1
|
Squarcina A, Franke A, Senft L, Onderka C, Langer J, Vignane T, Filipovic MR, Grill P, Michalke B, Ivanović-Burmazović I. Zinc complexes of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine versus the mixtures of their components: Structures, solution equilibria/speciation and cellular zinc uptake. J Inorg Biochem 2024; 252:112478. [PMID: 38218140 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2024.112478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
The zinc complexes of chloroquine (CQ; [Zn(CQH+)Cl3]) and hydroxychloroquine (HO-CQ; [Zn(HO-CQH+)Cl3]) were synthesized and characterized by X-Ray structure analysis, FT-IR, NMR, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and cryo-spray mass spectrometry in solid state as well as in aqueous and organic solvent solutions, respectively. In acetonitrile, up to two Zn2+ ions bind to CQ and HO-CQ through the tertiary amine and aromatic nitrogen atoms (KN-aminCQ = (3.8 ± 0.5) x 104 M-1 and KN-aromCQ = (9.0 ± 0.7) x 103 M-1 for CQ, and KN-aminHO-CQ = (3.3 ± 0.4) x 104 M-1 and KN-aromHO-CQ = (1.6 ± 0.2) x 103 M-1 for HO-CQ). In MOPS buffer (pH 7.4) the coordination proceeds through the partially deprotonated aromatic nitrogen, with the corresponding equilibrium constants of KN-arom(aq)CQ = (3.9 ± 1.9) x 103 M-1and KN-arom(aq)HO-CQ = (0.7 + 0.4) x 103 M-1 for CQ and HO-CQ, respectively. An apparent partition coefficient of 0.22 was found for [Zn(CQH+)Cl3]. Mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells were treated with pre-synthesized [Zn((HO-)CQH+)Cl3] complexes and corresponding ZnCl2/(HO-)CQ mixtures and zinc uptake was determined by application of the fluorescence probe and ICP-OES measurements. Administration of pre-synthesized complexes led to higher total zinc levels than those obtained upon administration of the related zinc/(hydroxy)chloroquine mixtures. The differences in the zinc uptake between these two types of formulations were discussed in terms of different speciation and character of the complexes. The obtained results suggest that intact zinc complexes may exhibit biological effects distinct from that of the related zinc/ligand mixtures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Squarcina
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität (LMU) München, München 81377, Germany
| | - Alicja Franke
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität (LMU) München, München 81377, Germany
| | - Laura Senft
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität (LMU) München, München 81377, Germany
| | - Constantin Onderka
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jens Langer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thibaut Vignane
- Leibniz Institute for Analytical Sciences, ISAS e.V., 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Milos R Filipovic
- Leibniz Institute for Analytical Sciences, ISAS e.V., 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Peter Grill
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Michalke
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dixit H, Kulharia M, Verma SK. Metal-binding proteins and proteases in RNA viruses: unravelling functional diversity and expanding therapeutic horizons. J Virol 2023; 97:e0139923. [PMID: 37982624 PMCID: PMC10734521 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01399-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Metal-binding proteins are pivotal components with diverse functions in organisms, including viruses. Despite their significance, many metalloproteins in viruses remain uncharacterized, posing challenges to understanding viral systems. This study addresses this knowledge gap by identifying and analyzing metal-binding proteins and proteases in RNA viruses. The findings emphasize the prevalence of these proteins as essential functional classes within viruses and shed light on the role of metal ions and metalloproteins in viral replication and pathogenesis. Moreover, this research serves as a crucial foundation for further investigations in this field, offering the potential for developing innovative antiviral strategies. Additionally, the study enhances our understanding of the distribution and evolutionary patterns of metal-binding proteases in major human viruses. Continually exploring metal-binding proteomes across diverse viruses will deepen our knowledge of metal-dependent biological processes and provide valuable insights for combating viral infections, including respiratory viruses and other life-threatening diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Himisha Dixit
- Centre for Computational Biology & Bioinformatics, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Kangra, India
| | - Mahesh Kulharia
- Centre for Computational Biology & Bioinformatics, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Kangra, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gurukkalot K, Rajendran V. Repurposing Polyether Ionophores as a New-Class of Anti-SARS-Cov-2 Agents as Adjunct Therapy. Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:273. [PMID: 37414909 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03366-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 and its variants have posed a significant threat to humankind in tackling the viral spread. Furthermore, currently repurposed drugs and frontline antiviral agents have failed to cure severe ongoing infections effectively. This insufficiency has fuelled research for potent and safe therapeutic agents to treat COVID-19. Nonetheless, various vaccine candidates have displayed a differential efficacy and need for repetitive dosing. The FDA-approved polyether ionophore veterinary antibiotic for treating coccidiosis has been repurposed for treating SARS-CoV-2 infection (as shown by both in vitro and in vivo studies) and other deadly human viruses. Based on selectivity index values, ionophores display therapeutic effects at sub-nanomolar concentrations and exhibit selective killing ability. They act on different viral targets (structural and non-structural proteins), host-cell components leading to SARS-CoV-2 inhibition, and their activity is further enhanced by Zn2+ supplementation. This review summarizes the anti-SARS-CoV-2 potential and molecular viral targets of selective ionophores like monensin, salinomycin, maduramicin, CP-80,219, nanchangmycin, narasin, X-206 and valinomycin. Ionophore combinations with Zn2+ are a new therapeutic strategy that warrants further investigation for possible human benefits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keerthana Gurukkalot
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, 605014, India
| | - Vinoth Rajendran
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, 605014, India.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Manuja A, Kumar B, Chhabra D, Brar B, Thachamvally R, Pal Y, Prasad M. Synergistic Effect of Zinc-Chitosan Nanoparticles and Hydroxychloroquine to Inhibit Buffalo Coronavirus. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2949. [PMID: 37447594 DOI: 10.3390/polym15132949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Zinc ions can hinder the synthesis of proteins required for accomplishing several stages of the viral life cycle. The intracellular zinc concentration can be increased by using zinc ionophores which transport zinc ions into the cells and hinder viral replication. (Hydroxy)chloroquine is an example of a zinc ionophore, but both zinc and (hydroxy)chloroquine can be toxic to the host organism. The nanocarriers may serve as camouflage to evade the adverse effects of drugs, chemicals, and nanoparticles on the host. We formulated ZnO nanoparticles with flower-like morphology (ZnONFs). It was further decorated with chitosan along with hydroxychloroquine (as a zinc ionophore) (CHCZnO NPs). We have chosen the cationic polymer chitosan since it is biocompatible, biodegradable and binds easily with the cells, and enhances the transport of drugs across cell membranes. The formulation was investigated for size, shape, surface charge, and interaction of chemicals used. We evaluated the formulations for cytotoxicity, and biocompatibility in embryonated chicks and their efficacy against bovine coronavirus (BCoV) isolated from a buffalo calf, and pneumo-enteric coronaviruses isolated from a buffalo calf with promising results in comparison to ZnONFs/hydroxychloroquine alone. Furthermore, we elucidate the mechanism underlying the lysosomotropic effect of various formulations on Vero cells infected with the buffalo coronavirus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anju Manuja
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar 125001, India
| | - Balvinder Kumar
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar 125001, India
| | - Dharvi Chhabra
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar 125001, India
| | - Basanti Brar
- Lala Lajpat Rainiversity of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Hisar 125004, India
| | | | - Yash Pal
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar 125001, India
| | - Minakshi Prasad
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar 125001, India
- Lala Lajpat Rainiversity of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Hisar 125004, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rheingold SZ, Raval C, Gordon AM, Hardigan P. Zinc Supplementation Associated With a Decrease in Mortality in COVID-19 Patients: A Meta-Analysis. Cureus 2023; 15:e40231. [PMID: 37435275 PMCID: PMC10332820 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.40231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the world, resulting in millions of deaths worldwide and imposing economic, political, and social problems. The use of nutritional supplementation for the prevention and mitigation of COVID-19 remains controversial. This meta-analysis aims to investigate the association between zinc supplementation, mortality, and symptomatology, among COVID-19-infected patients. A meta-analysis was conducted to compare the outcomes of mortality and symptomology of patients with COVID-19 receiving zinc supplementation and those not receiving zinc supplementation. PubMed/Medline, Cochrane, Web of Science, and CINAHL Complete were independently searched with the search terms "zinc" AND "covid" OR "sars-cov-2" "COVID-19" OR "coronavirus". After duplicates were removed, 1215 articles were identified. Five of these studies were used to assess mortality outcomes, and two were used to assess symptomatology outcomes. The meta-analysis was conducted through R 4.2.1 software (R Foundation, Vienna, Austria). Heterogeneity was evaluated by calculating the I2 index. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were used. It was found that COVID-19-infected individuals treated with zinc supplements had a reduced risk of mortality compared with individuals not treated with a zinc supplement RR=0.63 (95%CI;0.52,0.77), p=0.005. For symptomology, it was found that COVID-19-infected individuals treated with zinc had no difference in symptomology than individuals not treated with a zinc supplement RR=0.52 (95%CI;0.00,24315.42), p=0.578. This data indicates that zinc supplementation is associated with decreased mortality in those with COVID-19 but does not change symptomatology. This is promising as zinc is widely available and may be valuable as a cost-effective way to prevent poor outcomes for those with COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Chirag Raval
- Research, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Allopathic Medicine, Davie, USA
| | | | - Patrick Hardigan
- Research, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Allopathic Medicine, Davie, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Guerrero-Romero F, Micke O, Simental-Mendía LE, Rodríguez-Morán M, Vormann J, Iotti S, Banjanin N, Rosanoff A, Baniasadi S, Pourdowlat G, Nechifor M. Importance of Magnesium Status in COVID-19. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12050735. [PMID: 37237547 DOI: 10.3390/biology12050735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A large amount of published research points to the interesting concept (hypothesis) that magnesium (Mg) status may have relevance for the outcome of COVID-19 and that Mg could be protective during the COVID disease course. As an essential element, Mg plays basic biochemical, cellular, and physiological roles required for cardiovascular, immunological, respiratory, and neurological functions. Both low serum and dietary Mg have been associated with the severity of COVID-19 outcomes, including mortality; both are also associated with COVID-19 risk factors such as older age, obesity, type 2 diabetes, kidney disease, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and asthma. In addition, populations with high rates of COVID-19 mortality and hospitalization tend to consume diets high in modern processed foods, which are generally low in Mg. In this review, we review the research to describe and consider the possible impact of Mg and Mg status on COVID-19 showing that (1) serum Mg between 2.19 and 2.26 mg/dL and dietary Mg intakes > 329 mg/day could be protective during the disease course and (2) inhaled Mg may improve oxygenation of hypoxic COVID-19 patients. In spite of such promise, oral Mg for COVID-19 has thus far been studied only in combination with other nutrients. Mg deficiency is involved in the occurrence and aggravation of neuropsychiatric complications of COVID-19, including memory loss, cognition, loss of taste and smell, ataxia, confusion, dizziness, and headache. Potential of zinc and/or Mg as useful for increasing drug therapy effectiveness or reducing adverse effect of anti-COVID-19 drugs is reviewed. Oral Mg trials of patients with COVID-19 are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Oliver Micke
- Department of Radiation Therapy and Radiation Oncology, Franziskus Hospital, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | | | | | - Juergen Vormann
- Institute for Prevention and Nutrition, 85737 Ismaning, Germany
| | - Stefano Iotti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Universita di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, 00136 Rome, Italy
| | - Nikolina Banjanin
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Ecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Andrea Rosanoff
- CMER Center for Magnesium Education & Research, Pahoa, HI 96778, USA
| | - Shadi Baniasadi
- Tracheal Diseases Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 198396-3113, Iran
| | - Guitti Pourdowlat
- Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Centre, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 198396-3113, Iran
| | - Mihai Nechifor
- Department of Pharmacology, Gr. T Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Manuja A, Chhabra D, Kumar B. Chloroquine chaos and COVID-19: Smart delivery perspectives through pH sensitive polymers/micelles and ZnO nanoparticles. ARAB J CHEM 2023; 16:104468. [PMID: 36466721 PMCID: PMC9710101 DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.104468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The global pandemic of COVID-19 had a consequential impact on our lives. (Hydroxy)chloroquine, a well-known drug for treatment or prevention against malaria and chronic inflammatory conditions, was also used for COVID patients with reported potential efficacy. Although it was well tolerated, however in some cases, it produced severe side effects, including grave cardiac issues. The variable reports on the administration of (hydroxy)chloroquine in COVID19 patients led to chaos. This drug is a well-known zinc ionophore, besides possessing antiviral effects. Zinc ionophores augment the intracellular Zn2+ concentration by facilitating the zinc ions into the cells and subsequently impair virus replication. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have been reported to possess antiviral activity. However, the adverse effects of both components are also reported. We discussed in depth their possible mechanism as antiviral and smart delivery perspectives through pH-sensitive polymers/ micelles and ZnO NPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anju Manuja
- Corresponding authors at: ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar-125001, Haryana, India
| | | | - Balvinder Kumar
- Corresponding authors at: ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar-125001, Haryana, India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
BourBour F, Mirzaei Dahka S, Gholamalizadeh M, Akbari ME, Shadnoush M, Haghighi M, Taghvaye-Masoumi H, Ashoori N, Doaei S. Nutrients in prevention, treatment, and management of viral infections; special focus on Coronavirus. Arch Physiol Biochem 2023; 129:16-25. [PMID: 32644876 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2020.1791188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a pandemic caused by coronavirus with mild to severe respiratory symptoms. This paper aimed to investigate the effect of nutrients on the immune system and their possible roles in the prevention, treatment, and management of COVID-19 in adults. METHODS This Systematic review was designed based on the guideline of the Preferred Reporting for Systematic Reviews (PRISMA). The articles that focussed on nutrition, immune system, viral infection, and coronaviruses were collected by searching databases for both published papers and accepted manuscripts from 1990 to 2020. Irrelevant papers and articles without English abstract were excluded from the review process. RESULTS Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections. CONCLUSION Following a balanced diet and supplementation with proper nutrients may play a vital role in prevention, treatment, and management of COVID-19. However, further clinical trials are needed to confirm these findings and presenting the strong recommendations against this pandemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh BourBour
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetic, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Maryam Gholamalizadeh
- Student Research Committee, Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mahdi Shadnoush
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Haghighi
- Anesthesiology Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences (GUMS), Rasht, Iran
| | | | - Narjes Ashoori
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saied Doaei
- Research Center of Health and Environment, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zamai L. Hypothesis: Efficacy of early treatments with some NSAIDs in COVID-19: Might it also depend on their direct and/or indirect zinc chelating ability? Br J Pharmacol 2023; 180:279-286. [PMID: 36482040 PMCID: PMC9877557 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work argues for the involvement of the zinc chelating ability of some non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs as an additive mechanism able to increase their efficacy against COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Loris Zamai
- Department of Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of Urbino Carlo BoUrbinoItaly,National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN)—Gran Sasso National Laboratory (LNGS)L'AquilaItaly
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Paulikat M, Vitone D, Schackert FK, Schuth N, Barbanente A, Piccini G, Ippoliti E, Rossetti G, Clark AH, Nachtegaal M, Haumann M, Dau H, Carloni P, Geremia S, De Zorzi R, Quintanar L, Arnesano F. Molecular Dynamics and Structural Studies of Zinc Chloroquine Complexes. J Chem Inf Model 2023; 63:161-172. [PMID: 36468829 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.2c01164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Chloroquine (CQ) is a first-choice drug against malaria and autoimmune diseases. It has been co-administered with zinc against SARS-CoV-2 and soon dismissed because of safety issues. The structural features of Zn-CQ complexes and the effect of CQ on zinc distribution in cells are poorly known. In this study, state-of-the-art computations combined with experiments were leveraged to solve the structural determinants of zinc-CQ interactions in solution and the solid state. NMR, ESI-MS, and X-ray absorption and diffraction methods were combined with ab initio molecular dynamics calculations to address the kinetic lability of this complex. Within the physiological pH range, CQ binds Zn2+ through the quinoline ring nitrogen, forming [Zn(CQH)Clx(H2O)3-x](3+)-x (x = 0, 1, 2, and 3) tetrahedral complexes. The Zn(CQH)Cl3 species is stable at neutral pH and at high chloride concentrations typical of the extracellular medium, but metal coordination is lost at a moderately low pH as in the lysosomal lumen. The pentacoordinate complex [Zn(CQH)(H2O)4]3+ may exist in the absence of chloride. This in vitro/in silico approach can be extended to other metal-targeting drugs and bioinorganic systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Paulikat
- Computational Biomedicine (IAS-5/INM-9), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52428Jülich, Germany
| | - Daniele Vitone
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70125Bari, Italy
| | - Florian K Schackert
- Computational Biomedicine (IAS-5/INM-9), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52428Jülich, Germany.,Department of Physics, RWTH Aachen University, 52062Aachen, Germany
| | - Nils Schuth
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), 07360Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | - Emiliano Ippoliti
- Computational Biomedicine (IAS-5/INM-9), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52428Jülich, Germany
| | - Giulia Rossetti
- Computational Biomedicine (IAS-5/INM-9), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52428Jülich, Germany.,Jülich Supercomputing Centre (JSC), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52428Jülich, Germany.,Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University, 52062Aachen, Germany
| | - Adam H Clark
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232Villigen, Switzerland
| | | | - Michael Haumann
- Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195Berlin, Germany
| | - Holger Dau
- Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195Berlin, Germany
| | - Paolo Carloni
- Computational Biomedicine (IAS-5/INM-9), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52428Jülich, Germany.,Department of Physics, RWTH Aachen University, 52062Aachen, Germany
| | - Silvano Geremia
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127Trieste, Italy
| | - Rita De Zorzi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127Trieste, Italy
| | - Liliana Quintanar
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), 07360Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Fabio Arnesano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70125Bari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Duan M, Li T, Liu B, Yin S, Zang J, Lv C, Zhao G, Zhang T. Zinc nutrition and dietary zinc supplements. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023; 63:1277-1292. [PMID: 34382897 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1963664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
As the second most abundant trace element in the human body, zinc nutrition is constantly a hot topic. More than one-third population is suffering zinc deficiency, which results in various types of diseases or nutritional deficiencies. Traditional ways of zinc supplementation seem with low absorption rates and significant side effects. Zinc supplements with dietary components are easily accessible and improve zinc utilization rate significantly. Also, mechanisms of maintaining zinc homeostasis are of broad interest. The present review focuses on zinc nutrition in human health in inductive methods. Mainly elaborate on different diseases relating to zinc disorder, highlighting the impact on the immune system and the recent COVID-19. Then raise food-derived zinc-binding compounds, including protein, peptide, polysaccharide, and polyphenol, and also analyze their possibilities to serve as zinc complementary. Finally, illustrate the way to maintain zinc homeostasis and the corresponding mechanisms. The review provides data information for maintaining zinc homeostasis with the food-derived matrix.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maoping Duan
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Tian Li
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Liu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuhua Yin
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiachen Zang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Research Center of Food Colloids and Delivery of Functionality, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chenyan Lv
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Research Center of Food Colloids and Delivery of Functionality, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Guanghua Zhao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Tuo Zhang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Research Center of Food Colloids and Delivery of Functionality, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Clemente-Suárez VJ, Bustamante-Sanchez Á, Tornero-Aguilera JF, Ruisoto P, Mielgo-Ayuso J. Inflammation in COVID-19 and the Effects of Non-Pharmacological Interventions during the Pandemic: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415584. [PMID: 36555231 PMCID: PMC9779440 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic that hit the health systems worldwide hard, causing a collapse of healthcare systems. One of the main problems of this new virus is the high inflammatory response it provokes, which is the cause of much of the symptoms. Different pharmacological approaches tried to stop the advance of the pandemic, but it seems that only vaccines are the solution. In this line, different nonpharmacological approaches have been made in order to improve symptomatology, contagion, and spread of COVID-19, the principal factors being the physical activity, nutrition, physiotherapy, psychology, and life patterns. The SARS-CoV-2 virus produces a disproportionate inflammatory response in the organism of the guest and causes complications in this that can end the life of the patient. It has been possible to see how different nonpharmacological interventions based on physical activity, nutritional, psychological, and physical therapy, and lifestyle changes can be functional tools to treat this inflammation. Thus, in the present review, we aim to provide an overview of the role of inflammation in COVID-19 and the nonpharmacological interventions related to it.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Tajo Street, s/n, 28670 Madrid, Spain
- Research Center in Applied Combat (CESCA), 45007 Toledo, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | | | - José Francisco Tornero-Aguilera
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Tajo Street, s/n, 28670 Madrid, Spain
- Research Center in Applied Combat (CESCA), 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Pablo Ruisoto
- Department of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarre, 31006 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Juan Mielgo-Ayuso
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Souza RAC, Cunha VL, de Souza JH, Martins CHG, Franca EDF, Pivatto M, Ellena JA, Faustino LA, Patrocinio AODT, Deflon VM, Maia PIDS, Oliveira CG. Zinc(II) complexes bearing N,N,S ligands: Synthesis, crystal structure, spectroscopic analysis, molecular docking and biological investigations about its antifungal activity. J Inorg Biochem 2022; 237:111995. [PMID: 36152470 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.111995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, the synthesis, characterization, antifungal activity, molecular docking study and in silico approach of five thiosemicarbazone derivatives and their corresponding zinc(II) complexes are described. The compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, IR, UV-Vis and NMR spectroscopic measurements, molar conductivity measurements, emission spectra, high-resolution mass spectrometry and X ray study. The antifungal activity of the free ligands and synthesized compounds was preliminarily evaluated against Candida albicans (ATCC 90028), Candida tropicalis (ATCC 13803) and Candida glabrata (ATCC 2001), by the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay. Two complexes, 4 (MIC = 3.18 to 6.37 μM) and 5 (MIC = 25.95 μM for all) showed promising results, being highly active against all strains evaluated. The X-ray analyses shown that the complex 2 crystallizes in the centrosymmetric space group P21/c of the monoclinic system and the coordination sphere around zinc(II) atom is better described as slightly distorted octahedral. The Hirshfeld surface (HS) analysis showed that non-classical H···H and C···H/H···C contacts contribute with 65.9% while the S···H and N···H (21%) and Cl···H and O···H interactions (12%) complete the HS area. The molecular docking results, performed against CYP51 enzyme (sterol 14α-demethylase) of C. albicans and C. glabrata shows that the complexes 4 (ΔG = -10.75 and - 12.90 kcal/ mol) and 5 (ΔG = -11.12 and - 14.53 kcal/ mol) showed the highest binding free energies of all compounds. The ADME-Tox (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity) in silico parameters evaluated showed promising results for all compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael A C Souza
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlandia, 38400-902 Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
| | - Vito L Cunha
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlandia, 38400-902 Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos H G Martins
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlandia, 38408-100 Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
| | - Eduardo de F Franca
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlandia, 38400-902 Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcos Pivatto
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlandia, 38400-902 Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
| | - Javier A Ellena
- Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Leandro A Faustino
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlandia, 38400-902 Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Victor M Deflon
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Pedro Ivo da S Maia
- Departament of Chemistry, Federal University of the Triângulo Mineiro, 38025-440 Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Carolina G Oliveira
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlandia, 38400-902 Uberlandia, MG, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
The Mechanisms of Zinc Action as a Potent Anti-Viral Agent: The Clinical Therapeutic Implication in COVID-19. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11101862. [PMID: 36290585 PMCID: PMC9598180 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11101862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The pandemic of COVID-19 was caused by a novel coronavirus termed as SARS-CoV2 and is still ongoing with high morbidity and mortality rates in the whole world. The pathogenesis of COVID-19 is highly linked with over-active immune and inflammatory responses, leading to activated cytokine storm, which contribute to ARDS with worsen outcome. Currently, there is no effective therapeutic drug for the treatment of COVID-19. Zinc is known to act as an immune modulator, which plays an important role in immune defense system. Recently, zinc has been widely considered as an anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant agent. Accumulating numbers of studies have revealed that zinc plays an important role in antiviral immunity in several viral infections. Several early clinical trials clearly indicate that zinc treatment remarkably decreased the severity of the upper respiratory infection of rhinovirus in humans. Currently, zinc has been used for the therapeutic intervention of COVID-19 in many different clinical trials. Several clinical studies reveal that zinc treatment using a combination of HCQ and zinc pronouncedly reduced symptom score and the rates of hospital admission and mortality in COVID-19 patients. These data support that zinc might act as an anti-viral agent in the addition to its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties for the adjuvant therapeutic intervention of COVID-19.
Collapse
|
15
|
Wang F, Zhong J, Zhang R, Sun Y, Dong Y, Wang M, Sun C. Zinc and COVID-19: Immunity, Susceptibility, Severity and Intervention. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:1969-1987. [PMID: 36094452 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2119932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and continuing emergence of viral mutants, there has been a lack of effective treatment methods. Zinc maintains immune function, with direct and indirect antiviral activities. Zinc nutritional status is a critical factor in antiviral immune responses. Importantly, COVID-19 and zinc deficiency overlap in high-risk population. Hence, the potential effect of zinc as a preventive and adjunct therapy for COVID-19 is intriguing. Here, this review summarizes the immune and antiviral function of zinc, the relationship between zinc levels, susceptibility, and severity of COVID-19, and the effect of zinc supplementation on COVID-19. Existing studies have confirmed that zinc deficiency was associated with COVID-19 susceptibility and severity. Zinc supplementation plays a potentially protective role in enhancing immunity, decreasing susceptibility, shortening illness duration, and reducing the severity of COVID-19. We recommend that zinc levels should be monitored, particularly in COVID-19 patients, and zinc as a preventive and adjunct therapy for COVID-19 should be considered for groups at risk of zinc deficiency to reduce susceptibility and disease severity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jiayi Zhong
- National Key Disciplines of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- National Key Disciplines of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yongzhi Sun
- National Key Disciplines of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yingran Dong
- National Key Disciplines of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Maoqing Wang
- National Key Disciplines of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Changhao Sun
- National Key Disciplines of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kim SY, Lee JH, Kim SA. Zinc Deficiency Induces Autophagy in HT-22 Mouse Hippocampal Neuronal Cell Line. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158811. [PMID: 35955944 PMCID: PMC9369147 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc is a trace metal vital for various functions in nerve cells, although the effect of zinc deficiency on neuronal autophagy remains unclear. This study aimed to elucidate whether zinc deficiency induced by treatment with N, N, N′, N′-tetrakis (2-pyridylmethyl) ethylenediamine (TPEN), a zinc chelator, affects and alters autophagy activity. In cell viability assays, TPEN showed cytotoxicity in HT-22 cells. TPEN treatment also increased LC3-II levels and the ratio of LC3-II to LC3-I. Western blot analysis showed that phospho-AMP-activated protein kinase levels and the ratio of phospho-AMP-activated protein kinase to total AMP-activated protein kinase increased. Protein levels of the mammalian target of rapamycin and sirtuin 1 decreased following TPEN treatment. When TPEN-treated HT-22 cells were cotreated with autophagy inhibitors, 3-methyladenine (1 mM), or bafilomycin A1 (3 nM), the TPEN-induced decrease in cell viability was exacerbated. Cotreatment with chloroquine (10 μM) partially restored cell viability. The study showed that zinc deficiency induces autophagy and may be cytoprotective in neurons. We expect our results to add a new perspective to our understanding of the neuronal pathology related to zinc deficiency.
Collapse
|
17
|
Pandey P, Khan F, Qari HA, Upadhyay TK, Alkhateeb AF, Oves M. Evidence of Metallic and Polyether Ionophores as Potent Therapeutic Drug Candidate in Cancer Management. Molecules 2022; 27:4708. [PMID: 35897885 PMCID: PMC9329979 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains one of the most crucial human malignancies with a higher mortality rate globally, and is predicted to escalate soon. Dysregulated ion homeostasis in cancerous cells prompted the researchers to investigate further ion homeostasis impeding agents as potent anticancerous agents. Reutilization of FDA-approved non-cancerous drugs has emerged as a practical approach to developing potent, cost-effective drugs for cancer treatment. Across the globe, most nations are incapable of fulfilling the medical demands of cancer patients due to costlier cancerous drugs. Therefore, we have inclined our review towards emphasizing recent advancements in cancer therapies involving ionophores utilization in exploring potent anticancer drugs. Numerous research reports have established the significant anticancerous potential of ionophores in several pre-clinical reports via modulating aberrant cell signaling pathways and enhancing antitumor immunity in immune cells. This review has mainly summarized the most significant ion homeostasis impeding agents, including copper, zinc, calcium, and polyether, that presented remarkable potential in cancer therapeutics via enhanced antitumor immunity and apoptosis induction. Altogether, this study could provide a robust future perspective for developing cost-effective anticancerous drugs rapidly and cost-effectively, thereby combating the limitations of currently available drugs used in cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pratibha Pandey
- Department of Biotechnology, Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology, Greater Noida 201306, India;
| | - Fahad Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology, Greater Noida 201306, India;
| | - Huda A. Qari
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Tarun Kumar Upadhyay
- Department of Biotechnology, Parul Institute of Applied Sciences and Animal Cell Culture and Immunobiochemistry Lab, Centre of Research for Development, Parul University, Vadodara 391760, India;
| | - Abdulhameed F. Alkhateeb
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohammad Oves
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials (IMRAM), Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sarkar J, Das S, Aich S, Bhattacharyya P, Acharya K. Antiviral potential of nanoparticles for the treatment of Coronavirus infections. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2022; 72:126977. [PMID: 35397331 PMCID: PMC8957383 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2022.126977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND On 31st December 2019 in Wuhan, China, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), was acknowledged. This virus spread quickly throughout the world causing a global pandemic. The World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a pandemic disease on 11th March 2020. Since then, the whole world has come together and have developed several vaccines against this deadly virus. Similarly, several alternative searches for pandemic disease therapeutics are still ongoing. One of them has been identified as nanotechnology. It has demonstrated significant promise for detecting and inhibiting a variety of viruses, including coronaviruses. Several nanoparticles, including gold nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles, quantum dots, carbon dots, graphene oxide nanoparticles, and zinc oxide nanoparticles, have previously demonstrated remarkable antiviral activity against a diverse array of viruses. OBJECTIVE This review aims to provide a basic and comprehensive overview of COVID-19's initial global outbreak and its mechanism of infiltration into human host cells, as well as the detailed mechanism and inhibitory effects of various nanoparticles against this virus. In addition to nanoparticles, this review focuses on the role of several antiviral drugs used against COVID-19 to date. CONCLUSION COVID-19 has severely disrupted the social and economic lives of people all over the world. Due to a lack of adequate medical facilities, countries have struggled to maintain control of the situation. Neither a drug nor a vaccine has a 100% efficacy rate. As a result, nanotechnology may be a better therapeutic alternative for this pandemic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joy Sarkar
- Department of Botany, Dinabandhu Andrews College, Garia, Kolkata, West Bengal 700084, India
| | - Sunandana Das
- Department of Botany, Dinabandhu Andrews College, Garia, Kolkata, West Bengal 700084, India
| | - Sahasrabdi Aich
- Department of Botany, Vivekananda College, Thakurpukur, Kolkata, West Bengal 700063, India
| | - Prithu Bhattacharyya
- Department of Botany, Dinabandhu Andrews College, Garia, Kolkata, West Bengal 700084, India
| | - Krishnendu Acharya
- Molecular and Applied Mycology and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Centre of Advanced Study, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal 700019, India; Center for Research in Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, Technology Campus, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal 700098, India.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Rossi RE, Chen J, Caplin ME. The Role of Diet and Supplements in the Prevention and Progression of COVID-19: Current Knowledge and Open Issues. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2022; 27:137-149. [PMID: 35919576 PMCID: PMC9309075 DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2022.27.2.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A healthy diet and dietary supplements have gained attention as potential co-adjuvants in managing and preventing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This paper critically reviews the current evidence regarding the impact of diet and supplements on the prevention and progression of COVID-19. According to available data, a healthy diet and normal weight are considered protective factors. Regarding dietary supplementation, the most robust results from human studies are for vitamin C, which appears to decrease inflammatory markers and suppress cytokine storm. A small, randomized trial showed that a high dose of vitamin D significantly reduced the need for intensive care unit treatment of patients requiring hospitalization for COVID-19. According to retrospective human studies, there is limited evidence for vitamin E and selenium supplements. Animal studies have investigated the effects of green tea and curcumin. Xanthohumol and probiotics, interesting for their antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and immunoregulatory properties, need formal clinical study. In summary, there is promising evidence supporting the role of diet and supplements as co-adjuvants in the treatment of COVID-19. Further studies and properly designed clinical trials are necessary to draw more robust conclusions; however, it is not unreasonable to take a pragmatic approach and promote the use of appropriate diet and supplements to counter the effects of COVID-19, ideally with a mechanism to assess outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Elisa Rossi
- Hepatology and Hepato-Pancreatic-Biliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, MI 20133, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, MI 20122, Italy
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Martyn Evan Caplin
- Centre for Gastroenterology, Royal Free Hospital, London NW3 2QG, UK
- Division of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Yamada K, Deb A, Shoba VM, Lim D, Maji B, Modell AE, Choudhary A. Rational Design of Silicon-Based Zinc Ionophores. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202201698. [PMID: 35385189 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202201698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Ionophores transport ions across biological membranes and have wide-ranging applications, but a platform for their rapid development does not exist. We report a platform for developing ionophores from metal-ion chelators, which are readily available with wide-ranging affinities and specificities, and structural data that can aid rational design. Specifically, we fine-tuned the binding affinity and lipophilicity of a ZnII -chelating ligand by introducing silyl groups proximal to the ZnII -binding pocket, which generated ionophores that performed better than most of the currently known ZnII ionophores. Furthermore, these silicon-based ionophores were specific for ZnII over other metals and exhibited better antibacterial activity and less toxicity to mammalian cells than several known ZnII ionophores, including pyrithione. These studies establish rational design principles for the rapid development of potent and specific ionophores and a new class of antibacterial agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kei Yamada
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Arghya Deb
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Veronika M Shoba
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Divisions of Renal Medicine and Engineering, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Donghyun Lim
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Divisions of Renal Medicine and Engineering, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Basudeb Maji
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Divisions of Renal Medicine and Engineering, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ashley E Modell
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Divisions of Renal Medicine and Engineering, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Amit Choudhary
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Divisions of Renal Medicine and Engineering, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
The Role of Zinc and Copper in Platelet Activation and Pathophysiological Thrombus Formation in Patients with Pulmonary Embolism in the Course of SARS-CoV-2 Infection. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11050752. [PMID: 35625480 PMCID: PMC9138256 DOI: 10.3390/biology11050752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
To date, many studies have proved that COVID-19 increases the incidence of thrombus formation and coagulopathies but the exact mechanism behind such a disease outcome is not well known. In this review we collect the information and discuss the pathophysiology of thrombus formation in patients with pulmonary embolism in the course of COVID-19 disease and the role of zinc and copper in the process. Supplementation of zinc and copper may be beneficial for COVID-19 patients due to its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties. On the other hand, excess of those microelements in the organism may be harmful, that is why marking the level of those micronutrients should be done at first. We also propose further investigation of diagnostic and therapeutic options of zinc and copper in course of COVID-19 thrombus formation to their potential in patient care, with particular emphasis on the dosage and the duration of their misbalance.
Collapse
|
22
|
Boretti A. Zinc augments the antiviral potential of HCQ/CQ and ivermectin to reduce the risks of more serious outcomes from COVID-19 infection. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2022; 71:126954. [PMID: 35190326 PMCID: PMC8851879 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2022.126954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Treatments do not replace vaccinations or restrictions, but are practical, effective, and safe means to help to reduce the fatality associated with COVID-19 infection. While no treatment is available and effective for all the current and future variants of COVID-19, treatments reduce the risk of COVID-19 becoming endemic and reduce mortality and collateral damages. The use of Zinc (Zn) for COVID-19 infection is here reviewed. Zn supplementation may help in prevention as well as during the administration of therapies. Zn supplementation reduces the risks of serious outcomes from Covid19 infection. Evidence also suggests that Zn helps in treatments of COVID-19 infection if taken in conjunction with antiviral drugs. The literature supports the use of Zn, with improvements towards a lower risk ranging from 37% in late treatment, RR 0.63 CI [0.53-0.74], to 78% in sufficiency, RR 0.22 CI [0.05-0.96].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Boretti
- Independent Scientist, Johnsonville, Wellington 6037, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kavanagh ON, Bhattacharya S, Marchetti L, Elmes R, O’Sullivan F, Farragher JP, Robinson S, Thompson D, Walker GM. Hydroxychloroquine Does Not Function as a Direct Zinc Ionophore. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14050899. [PMID: 35631485 PMCID: PMC9147311 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14050899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-mediated correction of abnormal biological zinc homeostasis could provide new routes to treating neurodegeneration, cancer, and viral infections. Designing therapeutics to facilitate zinc transport intracellularly is hampered by inadequate concentrations of endogenous zinc, which is often protein-bound in vivo. We found strong evidence that hydroxychloroquine, a drug used to treat malaria and employed as a potential treatment for COVID-19, does not bind and transport zinc across biological membranes through ionophoric mechanisms, contrary to recent claims. In vitro complexation studies and liposomal transport assays are correlated with cellular zinc assays in A549 lung epithelial cells to confirm the indirect mechanism of hydroxychloroquine-mediated elevation in intracellular zinc without ionophorism. Molecular simulations show hydroxychloroquine-triggered helix perturbation in zinc-finger protein without zinc chelation, a potential alternative non-ionophoric mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oisín N. Kavanagh
- SSPC, The Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland; (S.B.); (L.M.); (R.E.); (F.O.); (J.P.F.); (S.R.); (D.T.); (G.M.W.)
- School of Pharmacy, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
- Department of Chemistry, Maynooth University (National University of Ireland), W23 F2H6 Maynooth, Ireland
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, D09 NR58 Dublin, Ireland
- Correspondence:
| | - Shayon Bhattacharya
- SSPC, The Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland; (S.B.); (L.M.); (R.E.); (F.O.); (J.P.F.); (S.R.); (D.T.); (G.M.W.)
- Department of Physics, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
| | - Luke Marchetti
- SSPC, The Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland; (S.B.); (L.M.); (R.E.); (F.O.); (J.P.F.); (S.R.); (D.T.); (G.M.W.)
- Department of Chemistry, Maynooth University (National University of Ireland), W23 F2H6 Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Robert Elmes
- SSPC, The Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland; (S.B.); (L.M.); (R.E.); (F.O.); (J.P.F.); (S.R.); (D.T.); (G.M.W.)
- Department of Chemistry, Maynooth University (National University of Ireland), W23 F2H6 Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Finbarr O’Sullivan
- SSPC, The Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland; (S.B.); (L.M.); (R.E.); (F.O.); (J.P.F.); (S.R.); (D.T.); (G.M.W.)
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, D09 NR58 Dublin, Ireland
| | - John P. Farragher
- SSPC, The Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland; (S.B.); (L.M.); (R.E.); (F.O.); (J.P.F.); (S.R.); (D.T.); (G.M.W.)
| | - Shane Robinson
- SSPC, The Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland; (S.B.); (L.M.); (R.E.); (F.O.); (J.P.F.); (S.R.); (D.T.); (G.M.W.)
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Sciences, T45 P663 Cork, Ireland
| | - Damien Thompson
- SSPC, The Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland; (S.B.); (L.M.); (R.E.); (F.O.); (J.P.F.); (S.R.); (D.T.); (G.M.W.)
- Department of Physics, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
| | - Gavin M. Walker
- SSPC, The Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland; (S.B.); (L.M.); (R.E.); (F.O.); (J.P.F.); (S.R.); (D.T.); (G.M.W.)
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Yamada K, Deb A, Shoba VM, Lim D, Maji B, Modell AE, Choudhary A. Rational Design of Silicon‐Based Zinc Ionophores. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202201698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kei Yamada
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard Cambridge MA 02142 USA
- Department of Medicine Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02115 USA
| | - Arghya Deb
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard Cambridge MA 02142 USA
- Department of Medicine Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02115 USA
| | - Veronika M. Shoba
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard Cambridge MA 02142 USA
- Department of Medicine Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02115 USA
- Divisions of Renal Medicine and Engineering Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston MA 02115 USA
| | - Donghyun Lim
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard Cambridge MA 02142 USA
- Department of Medicine Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02115 USA
- Divisions of Renal Medicine and Engineering Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston MA 02115 USA
| | - Basudeb Maji
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard Cambridge MA 02142 USA
- Department of Medicine Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02115 USA
- Divisions of Renal Medicine and Engineering Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston MA 02115 USA
| | - Ashley E. Modell
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard Cambridge MA 02142 USA
- Department of Medicine Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02115 USA
- Divisions of Renal Medicine and Engineering Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston MA 02115 USA
| | - Amit Choudhary
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard Cambridge MA 02142 USA
- Department of Medicine Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02115 USA
- Divisions of Renal Medicine and Engineering Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston MA 02115 USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Diyya ASM, Thomas NV. Multiple Micronutrient Supplementation: As a Supportive Therapy in the Treatment of COVID-19. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:3323825. [PMID: 35355818 PMCID: PMC8960013 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3323825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
During the infection and treatment of the SARS-CoV-2 viral infection, age and comorbidities play a major role in the successful management of COVID-19. The nutritional status changes which occur in the body vary with the age and underlying conditions and has a vital role in the functioning of the immune system and cellular membrane integrity, thus minimizing the vulnerability to the infection. Considering the data already published by eminent researchers, a few micronutrients have shown outstanding results as supportive therapies in the treatment of viral infections. Micronutrient like zinc improves the membrane barrier integrity, has anti-inflammatory activity, and is involved in antibody production. Vitamin A supports the phagocytic activity of macrophages, while vitamin C reduces the worsening of respiratory tract infections by restoring the dysfunctional epithelial barrier of the lungs. Vitamin D, vitamin E, selenium, and omega-3 fatty acid metabolites play a major role in immunomodulation and in the inhibition of proinflammatory cytokine production. Magnesium is involved in the synthesis of antibodies, while copper, vitamin B12, and folate have significant effects on immune cells. A few researchers suggest that iron supplementation has reduced the risk of acquiring respiratory tract infections in children. As the age of the patient increases, the need for micronutrients increases, thus leading to an imbalanced nutritional status which in turn increases the risk and fatality of the infections. The use of micronutrients in modulating the inflammatory, immune responses, and the epithelial barrier integrity is explored during the treatment of viral infections for faster recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Salomy Monica Diyya
- College of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, Komar University of Science and Technology, Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan, Iraq
| | - Noel Vinay Thomas
- College of Science, Department of Biomedical Science, Komar University of Science and Technology, Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan, Iraq
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Malnutrition and Dietary Habits Alter the Immune System Which May Consequently Influence SARS-CoV-2 Virulence: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052654. [PMID: 35269795 PMCID: PMC8910702 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19, resulting from the SARS-CoV-2 virus, is a major pandemic that the world is fighting. SARS-CoV-2 primarily causes lung infection by attaching to the ACE2 receptor on the alveolar epithelial cells. However, the ACE2 receptor is also present in intestinal epithelial cells, suggesting a link between nutrition, virulence and clinical outcomes of COVID-19. Respiratory viral infections perturb the gut microbiota. The gut microbiota is shaped by our diet; therefore, a healthy gut is important for optimal metabolism, immunology and protection of the host. Malnutrition causes diverse changes in the immune system by repressing immune responses and enhancing viral vulnerability. Thus, improving gut health with a high-quality, nutrient-filled diet will improve immunity against infections and diseases. This review emphasizes the significance of dietary choices and its subsequent effects on the immune system, which may potentially impact SARS-CoV-2 vulnerability.
Collapse
|
27
|
Bakour M, Laaroussi H, Ousaaid D, El Ghouizi A, Es-safi I, Mechchate H, Lyoussi B. New Insights into Potential Beneficial Effects of Bioactive Compounds of Bee Products in Boosting Immunity to Fight COVID-19 Pandemic: Focus on Zinc and Polyphenols. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14050942. [PMID: 35267917 PMCID: PMC8912813 DOI: 10.3390/nu14050942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an epidemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2). Populations at risk as well as those who can develop serious complications are people with chronic diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, and the elderly. Severe symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection are associated with immune failure and dysfunction. The approach of strengthening immunity may be the right choice in order to save lives. This review aimed to provide an overview of current information revealing the importance of bee products in strengthening the immune system against COVID-19. We highlighted the immunomodulatory and the antiviral effects of zinc and polyphenols, which may actively contribute to improving symptoms and preventing complications caused by COVID-19 and can counteract viral infections. Thus, this review will pave the way for conducting advanced experimental research to evaluate zinc and polyphenols-rich bee products to prevent and reduce the severity of COVID-19 symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meryem Bakour
- Laboratory of Natural Substances, Pharmacology, Environment, Modeling, Health, and Quality of Life (SNAMOPEQ), Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, University Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, Fez 30000, Morocco; (M.B.); (H.L.); (D.O.); (A.E.G.); (B.L.)
| | - Hassan Laaroussi
- Laboratory of Natural Substances, Pharmacology, Environment, Modeling, Health, and Quality of Life (SNAMOPEQ), Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, University Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, Fez 30000, Morocco; (M.B.); (H.L.); (D.O.); (A.E.G.); (B.L.)
| | - Driss Ousaaid
- Laboratory of Natural Substances, Pharmacology, Environment, Modeling, Health, and Quality of Life (SNAMOPEQ), Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, University Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, Fez 30000, Morocco; (M.B.); (H.L.); (D.O.); (A.E.G.); (B.L.)
| | - Asmae El Ghouizi
- Laboratory of Natural Substances, Pharmacology, Environment, Modeling, Health, and Quality of Life (SNAMOPEQ), Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, University Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, Fez 30000, Morocco; (M.B.); (H.L.); (D.O.); (A.E.G.); (B.L.)
| | - Imane Es-safi
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Hamza Mechchate
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Badiaa Lyoussi
- Laboratory of Natural Substances, Pharmacology, Environment, Modeling, Health, and Quality of Life (SNAMOPEQ), Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, University Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, Fez 30000, Morocco; (M.B.); (H.L.); (D.O.); (A.E.G.); (B.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Kory P, Meduri GU, Iglesias J, Varon J, Cadegiani FA, Marik PE. "MATH+" Multi-Modal Hospital Treatment Protocol for COVID-19 Infection: Clinical and Scientific Rationale. J Clin Med Res 2022; 14:53-79. [PMID: 35317360 PMCID: PMC8912998 DOI: 10.14740/jocmr4658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In December 2019, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a severe respiratory illness caused by the new coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in Wuhan, China. The greatest impact that COVID-19 had was on intensive care units (ICUs), given that approximately 20% of hospitalized cases developed acute respiratory failure (ARF) requiring ICU admission. Based on the assumption that COVID-19 represented a viral pneumonia and no anti-coronaviral therapy existed, nearly all national and international health care societies recommended "supportive care only" avoiding other therapies outside of randomized controlled trials, with a specific prohibition against the use of corticosteroids in treatment. However, early studies of COVID-19-associated ARF reported inexplicably high mortality rates, with frequent prolonged durations of mechanical ventilation (MV), even from centers expert in such supportive care strategies. These reports led the authors to form a clinical expert panel called the Front-Line COVID-19 Critical Care Alliance (www.flccc.net). The panel collaboratively reviewed the emerging clinical, radiographic, and pathological reports of COVID-19 while initiating multiple discussions among a wide clinical network of front-line clinical ICU experts from initial outbreak areas in China, Italy, and New York. Based on the shared early impressions of "what was working and what wasn't working", the increasing medical journal publications and the rapidly accumulating personal clinical experiences with COVID-19 patients, a treatment protocol was created for the hospitalized patients based on the core therapies of methylprednisolone, ascorbic acid, thiamine, heparin and non-antiviral co-interventions (MATH+). This manuscript reviews the scientific and clinical rationale behind MATH+ based on published in-vitro, pre-clinical, and clinical data in support of each medicine, with a special emphasis of studies supporting their use in the treatment of patients with viral syndromes and COVID-19 specifically.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Kory
- Front Line Critical Care Consortium (FLCCC.org), Washington DC, USA
| | | | - Jose Iglesias
- Jersey Shore University Medical Center, Hackensack School of Medicine at Seton Hall, NJ, USA
| | - Joseph Varon
- University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Paul E. Marik
- Front Line Critical Care Consortium (FLCCC.org), Washington DC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Elements and COVID-19: A Comprehensive Overview of Studies on Their Blood/Urinary Levels and Supplementation with an Update on Clinical Trials. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11020215. [PMID: 35205082 PMCID: PMC8869171 DOI: 10.3390/biology11020215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary COVID-19 is a disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus spreading mainly through person-to-person contact. It has caused millions of deaths around the world and lasting health problems in individuals who have survived the disease. This review concisely summarizes certain issues related to COVID-19 with a focus on elements and gives an update on clinical trials where some minerals will be tested/have been tested alone or in combination with drugs, vitamins, or plant extracts/herbal formulations in COVID-19 patients and in those at higher COVID-19 risk. Abstract The current report provides a brief overview of the clinical features, hematological/biochemical abnormalities, biomarkers, and AI-related strategies in COVID-19; presents in a nutshell the pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapeutic options; and concisely summarizes the most important aspects related to sociodemographic and behavioral factors as well as comorbidities having an impact on this disease. It also gives a brief outline of the effect of selected elements on immune response and collects data on the levels of micro-/macro-elements and toxic metals in the blood/urine of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients and on supplementation with minerals in COVID-19 subjects. Moreover, this review provides an overview of clinical trials based on the use of minerals alone or in combination with other agents that can provide effective responses toward SARS-CoV-2 infection. The knowledge compiled in this report lays the groundwork for new therapeutic treatments and further research on biomarkers that should be as informative as possible about the patient’s condition and can provide more reliable information on COVID-19 course and prognosis. The collected results point to the need for clarification of the importance of mineral supplementation in COVID-19 and the relationships of the levels of some minerals with clinical improvement.
Collapse
|
30
|
|
31
|
Bhat R, Soliman SS, El-Sayed Ahmed MM, Husseiny MI. COVID-19 Pandemic: Outbreak, Potential Vaccines And Medications. RUSSIAN OPEN MEDICAL JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.15275/rusomj.2021.0401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of the current global pandemic caused by the spread of a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has posed an unprecedented threat to global health and economy across the whole world. As of today, the number of cases diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 is exceeding 271 million with over 5.32 million deaths globally. Despite the high throughput technology and considerable advances in sciences, the outbreaks of the COVID-19 pandemic present a colossal challenge to scientific community. Scientists and clinicians all over the world are putting tremendous efforts to develop effective treatments to combat this deadly pathogen, at least to contain it momentarily until an adequate treatment regimen is available. Conventionally, vaccines have been developed as one of the therapeutic strategies to restrict infectious diseases. Although several vaccines are in the pipeline, evaluation of efficacy in animals’ studies and human are time-consuming. On the other hand, several drugs already in clinical use are being employed to test their efficacy against SARS-CoV-2. Some of these drugs have been already used as anti-viral drugs and others have been used for different therapeutic purposes. In this review, we summarize the ongoing efforts to control the dissemination of SARS-CoV-2 and highlight the potential prophylactic and therapeutic measures including the recently developed vaccines in the foreseeable future. Moreover, we emphasize an importance of having a customized strategy that can be easily and quickly employed to overcome possible future outbreaks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rauf Bhat
- King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Mohamed I. Husseiny
- Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
The Autophagy Inhibitor Chloroquine, Alone or in Combination with mTOR Inhibitors, Displays Anti-Tumor Effects in In Vitro and In Vivo Lung Carcinoid Models. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13246327. [PMID: 34944946 PMCID: PMC8699234 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13246327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Neuroendocrine neoplasms of the lung (lung carcinoids) are often diagnosed when they are not surgically curable, and treatment options are limited. One of the approved options for treating inoperable tumors is everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor. Activation of mTOR inhibits autophagy, which is a cell survival mechanism; everolimus may paradoxically encourage cancer cell survival via stimulation of autophagy. Chloroquine, a known antimalarial compound, inhibits autophagy. Our research is focused on the hypothesis that autophagy plays a key role in the development of tumor resistance to everolimus, and that chloroquine addition to an mTOR inhibitor increases their inhibitory effect on tumor growth. In this study, we examined the effects of chloroquine alone or in combination with mTOR inhibitors on lung neuroendocrine tumor models (cell lines and mice). We have shown that chloroquine alone suppresses tumor cells’ viability and proliferation and increases their cytotoxicity and apoptosis; these effects are augmented when chloroquine is added to mTOR inhibitors. Apparently, chloroquine suppresses tumor cell growth in lung neuroendocrine neoplasms models, potentiating the effects of the mTOR inhibitors, and implying that more research is warranted to unravel its possible role in the clinical setting, in patients with advanced lung neuroendocrine neoplasms. Abstract (1) Background: Neuroendocrine neoplasms of the lung (LNENs, lung carcinoids) are often diagnosed at an advanced stage when they are not surgically curable, and treatment options are limited. One of the approved options for treating inoperable tumors is everolimus—an mTOR inhibitor (mTORi). Activation of mTOR, among many other effects, inhibits autophagy, which is a cell survival mechanism in general, and in tumor cells in particular. Everolimus may paradoxically encourage cancer cell survival. In practice, the drug inhibits tumor development. Chloroquine (CQ) is a known antimalarial compound that inhibits autophagy. Our research is focused on the hypothesis that autophagy plays a key role in the development of tumor resistance to mTORi, and that the addition of autophagy inhibitors to mTORi exerts a synergistic effect on suppressing tumor cell proliferation. We have recently demonstrated that the combination of CQ with different mTORi increases their potency compared with mTORi alone in both in vitro and in vivo models of pancreatic NENs. In this study, we examined the effects of CQ and mTORi on in vitro and in vivo LNEN models. Aims: Testing the effects of CQ together with mTORi on cell proliferation, apoptosis, and autophagy in in vitro and in vivo LNEN models. (2) Methods: The NCI-H727 LNEN cells were treated with CQ ± mTORi. Cells’ viability and proliferation were measured using XTT and Ki-67 FACS staining. The effects of the treatments on the mTOR pathway and autophagy were examined using Western blotting. Cytotoxicity was measured using a cytotoxicity kit; apoptosis was measured by PI FACS staining and Western blotting. We further established an LNEN subcutaneous murine xenograft model and evaluated the effects of the drugs on tumor growth. (3) Results: CQ alone suppressed LNEN cells’ viability and proliferation and increased their cytotoxicity and apoptosis; these effects were augmented when CQ was added to an mTORi. We also showed the possible mechanisms for these results: on the one hand we could see a decrease in P62 levels and the absence of LC3-II (both inversely related to autophagy) following treatment with the mTORi, and on the other hand we could demonstrate an increase in their levels when CQ was added. The effect was less apparent in the murine xenograft model. (4) Conclusions: By inhibiting autophagy and inducing apoptosis, CQ suppresses tumor cell growth in LNENs. CQ potentiates mTORi effects, implying that further studies are needed in order to elucidate its possible role in tumor inhibition in patients with LNENs.
Collapse
|
33
|
Zinc ionophores: chemistry and biological applications. J Inorg Biochem 2021; 228:111691. [PMID: 34929542 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2021.111691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Zinc can play a pathophysiological role in several diseases and can interfere in key processes of microbial growth. This evidence justifies the efforts in applying Zinc ionophores to restore Zinc homeostasis and treat bacterial/viral infections such as coronavirus diseases. Zinc ionophores increase the intracellular concentration of Zinc ions causing significant biological effects. This review provides, for the first time, an overview of the applications of the main Zinc ionophores in Zinc deficiency, infectious diseases, and in cancer, discussing the pharmacological and coordination properties of the Zinc ionophores.
Collapse
|
34
|
Kim HK, Park CY, Han SN. Nutrient modulation of viral infection-implications for COVID-19. Nutr Res Pract 2021; 15:S1-S21. [PMID: 34909129 PMCID: PMC8636392 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2021.15.s1.s1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has put focus on the importance of a healthy immune system for recovery from infection and effective response to vaccination. Several nutrients have been under attention because their nutritional statuses showed associations with the incidence or severity of COVID-19 or because they affect several aspects of immune function. Nutritional status, immune function, and viral infection are closely interrelated. Undernutrition impairs immune function, which can lead to increased susceptibility to viral infection, while viral infection itself can result in changes in nutritional status. Here, we review the roles of vitamins A, C, D, and E, and zinc, iron, and selenium in immune function and viral infection and their relevance to COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Keong Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Chan Yoon Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Health Science, The University of Suwon, Hwaseong, Korea
| | - Sung Nim Han
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Research Institute of Human Ecology, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Disulfide Dimerization of Neuronal Calcium Sensor-1: Implications for Zinc and Redox Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212602. [PMID: 34830487 PMCID: PMC8623652 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal calcium sensor-1 (NCS-1) is a four-EF-hand ubiquitous signaling protein modulating neuronal function and survival, which participates in neurodegeneration and carcinogenesis. NCS-1 recognizes specific sites on cellular membranes and regulates numerous targets, including G-protein coupled receptors and their kinases (GRKs). Here, with the use of cellular models and various biophysical and computational techniques, we demonstrate that NCS-1 is a redox-sensitive protein, which responds to oxidizing conditions by the formation of disulfide dimer (dNCS-1), involving its single, highly conservative cysteine C38. The dimer content is unaffected by the elevation of intracellular calcium levels but increases to 10–30% at high free zinc concentrations (characteristic of oxidative stress), which is accompanied by accumulation of the protein in punctual clusters in the perinuclear area. The formation of dNCS-1 represents a specific Zn2+-promoted process, requiring proper folding of the protein and occurring at redox potential values approaching apoptotic levels. The dimer binds Ca2+ only in one EF-hand per monomer, thereby representing a unique state, with decreased α-helicity and thermal stability, increased surface hydrophobicity, and markedly improved inhibitory activity against GRK1 due to 20-fold higher affinity towards the enzyme. Furthermore, dNCS-1 can coordinate zinc and, according to molecular modeling, has an asymmetrical structure and increased conformational flexibility of the subunits, which may underlie their enhanced target-binding properties. In HEK293 cells, dNCS-1 can be reduced by the thioredoxin system, otherwise accumulating as protein aggregates, which are degraded by the proteasome. Interestingly, NCS-1 silencing diminishes the susceptibility of Y79 cancer cells to oxidative stress-induced apoptosis, suggesting that NCS-1 may mediate redox-regulated pathways governing cell death/survival in response to oxidative conditions.
Collapse
|
36
|
The antimicrobial and immunomodulatory effects of Ionophores for the treatment of human infection. J Inorg Biochem 2021; 227:111661. [PMID: 34896767 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2021.111661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ionophores are a diverse class of synthetic and naturally occurring ion transporter compounds which demonstrate both direct and in-direct antimicrobial properties against a broad panel of bacterial, fungal, viral and parasitic pathogens. In addition, ionophores can regulate the host-immune response during communicable and non-communicable disease states. Although the clinical use of ionophores such as Amphotericin B, Bedaquiline and Ivermectin highlight the utility of ionophores in modern medicine, for many other ionophore compounds issues surrounding toxicity, bioavailability or lack of in vivo efficacy studies have hindered clinical development. The antimicrobial and immunomodulating properties of a range of compounds with characteristics of ionophores remain largely unexplored. As such, ionophores remain a latent therapeutic avenue to address both the global burden of antimicrobial resistance, and the unmet clinical need for new antimicrobial therapies. This review will provide an overview of the broad-spectrum antimicrobial and immunomodulatory properties of ionophores, and their potential uses in clinical medicine for combatting infection.
Collapse
|
37
|
Brun S, Bestion E, Raymond E, Bassissi F, Jilkova ZM, Mezouar S, Rachid M, Novello M, Tracz J, Hamaï A, Lalmanach G, Vanderlynden L, Legouffe R, Stauber J, Schubert T, Plach MG, Courcambeck J, Drouot C, Jacquemot G, Serdjebi C, Roth G, Baudoin JP, Ansaldi C, Decaens T, Halfon P. GNS561, a clinical-stage PPT1 inhibitor, is efficient against hepatocellular carcinoma via modulation of lysosomal functions. Autophagy 2021; 18:678-694. [PMID: 34740311 PMCID: PMC9037544 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1988357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma is the most frequent primary liver cancer. Macroautophagy/autophagy inhibitors have been extensively studied in cancer but, to date, none has reached efficacy in clinical trials. In this study, we demonstrated that GNS561, a new autophagy inhibitor, whose anticancer activity was previously linked to lysosomal cell death, displayed high liver tropism and potent antitumor activity against a panel of human cancer cell lines and in two hepatocellular carcinoma in vivo models. We showed that due to its lysosomotropic properties, GNS561 could reach and specifically inhibited its enzyme target, PPT1 (palmitoyl-protein thioesterase 1), resulting in lysosomal unbound Zn2+ accumulation, impairment of cathepsin activity, blockage of autophagic flux, altered location of MTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase), lysosomal membrane permeabilization, caspase activation and cell death. Accordingly, GNS561, for which a global phase 1b clinical trial in liver cancers was just successfully achieved, represents a promising new drug candidate and a hopeful therapeutic strategy in cancer treatment. Abbreviations: ANXA5:annexin A5; ATCC: American type culture collection; BafA1: bafilomycin A1; BSA: bovine serum albumin; CASP3: caspase 3; CASP7: caspase 7; CASP8: caspase 8; CCND1: cyclin D1; CTSB: cathepsin B; CTSD: cathepsin D; CTSL: cathepsin L; CQ: chloroquine; iCCA: intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma; DEN: diethylnitrosamine; DMEM: Dulbelcco’s modified Eagle medium; FBS: fetal bovine serum; FITC: fluorescein isothiocyanate; GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; HCC: hepatocellular carcinoma; HCQ: hydroxychloroquine; HDSF: hexadecylsulfonylfluoride; IC50: mean half-maximal inhibitory concentration; LAMP: lysosomal associated membrane protein; LC3-II: phosphatidylethanolamine-conjugated form of MAP1LC3; LMP: lysosomal membrane permeabilization; MALDI: matrix assisted laser desorption ionization; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MKI67: marker of proliferation Ki-67; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging; NH4Cl: ammonium chloride; NtBuHA: N-tert-butylhydroxylamine; PARP: poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase; PBS: phosphate-buffered saline; PPT1: palmitoyl-protein thioesterase 1; SD: standard deviation; SEM: standard error mean; vs, versus; Zn2+: zinc ion; Z-Phe: Z-Phe-Tyt(tBu)-diazomethylketone; Z-VAD-FMK: carbobenzoxy-valyl-alanyl-aspartyl-[O-methyl]- fluoromethylketone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eloïne Bestion
- Genoscience Pharma, Marseille, France.,Aix-Marseille Univ, MEPHI, APHM, IRD, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Eric Raymond
- Genoscience Pharma, Marseille, France.,Medical Oncology, Paris Saint-Joseph Hospital, Paris, France
| | | | - Zuzana Macek Jilkova
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Research Center UGA/Inserm U 1209/CNRS 5309, La Tronche, France.,University of Grenoble Alpes, Faculté De Médecine, France.,Clinique Universitaire d'Hépato-gastroentérologie, Pôle Digidune, Chu Grenoble, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Ahmed Hamaï
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Inserm U1151-CNRS UMR, Paris, France.,University of Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Gilles Lalmanach
- Inserm, UMR1100, Centre d'Etude Des Pathologies Respiratoires, Equipe "Mécanismes Protéolytiques Dans l'Inflammation", Tours, France.,University of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Lise Vanderlynden
- Inserm, UMR1100, Centre d'Etude Des Pathologies Respiratoires, Equipe "Mécanismes Protéolytiques Dans l'Inflammation", Tours, France.,University of Tours, Tours, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Gael Roth
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Research Center UGA/Inserm U 1209/CNRS 5309, La Tronche, France.,University of Grenoble Alpes, Faculté De Médecine, France.,Clinique Universitaire d'Hépato-gastroentérologie, Pôle Digidune, Chu Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Baudoin
- Aix-Marseille Univ, MEPHI, APHM, IRD, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | | | - Thomas Decaens
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Research Center UGA/Inserm U 1209/CNRS 5309, La Tronche, France.,University of Grenoble Alpes, Faculté De Médecine, France.,Clinique Universitaire d'Hépato-gastroentérologie, Pôle Digidune, Chu Grenoble, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Karim MM, Sultana S, Sultana R, Rahman MT. Possible Benefits of Zinc supplement in CVD and COVID-19 Comorbidity. J Infect Public Health 2021; 14:1686-1692. [PMID: 34649043 PMCID: PMC8489295 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2021.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
As far as comorbidity is concerned, cardiovascular diseases (CVD) appear to be accounted for the highest prevalence, severity, and fatality among COVID 19 patients. A wide array of causal links connecting CVD and COVID-19 baffle the overall prognosis as well as the efficacy of the given therapeutic interventions. At the centre of this puzzle lies ACE2 that works as a receptor for the SARS-CoV-2, and functional expression of which is also needed to minimize vasoconstriction otherwise would lead to high blood pressure. Furthermore, SARS-CoV-2 infection seems to reduce the functional expression of ACE2. Given these circumstances, it might be advisable to consider a treatment plan for COVID-19 patients with CVD in an approach that would neither aggravate the vasodeleterious arm of the renin-angiotensinogen-aldosterone system (RAAS) nor compromise the vasoprotective arm of RAAS but is effective to minimize or if possible, inhibit the viral replication. Given the immune modulatory role of Zn in both CVD and COVID-19 pathogenesis, zinc supplement to the selective treatment plan for CVD and COVID-19 comorbid conditions, to be decided by the clinicians depending on the cardiovascular conditions of the patients, might greatly improve the therapeutic outcome. Notably, ACE2 is a zinc metalloenzyme and zinc is also known to inhibit viral replication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Shahnaz Sultana
- Institute of National Analytical Research and Service (INARS), Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), New Elephant Road, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Rokaia Sultana
- Institute of National Analytical Research and Service (INARS), Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), New Elephant Road, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Tariqur Rahman
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia,Corresponding author
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Ried K, BinJemain T, Sali A. Therapies to Prevent Progression of COVID-19, Including Hydroxychloroquine, Azithromycin, Zinc, and Vitamin D3 With or Without Intravenous Vitamin C: An International, Multicenter, Randomized Trial. Cureus 2021; 13:e19902. [PMID: 34976511 PMCID: PMC8712288 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.19902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background COVID-19 is a global pandemic. Treatment with hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), zinc, and azithromycin (AZM), also known as the Zelenko protocol, and treatment with intravenous (IV) vitamin C (IVC) have shown encouraging results in a large number of trials worldwide. In addition, vitamin D levels are an important indicator of the severity of symptoms in patients with COVID-19. Objectives Our multicenter, randomized, open-label study aimed to assess the effectiveness of HCQ, AZM, and zinc with or without IVC in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in reducing symptom severity and duration and preventing death. Methods Hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in seven participating hospitals in Turkey were screened for eligibility and randomly allocated to receive either HCQ, AZM, and zinc (group 1) or HCQ, AZM, zinc plus IV vitamin C treatment (group 2) for 14 days. The patients also received nontherapeutic levels of vitamin D3. The trial is registered on the Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry ACTRN12620000557932 and has been approved by the Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). Results A total of 237 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 aged 22-99 years (mean: 63.3 ± 15.7 years) were enrolled in the study. Almost all patients were vitamin D deficient (97%), 55% were severely vitamin D deficient (<25 nmol/L) and 42% were vitamin D deficient (<50 nmol/L); 3% had insufficient vitamin D levels (<75 nmol/L), and none had optimal vitamin D levels. Of the patients, 73% had comorbidities, including diabetes (35%), heart disease (36%), and lung disease (34%). All but one patient (99.6%; n = 236/237) treated with HCQ, AZM, and zinc with or without high-dose IV vitamin C (IVC) fully recovered. Additional IVC therapy contributed significantly to a quicker recovery (15 days versus 45 days until discharge; p = 0.0069). Side effects such as diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting, reported by 15%-27% of the patients, were mild to moderate and transient. No cardiac side effects were observed. Low vitamin D levels were significantly correlated with a higher probability of admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) and longer hospital stay. Sadly, one 70-year-old female patient with heart and lung disease died after 17 days in ICU and 22 days in the hospital. Her vitamin D level was 6 nmol/L on admission (i.e., severely deficient). Conclusions Our study suggests that the treatment protocol of HCQ, AZM, and zinc with or without vitamin C is safe and effective in the treatment of COVID-19, with high dose IV vitamin C leading to a significantly quicker recovery. Importantly, our study confirms vitamin D deficiency to be a high-risk factor of severe COVID-19 disease and hospitalization, with 97% of our study’s patient cohort being vitamin D deficient, 55% of these being severely vitamin D deficient, and none had optimal levels. Future trials are warranted to evaluate the treatment with a combination of high-dose vitamin D3 in addition to HCQ, AZM, and zinc and high-dose intravenous vitamin C.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karin Ried
- NIIM Research, National Institute of Integrative Medicine, Melbourne, AUS.,Health and Nutrition, Torrens University, Melbourne, AUS.,Discipline of General Practice, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, AUS
| | - Taufiq BinJemain
- Gold Coast Clinic, National Institute of Integrative Medicine, Gold Coast, AUS
| | - Avni Sali
- NIIM Clinic, National Institute of Integrative Medicine, Melbourne, AUS
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abdelmaksoud AA, Ghweil AA, Hassan MH, Rashad A, Khodeary A, Aref ZF, Sayed MAA, Elsamman MK, Bazeed SES. Olfactory Disturbances as Presenting Manifestation Among Egyptian Patients with COVID-19: Possible Role of Zinc. Biol Trace Elem Res 2021; 199:4101-4108. [PMID: 33409924 PMCID: PMC7787876 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02546-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 is a severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Deficiency of zinc has been supposed to contribute to loss of smell and taste in COVID-19 patients. Our study aimed to assess the serum zinc levels among patients with COVID-19 of various severities, with and without olfaction dysfunction, and to evaluate the effect of zinc therapy in recovery of smell dysfunction among such patients. This study included 134 patients; real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) proved SARS-CoV-2. Serum zinc levels were measured for all infected patients. One hundred and five patients were detected to have anosmia and/or hyposmia and were categorized randomly into 2 groups; the first group included 49 patients who received zinc therapy and the second group included 56 patients who did not received zinc. All patients were followed up for the recovery duration of olfactory and gustatory symptoms and duration of complete recovery of COVID-19. Olfactory dysfunction was reported in 105 patients (78.4%). Serum zinc levels were not significantly different between the patient subgroups regarding disease severity or the presence or absence of olfactory and/or gustatory dysfunction (p ˃ 0.05). The median duration of recovery of gustatory and/or olfactory function was significantly shorter among patients who received zinc therapy than those who did not received zinc (p < 0.001), while the median duration of complete recovery from COVID-19 was not significantly different among the two groups (p ˃ 0.05). Although the zinc status of COVID-19 patients did not exhibit a significant role in development of anosmia and/or hyposmia or disease severity, zinc therapy may have a significant role in shortening the duration of smell recovery in those patients without affecting the total recovery duration from COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aida A Abdelmaksoud
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of ENT, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Ali A Ghweil
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Mohammed H Hassan
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt.
| | - Alaa Rashad
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Chest Diseases, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Ashraf Khodeary
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Pathology, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Zaky F Aref
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of ENT, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | | | - Mahmoud K Elsamman
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Shamardan E S Bazeed
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Cereda G, Ciappolino V, Boscutti A, Cantù F, Enrico P, Oldani L, Delvecchio G, Brambilla P. Zinc as a Neuroprotective Nutrient for COVID-19-Related Neuropsychiatric Manifestations: A Literature Review. Adv Nutr 2021; 13:66-79. [PMID: 34634109 PMCID: PMC8524565 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmab110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of the pandemic associated with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) led researchers to find new potential treatments, including nonpharmacological molecules such as zinc (Zn2+). Specifically, the use of Zn2+ as a therapy for SARS-CoV-2 infection is based on several findings: 1) the possible role of the anti-inflammatory activity of Zn2+ on the aberrant inflammatory response triggered by COronaVIrus Disease 19 (COVID-19), 2) properties of Zn2+ in modulating the competitive balance between the host and the invading pathogens, and 3) the antiviral activity of Zn2+ on a number of pathogens, including coronaviruses. Furthermore, Zn2+ has been found to play a central role in regulating brain functioning and many disorders have been associated with Zn2+ deficiency, including neurodegenerative diseases, psychiatric disorders, and brain injuries. Within this context, we carried out a narrative review to provide an overview of the evidence relating to the effects of Zn2+ on the immune and nervous systems, and the therapeutic use of such micronutrients in both neurological and infective disorders, with the final goal of elucidating the possible use of Zn2+ as a preventive or therapeutic intervention in COVID-19. Overall, the results from the available evidence showed that, owing to its neuroprotective properties, Zn2+ supplementation could be effective not only on COVID-19-related symptoms but also on virus replication, as well as on COVID-19-related inflammation and neurological damage. However, further clinical trials evaluating the efficacy of Zn2+ as a nonpharmacological treatment of COVID-19 are required to achieve an overall improvement in outcome and prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guido Cereda
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Ciappolino
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Boscutti
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Filippo Cantù
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Enrico
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Lucio Oldani
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Delvecchio
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Isaac-Lam MF. Molecular modeling of the interaction of ligands with ACE2-SARS-CoV-2 spike protein complex. In Silico Pharmacol 2021; 9:55. [PMID: 34631362 PMCID: PMC8495439 DOI: 10.1007/s40203-021-00114-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is a new communicable disease with a widespread outbreak that affects all populations worldwide triggering a rush of scientific interest in coronavirus research globally. In silico molecular docking experiment was utilized to determine interactions of available compounds with SARS-CoV-2 and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) complex. Chimera and AutoDock Vina were used for protein-ligand interaction structural analysis. Ligands were chosen based on the known characteristics and indications of the drugs as ACE inhibitors (captopril, enalapril, quinapril, moexipril, benazepril, ramipril, perindopril, zofenopril, fosinopril), as ACE2 blockers (losartan, olmesartan), as blood thinning agent (clopidogrel), as cholesterol-lowering prescriptions (simvastatin, atorvastatin), repurposed medications (dexamethasone, hydroxychloroquine, chloroquine), and as investigational drug (remdesivir). Experimental ACE/ACE2 inhibitors are also included: Sigma ACEI, N-(2-aminoethyl)-1-aziridine-ethanamine (NAAE), nicotianamine (NAM), and MLN-4760 (ACE2 inhibitor). The best docked conformations were all located in the ACE2 protein, 50% docked at the interface with lower scores and only clopidogrel and hydroxychloroquine docked at the spike protein. Captopril, moexipril, benazepril, fosinopril, losartan, remdesivir, Sigma ACEI, NAA, and NAM interacted and docked at the interface of ACE2 and SARS-CoV-2 spike protein complex. This may have significant implication in enhancing our understanding of the mechanism to hinder viral entry into the host organism during infection. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40203-021-00114-w.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meden F. Isaac-Lam
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Purdue University Northwest, Westville, IN 46391 USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abd-Elsalam S, Soliman S, Esmail ES, Khalaf M, Mostafa EF, Medhat MA, Ahmed OA, El Ghafar MSA, Alboraie M, Hassany SM. Do Zinc Supplements Enhance the Clinical Efficacy of Hydroxychloroquine?: a Randomized, Multicenter Trial. Biol Trace Elem Res 2021; 199:3642-3646. [PMID: 33247380 PMCID: PMC7695238 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02512-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
No specific treatment for COVID-19 infection is available up till now, and there is a great urge for effective treatment to reduce morbidity and mortality during this pandemic. We aimed to evaluate the effect of combining chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine (CQ/HCQ) and zinc in the treatment of COVID-19 patients. This was a randomized clinical trial conducted at three major University hospitals in Egypt. One hundred ninety-one patients with a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 infection were randomized into two groups: group I (96) patients received both HCQ and zinc, and group II (95) received HCQ only. The primary endpoints were the recovery within 28 days, the need for mechanical ventilation, and death. The two groups were matched for age and gender. They had no significant difference regarding any of the baseline laboratory parameters or clinical severity grading. Clinical recovery after 28 days was achieved by 79.2% in the zinc group and 77.9% in zinc-free treatment group, without any significant difference (p = 0.969). The need for mechanical ventilation and the overall mortality rates did not show any significant difference between the 2 groups either (p = 0.537 and 0.986, respectively). The age of the patient and the need for mechanical ventilation were the only risk factors associated with the patients' mortality by the univariate regression analysis (p = 0.001 and < 0.001, respectively). Zinc supplements did not enhance the clinical efficacy of HCQ. More randomized studies are needed to evaluate the value of adding zinc to other therapies for COVID 19. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04447534.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sherief Abd-Elsalam
- Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, El-Giash Street, Tanta, 31527, Egypt.
| | - Shaimaa Soliman
- Public health and Community Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Eslam Saber Esmail
- Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, El-Giash Street, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
| | - Mai Khalaf
- Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, El-Giash Street, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
| | - Ehab F Mostafa
- Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mohammed A Medhat
- Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | | | - Mohamed Samir Abd El Ghafar
- Department of Anesthesia, Surgical Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Alboraie
- Department of Internal Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sahar M Hassany
- Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
UV-vis and electrical impedance characterizations of the hydroxychloroquine-zinc complex in the phospholipid-like oleic acid phase. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
45
|
Begley CG, Ashton M, Baell J, Bettess M, Brown MP, Carter B, Charman WN, Davis C, Fisher S, Frazer I, Gautam A, Jennings MP, Kearney P, Keeffe E, Kelly D, Lopez AF, McGuckin M, Parker MW, Rayner C, Roberts B, Rush JS, Sullivan M. Drug repurposing: Misconceptions, challenges, and opportunities for academic researchers. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:eabd5524. [PMID: 34550729 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abd5524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark Ashton
- UniQuest Pty Ltd., University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jonathan Baell
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Michael P Brown
- Cancer Clinical Trials Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Brett Carter
- Bioseer Pty Ltd., Glen Iris, Victoria, Australia
| | - William N Charman
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher Davis
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast campus, Queensland, Australia
| | - Simon Fisher
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Australia Pty Ltd., Macquarie Park, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ian Frazer
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Michael P Jennings
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast campus, Queensland, Australia
| | - Philip Kearney
- Merck Sharp & Dohme, Macquarie Park, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Eloise Keeffe
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast campus, Queensland, Australia
| | - Darren Kelly
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Angel F Lopez
- Centre for Cancer Biology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | - Michael W Parker
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Brett Roberts
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Australia Pty Ltd., Macquarie Park, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Mark Sullivan
- Medicines Development for Global Health, Southbank, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Tagde P, Tagde S, Tagde P, Bhattacharya T, Monzur SM, Rahman MH, Otrisal P, Behl T, ul Hassan SS, Abdel-Daim MM, Aleya L, Bungau S. Nutraceuticals and Herbs in Reducing the Risk and Improving the Treatment of COVID-19 by Targeting SARS-CoV-2. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9091266. [PMID: 34572452 PMCID: PMC8468567 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The worldwide transmission of acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) as a deadly or devastating disease is known to affect thousands of people every day, many of them dying all over the planet. The main reason for the massive effect of COVID-19 on society is its unpredictable spread, which does not allow for proper planning or management of this disease. Antibiotics, antivirals, and other prescription drugs, necessary and used in therapy, obviously have side effects (minor or significant) on the affected person, there are still not clear enough studies to elucidate their combined effect in this specific treatment, and existing protocols are sometimes unclear and uncertain. In contrast, it has been found that nutraceuticals, supplements, and various herbs can be effective in reducing the chances of SARS-CoV-2 infection, but also in alleviating COVID-19 symptoms. However, not enough specific details are yet available, and precise scientific studies to validate the approved benefits of natural food additives, probiotics, herbs, and nutraceuticals will need to be standardized according to current regulations. These alternative treatments may not have a direct effect on the virus or reduce the risk of infection with it, but these products certainly stimulate the human immune system so that the body is better prepared to fight the disease. This paper aims at a specialized literary foray precisely in the field of these “cures” that can provide real revelations in the therapy of coronavirus infection
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priti Tagde
- Bhabha Pharmacy Research Institute, Bhabha University, Bhopal 462026, India
- PRISAL Foundation, Pharmaceutical Royal International Society, Bhopal 462042, India;
- Correspondence: (P.T.); (M.H.R.); (S.B.)
| | - Sandeep Tagde
- PRISAL Foundation, Pharmaceutical Royal International Society, Bhopal 462042, India;
| | - Pooja Tagde
- Practice of Medicine Department, Government Homeopathic Medical College, Bhopal 462003, India;
| | - Tanima Bhattacharya
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Hubei 430062, China;
- Techno India NJR Institute of Technology, Udaipur 313003, India
| | | | - Md. Habibur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacy, Jagannath University, Sadarghat, Dhaka 1100, Bangladesh
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Banani, Dhaka 1213, Bangladesh
- Correspondence: (P.T.); (M.H.R.); (S.B.)
| | - Pavel Otrisal
- Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacký University Olomouc, 77111 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
| | - Tapan Behl
- Department of Pharmacology, Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India;
| | - Syed Shams ul Hassan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China;
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Mohamed M. Abdel-Daim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Batterjee Medical College, P.O. Box 6231, Jedah 21442, Saudi Arabia;
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Lotfi Aleya
- Chrono-Environment CNRS 6249, Université de Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France;
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania
- Doctoral School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania
- Correspondence: (P.T.); (M.H.R.); (S.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
DeLaney C, Sheng Y, Pectol DC, Vantansever E, Zhang H, Bhuvanesh N, Salas I, Liu WR, Fierke CF, Darensbourg MY. Zinc thiotropolone combinations as inhibitors of the SARS-CoV-2 main protease. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:12226-12233. [PMID: 34396374 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02499j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Numerous organic molecules are known to inhibit the main protease of SARS-CoV-2, (SC2Mpro), a key component in viral replication of the 2019 novel coronavirus. We explore the hypothesis that zinc ions, long used as a medicinal supplement and known to support immune function, bind to the SC2Mpro enzyme in combination with lipophilic tropolone and thiotropolone ligands, L, block substrate docking, and inhibit function. This study combines synthetic inorganic chemistry, in vitro protease activity assays, and computational modeling. While the ligands themselves have half maximal inhibition concentrations, IC50, for SC2Mpro in the 8-34 μM range, the IC50 values are ca. 100 nM for Zn(NO3)2 which are further enhanced in Zn-L combinations (59-97 nM). Isolation of the Zn(L)2 binary complexes and characterization of their ability to undergo ligand displacement is the basis for computational modeling of the chemical features of the enzyme inhibition. Blind docking onto the SC2Mpro enzyme surface using a modified Autodock4 protocol found preferential binding into the active site pocket. Such Zn-L combinations orient so as to permit dative bonding of Zn(L)+ to basic active site residues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yan Sheng
- 3255 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Ghaemi F, Amiri A, Bajuri MY, Yuhana NY, Ferrara M. Role of different types of nanomaterials against diagnosis, prevention and therapy of COVID-19. SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND SOCIETY 2021; 72:103046. [PMID: 34055576 PMCID: PMC8146202 DOI: 10.1016/j.scs.2021.103046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In 2019, a novel type of coronavirus emerged in China called SARS-COV-2, known COVID-19, threatens global health and possesses negative impact on people's quality of life, leading to an urgent need for its diagnosis and remedy. On the other hand, the presence of hazardous infectious waste led to the increase of the risk of transmitting the virus by individuals and by hospitals during the COVID-19 pandemic. Hence, in this review, we survey previous researches on nanomaterials that can be effective for guiding strategies to deal with the current COVID-19 pandemic and also decrease the hazardous infectious waste in the environment. We highlight the contribution of nanomaterials that possess potential to therapy, prevention, detect targeted virus proteins and also can be useful for large population screening, for the development of environmental sensors and filters. Besides, we investigate the possibilities of employing the nanomaterials in antiviral research and treatment development, examining the role of nanomaterials in antiviral- drug design, including the importance of nanomaterials in drug delivery and vaccination, and for the production of medical equipment. Nanomaterials-based technologies not only contribute to the ongoing SARS- CoV-2 research efforts but can also provide platforms and tools for the understanding, protection, detection and treatment of future viral diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ferial Ghaemi
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Amirhassan Amiri
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 9177948974, Iran
| | - Mohd Yazid Bajuri
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia(UKM), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nor Yuliana Yuhana
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Massimiliano Ferrara
- ICRIOS - The Invernizzi Centre for Research in Innovation, Organization, Strategy and Entrepreneurship, Bocconi University, Department of Management and Technology Via Sarfatti, 25 20136, Milano (MI), Italy
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Silva RCMC, Tan L, Rodrigues DA, Prestes EB, Gomes CP, Gama AM, Oliveira PLD, Paiva CN, Manoury B, Bozza MT. Chloroquine inhibits pro-inflammatory effects of heme on macrophages and invivo. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 173:104-116. [PMID: 34303829 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chloroquine has been used successfully to treat Malaria, including by chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium sp., indicating that it has effects on disease itself. Since heme has inflammatory effects and contributes to the pathogenesis of hemolytic diseases, we hypothesize that the anti-inflammatory effect of chloroquine is partially due to its inhibitory effect on heme-induced macrophage activation and on inflammatory tissue damage. METHODS Bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDMs) were incubated with chloroquine before stimulation with heme, in different conditions, to evaluate cytokines secretion, ROS production, mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPK) or spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) activation, alone or combined with LPS. The effects of chloroquine upon heme inflammation were also evaluated in vivo, through simultaneous i.p. injection of LPS and heme, intratracheal instillation of Poly-IC followed by heme injection, and in a rhabdomyolysis model. RESULTS Chloroquine inhibited TNF secretion, mitochondrial ROS production, MAPK, and Syk activation induced by heme. Inhibition of TNF production could be mimicked by zinc ionophore quercetin, but not by primaquine, a chloroquine analog with low affinity for heme. IL-6 and IL-1β secretions induced by heme in the presence of PRRs agonists were inhibited by chloroquine, but not by calcium chelator BAPTA or inhibitor of endosomal acidification concamycin B. Chloroquine also protected mice from heme inflammatory effects in vivo, inhibiting lethal synergism with PRR agonists, lung pathology caused by heme injection after intratracheal instillation of Poly-IC, and delaying death after rhabdomyolisis. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that chloroquine might be used as a supportive therapy to control heme-induced deleterious inflammation in different hemolytic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Cardoso Maciel Costa Silva
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Imunidade, Departamento de Imunologia. Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Institut Necker Enfants Malades. INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR8253, Paris, France; Laboratório Intermediário de Imunoreceptores e Sinalização Celular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luis Tan
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Imunidade, Departamento de Imunologia. Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Danielle Aparecida Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Imunidade, Departamento de Imunologia. Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Elisa Beatriz Prestes
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Imunidade, Departamento de Imunologia. Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Institut Necker Enfants Malades. INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR8253, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Pereira Gomes
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Imunidade, Departamento de Imunologia. Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Andreza Moreira Gama
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Imunidade, Departamento de Imunologia. Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pedro Lagerblad de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Insetos, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Claudia Neto Paiva
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Imunidade, Departamento de Imunologia. Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Benedicte Manoury
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades. INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR8253, Paris, France
| | - Marcelo Torres Bozza
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Imunidade, Departamento de Imunologia. Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Sharma P, Reddy PK, Kumar B. Trace Element Zinc, a Nature's Gift to Fight Unprecedented Global Pandemic COVID-19. Biol Trace Elem Res 2021; 199:3213-3221. [PMID: 33170448 PMCID: PMC7654355 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02462-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
With the advent of twenty-first century, we are in cruel grip of a pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the associated illness being called as COVID-19. Since its outbreak in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, there are no medicines to cure the disease till date. Based on their experience, scientists say that developing a coronavirus vaccine could take at least a year. There are many steps in place before the vaccine comes for the distribution like its safety and cost-effectiveness, especially for the developing countries. In this scenario, the only way to prevent the disease is by following certain safety guidelines and to boost up the body's immune system. Zinc, a crucial trace element involved in several biological and metabolic processes, has been found to play a pivotal role in promoting and appropriately regulating the host defense mechanisms against viral infections. Zinc is naturally present in some foods, fortified in others and also available as dietary supplement. The current RDA (Recommended Daily Allowance) of zinc is 12 and 10 mg for males and females respectively. Zinc is the second most common trace mineral after iron in the cell. It is present in all organs and tissues in the body as it forms catalytic component of all 6 classes of enzymes encompassing almost 2000 enzymes in the body. Zinc is biologically essential for cellular processes, including growth and development, as well as DNA synthesis and RNA transcription. Zinc deficiency results in a number of metabolic changes besides a compromised immune system. In this review, the role of zinc in regulating the host defense and viral replication is being discussed with the main focus on COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Sharma
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India.
| | - Prasanna Kumar Reddy
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Bhuvnesh Kumar
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India
| |
Collapse
|