA) to reduce dimensionality of entire CEST spectra and DCE signal evolutions, which were analyzed using standard classification methods. We extracted features from dimensional reduction as predictors for machine learning classifier algorithms. Normal, inflamed, and infected tissues were evaluated with H&E and gram-staining histological studies, and bacterial-burden studies. The T2 relaxation time constants and AUC of DCE-MRI after injection of maltose differentiated infected, inflamed, and normal tissues. %CEST amplitudes at −1.6 and −3.5 ppm differentiated infected tissues from other tissues, but these did not differentiate inflamed tissue from normal tissue. %CEST amplitudes at 3.5, 3.0, and 2.5 ppm, AUC of DCE-MRI for shorter time periods, and relative Ktrans and kep values from DCE-MRI could not differentiate tissues. PCA and machine learning of CEST-MRI and DCE-MRI did not improve tissue classifications relative to traditional analysis methods. Similarly, PCA and machine learning did not further improve tissue classifications relative to T2 MRI. Therefore, future MRI studies of infection models should focus on T2-weighted MRI and analysis of T2 relaxation times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Goldenberg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.,Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | | | | | - Mark D Pagel
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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34
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Parker MFL, Flavell RR, Luu JM, Rosenberg OS, Ohliger MA, Wilson DM. Small Molecule Sensors Targeting the Bacterial Cell Wall. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:1587-1598. [PMID: 32433879 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This review highlights recent efforts to detect bacteria using engineered small molecules that are processed and incorporated similarly to their natural counterparts. There are both scientific and clinical justifications for these endeavors. The use of detectable, cell-wall targeted chemical probes has elucidated microbial behavior, with several fluorescent labeling methods in widespread laboratory use. Furthermore, many existing efforts including ours, focus on developing new imaging tools to study infection in clinical practice. The bacterial cell wall, a remarkably rich and complex structure, is an outstanding target for bacteria-specific detection. Several cell wall components are found in bacteria but not mammals, especially peptidoglycan, lipopolysaccharide, and teichoic acids. As this review highlights, the development of laboratory tools for fluorescence microscopy has vastly outstripped related positron emission tomography (PET) or single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) radiotracer development. However, there is great synergy between these chemical strategies, which both employ mimicry of endogenous substrates to incorporate detectable structures. As the field of bacteria-specific imaging grows, it will be important to understand the mechanisms involved in microbial incorporation of radionuclides. Additionally, we will highlight the clinical challenges motivating this imaging effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew F. L. Parker
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Robert R. Flavell
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Justin M. Luu
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Oren S. Rosenberg
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Michael A. Ohliger
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
- Department of Radiology, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California 94110, United States
| | - David M. Wilson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
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35
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Kalita M, Parker MFL, Luu JM, Stewart MN, Blecha JE, VanBrocklin HF, Evans M, Flavell RR, Rosenberg OS, Ohliger MA, Wilson DM. Arabinofuranose-derived positron-emission tomography radiotracers for detection of pathogenic microorganisms. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2020; 63:231-239. [PMID: 32222086 PMCID: PMC7364301 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Detection of bacteria-specific metabolism via positron emission tomography (PET) is an emerging strategy to image human pathogens, with dramatic implications for clinical practice. In silico and in vitro screening tools have recently been applied to this problem, with several monosaccharides including l-arabinose showing rapid accumulation in Escherichia coli and other organisms. Our goal for this study was to evaluate several synthetically viable arabinofuranose-derived 18 F analogs for their incorporation into pathogenic bacteria. PROCEDURES We synthesized four radiolabeled arabinofuranose-derived sugars: 2-deoxy-2-[18 F]fluoro-arabinofuranoses (d-2-18 F-AF and l-2-18 F-AF) and 5-deoxy-5-[18 F]fluoro-arabinofuranoses (d-5-18 F-AF and l-5-18 F-AF). The arabinofuranoses were synthesized from 18 F- via triflated, peracetylated precursors analogous to the most common radiosynthesis of 2-deoxy-2-[18 F]fluoro-d-glucose ([18 F]FDG). These radiotracers were screened for their uptake into E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Subsequently, the sensitivity of d-2-18 F-AF and l-2-18 F-AF to key human pathogens was investigated in vitro. RESULTS All 18 F radiotracer targets were synthesized in high radiochemical purity. In the screening study, d-2-18 F-AF and l-2-18 F-AF showed greater accumulation in E. coli than in S. aureus. When evaluated in a panel of pathologic microorganisms, both d-2-18 F-AF and l-2-18 F-AF demonstrated sensitivity to most gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. CONCLUSIONS Arabinofuranose-derived 18 F PET radiotracers can be synthesized with high radiochemical purity. Our study showed absence of bacterial accumulation for 5-substitued analogs, a finding that may have mechanistic implications for related tracers. Both d-2-18 F-AF and l-2-18 F-AF showed sensitivity to most gram-negative and gram-positive organisms. Future in vivo studies will evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of these radiotracers in animal models of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mausam Kalita
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Matthew F. L. Parker
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Justin M. Luu
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Megan N. Stewart
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Joseph E. Blecha
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Henry F. VanBrocklin
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Michael Evans
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Robert R. Flavell
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Oren S. Rosenberg
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Michael A. Ohliger
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Radiology, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - David M. Wilson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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36
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Foss CA, Kulik L, Ordonez AA, Jain SK, Michael Holers V, Thurman JM, Pomper MG. SPECT/CT Imaging of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection with [ 125I]anti-C3d mAb. Mol Imaging Biol 2020; 21:473-481. [PMID: 29998399 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-018-1228-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of chronic bacterial infection requires methods to detect and localize sites of infection accurately. Complement C3 activation fragments are generated and covalently bound to selective bacterial pathogens during the immune response and can serve as biomarkers of ongoing bacterial infection. We have developed several probes for detecting tissue-bound C3 deposits, including a monoclonal antibody (mAb 3d29) that recognizes the tissue-bound terminal processing fragments iC3b and C3d but does not recognize native circulating C3 or tissue-bound C3b. PROCEDURES To determine whether mAb 3d29 could be used to detect chronic Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection non-invasively, aerosol-infected female C3HeB/FeJ mice were injected with [125I]3d29 mAb and either imaged using single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)/X-ray computed tomography (CT) imaging at 24 and 48 h after radiotracer injection or being subjected to biodistribution analysis. RESULTS Discrete lesions were detected by SPECT/CT imaging in the lungs and spleens of infected mice, consistent with the location of granulomas in the infected animals as detected by CT. Low-level signal was seen in the spleens of uninfected mice and no signal was seen in the lungs of healthy mice. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that 3d29 in the lungs of infected mice co-localized with aggregates of macrophages (detected with anti-CD68 antibodies). 3d29 was detected in the cytoplasm of macrophages, consistent with the location of internalized M. tuberculosis. 3d29 was also present within alveolar epithelial cells, indicating that it detected M. tuberculosis phagocytosed by other CD68-positive cells. Healthy controls showed very little retention of fluorescent or radiolabeled antibody across tissues. Radiolabeled 3d29 compared with radiolabeled isotype control showed a 3.5:1 ratio of increased uptake in infected lungs, indicating specific uptake by 3d29. CONCLUSION 3d29 can be used to detect and localize areas of infection with M. tuberculosis non-invasively by 24 h after radiotracer injection and with high contrast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Foss
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, 1550 Orleans St. CRB2 493, Baltimore, MD, 21228, USA. .,Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21228, USA.
| | - Liudmila Kulik
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Alvaro A Ordonez
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21228, USA
| | - Sanjay K Jain
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21228, USA
| | - V Michael Holers
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Joshua M Thurman
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Martin G Pomper
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, 1550 Orleans St. CRB2 493, Baltimore, MD, 21228, USA.,Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21228, USA
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37
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Zlitni A, Gowrishankar G, Steinberg I, Haywood T, Sam Gambhir S. Maltotriose-based probes for fluorescence and photoacoustic imaging of bacterial infections. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1250. [PMID: 32144257 PMCID: PMC7060353 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14985-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, there are no non-invasive tools to accurately diagnose wound and surgical site infections before they become systemic or cause significant anatomical damage. Fluorescence and photoacoustic imaging are cost-effective imaging modalities that can be used to noninvasively diagnose bacterial infections when paired with a molecularly targeted infection imaging agent. Here, we develop a fluorescent derivative of maltotriose (Cy7-1-maltotriose), which is shown to be taken up in a variety of gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial strains in vitro. In vivo fluorescence and photoacoustic imaging studies highlight the ability of this probe to detect infection, assess infection burden, and visualize the effectiveness of antibiotic treatment in E. coli-induced myositis and a clinically relevant S. aureus wound infection murine model. In addition, we show that maltotriose is an ideal scaffold for infection imaging agents encompassing better pharmacokinetic properties and in vivo stability than other maltodextrins (e.g. maltohexose).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimen Zlitni
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Gayatri Gowrishankar
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Idan Steinberg
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Tom Haywood
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Sanjiv Sam Gambhir
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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38
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Mota F, Ordonez AA, Firth G, Ruiz-Bedoya CA, Ma MT, Jain SK. Radiotracer Development for Bacterial Imaging. J Med Chem 2020; 63:1964-1977. [PMID: 32048838 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial infections remain a major threat to humanity and are a leading cause of death and disability. Antimicrobial resistance has been declared as one of the top ten threats to human health by the World Health Organization, and new technologies are urgently needed for the early diagnosis and monitoring of deep-seated and complicated infections in hospitalized patients. This review summarizes the radiotracers as applied to imaging of bacterial infections. We summarize the recent progress in the development of pathogen-specific imaging and the application of radiotracers in understanding drug pharmacokinetics as well as the local biology at the infection sites. We also highlight the opportunities for medicinal chemists in radiotracer development for bacterial infections, with an emphasis on target selection and radiosynthetic approaches. Imaging of infections is an emerging field. Beyond clinical applications, these technologies could provide unique insights into disease pathogenesis and expedite bench-to-bedside translation of new therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Mota
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States.,Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
| | - Alvaro A Ordonez
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States.,Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
| | - George Firth
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, St. Thomas' Hospital, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Camilo A Ruiz-Bedoya
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States.,Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
| | - Michelle T Ma
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, St. Thomas' Hospital, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Sanjay K Jain
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States.,Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
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39
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Chen W, Dilsizian V. Molecular Imaging of Cardiovascular Device Infection: Targeting the Bacteria or the Host–Pathogen Immune Response? J Nucl Med 2020; 61:319-326. [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.119.228304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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40
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Abstract
Molecular imaging is an emerging technology that enables the noninvasive visualization, characterization, and quantification of molecular events within living subjects. Positron emission tomography (PET) is a clinically available molecular imaging tool with significant potential to study pathogenesis of infections in humans. Molecular imaging is an emerging technology that enables the noninvasive visualization, characterization, and quantification of molecular events within living subjects. Positron emission tomography (PET) is a clinically available molecular imaging tool with significant potential to study pathogenesis of infections in humans. PET enables dynamic assessment of infectious processes within the same subject with high temporal and spatial resolution and obviates the need for invasive tissue sampling, which is difficult in patients and generally limited to a single time point, even in animal models. This review presents current state-of-the-art concepts on the application of molecular imaging for infectious diseases and details how PET imaging can facilitate novel insights into infectious processes, ongoing development of pathogen-specific imaging, and simultaneous in situ measurements of intralesional antimicrobial pharmacokinetics in multiple compartments, including privileged sites. Finally, the potential clinical applications of this promising technology are also discussed.
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41
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Pandey A, Savino C, Ahn SH, Yang Z, Van Lanen SG, Boros E. Theranostic Gallium Siderophore Ciprofloxacin Conjugate with Broad Spectrum Antibiotic Potency. J Med Chem 2019; 62:9947-9960. [PMID: 31580658 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria scavenge ferric iron from the host for survival and proliferation using small-molecular chelators, siderophores. Here, we introduce and assess the gallium(III) complex of ciprofloxacin-functionalized desferrichrome (D2) as a potential therapeutic for bacterial infection using an in vitro assay and radiochemical, tracer-based approach. Ga-D2 exhibits a minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.23 μM in Escherichia coli, in line with the parent fluoroquinolone antibiotic. Competitive and mutant strain assays show that Ga-D2 relies on FhuA-mediated transport for internalization. Ga-D2 is potent against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (3.8 μM), Staphylococcus aureus (0.94 μM), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (12.5 μM), while Fe-D2 is inactive in these strains. Radiochemical experiments with E. coli reveal that 67Ga-D2 is taken up more efficiently than 67Ga-citrate. In naive mice, 67Ga-D2 clears renally and is excreted 13% intact in the urine. These pharmacokinetic and bacterial growth inhibitory properties qualify Ga-D2 for future investigations as a diagnosis and treatment tool for infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apurva Pandey
- Department of Chemistry , Stony Brook University , 100 Nicolls Road , Stony Brook 11790 , New York , United States
| | - Chloé Savino
- Department of Chemistry , Stony Brook University , 100 Nicolls Road , Stony Brook 11790 , New York , United States
| | - Shin Hye Ahn
- Department of Chemistry , Stony Brook University , 100 Nicolls Road , Stony Brook 11790 , New York , United States
| | - Zhaoyong Yang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology , Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100050 , People's Republic of China
| | - Steven G Van Lanen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , University of Kentucky , Lexington 40536 , Kentucky , United States
| | - Eszter Boros
- Department of Chemistry , Stony Brook University , 100 Nicolls Road , Stony Brook 11790 , New York , United States
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42
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Ordonez AA, Sellmyer MA, Gowrishankar G, Ruiz-Bedoya CA, Tucker EW, Palestro CJ, Hammoud DA, Jain SK. Molecular imaging of bacterial infections: Overcoming the barriers to clinical translation. Sci Transl Med 2019; 11:11/508/eaax8251. [PMID: 31484790 PMCID: PMC6743081 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aax8251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Clinical diagnostic tools requiring direct sample testing cannot be applied to infections deep within the body, and clinically available imaging tools lack specificity. New approaches are needed for early diagnosis and monitoring of bacterial infections and rapid detection of drug-resistant organisms. Molecular imaging allows for longitudinal, noninvasive assessments and can provide key information about infectious processes deep within the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro A Ordonez
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Mark A Sellmyer
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Gayatri Gowrishankar
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Camilo A Ruiz-Bedoya
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Elizabeth W Tucker
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
| | - Christopher J Palestro
- Department of Radiology, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY 11549, USA
| | - Dima A Hammoud
- Center for Infectious Disease Imaging, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, NIH Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Sanjay K Jain
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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PET Radiopharmaceuticals for Specific Bacteria Imaging: A Systematic Review. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8020197. [PMID: 30736324 PMCID: PMC6406348 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8020197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Bacterial infections are still one of the main factors associated with mortality worldwide. Many radiopharmaceuticals were developed for bacterial imaging, both with single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) isotopes. This review focuses on PET radiopharmaceuticals, performing a systematic literature review of published studies between 2005 and 2018. Methods: A systematic review of published studies between 2005 and 2018 was performed. A team of reviewers independently screened for eligible studies. Because of differences between studies, we pooled the data where possible, otherwise, we described separately. Quality of evidence was assessed by Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS) approach. Results: Eligible papers included 35 published studies. Because of the heterogeneity of animal models and bacterial strains, we classified studies in relation to the type of bacterium: Gram-positive, Gram-negative, Gram-positive and negative, others. Conclusions: Results highlighted the availability of many promising PET radiopharmaceuticals for bacterial imaging, despite some bias related to animal selection and index test, but few have been translated to human subjects. Results showed a lack of standardized infection models and experimental settings.
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Zhang Z, Ordonez AA, Wang H, Li Y, Gogarty KR, Weinstein EA, Daryaee F, Merino J, Yoon GE, Kalinda AS, Mease RC, Iuliano JN, Smith-Jones PM, Jain SK, Tonge PJ. Positron Emission Tomography Imaging with 2-[ 18F]F- p-Aminobenzoic Acid Detects Staphylococcus aureus Infections and Monitors Drug Response. ACS Infect Dis 2018; 4:1635-1644. [PMID: 30067329 PMCID: PMC6226330 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.8b00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
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Staphylococcus aureus is the leading cause of life-threatening
infections, frequently originating from unknown or deep-seated foci.
Source control and institution of appropriate antibiotics remain challenges,
especially with infections due to methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). In this study, we developed a radiofluorinated analog of para-aminobenzoic acid (2-[18F]F-PABA) and demonstrate
that it is an efficient alternative substrate for the S. aureus dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS). 2-[18F]F-PABA rapidly
accumulated in vitro within laboratory and clinical
(including MRSA) strains of S. aureus but not
in mammalian cells. Biodistribution in murine and rat models demonstrated
localization at infection sites and rapid renal elimination. In a
rat model, 2-[18F]F-PABA positron emission tomography (PET)
rapidly differentiated S. aureus infection from
sterile inflammation and could also detect therapeutic failures associated
with MRSA. These data suggest that 2-[18F]F-PABA has the
potential for translation to humans as a rapid, noninvasive diagnostic
tool to identify, localize, and monitor S. aureus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Zhang
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry and Radiology, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, 633 Chemistry, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Alvaro A. Ordonez
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Hui Wang
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry and Radiology, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, 633 Chemistry, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Yong Li
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry and Radiology, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, 633 Chemistry, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Kayla R. Gogarty
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry and Radiology, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, 633 Chemistry, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Edward A. Weinstein
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Fereidoon Daryaee
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry and Radiology, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, 633 Chemistry, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Jonathan Merino
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry and Radiology, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, 633 Chemistry, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Grace E. Yoon
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry and Radiology, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, 633 Chemistry, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
- The Facility for Experimental Radiopharmaceutical Manufacturing, Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Alvin S. Kalinda
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Ronnie C. Mease
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - James N. Iuliano
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry and Radiology, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, 633 Chemistry, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Peter M. Smith-Jones
- The Facility for Experimental Radiopharmaceutical Manufacturing, Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Sanjay K. Jain
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Peter J. Tonge
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry and Radiology, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, 633 Chemistry, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
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Peña-Zalbidea S, Huang AYT, Kavunja HW, Salinas B, Desco M, Drake C, Woodruff PJ, Vaquero JJ, Swarts BM. Chemoenzymatic radiosynthesis of 2-deoxy-2-[ 18F]fluoro-d-trehalose ([ 18F]-2-FDTre): A PET radioprobe for in vivo tracing of trehalose metabolism. Carbohydr Res 2018; 472:16-22. [PMID: 30428395 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Trehalose analogues bearing fluorescent and click chemistry tags have been developed as probes of bacterial trehalose metabolism, but these tools have limitations with respect to in vivo imaging applications. Here, we report the radiosynthesis of the 18F-modified trehalose analogue 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-d-trehalose ([18F]-2-FDTre), which in principle can be used in conjunction with positron emission tomography (PET) imaging to allow in vivo imaging of trehalose metabolism in various contexts. A chemoenzymatic method employing the thermophilic TreT enzyme from Thermoproteus tenax was used to rapidly (15-20 min), efficiently (70% radiochemical yield; ≥ 95% radiochemical purity), and reproducibly convert the commercially available radiotracer 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-d-glucose ([18F]-2-FDG) into the target radioprobe [18F]-2-FDTre in a single step; both manual and automated syntheses were performed with similar results. Cellular uptake experiments showed that radiosynthetic [18F]-2-FDTre was metabolized by Mycobacterium smegmatis but not by various mammalian cell lines, pointing to the potential future use of this radioprobe for selective PET imaging of infections caused by trehalose-metabolizing bacterial pathogens such as M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Peña-Zalbidea
- Dept. Bioingeniería e Ingeniería Aeroespacial, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ashley Y-T Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, United States
| | - Herbert W Kavunja
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, United States
| | - Beatriz Salinas
- Dept. Bioingeniería e Ingeniería Aeroespacial, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Desco
- Dept. Bioingeniería e Ingeniería Aeroespacial, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain
| | | | - Peter J Woodruff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern Maine, Portland, ME, United States
| | - Juan J Vaquero
- Dept. Bioingeniería e Ingeniería Aeroespacial, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Benjamin M Swarts
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, United States.
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Wang X, Borges CA, Ning X, Rafi M, Zhang J, Park B, Takemiya K, Sterzo CL, Taylor WR, Riley L, Murthy N. A Trimethoprim Conjugate of Thiomaltose Has Enhanced Antibacterial Efficacy In Vivo. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:1729-1735. [PMID: 29660287 PMCID: PMC5966298 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Trimethoprim is one of the most widely used antibiotics in the world. However, its efficacy is frequently limited by its poor water solubility and dose limiting toxicity. Prodrug strategies based on conjugation of oligosaccharides to trimethoprim have great potential for increasing the solubility of trimethoprim and lowering its toxicity, but they have been challenging to develop due to the sensitivity of trimethoprim to chemical modifications, and the rapid degradation of oligosaccharides in serum. In this report, we present a trimethoprim conjugate of maltodextrin termed TM-TMP, which increased the water solubility of trimethoprim by over 100 times, was stable to serum enzymes, and was active against urinary tract infections in mice. TM-TMP is composed of thiomaltose conjugated to trimethoprim, via a self-immolative disulfide linkage, and releases 4'-OH-trimethoprim (TMP-OH) after disulfide cleavage, which is a known metabolic product of trimethoprim and is as potent as trimethoprim. TM-TMP also contains a new maltodextrin targeting ligand composed of thiomaltose, which is stable to hydrolysis by serum amylases and therefore has the metabolic stability needed for in vivo use. TM-TMP has the potential to significantly improve the treatment of a wide number of infections given its high water solubility and the widespread use of trimethoprim.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojian Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Clarissa A. Borges
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Xinghai Ning
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Mohammad Rafi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jingtuo Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Bora Park
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kiyoko Takemiya
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Carlo Lo Sterzo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - W. Robert Taylor
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cardiology Division, Atlanta, Georgia 30033, United States
| | - Lee Riley
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Niren Murthy
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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Namavari M, Gowrishankar G, Srinivasan A, Gambhir SS, Haywood T, Beinat C. A novel synthesis of 6''-[ 18 F]-fluoromaltotriose as a PET tracer for imaging bacterial infection. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2018; 61:408-414. [PMID: 29314161 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop a positron emission tomography (PET) tracer to visualize and monitor therapeutic response to bacterial infections. In our continued efforts to find maltose based PET tracers that can image bacterial infections, we have designed and prepared 6''-[18 F]fluoromaltotriose as a second generation PET imaging tracer targeting the maltodextrin transporter of bacteria. We have developed methods to synthesize 6''-deoxy-6''-[18 F]fluoro-α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-4)-O-α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-4)-O-D-glucopyranose (6''-[18 F]-fluoromaltotriose) as a bacterial infection PET imaging agent. 6''-[18 F]fluoromaltotriose was prepared from precursor, 2'',3'',4''-tri-O-acetyl-6''-O-nosyl-α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-4)-O-2',3',6'-tri-O-acetyl-α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-4)-1,2,3,6-tetra-O-acetyl-D-glucopyranose (per-O-acetyl-6''-O-nosyl-maltotriose 4). This method utilizes the reaction between precursor 4 and anhydrous [18 F]KF/Kryptofix 2.2.2 in dimethylformamide (DMF) at 85°C for 10 minutes to yield per-O-acetyl-6''-deoxy-6-'' [18 F]-fluoromaltotriose (7). Successive acidic and basic hydrolysis of the acetyl protecting groups in 7 produced 6''-[18 F]fluoromaltotriose (8). Also, cold 6''- [19 F]fluoromaltotriose was prepared from per-O-acetyl-6''-hydroxymaltotriose via a diethylaminosulfur trifluoride reaction followed by a basic hydrolysis. A successful synthesis of 6''-[18 F]-fluoromaltotriose has been accomplished in 8 ± 1.2% radiochemical yield (decay corrected). Total synthesis time was 120 minutes. Serum stability of 6''-[18 F]fluoromaltotriose at 37°C indicated that 6''-[18 F]-fluoromaltotriose remained intact up to 2 hours. In conclusion, we have successfully synthesized 6''-[18 F]-fluoromaltotriose via direct fluorination of an appropriate precursor of a protected maltotriose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Namavari
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology and Bioengineering Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Gayatri Gowrishankar
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology and Bioengineering Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Ananth Srinivasan
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology and Bioengineering Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Sanjiv S Gambhir
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology and Bioengineering Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Thomas Haywood
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology and Bioengineering Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Corinne Beinat
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology and Bioengineering Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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Takemiya K, Ning X, Seo W, Wang X, Mohammad R, Joseph G, Titterington JS, Kraft CS, Nye JA, Murthy N, Goodman MM, Taylor WR. Novel PET and Near Infrared Imaging Probes for the Specific Detection of Bacterial Infections Associated With Cardiac Devices. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2018; 12:875-886. [PMID: 29680350 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2018.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to develop imaging agents to detect early stage infections in implantable cardiac devices. BACKGROUND Bacteria ingest maltodextrins through the specific maltodextrin transporter. We developed probes conjugated with either a fluorescent dye (maltohexaose fluorescent dye probe [MDP]) or a F-18 (F18 fluoromaltohexaose) and determined their usefulness in a model of infections associated with implanted cardiac devices. METHODS Stainless steel mock-ups of medical devices were implanted subcutaneously in rats. On post-operative day 4, animals were injected with either Staphylococcus aureus around the mock-ups to induce a relatively mild infection or oil of turpentine to induce noninfectious inflammation. Animals with a sterile implant were used as control subjects. On post-operative day 6, either the MDP or F18 fluoromaltohexaose was injected intravenously, and the animals were scanned with the appropriate imaging device. Additional positron emission tomography imaging studies were performed with F18-fluorodeoxyglucose as a comparison of the specificity of our probes (n = 5 to 9 per group). RESULTS The accumulation of the MDP in the infected rats was significantly increased at 1 h after injection when compared with the control and noninfectious inflammation groups (intensity ratio 1.54 ± 0.07 vs. 1.26 ± 0.04 and 1.20 ± 0.05, respectively; p < 0.05) and persisted for more than 24 h. In positron emission tomography imaging, both F18 fluoromaltohexaose and F18 fluorodeoxyglucose significantly accumulated in the infected area 30 min after the injection (maximum standard uptake value ratio 4.43 ± 0.30 and 4.87 ± 0.28, respectively). In control rats, there was no accumulation of imaging probes near the device. In the noninfectious inflammation rats, no significant accumulation was observed with F18 fluoromaltohexaose, but F18 fluorodeoxyglucose accumulated in the mock-up area (maximum standard uptake value 2.53 ± 0.39 vs. 4.74 ± 0.46, respectively; p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that maltohexaose-based imaging probes are potentially useful for the specific and sensitive diagnosis of infections associated with implantable cardiac devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoko Takemiya
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Xinghai Ning
- University of California at Berkeley, Department of Bioengineering, Berkeley, California
| | - Wonewoo Seo
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory Center for Systems Imaging, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Xiaojian Wang
- University of California at Berkeley, Department of Bioengineering, Berkeley, California
| | - Rafi Mohammad
- University of California at Berkeley, Department of Bioengineering, Berkeley, California
| | - Giji Joseph
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jane S Titterington
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Colleen S Kraft
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jonathan A Nye
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory Center for Systems Imaging, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Niren Murthy
- University of California at Berkeley, Department of Bioengineering, Berkeley, California.
| | - Mark M Goodman
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory Center for Systems Imaging, Atlanta, Georgia.
| | - W Robert Taylor
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Atlanta, Georgia; Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cardiology Division, Atlanta, Georgia; Emory University School of Medicine and Georgia Institute of Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Atlanta, Georgia.
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Ordonez AA, Jain SK. Pathogen-Specific Bacterial Imaging in Nuclear Medicine. Semin Nucl Med 2018. [DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2017.11.003
expr 890398765 + 809902709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
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