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Mazio C, Scognamiglio LS, Casale C, Panzetta V, Urciuolo F, Galietta LJV, Imparato G, Netti PA. A functional 3D full-thickness model for comprehending the interaction between airway epithelium and connective tissue in cystic fibrosis. Biomaterials 2024; 308:122546. [PMID: 38552367 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2024.122546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) experience severe lung disease, including persistent infections, inflammation, and irreversible fibrotic remodeling of the airways. Although therapy with transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein modulators reached optimal results in terms of CFTR rescue, lung transplant remains the best line of care for patients in an advanced stage of CF. Indeed, chronic inflammation and tissue remodeling still represent stumbling blocks during treatment, and underlying mechanisms are still unclear. Nowadays, animal models are not able to fully replicate clinical features of the human disease and the conventional in vitro models lack a stromal compartment undergoing fibrotic remodeling. To address this gap, we show the development of a 3D full-thickness model of CF with a human bronchial epithelium differentiated on a connective airway tissue. We demonstrated that the epithelial cells not only underwent mucociliary differentiation but also migrated in the connective tissue and formed gland-like structures. The presence of the connective tissue stimulated the pro-inflammatory behaviour of the epithelium, which activated the fibroblasts embedded into their own extracellular matrix (ECM). By varying the composition of the model with CF epithelial cells and a CF or healthy connective tissue, it was possible to replicate different moments of CF disease, as demonstrated by the differences in the transcriptome of the CF epithelium in the different conditions. The possibility to faithfully represent the crosstalk between epithelial and connective in CF through the full thickness model, along with inflammation and stromal activation, makes the model suitable to better understand mechanisms of disease genesis, progression, and response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Mazio
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia-IIT, Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Healthcare, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, 80125, Napoli, Italy
| | - Laura Sara Scognamiglio
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia-IIT, Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Healthcare, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, 80125, Napoli, Italy
| | - Costantino Casale
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials-CRIB, University of Napoli Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125, Napoli, Italy
| | - Valeria Panzetta
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials-CRIB, University of Napoli Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125, Napoli, Italy; Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering-DICMAPI, University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Urciuolo
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials-CRIB, University of Napoli Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125, Napoli, Italy; Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering-DICMAPI, University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125, Naples, Italy
| | - Luis J V Galietta
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine-TIGEM, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli, NA, Italy
| | - Giorgia Imparato
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia-IIT, Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Healthcare, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, 80125, Napoli, Italy.
| | - Paolo A Netti
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia-IIT, Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Healthcare, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, 80125, Napoli, Italy; Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials-CRIB, University of Napoli Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125, Napoli, Italy; Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering-DICMAPI, University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125, Naples, Italy
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Zhu Y, Feng X, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Chen J, Liu Y. Umami Altering Salivary Proteome: A Study across a Sensitivity Spectrum on Subjects. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:13451-13464. [PMID: 38728234 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c01326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
This study delved into the relationship between umami taste sensitivity (UTS) and variations in the salivary proteome among 12 healthy nonsmokers utilizing 4D data-independent acquisition-based proteomics. By assessing UTS through monosodium l-glutamate (MSG) detection thresholds, we discovered notable differences: individuals with high UTS detected umami at significantly lower MSG concentrations (0.20 ± 0.12 mM) compared to their low UTS counterparts (2.51 ± 1.21 mM). Both groups showed an upregulation of the S100A1 protein under MSG stimulation, indicating a potent biochemical response to umami stimuli. The high UTS group exhibited enhanced metabolic pathways including those for amino acid, lipid, and organic acid biosynthesis, essential for maintaining taste receptor functionality and enhancing signal transduction. This group also demonstrated increased activity in cytochrome P450 enzymes and ribonucleoprotein complexes, suggesting a readiness to manage metabolic challenges and optimize umami perception. In contrast, the low UTS group showed adaptive mechanisms, possibly through modulation of receptor availability and function, with an upregulation of structural and ribosomal proteins that may support taste receptor production and turnover. These findings suggest that varying biological mechanisms underpin differences in umami perception, which could significantly influence dietary preferences and nutritional outcomes, highlighting the intricate interplay of genetic, physiological, and metabolic factors in taste sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Zhu
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture & Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Feng
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture & Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ziyu Wang
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture & Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing of Sichuan, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Yuyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health (Beijing Technology and Business University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100048, China
- Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- Key Laboratory of Flavor Science of China General Chamber of Commerce, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Jianshe Chen
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Food Oral Processing Laboratory, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture & Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
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3
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Scott M, Lei L, Bierstedt KC, McCray PB, Xie Y. Dynamic measurement of airway surface liquid volume with an ex vivo trachea-chip. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:3093-3100. [PMID: 38779981 PMCID: PMC11165946 DOI: 10.1039/d4lc00134f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The volume and composition of airway surface liquid (ASL) is regulated by liquid secretion and absorption across airway epithelia, controlling the pH, solute concentration, and biophysical properties of ASL in health and disease. Here, we developed a method integrating explanted tracheal tissue with a micro-machined device (referred to as "ex vivo trachea-chip") to study the dynamic properties of ASL volume regulation. The ex vivo trachea-chip allows real-time measurement of ASL transport (Jv) with intact airway anatomic structures, environmental control, high-resolution, and enhanced experimental throughput. Applying this technology to freshly excised tissue we observed ASL absorption under basal conditions. The apical application of amiloride, an inhibitor of airway epithelial sodium channels (ENaC), reduced airway liquid absorption. Furthermore, the basolateral addition of NPPB, a Cl- channel inhibitor, reduced the basal rate of ASL absorption, implicating a role for basolateral Cl- channels in ASL volume regulation. When tissues were treated with apical amiloride and basolateral methacholine, a cholinergic agonist that stimulates secretion from airway submucosal glands, the net airway surface liquid production shifted from absorption to secretion. This ex vivo trachea-chip provides a new tool to investigate ASL transport dynamics in pulmonary disease states and may aid the development of new therapies targeting ASL regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Scott
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, USA.
| | - Lei Lei
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics and Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, USA
| | - Kaleb C Bierstedt
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, USA.
| | - Paul B McCray
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics and Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, USA
| | - Yuliang Xie
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, USA.
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Hossain TJ. Methods for screening and evaluation of antimicrobial activity: A review of protocols, advantages, and limitations. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2024; 14:97-115. [PMID: 38648108 PMCID: PMC11097785 DOI: 10.1556/1886.2024.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases pose a formidable global challenge, compounded by the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. Consequently, researchers are actively exploring novel antimicrobial compounds as potential solutions. This endeavor underscores the pivotal role of methods employed for screening and evaluating antimicrobial activity-a critical step in discovery and characterization of antimicrobial agents. While traditional techniques such as well-diffusion, disk-diffusion, and broth-dilution are commonly utilized in antimicrobial assays, they may encounter limitations concerning reproducibility and speed. Additionally, a diverse array of antimicrobial assays including cross-streaking, poisoned-food, co-culture, time-kill kinetics, resazurin assay, bioautography, etc., are routinely employed in antimicrobial evaluations. Advanced techniques such as flow-cytometry, impedance analysis, and bioluminescent technique may offer rapid and sensitive results, providing deeper insights into the impact of antimicrobials on cellular integrity. However, their higher cost and limited accessibility in certain laboratory settings may present challenges. This article provides a comprehensive overview of assays designed to characterize antimicrobial activity, elucidating their underlying principles, protocols, advantages, and limitations. The primary objective is to enhance understanding of the methodologies designed for evaluating antimicrobial agents in our relentless battle against infectious diseases. By selecting the appropriate antimicrobial testing method, researchers can discern suitable conditions and streamline the identification of effective antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanim Jabid Hossain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chittagong, Chattogram, Bangladesh
- Biochemistry and Pathogenesis of Microbes – BPM Unit, Laboratory for Health, Omics and Pathway Exploration (HOPE Research), Chattogram, Bangladesh
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Dilawari R, Chaubey GK, Modanwal R, Dhiman A, Talukdar S, Kumar A, Raje CI, Raje M. Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Binds with Spike Protein and Inhibits the Entry of SARS-CoV-2 into Host Cells. J Innate Immun 2024; 16:133-142. [PMID: 38325356 PMCID: PMC10911789 DOI: 10.1159/000535634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Coronavirus disease 2019 caused by coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has emerged as an aggressive viral pandemic. Health care providers confront a challenging task for rapid development of effective strategies to combat this and its long-term after effects. Virus entry into host cells involves interaction between receptor-binding domain (RBD) of spike (S) protein S1 subunit with angiotensin converting enzyme present on host cells. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is a moonlighting enzyme involved in cellular glycolytic energy metabolism and micronutrient homeostasis. It is deployed in various cellular compartments and the extra cellular milieu. Though it is known to moonlight as a component of mammalian innate immune defense machinery, till date its role in viral restriction remains unknown. METHOD Recombinant S protein, the RBD, and human GAPDH protein were used for solid phase binding assays and biolayer interferometry. Pseudovirus particles expressing four different strain variants of S protein all harboring ZsGreen gene as marker of infection were used for flow cytometry-based infectivity assays. RESULTS Pseudovirus entry into target cells in culture was significantly inhibited by addition of human GAPDH into the extracellular medium. Binding assays demonstrated that human GAPDH binds to S protein and RBD of SARS-CoV-2 with nanomolar affinity. CONCLUSIONS Our investigations suggest that this interaction of GAPDH interferes in the viral docking with hACE2 receptors, thereby affecting viral ingress into mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Dilawari
- Institute of Microbial Technology, CSIR, Chandigarh, India
| | | | | | - Asmita Dhiman
- Institute of Microbial Technology, CSIR, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Ajay Kumar
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, India
| | - Chaaya Iyengar Raje
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, India
| | - Manoj Raje
- Institute of Microbial Technology, CSIR, Chandigarh, India
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Abrami M, Biasin A, Tescione F, Tierno D, Dapas B, Carbone A, Grassi G, Conese M, Di Gioia S, Larobina D, Grassi M. Mucus Structure, Viscoelastic Properties, and Composition in Chronic Respiratory Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1933. [PMID: 38339210 PMCID: PMC10856136 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The respiratory mucus, a viscoelastic gel, effectuates a primary line of the airway defense when operated by the mucociliary clearance. In chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs), such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and cystic fibrosis (CF), the mucus is overproduced and its solid content augments, changing its structure and viscoelastic properties and determining a derangement of essential defense mechanisms against opportunistic microbial (virus and bacteria) pathogens. This ensues in damaging of the airways, leading to a vicious cycle of obstruction and infection responsible for the harsh clinical evolution of these CRDs. Here, we review the essential features of normal and pathological mucus (i.e., sputum in CF, COPD, and asthma), i.e., mucin content, structure (mesh size), micro/macro-rheology, pH, and osmotic pressure, ending with the awareness that sputum biomarkers (mucins, inflammatory proteins and peptides, and metabolites) might serve to indicate acute exacerbation and response to therapies. There are some indications that old and novel treatments may change the structure, viscoelastic properties, and biomarker content of sputum; however, a wealth of work is still needed to embrace these measures as correlates of disease severity in association with (or even as substitutes of) pulmonary functional tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Abrami
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Via Valerio 6/A, I-34127 Trieste, Italy; (M.A.); (A.B.); (M.G.)
| | - Alice Biasin
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Via Valerio 6/A, I-34127 Trieste, Italy; (M.A.); (A.B.); (M.G.)
| | - Fabiana Tescione
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy, P.le E. Fermi 1, I-80055 Portici, Italy; (F.T.); (D.L.)
| | - Domenico Tierno
- Clinical Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Cattinara University Hospital, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume 447, I-34149 Trieste, Italy; (D.T.); (G.G.)
| | - Barbara Dapas
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, I-34127 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Annalucia Carbone
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Napoli 121, I-71122 Foggia, Italy; (A.C.); (S.D.G.)
| | - Gabriele Grassi
- Clinical Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Cattinara University Hospital, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume 447, I-34149 Trieste, Italy; (D.T.); (G.G.)
| | - Massimo Conese
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Napoli 121, I-71122 Foggia, Italy; (A.C.); (S.D.G.)
| | - Sante Di Gioia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Napoli 121, I-71122 Foggia, Italy; (A.C.); (S.D.G.)
| | - Domenico Larobina
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy, P.le E. Fermi 1, I-80055 Portici, Italy; (F.T.); (D.L.)
| | - Mario Grassi
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Via Valerio 6/A, I-34127 Trieste, Italy; (M.A.); (A.B.); (M.G.)
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Reissner J, Siller P, Bartel A, Roesler U, Friese A. Stability of Feline Coronavirus in aerosols and dried in organic matrices on surfaces at various environmental conditions. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22012. [PMID: 38086913 PMCID: PMC10716419 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49361-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Enveloped respiratory viruses, including the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), can be transmitted through aerosols and contact with contaminated surfaces. The stability of these viruses outside the host significantly impacts their transmission dynamics and the spread of diseases. In this study, we investigated the tenacity of Feline Coronavirus (FCoV) in aerosols and on surfaces under varying environmental conditions. We found that airborne FCoV showed different stability depending on relative humidity (RH), with higher stability observed at low and high RH. Medium RH conditions (50-60%) were associated with increased loss of infectivity. Furthermore, FCoV remained infectious in the airborne state over 7 h. On stainless-steel surfaces, FCoV remained infectious for several months, with stability influenced by organic material and temperature. The presence of yeast extract and a temperature of 4 °C resulted in the longest maintenance of infectivity, with a 5 log10 reduction of the initial concentration after 167 days. At 20 °C, this reduction was achieved after 19 days. These findings highlight the potential risk of aerosol and contact transmission of respiratory viruses, especially in enclosed environments, over extended periods. Studying surrogate viruses like FCoV provides important insights into the behavior of zoonotic viruses like SARS-CoV-2 in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Reissner
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research-TZR, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Paul Siller
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research-TZR, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163, Berlin, Germany
- Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety, Department Veterinary Drugs, Mittelstraße 51-54, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Bartel
- Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Uwe Roesler
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research-TZR, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anika Friese
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research-TZR, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163, Berlin, Germany
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Rodriguez-Piñeiro AM, Jaudas F, Klymiuk N, Bähr A, Hansson GC, Ermund A. Proteome of airway surface liquid and mucus in newborn wildtype and cystic fibrosis piglets. Respir Res 2023; 24:83. [PMID: 36927357 PMCID: PMC10022022 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-023-02381-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The respiratory tract is protected from inhaled particles and microbes by mucociliary clearance, mediated by the mucus and the cilia creating a flow to move the mucus cephalad. Submucosal glands secrete linear MUC5B mucin polymers and because they pass through the gland duct before reaching the airway surface, bundled strands of 1000-5000 parallel molecules exit the glands. In contrast, the surface goblet cells secrete both MUC5AC and MUC5B. METHODS We used mass-spectrometry based proteomic analysis of unstimulated and carbachol stimulated newborn wild-type (WT) and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) null (CF) piglet airways to study proteins in the airway surface liquid and mucus, to investigate if levels of MUC5AC and MUC5B were affected by carbachol stimulation and whether the proteins clustered according to function. RESULTS Proteins in the first four extracted fractions clustered together and the fifth fraction contained the mucus cluster, mucins and other proteins known to associate with mucins, whereas the traditional airway surface liquid proteins clustered to fraction 1-4 and were absent from the mucus fraction. Carbachol stimulation resulted in increased MUC5AC and MUC5B. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate a distinct separation between proteins in the washable surface liquid and the mucus fraction. In fractions 1-4 from newborn CF piglets an additional cluster containing acute phase proteins was observed, suggesting an early inflammatory response in CF piglets. Alternatively, increased levels of these proteins could indicate altered lung development in the CF piglets. This observation suggests that CF airway disease is present at birth and thus, treatment should commence directly after diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Rodriguez-Piñeiro
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Florian Jaudas
- Center for Innovative Animal Models, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Nikolai Klymiuk
- Center for Innovative Animal Models, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Bähr
- Center for Innovative Animal Models, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Gunnar C Hansson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Ermund
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Proteomic Analysis of Mucosal and Systemic Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Antigen. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020334. [PMID: 36851212 PMCID: PMC9960779 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The mucosal environment of the upper respiratory tract is the first barrier of protection against SARS-CoV-2 transmission. However, the mucosal factors involved in viral transmission and potentially modulating the capacity to prevent such transmission have not fully been identified. In this pilot proteomics study, we compared mucosal and systemic compartments in a South African cohort of vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals undergoing maxillofacial surgery with previous history of COVID-19 or not. Inflammatory profiles were analyzed in plasma, nasopharyngeal swabs, and nasal and oral tissue explant cultures, using Olink and Luminex technologies. SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody levels were measured in serum and tissue explants. An increased pro-inflammatory proteomic profile was measured in the nasal compartment compared to plasma. However, IP-10 and MIG levels were higher in secretions than in nasal tissue, and the opposite was observed for TGF-β. Nasal anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike IgG correlated with mucosal MIG expression for all participants. A further positive correlation was found with IP-10 in BioNTech/Pfizer-vaccinated individuals. Systemic levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike IgG elicited by this vaccine correlated with plasma IL-10, IL-6 and HBD4. Proteomic profiles measured in mucosal tissues and secretions using combined technologies could reveal correlates of protection at the mucosal portals of viral entry.
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10
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Hill DB, Button B, Rubinstein M, Boucher RC. Physiology and pathophysiology of human airway mucus. Physiol Rev 2022; 102:1757-1836. [PMID: 35001665 PMCID: PMC9665957 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00004.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The mucus clearance system is the dominant mechanical host defense system of the human lung. Mucus is cleared from the lung by cilia and airflow, including both two-phase gas-liquid pumping and cough-dependent mechanisms, and mucus transport rates are heavily dependent on mucus concentration. Importantly, mucus transport rates are accurately predicted by the gel-on-brush model of the mucociliary apparatus from the relative osmotic moduli of the mucus and periciliary-glycocalyceal (PCL-G) layers. The fluid available to hydrate mucus is generated by transepithelial fluid transport. Feedback interactions between mucus concentrations and cilia beating, via purinergic signaling, coordinate Na+ absorptive vs Cl- secretory rates to maintain mucus hydration in health. In disease, mucus becomes hyperconcentrated (dehydrated). Multiple mechanisms derange the ion transport pathways that normally hydrate mucus in muco-obstructive lung diseases, e.g., cystic fibrosis (CF), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), non-CF bronchiectasis (NCFB), and primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD). A key step in muco-obstructive disease pathogenesis is the osmotic compression of the mucus layer onto the airway surface with the formation of adherent mucus plaques and plugs, particularly in distal airways. Mucus plaques create locally hypoxic conditions and produce airflow obstruction, inflammation, infection, and, ultimately, airway wall damage. Therapies to clear adherent mucus with hydrating and mucolytic agents are rational, and strategies to develop these agents are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Hill
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Brian Button
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Michael Rubinstein
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Biomedical Engineering, Physics, and Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Richard C Boucher
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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11
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Hastak PS, Andersen CR, Kelleher AD, Sasson SC. Frontline workers: Mediators of mucosal immunity in community acquired pneumonia and COVID-19. Front Immunol 2022; 13:983550. [PMID: 36211412 PMCID: PMC9539803 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.983550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The current COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted a need to further understand lung mucosal immunity to reduce the burden of community acquired pneumonia, including that caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Local mucosal immunity provides the first line of defence against respiratory pathogens, however very little is known about the mechanisms involved, with a majority of literature on respiratory infections based on the examination of peripheral blood. The mortality for severe community acquired pneumonia has been rising annually, even prior to the current pandemic, highlighting a significant need to increase knowledge, understanding and research in this field. In this review we profile key mediators of lung mucosal immunity, the dysfunction that occurs in the diseased lung microenvironment including the imbalance of inflammatory mediators and dysbiosis of the local microbiome. A greater understanding of lung tissue-based immunity may lead to improved diagnostic and prognostic procedures and novel treatment strategies aimed at reducing the disease burden of community acquired pneumonia, avoiding the systemic manifestations of infection and excess morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka S. Hastak
- The Kirby Institute, Immunovirology and Pathogenesis Program, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Christopher R. Andersen
- The Kirby Institute, Immunovirology and Pathogenesis Program, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Intensive Care Unit, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Critical Care and Trauma Division, The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anthony D. Kelleher
- The Kirby Institute, Immunovirology and Pathogenesis Program, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sarah C. Sasson
- The Kirby Institute, Immunovirology and Pathogenesis Program, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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12
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Kato T, Radicioni G, Papanikolas MJ, Stoychev GV, Markovetz MR, Aoki K, Porterfield M, Okuda K, Barbosa Cardenas SM, Gilmore RC, Morrison CB, Ehre C, Burns KA, White KK, Brennan TA, Goodell HP, Thacker H, Loznev HT, Forsberg LJ, Nagase T, Rubinstein M, Randell SH, Tiemeyer M, Hill DB, Kesimer M, O’Neal WK, Ballard ST, Freeman R, Button B, Boucher RC. Mucus concentration-dependent biophysical abnormalities unify submucosal gland and superficial airway dysfunction in cystic fibrosis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm9718. [PMID: 35363522 PMCID: PMC10938572 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm9718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is characterized by abnormal transepithelial ion transport. However, a description of CF lung disease pathophysiology unifying superficial epithelial and submucosal gland (SMG) dysfunctions has remained elusive. We hypothesized that biophysical abnormalities associated with CF mucus hyperconcentration provide a unifying mechanism. Studies of the anion secretion-inhibited pig airway model of CF revealed elevated SMG mucus concentrations, osmotic pressures, and SMG mucus accumulation. Human airway studies revealed hyperconcentrated CF SMG mucus with raised osmotic pressures and cohesive forces predicted to limit SMG mucus secretion/release. Using proline-rich protein 4 (PRR4) as a biomarker of SMG secretion, CF sputum proteomics analyses revealed markedly lower PRR4 levels compared to healthy and bronchiectasis controls, consistent with a failure of CF SMGs to secrete mucus onto airway surfaces. Raised mucus osmotic/cohesive forces, reflecting mucus hyperconcentration, provide a unifying mechanism that describes disease-initiating mucus accumulation on airway surfaces and in SMGs of the CF lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Kato
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Giorgia Radicioni
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Micah J. Papanikolas
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Georgi V. Stoychev
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Matthew R. Markovetz
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kazuhiro Aoki
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Melody Porterfield
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Kenichi Okuda
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Rodney C. Gilmore
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Cameron B. Morrison
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Camille Ehre
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kimberlie A. Burns
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kristen K. White
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Tara A. Brennan
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Henry P. Goodell
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Holly Thacker
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Henry T. Loznev
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lawrence J. Forsberg
- Protein Expression and Purification Core, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Takahide Nagase
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michael Rubinstein
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Scott H. Randell
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Michael Tiemeyer
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - David B. Hill
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Mehmet Kesimer
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Wanda K. O’Neal
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Stephen T. Ballard
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Ronit Freeman
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Brian Button
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Richard C. Boucher
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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13
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Models using native tracheobronchial mucus in the context of pulmonary drug delivery research: Composition, structure and barrier properties. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 183:114141. [PMID: 35149123 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Mucus covers all wet epithelia and acts as a protective barrier. In the airways of the lungs, the viscoelastic mucus meshwork entraps and clears inhaled materials and efficiently removes them by mucociliary escalation. In addition to physical and chemical interaction mechanisms, the role of macromolecular glycoproteins (mucins) and antimicrobial constituents in innate immune defense are receiving increasing attention. Collectively, mucus displays a major barrier for inhaled aerosols, also including therapeutics. This review discusses the origin and composition of tracheobronchial mucus in relation to its (barrier) function, as well as some pathophysiological changes in the context of pulmonary diseases. Mucus models that contemplate key features such as elastic-dominant rheology, composition, filtering mechanisms and microbial interactions are critically reviewed in the context of health and disease considering different collection methods of native human pulmonary mucus. Finally, the prerequisites towards a standardization of mucus models in a regulatory context and their role in drug delivery research are addressed.
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14
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Cellular and molecular architecture of submucosal glands in wild-type and cystic fibrosis pigs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2119759119. [PMID: 35046051 PMCID: PMC8794846 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2119759119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Submucosal glands (SMGs) protect lungs but can also contribute to disease. For example, in cystic fibrosis (CF), SMGs produce abnormal mucus that disrupts mucociliary transport. CF is an ion transport disease, yet knowledge of the ion transporters expressed by SMG acini, which produce mucus, and SMG ducts that carry it to the airway lumen is limited. Therefore, we isolated SMGs from newborn pigs and used single-cell messenger RNA sequencing, immunohistochemistry, and in situ hybridization to identify cell types, gene expression, and spatial distribution. Cell types and transcript levels were the same in non-CF and CF SMGs, suggesting that loss of epithelial anion secretion rather than an intrinsic cell defect causes CF mucus abnormalities. Gene signatures of acinar mucous and acinar serous cells revealed specialized functions in producing mucins and antimicrobials, respectively. However, surprisingly, these two cell types expressed the same ion transporters and neurohumoral receptors, suggesting the importance of balancing mucin and liquid secretion to produce optimal mucus properties. SMG duct cell transcripts suggest that they secrete HCO3- and Cl-, and thus have some similarity to pancreatic ducts that are also defective in CF. These and additional findings suggest the functions of the SMG acinus and duct and provide a baseline for understanding how environmental and genetic challenges impact their contribution to lung disease.
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15
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Combined agonists act synergistically to increase mucociliary clearance in a cystic fibrosis airway model. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18828. [PMID: 34552115 PMCID: PMC8458446 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98122-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucus clearance, a primary innate defense mechanism of airways, is defective in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) and CF animals. In previous work, the combination of a low dose of the cholinergic agonist, carbachol with forskolin or a β adrenergic agonist, isoproterenol synergistically increased mucociliary clearance velocity (MCCV) in ferret tracheas. Importantly, the present study shows that synergistic MCCV can also be produced in CF ferrets, with increases ~ 55% of WT. Synergistic MCCV was also produced in pigs. The combined agonists increased MCCV by increasing surface fluid via multiple mechanisms: increased fluid secretion from submucosal glands, increased anion secretion across surface epithelia and decreased Na+ absorption. To avoid bronchoconstriction, the cAMP agonist was applied 30 min before carbachol. This approach to increasing mucus clearance warrants testing for safety and efficacy in humans as a potential therapeutic for muco-obstructive diseases.
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16
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Unveiling Putative Functions of Mucus Proteins and Their Tryptic Peptides in Seven Gastropod Species Using Comparative Proteomics and Machine Learning-Based Bioinformatics Predictions. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113475. [PMID: 34200462 PMCID: PMC8201360 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastropods are among the most diverse animals. Gastropod mucus contains several glycoproteins and peptides that vary by species and habitat. Some bioactive peptides from gastropod mucus were identified only in a few species. Therefore, using biochemical, mass spectrometric, and bioinformatics approaches, this study aimed to comprehensively identify putative bioactive peptides from the mucus proteomes of seven commonly found or commercially valuable gastropods. The mucus was collected in triplicate samples, and the proteins were separated by 1D-SDS-PAGE before tryptic digestion and peptide identification by nano LC-MS/MS. The mucus peptides were subsequently compared with R scripts. A total of 2818 different peptides constituting 1634 proteins from the mucus samples were identified, and 1218 of these peptides (43%) were core peptides found in the mucus of all examined species. Clustering and correspondence analyses of 1600 variable peptides showed unique mucous peptide patterns for each species. The high-throughput k-nearest neighbor and random forest-based prediction programs were developed with more than 95% averaged accuracy and could identify 11 functional categories of putative bioactive peptides and 268 peptides (9.5%) with at least five to seven bioactive properties. Antihypertensive, drug-delivering, and antiparasitic peptides were predominant. These peptides provide an understanding of gastropod mucus, and the putative bioactive peptides are expected to be experimentally validated for further medical, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic applications.
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17
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Sung WH, Tsao YT, Shen CJ, Tsai CY, Cheng CM. Small-volume detection: platform developments for clinically-relevant applications. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:114. [PMID: 33882955 PMCID: PMC8058587 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-00852-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Biochemical analysis of human body fluids is a frequent and fruitful strategy for disease diagnosis. Point-of-care (POC) diagnostics offers the tantalizing possibility of providing rapid diagnostic results in non-laboratory settings. Successful diagnostic testing using body fluids has been reported on in the literature; however, small-volume detection devices, which offer remarkable advantages such as portability, inexpensiveness, capacity for mass production, and tiny sample volume requirements have not been thoroughly discussed. Here, we review progress in this research field, with a focus on developments since 2015. In this review article, we provide a summary of articles that have detailed the development of small-volume detection strategies using clinical samples over the course of the last 5 years. Topics covered include small-volume detection strategies in ophthalmology, dermatology or plastic surgery, otolaryngology, and cerebrospinal fluid analysis. In ophthalmology, advances in technology could be applied to examine tear or anterior chamber (AC) fluid for glucose, lactoferrin, interferon, or VEGF. These approaches could impact detection and care for diseases including diabetic mellitus, dry-eye disease, and age-related maculopathy. Early detection and easy monitoring are critical approaches for improving overall care and outcome. In dermatology or plastic surgery, small-volume detection strategies have been applied for passive or interactive wound dressing, wound healing monitoring, and blister fluid analysis for autoimmune disease diagnosis. In otolaryngology, the analysis of nasal secretions and mucosa could be used to differentiate between allergic responses and infectious diseases. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis could be applied in neurodegenerative diseases, central neural system infection and tumor diagnosis. Other small-volume fluids that have been analyzed for diagnostic and monitoring purposes include semen and cervico-vaginal fluids. We include more details regarding each of these fluids, associated collection and detection devices, and approaches in our review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hsuan Sung
- Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center and Chang Gung Medical College and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Tsao
- Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center and Chang Gung Medical College and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Ju Shen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ying Tsai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
| | - Chao-Min Cheng
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
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18
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Wallace LE, Liu M, van Kuppeveld FJM, de Vries E, de Haan CAM. Respiratory mucus as a virus-host range determinant. Trends Microbiol 2021; 29:983-992. [PMID: 33875348 PMCID: PMC8503944 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2021.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Efficient penetration of the mucus layer is needed for respiratory viruses to avoid mucociliary clearance prior to infection. Many respiratory viruses bind to glycans on the heavily glycosylated mucins that give mucus its gel-like characteristics. Influenza viruses, some paramyxoviruses, and coronaviruses avoid becoming trapped in the mucus by releasing themselves by means of their envelope-embedded enzymes that destroy glycan receptors. For efficient infection, receptor binding and destruction need to be in balance with the host receptor repertoire. Establishment in a novel host species requires resetting of the balance to adapt to the different glycan repertoire encountered. Growing understanding of species-specific mucosal glycosylation patterns and the dynamic interaction with respiratory viruses identifies the mucus layer as a major host-range determinant and barrier for zoonotic transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa E Wallace
- Section Virology, Division Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mengying Liu
- Section Virology, Division Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frank J M van Kuppeveld
- Section Virology, Division Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Erik de Vries
- Section Virology, Division Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Cornelis A M de Haan
- Section Virology, Division Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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19
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McMahon DB, Carey RM, Kohanski MA, Adappa ND, Palmer JN, Lee RJ. PAR-2-activated secretion by airway gland serous cells: role for CFTR and inhibition by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2021; 320:L845-L879. [PMID: 33655758 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00411.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Airway submucosal gland serous cells are important sites of fluid secretion in conducting airways. Serous cells also express the cystic fibrosis (CF) transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2) is a G protein-coupled receptor that activates secretion from intact airway glands. We tested if and how human nasal serous cells secrete fluid in response to PAR-2 stimulation using Ca2+ imaging and simultaneous differential interference contrast imaging to track isosmotic cell shrinking and swelling reflecting activation of solute efflux and influx pathways, respectively. During stimulation of PAR-2, serous cells exhibited dose-dependent increases in intracellular Ca2+. At stimulation levels >EC50 for Ca2+, serous cells simultaneously shrank ∼20% over ∼90 s due to KCl efflux reflecting Ca2+-activated Cl- channel (CaCC, likely TMEM16A)-dependent secretion. At lower levels of PAR-2 stimulation (<EC50 for Ca2+), shrinkage was not evident due to failure to activate CaCC. Low levels of cAMP-elevating VIP receptor (VIPR) stimulation, also insufficient to activate secretion alone, synergized with low-level PAR-2 stimulation to elicit fluid secretion dependent on both cAMP and Ca2+ to activate CFTR and K+ channels, respectively. Polarized cultures of primary serous cells also exhibited synergistic fluid secretion. Pre-exposure to Pseudomonas aeruginosa conditioned media inhibited PAR-2 activation by proteases but not peptide agonists in primary nasal serous cells, Calu-3 bronchial cells, and primary nasal ciliated cells. Disruption of synergistic CFTR-dependent PAR-2/VIPR secretion may contribute to reduced airway surface liquid in CF. Further disruption of the CFTR-independent component of PAR-2-activated secretion by P. aeruginosa may also be important to CF pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek B McMahon
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ryan M Carey
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael A Kohanski
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nithin D Adappa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - James N Palmer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert J Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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20
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Ostedgaard LS, Price MP, Whitworth KM, Abou Alaiwa MH, Fischer AJ, Warrier A, Samuel M, Spate LD, Allen PD, Hilkin BM, Romano Ibarra GS, Ortiz Bezara ME, Goodell BJ, Mather SE, Powers LS, Stroik MR, Gansemer ND, Hippee CE, Zarei K, Goeken JA, Businga TR, Hoffman EA, Meyerholz DK, Prather RS, Stoltz DA, Welsh MJ. Lack of airway submucosal glands impairs respiratory host defenses. eLife 2020; 9:59653. [PMID: 33026343 PMCID: PMC7541087 DOI: 10.7554/elife.59653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Submucosal glands (SMGs) are a prominent structure that lines human cartilaginous airways. Although it has been assumed that SMGs contribute to respiratory defense, that hypothesis has gone without a direct test. Therefore, we studied pigs, which have lungs like humans, and disrupted the gene for ectodysplasin (EDA-KO), which initiates SMG development. EDA-KO pigs lacked SMGs throughout the airways. Their airway surface liquid had a reduced ability to kill bacteria, consistent with SMG production of antimicrobials. In wild-type pigs, SMGs secrete mucus that emerges onto the airway surface as strands. Lack of SMGs and mucus strands disrupted mucociliary transport in EDA-KO pigs. Consequently, EDA-KO pigs failed to eradicate a bacterial challenge in lung regions normally populated by SMGs. These in vivo and ex vivo results indicate that SMGs are required for normal antimicrobial activity and mucociliary transport, two key host defenses that protect the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynda S Ostedgaard
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pappajohn Biomedical Institute Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
| | - Margaret P Price
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pappajohn Biomedical Institute Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
| | | | - Mahmoud H Abou Alaiwa
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pappajohn Biomedical Institute Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
| | - Anthony J Fischer
- Department of Pediatrics, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
| | - Akshaya Warrier
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pappajohn Biomedical Institute Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
| | - Melissa Samuel
- Division of Animal Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, United States
| | - Lee D Spate
- Division of Animal Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, United States
| | - Patrick D Allen
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pappajohn Biomedical Institute Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
| | - Brieanna M Hilkin
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pappajohn Biomedical Institute Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
| | - Guillermo S Romano Ibarra
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pappajohn Biomedical Institute Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
| | - Miguel E Ortiz Bezara
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pappajohn Biomedical Institute Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
| | - Brian J Goodell
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pappajohn Biomedical Institute Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
| | - Steven E Mather
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pappajohn Biomedical Institute Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
| | - Linda S Powers
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pappajohn Biomedical Institute Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
| | - Mallory R Stroik
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pappajohn Biomedical Institute Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
| | - Nicholas D Gansemer
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pappajohn Biomedical Institute Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
| | - Camilla E Hippee
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pappajohn Biomedical Institute Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
| | - Keyan Zarei
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pappajohn Biomedical Institute Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
| | - J Adam Goeken
- Department of Pathology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
| | - Thomas R Businga
- Department of Pathology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
| | - Eric A Hoffman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States.,Department of Radiology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
| | - David K Meyerholz
- Department of Pathology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
| | - Randall S Prather
- Division of Animal Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, United States
| | - David A Stoltz
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pappajohn Biomedical Institute Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
| | - Michael J Welsh
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pappajohn Biomedical Institute Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
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21
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Chung YW, Cha J, Han S, Chen Y, Gucek M, Cho HJ, Nakahira K, Choi AMK, Ryu JH, Yoon JH. Apolipoprotein E and Periostin Are Potential Biomarkers of Nasal Mucosal Inflammation. A Parallel Approach of In Vitro and In Vivo Secretomes. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2020; 62:23-34. [PMID: 31194918 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2018-0248oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
No previously suggested biomarkers of nasal mucosal inflammation have been practically applied in clinical fields, and nasal epithelium-derived secreted proteins as biomarkers have not specifically been investigated. The goal of this study was to identify secreted proteins that dynamically change during the differentiation from basal cells to fully differentiated cells and examine whether nasal epithelium-derived proteins can be used as biomarkers of nasal mucosal inflammation, such as chronic rhinosinusitis. To achieve this goal, we analyzed two secretomes using the isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantification technique. From in vitro secretomes, we identified the proteins altered in apical secretions of primary human nasal epithelial cells according to the degree of differentiation; from in vivo secretomes, we identified the increased proteins in nasal lavage fluids obtained from patients 2 weeks after endoscopic sinus surgery for chronic sinusitis. We then used a parallel approach to identify specific biomarkers of nasal mucosal inflammation; first, we selected apolipoprotein E as a nasal epithelial cell-derived biomarker through screening proteins that were upregulated in both in vitro and in vivo secretomes, and verified highly secreted apolipoprotein E in nasal lavage fluids of the patients by Western blotting. Next, we selected periostin as an inflammatory mediator-inducible biomarker from in vivo secretomes, the secretion of which was not induced under in vitro culture conditions. We demonstrated that those two nasal epithelium-derived proteins are possible biomarkers of nasal mucosal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youn Wook Chung
- The Airway Mucus Institute.,Global Research Laboratory for Allergic Airway Disease.,Severance Biomedical Science Institute
| | - Jimin Cha
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, and
| | - Seunghan Han
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, and
| | - Yong Chen
- Proteomics Core Facility, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and
| | - Marjan Gucek
- Proteomics Core Facility, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and
| | - Hyung-Ju Cho
- The Airway Mucus Institute.,Global Research Laboratory for Allergic Airway Disease.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kiichi Nakahira
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Augustine M K Choi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Ji-Hwan Ryu
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, and
| | - Joo-Heon Yoon
- The Airway Mucus Institute.,Global Research Laboratory for Allergic Airway Disease.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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22
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Barnard KN, Alford-Lawrence BK, Buchholz DW, Wasik BR, LaClair JR, Yu H, Honce R, Ruhl S, Pajic P, Daugherity EK, Chen X, Schultz-Cherry SL, Aguilar HC, Varki A, Parrish CR. Modified Sialic Acids on Mucus and Erythrocytes Inhibit Influenza A Virus Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase Functions. J Virol 2020; 94:e01567-19. [PMID: 32051275 PMCID: PMC7163148 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01567-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sialic acids (Sia) are the primary receptors for influenza viruses and are widely displayed on cell surfaces and in secreted mucus. Sia may be present in variant forms that include O-acetyl modifications at C-4, C-7, C-8, and C-9 positions and N-acetyl or N-glycolyl at C-5. They can also vary in their linkages, including α2-3 or α2-6 linkages. Here, we analyze the distribution of modified Sia in cells and tissues of wild-type mice or in mice lacking CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH) enzyme, which synthesizes N-glycolyl (Neu5Gc) modifications. We also examined the variation of Sia forms on erythrocytes and in saliva from different animals. To determine the effect of Sia modifications on influenza A virus (IAV) infection, we tested for effects on hemagglutinin (HA) binding and neuraminidase (NA) cleavage. We confirmed that 9-O-acetyl, 7,9-O-acetyl, 4-O-acetyl, and Neu5Gc modifications are widely but variably expressed in mouse tissues, with the highest levels detected in the respiratory and gastrointestinal (GI) tracts. Secreted mucins in saliva and surface proteins of erythrocytes showed a high degree of variability in display of modified Sia between different species. IAV HAs from different virus strains showed consistently reduced binding to both Neu5Gc- and O-acetyl-modified Sia; however, while IAV NAs were inhibited by Neu5Gc and O-acetyl modifications, there was significant variability between NA types. The modifications of Sia in mucus may therefore have potent effects on the functions of IAV and may affect both pathogens and the normal flora of different mucosal sites.IMPORTANCE Sialic acids (Sia) are involved in numerous different cellular functions and are receptors for many pathogens. Sia come in chemically modified forms, but we lack a clear understanding of how they alter interactions with microbes. Here, we examine the expression of modified Sia in mouse tissues, on secreted mucus in saliva, and on erythrocytes, including those from IAV host species and animals used in IAV research. These Sia forms varied considerably among different animals, and their inhibitory effects on IAV NA and HA activities and on bacterial sialidases (neuraminidases) suggest a host-variable protective role in secreted mucus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen N Barnard
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Brynn K Alford-Lawrence
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - David W Buchholz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Brian R Wasik
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Justin R LaClair
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Hai Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Rebekah Honce
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Stefan Ruhl
- Department of Oral Biology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Petar Pajic
- Department of Oral Biology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Erin K Daugherity
- Center for Animal Resources and Education, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Stacey L Schultz-Cherry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Hector C Aguilar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Ajit Varki
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Colin R Parrish
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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23
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Carey RM, Freund JR, Hariri BM, Adappa ND, Palmer JN, Lee RJ. Polarization of protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2) signaling is altered during airway epithelial remodeling and deciliation. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:6721-6740. [PMID: 32241907 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.012710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2) is activated by secreted proteases from immune cells or fungi. PAR-2 is normally expressed basolaterally in differentiated nasal ciliated cells. We hypothesized that epithelial remodeling during diseases characterized by cilial loss and squamous metaplasia may alter PAR-2 polarization. Here, using a fluorescent arrestin assay, we confirmed that the common fungal airway pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus activates heterologously-expressed PAR-2. Endogenous PAR-2 activation in submerged airway RPMI 2650 or NCI-H520 squamous cells increased intracellular calcium levels and granulocyte macrophage-colony-stimulating factor, tumor necrosis factor α, and interleukin (IL)-6 secretion. RPMI 2650 cells cultured at an air-liquid interface (ALI) responded to apically or basolaterally applied PAR-2 agonists. However, well-differentiated primary nasal epithelial ALIs responded only to basolateral PAR-2 stimulation, indicated by calcium elevation, increased cilia beat frequency, and increased fluid and cytokine secretion. We exposed primary cells to disease-related modifiers that alter epithelial morphology, including IL-13, cigarette smoke condensate, and retinoic acid deficiency, at concentrations and times that altered epithelial morphology without causing breakdown of the epithelial barrier to model early disease states. These altered primary cultures responded to both apical and basolateral PAR-2 stimulation. Imaging nasal polyps and control middle turbinate explants, we found that nasal polyps, but not turbinates, exhibit apical calcium responses to PAR-2 stimulation. However, isolated ciliated cells from both polyps and turbinates maintained basolateral PAR-2 polarization, suggesting that the calcium responses originated from nonciliated cells. Altered PAR-2 polarization in disease-remodeled epithelia may enhance apical responses and increase sensitivity to inhaled proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Carey
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Jenna R Freund
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Benjamin M Hariri
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Nithin D Adappa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - James N Palmer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Robert J Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104 .,Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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24
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Barnard KN, Wasik BR, LaClair JR, Buchholz DW, Weichert WS, Alford-Lawrence BK, Aguilar HC, Parrish CR. Expression of 9- O- and 7,9- O-Acetyl Modified Sialic Acid in Cells and Their Effects on Influenza Viruses. mBio 2019; 10:e02490-19. [PMID: 31796537 PMCID: PMC6890989 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02490-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sialic acids (Sia) are widely displayed on the surfaces of cells and tissues. Sia come in a variety of chemically modified forms, including those with acetyl modifications at the C-7, C-8, and C-9 positions. Here, we analyzed the distribution and amounts of these acetyl modifications in different human and canine cells. Since Sia or their variant forms are receptors for influenza A, B, C, and D viruses, we examined the effects of these modifications on virus infections. We confirmed that 9-O-acetyl and 7,9-O-acetyl modified Sia are widely but variably expressed across cell lines from both humans and canines. Although they were expressed on the cell surfaces of canine MDCK cell lines, they were located primarily within the Golgi compartment of human HEK-293 and A549 cells. The O-acetyl modified Sia were expressed at low levels of 1 to 2% of total Sia in these cell lines. We knocked out and overexpressed the sialate O-acetyltransferase gene (CasD1) and knocked out the sialate O-acetylesterase gene (SIAE) using CRISPR/Cas9 editing. Knocking out CasD1 removed 7,9-O- and 9-O-acetyl Sia expression, confirming previous reports. However, overexpression of CasD1 and knockout of SIAE gave only modest increases in 9-O-acetyl levels in cells and no change in 7,9-O-acetyl levels, indicating that there are complex regulations of these modifications. These modifications were essential for influenza C and D infection but had no obvious effect on influenza A and B infection.IMPORTANCE Sialic acids are key glycans that are involved in many different normal cellular functions, as well as being receptors for many pathogens. However, Sia come in diverse chemically modified forms. Here, we examined and manipulated the expression of 7,9-O- and 9-O-acetyl modified Sia on cells commonly used in influenza virus and other research by engineering the enzymes that produce or remove the acetyl groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen N Barnard
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Brian R Wasik
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Justin R LaClair
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - David W Buchholz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Wendy S Weichert
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Brynn K Alford-Lawrence
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Hector C Aguilar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Colin R Parrish
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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25
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Morrison CB, Markovetz MR, Ehre C. Mucus, mucins, and cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Pulmonol 2019; 54 Suppl 3:S84-S96. [PMID: 31715083 PMCID: PMC6853602 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.24530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is both the most common and most lethal genetic disease in the Caucasian population. CF is caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene and is characterized by the accumulation of thick, adherent mucus plaques in multiple organs, of which the lungs, gastrointestinal tract and pancreatic ducts are the most commonly affected. A similar pathogenesis cascade is observed in all of these organs: loss of CFTR function leads to altered ion transport, consisting of decreased chloride and bicarbonate secretion via the CFTR channel and increased sodium absorption via epithelial sodium channel upregulation. Mucosa exposed to changes in ionic concentrations sustain severe pathophysiological consequences. Altered mucus biophysical properties and weakened innate defense mechanisms ensue, furthering the progression of the disease. Mucins, the high-molecular-weight glycoproteins responsible for the viscoelastic properties of the mucus, play a key role in the disease but the actual mechanism of mucus accumulation is still undetermined. Multiple hypotheses regarding the impact of CFTR malfunction on mucus have been proposed and are reviewed here. (a) Dehydration increases mucin monomer entanglement, (b) defective Ca2+ chelation compromises mucin expansion, (c) ionic changes alter mucin interactions, and (d) reactive oxygen species increase mucin crosslinking. Although one biochemical change may dominate, it is likely that all of these mechanisms play some role in the progression of CF disease. This article discusses recent findings on the initial cause(s) of aberrant mucus properties in CF and examines therapeutic approaches aimed at correcting mucus properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron Bradley Morrison
- Marsico Lung Institute/Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Matthew Raymond Markovetz
- Marsico Lung Institute/Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Camille Ehre
- Marsico Lung Institute/Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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26
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Kormuth KA, Lin K, Prussin AJ, Vejerano EP, Tiwari AJ, Cox SS, Myerburg MM, Lakdawala SS, Marr LC. Influenza Virus Infectivity Is Retained in Aerosols and Droplets Independent of Relative Humidity. J Infect Dis 2019; 218:739-747. [PMID: 29878137 PMCID: PMC6057527 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pandemic and seasonal influenza viruses can be transmitted through aerosols and droplets, in which viruses must remain stable and infectious across a wide range of environmental conditions. Using humidity-controlled chambers, we studied the impact of relative humidity on the stability of 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1) virus in suspended aerosols and stationary droplets. Contrary to the prevailing paradigm that humidity modulates the stability of respiratory viruses in aerosols, we found that viruses supplemented with material from the apical surface of differentiated primary human airway epithelial cells remained equally infectious for 1 hour at all relative humidities tested. This sustained infectivity was observed in both fine aerosols and stationary droplets. Our data suggest, for the first time, that influenza viruses remain highly stable and infectious in aerosols across a wide range of relative humidities. These results have significant implications for understanding the mechanisms of transmission of influenza and its seasonality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen A Kormuth
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania
| | - Kaisen Lin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg
| | - Aaron J Prussin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg
| | - Eric P Vejerano
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia
| | - Andrea J Tiwari
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg
| | - Steve S Cox
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg
| | - Michael M Myerburg
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania
| | - Seema S Lakdawala
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania
| | - Linsey C Marr
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg
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27
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Tariq K, Schofield JPR, Nicholas BL, Burg D, Brandsma J, Bansal AT, Wilson SJ, Lutter R, Fowler SJ, Bakke, Caruso M, Dahlen B, Horváth I, Krug N, Montuschi P, Sanak M, Sandström T, Geiser T, Pandis I, Sousa AR, Adcock IM, Shaw DE, Auffray C, Howarth PH, Sterk PJ, Chung KF, Skipp PJ, Dimitrov B, Djukanović R. Sputum proteomic signature of gastro-oesophageal reflux in patients with severe asthma. Respir Med 2019; 150:66-73. [PMID: 30961953 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) has long been associated with poor asthma control without an established cause-effect relationship. 610 asthmatics (421 severe/88 mild-moderate) and 101 healthy controls were assessed clinically and a subset of 154 severe asthmatics underwent proteomic analysis of induced sputum using untargeted mass spectrometry, LC-IMS-MSE. Univariate and multiple logistic regression analyses (MLR) were conducted to identify proteins associated with GORD in this cohort. When compared to mild/moderate asthmatics and healthy individuals, respectively, GORD was three- and ten-fold more prevalent in severe asthmatics and was associated with increased asthma symptoms and oral corticosteroid use, poorer quality of life, depression/anxiety, obesity and symptoms of sino-nasal disease. Comparison of sputum proteomes in severe asthmatics with and without active GORD showed five differentially abundant proteins with described roles in anti-microbial defences, systemic inflammation and epithelial integrity. Three of these were associated with active GORD by multiple linear regression analysis: Ig lambda variable 1-47 (p = 0·017) and plasma protease C1 inhibitor (p = 0·043), both in lower concentrations, and lipocalin-1 (p = 0·034) in higher concentrations in active GORD. This study provides evidence which suggests that reflux can cause subtle perturbation of proteins detectable in the airways lining fluid and that severe asthmatics with GORD may represent a distinct phenotype of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tariq
- NIHR Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK; Clinical Experimental Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, University Hospital Southampton, South Academic Block, Southampton, UK
| | - J P R Schofield
- NIHR Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK; Centre for Proteomic Research, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, UK
| | - B L Nicholas
- NIHR Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK; Clinical Experimental Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, University Hospital Southampton, South Academic Block, Southampton, UK
| | - D Burg
- NIHR Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK; Centre for Proteomic Research, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, UK
| | - J Brandsma
- NIHR Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | - S J Wilson
- NIHR Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - R Lutter
- AMC, Department of Experimental Immunology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; AMC, Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - S J Fowler
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester and University Hospital of South Manchester, NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Bakke
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - M Caruso
- Dept. of Clinical and Experimental Medicine Hospital University, Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - B Dahlen
- Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - I Horváth
- Dept. of Pulmonology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - N Krug
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - P Montuschi
- Dept. of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - M Sanak
- Division of Molecular Biology and Clinical Genetics, Medical College, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - T Sandström
- Dept. of Medicine, Dept of Public Health and Clinical Medicine Respiratory Medicine Unit, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - T Geiser
- University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - I Pandis
- Data Science Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - A R Sousa
- Respiratory Therapeutic Unit, GSK, Stockley Park, UK
| | - I M Adcock
- Cell and Molecular Biology Group, Airways Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Dovehouse Street, London, UK
| | - D E Shaw
- Respiratory Research Unit, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - C Auffray
- European Institute for Systems Biology and Medicine, CNRS-ENS-UCBL-INSERM, Lyon, France
| | - P H Howarth
- NIHR Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK; Clinical Experimental Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, University Hospital Southampton, South Academic Block, Southampton, UK
| | - P J Sterk
- AMC, Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - K F Chung
- Airways Disease, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London & Royal Brompton NIHR Biomedical Research Unit, London, United Kingdom
| | - P J Skipp
- Centre for Proteomic Research, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, UK
| | - B Dimitrov
- NIHR Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - R Djukanović
- NIHR Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK; Clinical Experimental Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, University Hospital Southampton, South Academic Block, Southampton, UK.
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28
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Caruana NJ, Strugnell JM, Faou P, Finn J, Cooke IR. Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Slime from the Striped Pyjama Squid, Sepioloidea lineolata, and the Southern Bottletail Squid, Sepiadarium austrinum (Cephalopoda: Sepiadariidae). J Proteome Res 2019; 18:890-899. [PMID: 30628786 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sepioloidea lineolata, the striped pyjama squid (family Sepiadariidae), is a small species of benthic bobtail squid distributed along the Southern Indo-Pacific coast of Australia. Like other sepiadariid squids, it is known to secrete large volumes of viscous slime when stressed. In order to identify key proteins involved in the function of sepiadariid slimes, we compared the slime proteome of Sepioloidea lineolata with that of a closely related species, Sepiadarium austrinum. Of the 550 protein groups identified in Sepioloidea lineolata slime, 321 had orthologs in Sepiadarium austrinum, and the abundance of these (iBAQ) was highly correlated between species. Both slimes were dominated by a small number of abundant proteins, and several of these were short secreted proteins with no homologues outside the class Cephalopoda. No mucins were identified within either species' slime, suggesting that it is structurally distinct from mucin polymer-based gels found in many vertebrate and echinoderm secretions. The extent of N-glycosylation in the slime of Sepioloidea lineolata was also studied via glycan cleavage with Peptide: N-glycosidase F (PNGase-F). Although very few (four) proteins showed strong evidence of N-glycosylation, we found that treatment with PNGase-F led to a slight increase in peptide identification rates compared with controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikeisha J Caruana
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Evolution , La Trobe University , Melbourne , VIC 3086 , Australia
| | - Jan M Strugnell
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Evolution , La Trobe University , Melbourne , VIC 3086 , Australia.,Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture , James Cook University , Townsville , QLD 4811 , Australia
| | - Pierre Faou
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science , La Trobe University , Melbourne , VIC 3086 , Australia
| | - Julian Finn
- Sciences , Museums Victoria , Carlton , VIC 3053 , Australia
| | - Ira R Cooke
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science , La Trobe University , Melbourne , VIC 3086 , Australia.,Department of Molecular and Cell Biology , James Cook University , Townsville , QLD 4811 , Australia
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29
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Meade KG, O'Farrelly C. β-Defensins: Farming the Microbiome for Homeostasis and Health. Front Immunol 2019; 9:3072. [PMID: 30761155 PMCID: PMC6362941 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Diverse commensal populations are now regarded as key to physiological homeostasis and protection against disease. Although bacteria are the most abundant component of microbiomes, and the most intensively studied, the microbiome also consists of viral, fungal, archael, and protozoan communities, about which comparatively little is known. Host-defense peptides (HDPs), originally described as antimicrobial, now have renewed significance as curators of the pervasive microbial loads required to maintain homeostasis and manage microbiome diversity. Harnessing HDP biology to transition away from non-selective, antibiotic-mediated treatments for clearance of microbes is a new paradigm, particularly in veterinary medicine. One family of evolutionarily conserved HDPs, β-defensins which are produced in diverse combinations by epithelial and immune cell populations, are multifunctional cationic peptides which manage the cross-talk between host and microbes and maintain a healthy yet dynamic equilibrium across mucosal systems. They are therefore key gatekeepers to the oral, respiratory, reproductive and enteric tissues, preventing pathogen-associated inflammation and disease and maintaining physiological normality. Expansions in the number of genes encoding these natural antibiotics have been described in the genomes of some species, the functional significance of which has only recently being appreciated. β-defensin expression has been documented pre-birth and disruptions in their regulation may play a role in maladaptive neonatal immune programming, thereby contributing to subsequent disease susceptibility. Here we review recent evidence supporting a critical role for β-defensins as farmers of the pervasive and complex prokaryotic ecosystems that occupy all body surfaces and cavities. We also share some new perspectives on the role of β-defensins as sensors of homeostasis and the immune vanguard particularly at sites of immunological privilege where inflammation is attenuated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran G. Meade
- Animal and Bioscience Research Centre, Teagasc, Grange, Ireland
| | - Cliona O'Farrelly
- School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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30
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Braccia C, Tomati V, Caci E, Pedemonte N, Armirotti A. SWATH label-free proteomics for cystic fibrosis research. J Cyst Fibros 2018; 18:501-506. [PMID: 30348611 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Label-free proteomics is a powerful tool for biological investigation. The SWATH protocol, relying on the Pan Human ion library, currently represents the state-of-the-art methodology for this kind of analysis. We recently discovered that this tool is not perfectly suitable for proteomics research in the CF field, as it lacks assays for several proteins crucial for the CF biology, including CFTR. METHODS We extensively investigated the proteome of a very popular model for in vitro research on CF, CFBE41o-, and we used the corresponding data to improve the power of SWATH proteomics for CF investigation. We then used this improved tool to explore in depth the proteome of primary bronchial epithelial (BE) cells deriving from four CF individuals compared with that of four corresponding non-CF controls. By means of advanced bioinformatics tools, we outlined the presence of a number of protein networks being significantly altered by CF. RESULTS Our analysis on patients' BE cells identified 154 proteins dysregulated by the CF pathology (94 upregulated and 60 downregulated). Some known CFTR interactors are present among them, but our analysis also revealed the alteration of other proteins not previously known to be related with CF. CONCLUSIONS The present work outlines the power of SWATH label free proteomics applied to CF research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Braccia
- D3Pharmachemistry, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy; Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146 Genova, Italy
| | - Valeria Tomati
- U.O.C. Genetica Medica, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147 Genova, Italy
| | - Emanuela Caci
- U.O.C. Genetica Medica, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147 Genova, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Pedemonte
- U.O.C. Genetica Medica, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147 Genova, Italy
| | - Andrea Armirotti
- Analytical Chemistry Lab, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy.
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31
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Abstract
Mucociliary clearance is critically important in protecting the airways from infection and from the harmful effects of smoke and various inspired substances known to induce oxidative stress and persistent inflammation. An essential feature of the clearance mechanism involves regulation of the periciliary liquid layer on the surface of the airway epithelium, which is necessary for normal ciliary beating and maintenance of mucus hydration. The underlying ion transport processes associated with airway surface hydration include epithelial Na+ channel-dependent Na+ absorption occurring in parallel with CFTR and Ca2+-activated Cl- channel-dependent anion secretion, which are coordinately regulated to control the depth of the periciliary liquid layer. Oxidative stress is known to cause both acute and chronic effects on airway ion transport function, and an increasing number of studies in the past few years have identified an important role for autophagy as part of the physiological response to the damaging effects of oxidation. In this review, recent studies addressing the influence of oxidative stress and autophagy on airway ion transport pathways, along with results showing the potential of autophagy modulators in restoring the function of ion channels involved in transepithelial electrolyte transport necessary for effective mucociliary clearance, are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M O'Grady
- Departments of Animal Science, Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota , St. Paul, Minnesota
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32
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Burg D, Schofield JPR, Brandsma J, Staykova D, Folisi C, Bansal A, Nicholas B, Xian Y, Rowe A, Corfield J, Wilson S, Ward J, Lutter R, Fleming L, Shaw DE, Bakke PS, Caruso M, Dahlen SE, Fowler SJ, Hashimoto S, Horváth I, Howarth P, Krug N, Montuschi P, Sanak M, Sandström T, Singer F, Sun K, Pandis I, Auffray C, Sousa AR, Adcock IM, Chung KF, Sterk PJ, Djukanović R, Skipp PJ, The U-Biopred Study Group. Large-Scale Label-Free Quantitative Mapping of the Sputum Proteome. J Proteome Res 2018; 17:2072-2091. [PMID: 29737851 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of induced sputum supernatant is a minimally invasive approach to study the epithelial lining fluid and, thereby, provide insight into normal lung biology and the pathobiology of lung diseases. We present here a novel proteomics approach to sputum analysis developed within the U-BIOPRED (unbiased biomarkers predictive of respiratory disease outcomes) international project. We present practical and analytical techniques to optimize the detection of robust biomarkers in proteomic studies. The normal sputum proteome was derived using data-independent HDMSE applied to 40 healthy nonsmoking participants, which provides an essential baseline from which to compare modulation of protein expression in respiratory diseases. The "core" sputum proteome (proteins detected in ≥40% of participants) was composed of 284 proteins, and the extended proteome (proteins detected in ≥3 participants) contained 1666 proteins. Quality control procedures were developed to optimize the accuracy and consistency of measurement of sputum proteins and analyze the distribution of sputum proteins in the healthy population. The analysis showed that quantitation of proteins by HDMSE is influenced by several factors, with some proteins being measured in all participants' samples and with low measurement variance between samples from the same patient. The measurement of some proteins is highly variable between repeat analyses, susceptible to sample processing effects, or difficult to accurately quantify by mass spectrometry. Other proteins show high interindividual variance. We also highlight that the sputum proteome of healthy individuals is related to sputum neutrophil levels, but not gender or allergic sensitization. We illustrate the importance of design and interpretation of disease biomarker studies considering such protein population and technical measurement variance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Burg
- Centre for Proteomic Research, Biological Sciences , University of Southampton , Southampton SO17 1BJ , U.K.,NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , University of Southampton , Southampton SO16 6YD , U.K
| | - James P R Schofield
- Centre for Proteomic Research, Biological Sciences , University of Southampton , Southampton SO17 1BJ , U.K.,NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , University of Southampton , Southampton SO16 6YD , U.K
| | - Joost Brandsma
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , University of Southampton , Southampton SO16 6YD , U.K
| | - Doroteya Staykova
- Centre for Proteomic Research, Biological Sciences , University of Southampton , Southampton SO17 1BJ , U.K
| | - Caterina Folisi
- Centre for Proteomic Research, Biological Sciences , University of Southampton , Southampton SO17 1BJ , U.K
| | | | - Ben Nicholas
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , University of Southampton , Southampton SO16 6YD , U.K
| | - Yang Xian
- Data Science Institute , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , U.K
| | - Anthony Rowe
- Janssen Research & Development , Buckinghamshire HP12 4DP , U.K
| | | | - Susan Wilson
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , University of Southampton , Southampton SO16 6YD , U.K
| | - Jonathan Ward
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , University of Southampton , Southampton SO16 6YD , U.K
| | - Rene Lutter
- AMC, Department of Experimental Immunology , University of Amsterdam , 1012 WX Amsterdam , The Netherlands.,AMC, Department of Respiratory Medicine , University of Amsterdam , 1012 WX Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Louise Fleming
- Airways Disease , National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London & Royal Brompton NIHR Biomedical Research Unit , London SW7 2AZ , United Kingdom
| | - Dominick E Shaw
- Respiratory Research Unit , University of Nottingham , Nottingham NG7 2RD , U.K
| | - Per S Bakke
- Institute of Medicine , University of Bergen , 5007 Bergen , Norway
| | - Massimo Caruso
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine Hospital University , University of Catania , 95124 Catania , Italy
| | - Sven-Erik Dahlen
- The Centre for Allergy Research , The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet , SE-171 77 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Stephen J Fowler
- Respiratory and Allergy Research Group , University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL , U.K
| | - Simone Hashimoto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Academic Medical Centre , University of Amsterdam , 1012 WX Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Ildikó Horváth
- Department of Pulmonology , Semmelweis University , Budapest 1085 , Hungary
| | - Peter Howarth
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , University of Southampton , Southampton SO16 6YD , U.K
| | - Norbert Krug
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine Hannover , 30625 Hannover , Germany
| | - Paolo Montuschi
- Faculty of Medicine , Catholic University of the Sacred Heart , 00168 Rome , Italy
| | - Marek Sanak
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Clinical Genetics, Medical College , Jagiellonian University , 31-007 Krakow , Poland
| | - Thomas Sandström
- Department of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine Respiratory Medicine Unit , Umeå University , 901 87 Umeå , Sweden
| | - Florian Singer
- University Children's Hospital Zurich , 8032 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Kai Sun
- Data Science Institute , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , U.K
| | - Ioannis Pandis
- Data Science Institute , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , U.K
| | - Charles Auffray
- European Institute for Systems Biology and Medicine, CNRS-ENS-UCBL-INSERM , Université de Lyon , 69007 Lyon , France
| | - Ana R Sousa
- Respiratory Therapeutic Unit, GSK , Stockley Park , Uxbridge UB11 1BT , U.K
| | - Ian M Adcock
- Cell and Molecular Biology Group, Airways Disease Section , National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London , Dovehouse Street , London SW3 6LR , U.K
| | - Kian Fan Chung
- Airways Disease , National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London & Royal Brompton NIHR Biomedical Research Unit , London SW7 2AZ , United Kingdom
| | - Peter J Sterk
- AMC, Department of Experimental Immunology , University of Amsterdam , 1012 WX Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Ratko Djukanović
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , University of Southampton , Southampton SO16 6YD , U.K
| | - Paul J Skipp
- Centre for Proteomic Research, Biological Sciences , University of Southampton , Southampton SO17 1BJ , U.K
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33
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Lacombe M, Marie-Desvergne C, Combes F, Kraut A, Bruley C, Vandenbrouck Y, Chamel Mossuz V, Couté Y, Brun V. Proteomic characterization of human exhaled breath condensate. J Breath Res 2018; 12:021001. [PMID: 29189203 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/aa9e71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
To improve biomedical knowledge and to support biomarker discovery studies, it is essential to establish comprehensive proteome maps for human tissues and biofluids, and to make them publicly accessible. In this study, we performed an in-depth proteomics characterization of exhaled breath condensate (EBC), a sample obtained non-invasively by condensation of exhaled air that contains submicron droplets of airway lining fluid. Two pooled samples of EBC, each obtained from 10 healthy donors, were processed using a straightforward protocol based on sample lyophilization, in-gel digestion and liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry analysis. Two 'technical' control samples were processed in parallel to the pooled samples to correct for exogenous protein contamination. A total of 229 unique proteins were identified in EBC among which 153 proteins were detected in both EBC pooled samples. A detailed bioinformatics analysis of these 153 proteins showed that most of the proteins identified corresponded to proteins secreted in the respiratory tract (lung, bronchi). Eight proteins were salivary proteins. Our dataset is described and has been made accessible through the ProteomeXchange database (dataset identifier: PXD007591) and is expected to be useful for future MS-based biomarker studies using EBC as the diagnostic specimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud Lacombe
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, F-38000, Grenoble, France. CEA, BIG, Biologie à Grande Echelle, F-38054, Grenoble, France. Inserm, Unité 1038, F-38054, Grenoble, France
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34
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Demouveaux B, Gouyer V, Gottrand F, Narita T, Desseyn JL. Gel-forming mucin interactome drives mucus viscoelasticity. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 252:69-82. [PMID: 29329667 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mucus is a hydrogel that constitutes the first innate defense in all mammals. The main organic component of mucus, gel-forming mucins, forms a complex network through both reversible and irreversible interactions that drive mucus gel formation. Significant advances in the understanding of irreversible gel-forming mucins assembly have been made using recombinant protein approaches. However, little is known about the reversible interactions that may finely modulate mucus viscoelasticity, which can be characterized using rheology. This approach can be used to investigate both the nature of gel-forming mucins interactions and factors that influence hydrogel formation. This knowledge is directly relevant to the development of new drugs to modulate mucus viscoelasticity and to restore normal mucus functions in diseases such as in cystic fibrosis. The aim of the present review is to summarize the current knowledge about the relationship between the mucus protein matrix and its functions, with emphasis on mucus viscoelasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valérie Gouyer
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, LIRIC UMR 995, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Frédéric Gottrand
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, LIRIC UMR 995, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Tetsuharu Narita
- Laboratoire Sciences et Ingénierie de la Matière Molle, PSL Research University, UPMC Univ Paris 06, ESPCI Paris, CNRS, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France; Global Station for Soft Matter, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Jean-Luc Desseyn
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, LIRIC UMR 995, F-59000 Lille, France.
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35
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De Smet EG, Seys LJM, Verhamme FM, Vanaudenaerde BM, Brusselle GG, Bingle CD, Bracke KR. Association of innate defense proteins BPIFA1 and BPIFB1 with disease severity in COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2017; 13:11-27. [PMID: 29296079 PMCID: PMC5741069 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s144136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by an abnormal inflammatory response in the lungs caused by the inhalation of noxious particles and gases. The airway epithelium has a protective function against these harmful agents by maintaining a physical barrier and by secreting defensive proteins, such as bactericidal/permeability-increasing fold-containing (BPIF) proteins, BPIFA1 and BPIFB1. However, inconsistent data regarding BPIFA1 expression in smokers and COPD patients have been reported to date. Therefore, we investigated the expression of BPIFA1 and BPIFB1 in a large cohort of never-smokers and smokers with and without COPD, both on the messenger RNA (mRNA) level in lung tissue and on the protein level in airway epithelium. Furthermore, we examined the correlation between BPIFA1 and BPIFB1 levels, goblet cell hyperplasia, and lung function measurements. BPIFA1 and BPIFB1 mRNA expressions were significantly increased in stage III-IV COPD patients compared with stage II COPD patients and subjects without COPD. In addition, protein levels in COPD patients were significantly increased in comparison with subjects without COPD. BPIFA1 and BPIFB1 levels were inversely correlated with measurements of airflow limitation and positively correlated with goblet cell hyperplasia. In addition, by the use of immunofluorescence double staining, we demonstrated the expression of BPIFB1 in goblet cells. In conclusion, we show that BPIFA1 and BPIFB1 levels are elevated in COPD patients and correlate with disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise G De Smet
- Laboratory for Translational Research in Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Leen JM Seys
- Laboratory for Translational Research in Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Fien M Verhamme
- Laboratory for Translational Research in Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bart M Vanaudenaerde
- Laboratory for Respiratory Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guy G Brusselle
- Laboratory for Translational Research in Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Colin D Bingle
- Academic Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Ken R Bracke
- Laboratory for Translational Research in Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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36
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Progress in understanding mucus abnormalities in cystic fibrosis airways. J Cyst Fibros 2017; 17:S35-S39. [PMID: 28951068 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Normal airways below the carina maintain an essentially sterile environment via a multi-pronged innate defence system that includes mucus clearance via mucociliary clearance and cough, multiple antimicrobials and cellular components including macrophages and neutrophils. In cystic fibrosis (CF), loss of CFTR function compromises these defences, and with present standard of care virtually all people with CF eventually develop mucus accumulation, plugging and chronic infections. This review focuses on how mucus is affected by CFTR loss.
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37
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Marked increases in mucociliary clearance produced by synergistic secretory agonists or inhibition of the epithelial sodium channel. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36806. [PMID: 27830759 PMCID: PMC5103292 DOI: 10.1038/srep36806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucociliary clearance (MCC) is a critical host innate defense mechanism in airways, and it is impaired in cystic fibrosis (CF) and other obstructive lung diseases. Epithelial fluid secretion and absorption modify MCC velocity (MCCV). We tested the hypotheses that inhibiting fluid absorption accelerates MCCV, whereas inhibiting fluid secretion decelerates it. In airways, ENaC is mainly responsible for fluid absorption, while anion channels, including CFTR and Ca2+-activated chloride channels mediate anion/fluid secretion. MCCV was increased by the cAMP-elevating agonists, forskolin or isoproterenol (10 μM) and by the Ca2+-elevating agonist, carbachol (0.3 μM). The CFTR-selective inhibitor, CFTRinh-172, modestly reduced MCCV-increases induced by forskolin or isoproterenol but not increases induced by carbachol. The ENaC inhibitor benzamil increased basal MCCV as well as MCCV increases produced by forskolin or carbachol. MCC velocity was most dramatically accelerated by the synergistic combination of forskolin and carbachol, which produced near-maximal clearance rates regardless of prior treatment with CFTR or ENaC inhibitors. In CF airways, where CFTR-mediated secretion (and possibly synergistic MCC) is lost, ENaC inhibition via exogenous agents may provide therapeutic benefit, as has long been proposed.
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38
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Val S, Poley M, Brown K, Choi R, Jeong S, Colberg-Poley A, Rose MC, Panchapakesan KC, Devaney JC, Perez-Losada M, Preciado D. Proteomic Characterization of Middle Ear Fluid Confirms Neutrophil Extracellular Traps as a Predominant Innate Immune Response in Chronic Otitis Media. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152865. [PMID: 27078692 PMCID: PMC4831838 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic Otitis Media (COM) is characterized by middle ear effusion (MEE) and conductive hearing loss. MEE reflect mucus hypersecretion, but global proteomic profiling of the mucosal components are limited. OBJECTIVE This study aimed at characterizing the proteome of MEEs from children with COM with the goal of elucidating important innate immune responses. METHOD MEEs were collected from children (n = 49) with COM undergoing myringotomy. Mass spectrometry was employed for proteomic profiling in nine samples. Independent samples were further analyzed by cytokine multiplex assay, immunoblotting, neutrophil elastase activity, next generation DNA sequencing, and/or immunofluorescence analysis. RESULTS 109 unique and common proteins were identified by MS. A majority were innate immune molecules, along with typically intracellular proteins such as histones and actin. 19.5% percent of all mapped peptide counts were from proteins known to be released by neutrophils. Immunofluorescence and immunoblotting demonstrated the presence of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in every MEE, along with MUC5B colocalization. DNA found in effusions revealed unfragmented DNA of human origin. CONCLUSION Proteomic analysis of MEEs revealed a predominantly neutrophilic innate mucosal response in which MUC5B is associated with NET DNA. NETs are a primary macromolecular constituent of human COM middle ear effusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Val
- Sheikh Zayed Center for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children’s National Health System, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Marian Poley
- Sheikh Zayed Center for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children’s National Health System, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Kristy Brown
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children’s National Health System, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Rachel Choi
- Sheikh Zayed Center for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children’s National Health System, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Stephanie Jeong
- Sheikh Zayed Center for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children’s National Health System, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Annie Colberg-Poley
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children’s National Health System, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Mary C. Rose
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children’s National Health System, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Karuna C. Panchapakesan
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children’s National Health System, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Joe C. Devaney
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children’s National Health System, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Marcos Perez-Losada
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children’s National Health System, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Diego Preciado
- Sheikh Zayed Center for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children’s National Health System, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children’s National Health System, Washington, DC, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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39
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Joo NS, Krouse ME, Choi JY, Cho HJ, Wine JJ. Inhibition of airway surface fluid absorption by cholinergic stimulation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20735. [PMID: 26846701 PMCID: PMC4742893 DOI: 10.1038/srep20735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In upper airways airway surface liquid (ASL) depth and clearance rates are both increased by fluid secretion. Secretion is opposed by fluid absorption, mainly via the epithelial sodium channel, ENaC. In static systems, increased fluid depth activates ENaC and decreased depth inhibits it, suggesting that secretion indirectly activates ENaC to reduce ASL depth. We propose an alternate mechanism in which cholinergic input, which causes copious airway gland secretion, also inhibits ENaC-mediated absorption. The conjoint action accelerates clearance, and the increased transport of mucus out of the airways restores ASL depth while cleansing the airways. We were intrigued by early reports of cholinergic inhibition of absorption by airways in some species. To reinvestigate this phenomenon, we studied inward short-circuit currents (Isc) in tracheal mucosa from human, sheep, pig, ferret, and rabbit and in two types of cultured cells. Basal Isc was inhibited 20–70% by the ENaC inhibitor, benzamil. Long-lasting inhibition of ENaC-dependent Isc was also produced by basolateral carbachol in all preparations except rabbit and the H441 cell line. Atropine inhibition produced a slow recovery or prevented inhibition if added before carbachol. The mechanism for inhibition was not determined and is most likely multi-factorial. However, its physiological significance is expected to be increased mucus clearance rates in cholinergically stimulated airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam Soo Joo
- The Cystic Fibrosis Research Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-2130, USA
| | - Mauri E Krouse
- The Cystic Fibrosis Research Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-2130, USA
| | - Jae Young Choi
- The Cystic Fibrosis Research Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-2130, USA.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyung-Ju Cho
- The Cystic Fibrosis Research Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-2130, USA.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeffrey J Wine
- The Cystic Fibrosis Research Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-2130, USA
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40
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Amaral MD, Balch WE. Hallmarks of therapeutic management of the cystic fibrosis functional landscape. J Cyst Fibros 2015; 14:687-99. [PMID: 26526359 PMCID: PMC4644672 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The cystic fibrosis (CF) transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein does not operate in isolation, rather in a dynamic network of interacting components that impact its synthesis, folding, stability, intracellular location and function, referred to herein as the 'CFTR Functional Landscape (CFFL)'. For the prominent F508del mutation, many of these interactors are deeply connected to a protein fold management system, the proteostasis network (PN). However, CF encompasses an additional 2000 CFTR variants distributed along its entire coding sequence (referred to as CFTR2), and each variant contributes a differential liability to PN management of CFTR and to a protein 'social network' (SN) that directs the probability of the (patho)physiologic events that impact ion transport in each cell, tissue and patient in health and disease. Recognition of the importance of the PN and SN in driving the unique patient CFFL leading to disease highlights the importance of precision medicine in therapeutic management of disease progression. We take the view herein that it is not CFTR, rather the PN/SN, and their impact on the CFFL, that are the key physiologic forces driving onset and clinical progression of CF. We posit that a deep understanding of each patients PN/SN gained by merging genomic, proteomic (mass spectrometry (MS)), and high-content microscopy (HCM) technologies in the context of novel network learning algorithms will lead to a paradigm shift in CF clinical management. This should allow for generation of new classes of patient specific PN/SN directed therapeutics for personalized management of the CFFL in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida D Amaral
- University of Lisboa, Faculty of Sciences, BioISI - Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - William E Balch
- Department of Chemical Physiology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Skaggs Institute of Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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41
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Abstract
Submucosal glands contribute to airway surface liquid (ASL), a film that protects all airway surfaces. Glandular mucus comprises electrolytes, water, the gel-forming mucin MUC5B, and hundreds of different proteins with diverse protective functions. Gland volume per unit area of mucosal surface correlates positively with impaction rate of inhaled particles. In human main bronchi, the volume of the glands is ∼ 50 times that of surface goblet cells, but the glands diminish in size and frequency distally. ASL and its trapped particles are removed from the airways by mucociliary transport. Airway glands have a tubuloacinar structure, with a single terminal duct, a nonciliated collecting duct, then branching secretory tubules lined with mucous cells and ending in serous acini. They allow for a massive increase in numbers of mucus-producing cells without replacing surface ciliated cells. Active secretion of Cl(-) and HCO3 (-) by serous cells produces most of the fluid of gland secretions. Glands are densely innervated by tonically active, mutually excitatory airway intrinsic neurons. Most gland mucus is secreted constitutively in vivo, with large, transient increases produced by emergency reflex drive from the vagus. Elevations of [cAMP]i and [Ca(2+)]i coordinate electrolyte and macromolecular secretion and probably occur together for baseline activity in vivo, with cholinergic elevation of [Ca(2+)]i being mainly responsive for transient increases in secretion. Altered submucosal gland function contributes to the pathology of all obstructive diseases, but is an early stage of pathogenesis only in cystic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan H Widdicombe
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California; and Department of Psychology and Cystic Fibrosis Research Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Jeffrey J Wine
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California; and Department of Psychology and Cystic Fibrosis Research Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California
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