Identifying genetic variants for heart rate variability in the acetylcholine pathway

Update: factors influencing heart rate variability-a narrative review

Objective

Heart rate variability (HRV) is an important non-invasive marker for the assessment of an organism's autonomic physiological regulatory pathways. Lower HRV has been shown to correlate with increased mortality. HRV is influenced by various factors or diseases. The aim of this narrative review is to describe the current state of knowledge on factors influencing HRV and their significance for interpretation.

Methods

The narrative review only included reviews, meta-analyses, and cohort studies which were published until 2021. HRV confounders were grouped into four categories (non-influenceable physiological factors, diseases, influenceable lifestyle factors and external factors).

Results

The review found that HRV was decreased not only in non-influenceable physiological factors (e.g., age, gender, ethnicity) but also in connection with various number of acute and chronic diseases (e.g., psychiatric diseases, myocardial infarction, heart failure), influenceable lifestyle factors (e.g., alcohol abuse, overweight, physical activity), and external factors (e.g., heat, noise, shift work, harmful- and hazardous substances).

Conclusion

In order to improve the quality of HRV studies and to ensure accurate interpretation, it is recommended that confounders be taken into account in future diagnostic measurements or measurements in the workplace (e.g., as part of health promotion measures) in order to counteract data bias.

Heart rate variability: Evaluating a potential biomarker of anxiety disorders

Establishing quantifiable biological markers associated with anxiety will increase the objectivity of phenotyping and enhance genetic research of anxiety disorders. Heart rate variability (HRV) is a physiological measure reflecting the dynamic relationship between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, and is a promising target for further investigation. This review summarizes evidence evaluating HRV as a potential physiological biomarker of anxiety disorders by highlighting literature related to anxiety and HRV combined with investigations of endophenotypes, neuroimaging, treatment response, and genetics. Deficient HRV shows promise as an endophenotype of pathological anxiety and may serve as a noninvasive index of prefrontal cortical control over the amygdala, and potentially aid with treatment outcome prediction. We propose that the genetics of HRV can be used to enhance the understanding of the genetics of pathological anxiety for etiological investigations and treatment prediction. Given the anxiety-HRV link, strategies are offered to advance genetic analytical approaches, including the use of polygenic methods, wearable devices, and pharmacogenetic study designs. Overall, HRV shows promising support as a physiological biomarker of pathological anxiety, potentially in a transdiagnostic manner, with the heart-brain entwinement providing a novel approach to advance anxiety treatment development.

Phenotypic but not genetically predicted heart rate variability associated with all-cause mortality

Low heart rate variability (HRV) has been widely reported as a predictor for increased mortality. However, the molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. Therefore, this study aimed to identify novel genetic loci associated with HRV and assess the association of phenotypic HRV and genetically predicted HRV with mortality. In a GWAS of 46,075 European ancestry individuals from UK biobank, we identified 17 independent genome-wide significant genetic variants in 16 loci associated with HRV traits. Notably, eight of these loci (RNF220, GNB4, LINCR-002, KLHL3/HNRNPA0, CHRM2, KCNJ5, MED13L, and C160rf72) have not been reported previously. In a prospective phenotypic relationship between HRV and mortality during a median follow-up of seven years, individuals with lower HRV had higher risk of dying from any cause. Genetically predicted HRV, as determined by the genetic risk scores, was not associated with mortality. To the best of our knowledge, the findings provide novel biological insights into the mechanisms underlying HRV. These results also underline the role of the cardiac autonomic nervous system, as indexed by HRV, in predicting mortality.

Associations of common genetic risk variants of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2 with cardiac autonomic dysfunction in patients with schizophrenia

OBJECTIVES

Decreased vagal modulation, which has consistently been observed in schizophrenic patients, might contribute to increased cardiac mortality in schizophrenia. Previously, associations between CHRM2 (Cholinergic Receptor Muscarinic 2) and cardiac autonomic features have been reported. Here, we tested for possible associations between these polymorphisms and heart rate variability in patients with schizophrenia.

METHODS

A total of three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in CHRM2 (rs73158705 A>G, rs8191992 T>A and rs2350782 T>C) that achieved significance (p < 5 * 10^-8) in genome-wide association studies for cardiac autonomic features were genotyped in 88 drug-naïve patients, 61 patients receiving antipsychotic medication and 144 healthy controls. Genotypes were analysed for associations with parameters of heart rate variability and complexity, in each diagnostic group.

RESULTS

We observed a significantly altered heart rate variability in unmedicated patients with identified genetic risk status in rs73158705 A>G, rs8191992 T>A and rs2350782 T>C as compared to genotype non-risk status. In patients receiving antipsychotic medication and healthy controls, these associations were not observed.

DISCUSSION

We report novel candidate genetic associations with cardiac autonomic dysfunction in schizophrenia, but larger cohorts are required for replication.

Large-scale prediction of adverse drug reactions-related proteins with network embedding

MOTIVATION

Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are a major issue in drug development and clinical pharmacology. As most ADRs are caused by unintended activity at off-targets of drugs, the identification of drug targets responsible for ADRs becomes a key process for resolving ADRs. Recently, with the increase in the number of ADR-related data sources, several computational methodologies have been proposed to analyze ADR-protein relations. However, the identification of ADR-related proteins on a large scale with high reliability remains an important challenge.

RESULTS

In this article, we suggest a computational approach, Large-scale ADR-related Proteins Identification with Network Embedding (LAPINE). LAPINE combines a novel concept called single-target compound with a network embedding technique to enable large-scale prediction of ADR-related proteins for any proteins in the protein-protein interaction network. Analysis of benchmark datasets confirms the need to expand the scope of potential ADR-related proteins to be analyzed, as well as LAPINE's capability for high recovery of known ADR-related proteins. Moreover, LAPINE provides more reliable predictions for ADR-related proteins (Value-added positive predictive value = 0.12), compared to a previously proposed method (P < 0.001). Furthermore, two case studies show that most predictive proteins related to ADRs in LAPINE are supported by literature evidence. Overall, LAPINE can provide reliable insights into the relationship between ADRs and proteomes to understand the mechanism of ADRs leading to their prevention.

AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION

The source code is available at GitHub (https://github.com/rupinas/LAPINE) and Figshare (https://figshare.com/articles/software/LAPINE/21750245) to facilitate its use.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

Genomics of Cardiovascular Measures of Autonomic Tone

The autonomic nervous system exerts broad control over the involuntary functions of the human body through complex equilibrium between sympathetic and parasympathetic tone. Imbalance in this equilibrium is associated with a multitude of cardiovascular outcomes, including mortality. The cardiovascular static state of this equilibrium can be quantified using physiological parameters such as heart rate (HR), blood pressure, and by spectral analysis of HR variability. Here, we review the current state of knowledge of the genetic background of cardiovascular measurements of autonomic tone. For most parameters of autonomic tone, a large portion of variability is explained by genetic heritability. Many of the static parameters of autonomic tone have also been studied through candidate-gene approach, yielding some insight into how genotypes of adrenergic receptors affect variables such as HR. Genome-wide approaches in large cohorts similarly exist for static variables such as HR and blood pressure but less is known about the genetic background of the dynamic and more specific measurements, such as HR variability. Furthermore, because most autonomic measures are likely polygenic, pathway analyses and modeling of polygenic effects are critical. Future work will hopefully explain the control of autonomic tone and guide individualized therapeutic interventions.

Polymorphic variation in the SLC5A7 gene influences infant autonomic reactivity and self-regulation: A neurobiological model for ANS stress responsivity and infant temperament

OBJECTIVE

To examine the impact of polymorphic variation in the solute carrier family 5 member 7 (SLC5A7) gene on autonomic nervous system (ANS) reactivity indexed by respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) and heart rate (HR) in infants during a dyadic stressor, as well as maternal report of infant self-regulation. Given evidence of race differences in older individuals, race was specifically examined.

METHODS

RSA and HR were collected from 111 infants during the still-face paradigm (SFP). Mothers completed the Infant Behavior Questionnaire-Revised short-form. Multi-level mixed effects models examined the impact of SLC5A7 genotype on RSA and HR across the SFP. Linear models tested the influence of genotype on the relation between RSA, HR, and maternal report of infant self-regulation.

RESULTS

SLC5A7 genotype significantly predicted RSA stress responsivity (β = -0.023; p = 0.028) and HR stress responsivity (β = 0.004; p = 0.002). T-allele carriers exhibited RSA suppression and HR acceleration in response to stress while G/G homozygotes did not suppress RSA and exhibited less HR acceleration. All infants exhibited modest RSA augmentation and HR deceleration during recovery. Race-stratified analyses revealed that White T-allele carriers drove the overall results for both RSA (β = -0.044; p = 0.007) and HR (β = 0.006; p = 0.008) with no relation between SLC5A7 genotype and RSA or HR in Black infants. Maternal report of infant orienting/regulation was predicted by the interaction of SLC5A7 genotype and both RSA recovery (β = 0.359; p = 0.001) and HR recovery (β = -1.659; p = 0.020). RSA augmentation and HR deceleration during recovery were associated with higher maternal reports of self-regulation among T-allele carriers, a finding again primarily driven by White infants.

CONCLUSIONS

Early in development, genetic contributions to ANS are evident and predict maternal report of infant self-regulation within White infants, consistent with prior literature. The lack of associations in Black infants suggest that race differences in physiological reactivity and self-regulation are emerging during the first year of life potentially providing early evidence of disparities in health risk trajectories.

Genetic loci associated with heart rate variability and their effects on cardiac disease risk

Reduced cardiac vagal control reflected in low heart rate variability (HRV) is associated with greater risks for cardiac morbidity and mortality. In two-stage meta-analyses of genome-wide association studies for three HRV traits in up to 53,174 individuals of European ancestry, we detect 17 genome-wide significant SNPs in eight loci. HRV SNPs tag non-synonymous SNPs (in NDUFA11 and KIAA1755), expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) (influencing GNG11, RGS6 and NEO1), or are located in genes preferentially expressed in the sinoatrial node (GNG11, RGS6 and HCN4). Genetic risk scores account for 0.9 to 2.6% of the HRV variance. Significant genetic correlation is found for HRV with heart rate (-0.74 Collapse

Key Words Collapse

MESH Headings

• Blood Pressure
• Cohort Studies
• Genetic Predisposition to Disease
• Genome-Wide Association Study
• Heart Diseases/genetics
• Heart Diseases/physiopathology
• Heart Rate
• Humans
• Hyperpolarization-Activated Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Channels/genetics
• Muscle Proteins/genetics
• Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
• Potassium Channels/genetics
• Quantitative Trait Loci
• RGS Proteins/genetics
• Risk Factors
• White People/genetics

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Grants

• R01 HL120393 NHLBI NIH HHS
• U01 HL130114 NHLBI NIH HHS
• P01 GM099568 NIGMS NIH HHS
• UL1 TR000124 NCATS NIH HHS
• R01 HL105756 NHLBI NIH HHS
• S10 OD020069 NIH HHS
• K23 HL114724 NHLBI NIH HHS
• R01 HL116747 NHLBI NIH HHS
• P30 DK063491 NIDDK NIH HHS
• I01 BX002558 BLRD VA
• MC_UU_12019/1 Medical Research Council
• UL1 TR001881 NCATS NIH HHS
• P2C HD050924 NICHD NIH HHS

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Affiliation(s)

Ilja M. Nolte Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30001, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands
M. Loretto Munoz Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30001, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands
Vinicius Tragante Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht 3584CX, The Netherlands
Azmeraw T. Amare Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30001, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar 6000, Ethiopia
Rick Jansen Department of Psychiatry, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center/GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam 1081 BT, The Netherlands
Ahmad Vaez Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30001, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 81746-73461, Iran
Benedikt von der Heyde Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75237, Sweden Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75237, Sweden
Christy L. Avery Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
Joshua C. Bis Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98104, USA
Bram Dierckx Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, PO Box 2060, Rotterdam 3000 CB, The Netherlands The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, PO Box 2060, Rotterdam 3000 CB, The Netherlands
Jenny van Dongen Department of Biological Psychology, Behavioral and Movement Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam 1081 BT, The Netherlands
Stephanie M. Gogarten Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
Philippe Goyette Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H1T 1C8
Jussi Hernesniemi Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere 33520, Finland Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere 33014, Finland Department of Cardiology, Heart Hospital, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere 33521, Finland
Ville Huikari Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu 90014, Finland
Shih-Jen Hwang Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts 01702, USA Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
Deepali Jaju Department of Clinical Physiology, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat—Al Khoudh 123, Sultanate of Oman
Kathleen F. Kerr Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
Alexander Kluttig Institute of Medical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Informatics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale) 06097, Germany
Bouwe P. Krijthe Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2060, Rotterdam 3000 CB, The Netherlands
Jitender Kumar Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75237, Sweden Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75237, Sweden
Sander W. van der Laan Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Heart and Lung, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht 3584 CX, The Netherlands
Leo-Pekka Lyytikäinen Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere 33520, Finland Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere 33014, Finland
Adam X. Maihofer Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California 92093, USA Center for Stress and Mental Health (CESAMH), VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California 92161, USA
Arpi Minassian Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California 92093, USA Center for Stress and Mental Health (CESAMH), VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California 92161, USA
Peter J. van der Most Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30001, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands
Martina Müller-Nurasyid Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany Department of Medicine, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich 80539, Germany DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich 80336, Germany
Michel Nivard Department of Biological Psychology, Behavioral and Movement Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam 1081 BT, The Netherlands EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University & VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
Erika Salvi Department of Health Sciences, University of Milano, Milano 20122, Italy
James D. Stewart Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
Julian F. Thayer Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, 1835 Neil Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
Niek Verweij Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30001, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands
Andrew Wong MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, 33 Bedford Place, London WC1B 5JU, UK
Delilah Zabaneh Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK University College London Genetics Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
Mohammad H. Zafarmand Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
Abdel Abdellaoui Department of Biological Psychology, Behavioral and Movement Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam 1081 BT, The Netherlands EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University & VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
Sulayma Albarwani Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat Al-Khoudh 123, Sultanate of Oman
Christine Albert Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
Alvaro Alonso Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
Foram Ashar McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
Juha Auvinen Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu 90014, Finland Unit of Primary Health Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu 90220, Finland
Tomas Axelsson Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75237, Sweden
Dewleen G. Baker Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California 92093, USA Center for Stress and Mental Health (CESAMH), VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California 92161, USA
Paul I. W. de Bakker Department of Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 CX, The Netherlands Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Matteo Barcella Department of Health Sciences, University of Milano, Milano 20122, Italy
Riad Bayoumi College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University, PO Box 505055, Dubai Healthcare City, United Arab Emirates
Rob J. Bieringa Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30001, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands
Dorret Boomsma Department of Biological Psychology, Behavioral and Movement Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam 1081 BT, The Netherlands EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University & VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
Gabrielle Boucher Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H1T 1C8
Annie R. Britton Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
Ingrid Christophersen Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA Program in Medical and Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02114, USA Department of Medical Research, Bærum Hospital, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, Rud 1346, Norway
Andrea Dietrich Department of Child- and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30001, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands
George B. Ehret Center for Complex Disease Genomics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA Cardiology, Department of Specialties of Internal Medicine, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
Patrick T. Ellinor Program in Medical and Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02114, USA Cardiac Arrhythmia Service & Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
Markku Eskola Department of Cardiology, Heart Hospital, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere 33521, Finland Department of Cardiology, University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere 33014, Finland
Janine F. Felix Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2060, Rotterdam 3000 CB, The Netherlands
John S. Floras University Health Network and Mount Sinai Hospital Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
Oscar H. Franco Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2060, Rotterdam 3000 CB, The Netherlands
Peter Friberg Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Maaike G. J. Gademan Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
Mark A. Geyer Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California 92093, USA
Vilmantas Giedraitis Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Molecular Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75237, Sweden
Catharina A. Hartman Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation, Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30001, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands
Daiane Hemerich Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht 3584CX, The Netherlands CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasília DF 70040-020, Brazil
Albert Hofman Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2060, Rotterdam 3000 CB, The Netherlands
Jouke-Jan Hottenga Department of Biological Psychology, Behavioral and Movement Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam 1081 BT, The Netherlands EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University & VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
Heikki Huikuri Research Unit of Internal Medicine, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu 90220, Finland
Nina Hutri-Kähönen Department of Pediatrics, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere 33521, Finland Department of Pediatrics, University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere 33014, Finland
Xavier Jouven INSERM U970, Paris Descartes University, Paris 75006, France
Juhani Junttila Research Unit of Internal Medicine, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu 90220, Finland
Markus Juonala Department of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku 20520, Finland Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku 20521, Finland
Antti M. Kiviniemi Research Unit of Internal Medicine, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu 90220, Finland
Jan A. Kors Department of Medical Informatics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 CE, The Netherlands
Meena Kumari Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK ISER, Essex University, Colchester, Essex CO4 3SQ, UK
Tatiana Kuznetsova Studies Coordinating Centre, Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
Cathy C. Laurie Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
Joop D. Lefrandt Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Vascular Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30001, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands
Yong Li Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute for Medical Biometry and Statistics, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79110, Germany
Yun Li Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
Duanping Liao Division of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA
Marian C. Limacher Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
Henry J. Lin Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California 90502, USA Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California 90502, USA
Cecilia M. Lindgren Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, The Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
Steven A. Lubitz Program in Medical and Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02114, USA Cardiac Arrhythmia Service & Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
Anubha Mahajan Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
Barbara McKnight Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98104, USA Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
Henriette Meyer zu Schwabedissen Biopharmacy, Department Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
Yuri Milaneschi Department of Psychiatry, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center/GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam 1081 BT, The Netherlands
Nina Mononen Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere 33520, Finland Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere 33014, Finland
Andrew P. Morris Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GL, UK
Mike A. Nalls Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
Gerjan Navis Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30001, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands
Melanie Neijts Department of Biological Psychology, Behavioral and Movement Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam 1081 BT, The Netherlands EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University & VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
Kjell Nikus Department of Cardiology, Heart Hospital, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere 33521, Finland Department of Cardiology, University of Tampere, School of Medicine, Tampere 33014, Finland
Kari E. North Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
Daniel T. O'Connor Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California 92093, USA
Johan Ormel Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation, Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30001, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands
Siegfried Perz Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
Annette Peters DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich 80336, Germany Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
Bruce M. Psaty Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98104, USA Departments of Epidemiology and Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
Olli T. Raitakari Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku 20521, Finland Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku 20520, Finland
Victoria B. Risbrough Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California 92093, USA Center for Stress and Mental Health (CESAMH), VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California 92161, USA
Moritz F. Sinner Department of Medicine, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich 80539, Germany DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich 80336, Germany
David Siscovick The New York Academy of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA
Johannes H. Smit Department of Psychiatry, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center/GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam 1081 BT, The Netherlands
Nicholas L. Smith Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA Seattle Epidemiologic Research and Information Center, Veterans Affairs Office of Research and Development, Seattle, Washington 98108, USA
Elsayed Z. Soliman Epidemiological Cardiology Research Center (EPICARE), Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA
Nona Sotoodehnia Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Division of Cardiology, Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
Jan A. Staessen Studies Coordinating Centre, Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
Phyllis K. Stein Heart Rate Variability Lab, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63108, USA
Adrienne M. Stilp Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
Katarzyna Stolarz-Skrzypek First Department of Cardiology, Interventional Electrocardiology and Hypertension, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow 31-008, Poland
Konstantin Strauch Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich 81377, Germany
Johan Sundström Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 85, Sweden
Cees A. Swenne Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands
Ann-Christine Syvänen Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75237, Sweden
Jean-Claude Tardif Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H1T 1C8 Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3T IJ4
Kent D. Taylor Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California 90509, USA
Alexander Teumer Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany
Timothy A. Thornton Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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The genetics of anxiety-related negative valence system traits

NIMH's Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) domain of negative valence systems (NVS) captures constructs of negative affect such as fear and distress traditionally subsumed under the various internalizing disorders. Through its aims to capture dimensional measures that cut across diagnostic categories and are linked to underlying neurobiological systems, a large number of phenotypic constructs have been proposed as potential research targets. Since "genes" represent a central "unit of analysis" in the RDoC matrix, it is important for studies going forward to apply what is known about the genetics of these phenotypes as well as fill in the gaps of existing knowledge. This article reviews the extant genetic epidemiological data (twin studies, heritability) and molecular genetic association findings for a broad range of putative NVS phenotypic measures. We find that scant genetic epidemiological data is available for experimentally derived measures such as attentional bias, peripheral physiology, or brain-based measures of threat response. The molecular genetic basis of NVS phenotypes is in its infancy, since most studies have focused on a small number of candidate genes selected for putative association to anxiety disorders (ADs). Thus, more research is required to provide a firm understanding of the genetic aspects of anxiety-related NVS constructs. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Association of the Cholinergic Muscarinic M2 Receptor with Autonomic Nervous System Activity in Patients with Schizophrenia on High-Dose Antipsychotics

BACKGROUND

Patients with schizophrenia have abnormal autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity compared with the general population. One reason for this difference is the muscarinic affinity for antipsychotic drugs; therefore, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the muscarinic receptor gene influence this ANS dysfunction. This study sought to determine the effect of SNPs of the cholinergic muscarinic receptor (CHRM) gene on ANS activity in patients with schizophrenia receiving antipsychotic drugs.

METHODS

A total of 173 Japanese patients with schizophrenia were included in this study. Heart rate variability (HRV) was measured as an index of ANS activity. SNPs in CHRM1 (rs542269 and rs2075748), CHRM2 (rs324640, rs8191992, rs1824024, and rs7810473), and CHRM3 (rs3738435, rs4620530, and rs6429157) were genotyped using the TaqMan® method. Patients were grouped according to standard equivalent conversions of chlorpromazine (CP) into a high-CP group (HG; ≥1,000 mg) and a low-CP group (LG; <1,000 mg). ANS activity was compared between the groups. In addition, we compared the total, low-frequency (LF), high-frequency (HF), and LF/HF components of the patients' HRV, and the genotype of the SNPs in both the HG and LG groups. Bonferroni correction was applied for multiple comparisons, and the Bonferroni-corrected critical p value was <0.005.

RESULTS

The A allele of the CHRM2 rs8191992 polymorphism in HG was associated with decreased ANS activity.

CONCLUSION

Our results show reduced ANS activity in association with the CHRM2 rs8191992 polymorphism in patients with schizophrenia on high-dose antipsychotics. CHRM2 polymorphisms may play an important role in ANS activity in patients with schizophrenia.