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Leary M, Skinner JA, Pursey KM, Verdejo-Garcia A, Collins R, Collins C, Hay P, Burrows TL. The effectiveness of the TRACE online nutrition intervention in improving dietary intake, sleep quality and physical activity levels for Australian adults with food addiction: a randomised controlled trial. J Hum Nutr Diet 2024; 37:978-994. [PMID: 38652589 DOI: 10.1111/jhn.13312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few interventions for food addiction (FA) report on dietary intake variables. The present study comprised a three-arm randomised controlled trial in adults with symptoms of FA. The aim was to evaluate dietary intake, sleep and physical activity resulting from a dietitian-led telehealth intervention at 3 months. METHODS Adults with ≥3 symptoms of FA and a body mass index > 18.5 kg/m2 were recruited. Dietary intake including energy, nutrients and diet quality were assessed by a validated food frequency questionnaire in addition to sleep quality and physical activity (total min) and compared between groups and over time. Personalised dietary goals set by participants were examined to determine whether improvements in percent energy from core and non-core foods were reported. RESULTS The active intervention group was superior compared to the passive intervention and control groups for improvements in percent energy from core (6.4%/day [95% confidence interval (CI) -0.0 to 12.9], p = 0.049), non-core foods (-6.4%/day [95% CI -12.9 to 0.0], p = 0.049), sweetened drinks (-1.7%/day [95% CI -2.9 to -0.4], p = 0.013), takeaway foods (-2.3%/day [95% CI -4.5 to -0.1], p = 0.045) and sodium (-478 mg/day [95% CI -765 to -191 mg], p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS A dietitian-led telehealth intervention for Australian adults with FA found significant improvements in dietary intake variables. Setting personalised goals around nutrition and eating behaviours was beneficial for lifestyle change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Leary
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Janelle A Skinner
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Kirrilly M Pursey
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Antonio Verdejo-Garcia
- School of Psychological Sciences and Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Rebecca Collins
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Clare Collins
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Phillipa Hay
- Translational Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
- Mental Health Services, South Western Sydney Local Health District, Camden and Campbelltown Hospitals, NSW, Australia
| | - Tracy L Burrows
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
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2
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Amado L, Leal LN, Berends H, van Keulen P, Martín-Tereso J, Gerrits WJJ. Responses to incremental nutrient supply on energy and protein metabolism in preweaning dairy calves. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:5616-5625. [PMID: 38490554 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2024-24338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Recently reviewed development objectives and feeding practices in young dairy calves require an adaptation of nutrient recommendations set for milk replacer (MR) composition. Nutrient requirements of calves younger than 21 d of age, and those of calves fed with high levels of MR are insufficiently quantified. The efficiency at which macronutrients are utilized, particularly protein, substantially diminishes with age, and little data exists for the first weeks of life. In addition, in older preruminant and ruminant calves, protein and energy can be simultaneously limiting for protein gain. Whether this also applies to calves in the first weeks of life is unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to quantify the responses in protein and fat gain to incremental supply of protein, fat, or lactose to MR in very young calves. Thirty-two groups of 3 mixed-sex Holstein-Friesian newborn calves (3.4 ± 1.6 d of age), were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments applied for 19 d: a basal MR (23.3% crude protein, 21.2% crude fat, and 48.8% lactose, percentages of dry matter), provided at 550 kJ/kg of metabolic body weight (BW0.85) per day (CON; n = 24), or the basal MR incrementally supplied with 126 kJ of digestible energy per BW0.85 per day as milk fat (+FAT; n = 23), lactose (+LAC; n = 24), or milk protein (+PRO; n = 23). Calves were fed MR in 2 daily meals and had ad libitum access to water, but did not have access to calf starter nor any other solid feed. After 2 wk of adaptation to their respective diets, groups of calves were placed for 1 wk in an open-circuit respiration chamber for nitrogen and energy balance measurements (5 d). The incremental nutrient efficiencies indicate what percentage of extra intake of nutrients is retained. In this study, we observed that with every 100-g increase in protein intake, 52% was converted into protein deposition, and 44% contributed to heat production. Similarly, a 100-g increase in fat intake resulted in 67% being stored as fat, 22% being released as heat, and only 5% being retained as protein. Likewise, a 100-g increment in lactose intake led to 49% being stored as fat, with 38% being released as heat. Additional protein intake was not deposited as fat; extra energy intake (fat and additional lactose) increased postabsorptive N efficiency in young calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Amado
- Trouw Nutrition Research and Development, 3800 AG, Amersfoort, the Netherlands; Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, 6700 AH, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - L N Leal
- Trouw Nutrition Research and Development, 3800 AG, Amersfoort, the Netherlands
| | - H Berends
- Trouw Nutrition Research and Development, 3800 AG, Amersfoort, the Netherlands
| | - P van Keulen
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, 6700 AH, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - J Martín-Tereso
- Trouw Nutrition Research and Development, 3800 AG, Amersfoort, the Netherlands; Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, 6700 AH, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - W J J Gerrits
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, 6700 AH, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Hu S, Gearhardt AN, LaFata EM. Development of the modified Highly Processed Food Withdrawal Scale (mProWS). Appetite 2024; 198:107370. [PMID: 38653374 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The Highly Processed Food Withdrawal Scale (ProWS) is a 29-item measure that operationalizes physical and psychological indicators of withdrawal symptoms associated with cutting down on the consumption of ultra-processed foods. The current study developed a briefer 7-item version of the ProWS (modified ProWS; mProWS) using the participant sample from the ProWS validation paper (n = 231). Then, in an independent sample recruited from Amazon Mechanical Turk, 244 participants (55.3% females) completed the mProWS, the ProWS, and measures of eating-related constructs in order to evaluate the psychometric properties of the mProWS, relative to the ProWS. The mProWS and the ProWS performed similarly on indexes of reliability, convergent validity with addictive-like eating behavior (e.g., Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 symptom count), discriminant validity with distinct measures (e.g., cognitive desire to restrict food consumption), and incremental validity evidenced by associations with weight cycling above and beyond body mass index (BMI) and YFAS 2.0 symptoms. The mProWS may be an appropriate choice for studies with higher participant burden (e.g., ecological momentary assessment) to assess withdrawal symptoms in real-time when they occur in response to cutting down on ultra-processed foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuchen Hu
- Department of Clinical and Counseling Psychology, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | | | - Erica M LaFata
- Center for Weight, Eating and Lifestyle Science (WELL Center), Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Wiss DA, LaFata EM. Ultra-Processed Foods and Mental Health: Where Do Eating Disorders Fit into the Puzzle? Nutrients 2024; 16:1955. [PMID: 38931309 PMCID: PMC11206753 DOI: 10.3390/nu16121955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Ultra-processed foods (UPFs) like pastries, packaged snacks, fast foods, and sweetened beverages have become dominant in the modern food supply and are strongly associated with numerous public health concerns. While the physical health consequences of UPF intake have been well documented (e.g., increased risks of cardiometabolic conditions), less empirical discussion has emphasized the mental health consequences of chronic UPF consumption. Notably, the unique characteristics of UPFs (e.g., artificially high levels of reinforcing ingredients) influence biological processes (e.g., dopamine signaling) in a manner that may contribute to poorer psychological functioning for some individuals. Importantly, gold-standard behavioral lifestyle interventions and treatments specifically for disordered eating do not acknowledge the direct role that UPFs may play in sensitizing reward-related neural functioning, disrupting metabolic responses, and motivating subsequent UPF cravings and intake. The lack of consideration for the influences of UPFs on mental health is particularly problematic given the growing scientific support for the addictive properties of these foods and the utility of ultra-processed food addiction (UPFA) as a novel clinical phenotype endorsed by 14-20% of individuals across international samples. The overarching aim of the present review is to summarize the science of how UPFs may affect mental health, emphasizing contributing biological mechanisms. Specifically, the authors will (1) describe how corporate-sponsored research and financial agendas have contributed to contention and debate about the role of UPFs in health; (2) define UPFs and their nutritional characteristics; (3) review observed associations between UPF intake and mental health conditions, especially with depression; (4) outline the evidence for UPFA; and (5) describe nuanced treatment considerations for comorbid UPFA and eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Wiss
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, 650 Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Nutrition in Recovery LLC, 1902 Westwood Blvd. #201, Los Angeles, CA 90025, USA
| | - Erica M. LaFata
- Center for Weight Eating and Lifestyle Science, Drexel University, 3201 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
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Collins R, Skinner J, Leary M, Burrows TL. Dietary and quality-of-life outcomes of the FoodFix intervention for addictive eating: a short report. J Hum Nutr Diet 2024; 37:815-822. [PMID: 38549279 DOI: 10.1111/jhn.13300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interest in addictive eating continues to grow from both a research and clinical perspective. To date, dietary assessment alongside food addiction status is limited, with management options for addictive eating behaviours variable, given the overlap with myriad conditions. The aim of this study was to report the dietary intake and quality-of-life outcomes from a personality-targeted motivational interviewing intervention delivered by dietitians using telehealth. METHODS The study was conducted in adults exceeding their healthy-weight range with symptoms of addictive eating, as defined by the Yale Food Addiction Scale. The 52 participants were randomised to either intervention or control, with 49 participants commencing the intervention. Individuals participated in the 3-month, three-session FoodFix interventions, with dietary outcomes assessed by the Australian Eating Survey and quality of life assessed using the SF-36 at baseline and 3 months. RESULTS There were small-to-moderate effect sizes, specifically in the intervention group for decreased added sugar intake, increased protein intake, increased meat quality and increased vegetable servings per day. Six out of eight quality-of-life domains had small-to-moderate effect sizes. CONCLUSIONS This intervention has highlighted the need for further research in larger sample sizes to assess dietary behaviour change by those who self-report addictive eating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Collins
- School of Health Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Food and Nutrition Research Program, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Janelle Skinner
- School of Health Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Food and Nutrition Research Program, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark Leary
- School of Health Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Food and Nutrition Research Program, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tracy L Burrows
- School of Health Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Food and Nutrition Research Program, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
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Gombi-Vaca MF, Martinez-Steele E, Andrade GC, Louzada MLDC, Levy RB. Association between ultra-processed food and snacking behavior in Brazil. Eur J Nutr 2024; 63:1177-1186. [PMID: 38360983 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-024-03340-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ultra-processed food may play a role in facilitating snacking behavior because of their convenience and low satiety potential. This study aimed to describe the association between consumption of ultra-processed foods and frequency of snacking. METHODS We analyzed data from 46,164 participants (≥ 10 years old) in the 2017-2018 Brazilian Household Budget Survey. Dietary data were collected by 24-h dietary recalls over one or two days for each participant. We estimated energy intake, ultra-processed food consumption, and level of snacking. We measured the association between ultra-processed food consumption and level of snacking using multinomial logistic regression, stratified by age group (adolescents, 10-19 years old; adults, 20-64 years old; elders, 65 or older). RESULTS We found a statistically significant tendency of increased daily energy intake and consumption of snacks and that ultra-processed food consumption was positively associated with the level of snacking for all age groups. For adolescents, adults, and elders in the highest quintile of ultra-processed food consumption as a share of their entire diet, the relative risk ratio (95% CI) of having more than two snacks per day compared to no snacks was 14.21 (9.09-22.21), 4.44 (3.54-5.57), and 4.21 (2.67-6.64), respectively, when compared to the lowest quintile. CONCLUSION Higher consumption of ultra-processed food was associated with snacking behavior, and the strength of this association was stronger among adolescents. Efforts to mitigate ultra-processed food attributes that facilitate snacking should be incorporated into strategies to promote healthier food choices, especially among adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fernanda Gombi-Vaca
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine (FMUSP), University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455, São Paulo, SP, 01246, Brazil.
- Center for Epidemiological Research in Nutrition and Health (NUPENS), University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, São Paulo, SP, 01246, Brazil.
- Rudd Center for Food Policy and Health, University of Connecticut, One Constitution Plaza, Suite 600, Hartford, CT, 06103, USA.
| | - Euridice Martinez-Steele
- Center for Epidemiological Research in Nutrition and Health (NUPENS), University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, São Paulo, SP, 01246, Brazil
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, São Paulo, SP, 01246, Brazil
| | - Giovanna Calixto Andrade
- Center for Epidemiological Research in Nutrition and Health (NUPENS), University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, São Paulo, SP, 01246, Brazil
| | - Maria Laura da Costa Louzada
- Center for Epidemiological Research in Nutrition and Health (NUPENS), University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, São Paulo, SP, 01246, Brazil
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, São Paulo, SP, 01246, Brazil
| | - Renata Bertazzi Levy
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine (FMUSP), University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455, São Paulo, SP, 01246, Brazil
- Center for Epidemiological Research in Nutrition and Health (NUPENS), University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, São Paulo, SP, 01246, Brazil
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Jurema Santos GC, de Sousa Fernandes MS, Carniel PG, da Silva Garcêz A, Góis Leandro C, Canuto R. Dietary intake in children and adolescents with food addiction: A systematic review. Addict Behav Rep 2024; 19:100531. [PMID: 38322322 PMCID: PMC10844934 DOI: 10.1016/j.abrep.2024.100531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Food addiction (FA) is characterized by behavioral changes related to the consumption of palatable foods, marked by dependence, impulsivity, and compulsion. Children and adolescents are more vulnerable to FA owing to their significant consumption of ultra-processed foods. This review aims to investigate the differences in dietary intake in pediatric populations with and without FA. We conducted a systematic literature review. PubMed, ScienceDirect, and PsycINFO databases were searched up to July 2023. Potentially eligible studies were independently checked by two researchers. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist for analytical cross-sectional studies. Of the 4868 articles identified, six studies were included. All the included studies had high methodological quality. High consumption of calories and fat was observed in children and adolescents with FA. A diet quality analysis showed that the consumption of ultra-processed foods, such as sugary drinks, sweets, and chips, was related to FA. Given these findings, we concluded that FA in childhood may be associated with higher energy consumption and, consequently, higher intake of macronutrients. Few studies have examined the relationship between FA and food intake in childhood, and more studies are required.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pacheco Gabriela Carniel
- Postgraduate Program in Food, Nutrition and Health, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Anderson da Silva Garcêz
- Postgraduate Program in Nutrition Science, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Carol Góis Leandro
- Postgraduate Program in Nutrition, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Raquel Canuto
- Postgraduate Program in Nutrition, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Food, Nutrition and Health, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Carvalho GC, Pereira MR, de Lima Macena M, Silva Junior AE, Silva DR, Ferro DC, Paula DTDC, Melo JMF, Farias da Silva MCT, Bueno NB. Type and timing of ultra-processed foods consumption and its association with dietary intake and physical activity in women with obesity living in poverty. J Hum Nutr Diet 2024; 37:737-748. [PMID: 38558169 DOI: 10.1111/jhn.13303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study aimed to investigate the type and timing of ultra-processed foods (UPF) consumption and its association with dietary intake (DI) and physical activity (PA) in women with obesity living in poverty. METHODS A cross-sectional study was employed. Obesity was defined by at least two criteria (body mass index, waist circumference or % fat mass). Poverty was defined as the three lowest classes of the Brazilian Economic Classification Criterion. PA was measured with triaxial accelerometers and DI was assessed with three 24-h dietary recalls. Foods were categorised according to the NOVA classification, with UPF classified into five subgroups, as well as the timing of consumption into six meals. RESULTS In total, 56 adult women were included. Overall energy intake was 1653.21 (503.22) kcal/day. UPF intake was 21.62% (11.94%) kcal/day, being higher at breakfast (4.91% kcal/day), afternoon snack (5.39% kcal/day) and dinner (5.01% kcal/day). Only UPF subgroup 4 (sandwich biscuits, sweets, or treats) showed a positive association with energy intake (β = 54.40 [27.6, 81.10] kcal/day) and a negative association with protein intake (β = -0.31% [-0.48%, -0.14%] kcal/day). UPF consumption in morning (β = -0.41% [-0.79%, -0.02%] kcal/day) and afternoon (β = -0.18% [-0.33%, -0.04%] kcal/day) snacks was associated with lower protein intake. Furthermore, lunchtime UPF consumption was positively associated with walking time (β = 0.16% [0.02%; 0.30%]) and steps/hour (β = 8.72 [1.50; 15.94] steps/h). CONCLUSIONS Women with obesity living in poverty consume more UPF during breakfast, afternoon snack and dinner. Physical activity is positively associated with UPF consumption at lunch. UPF, such as sandwich biscuits, sweets or treats, contribute to increasing energy intake and reducing protein intake.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mateus de Lima Macena
- Postgraduate Program in Nutrition, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, SP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - André Eduardo Silva Junior
- Postgraduate Program in Nutrition, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, SP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dafiny Rodrigues Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Nutrition, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, SP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Nassib Bezerra Bueno
- Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Nutrition, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, SP, São Paulo, Brazil
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LaFata EM, Allison KC, Audrain-McGovern J, Forman EM. Ultra-Processed Food Addiction: A Research Update. Curr Obes Rep 2024; 13:214-223. [PMID: 38760652 PMCID: PMC11150183 DOI: 10.1007/s13679-024-00569-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Detail recent advancements in the science on ultra-processed food (UPF) addiction, focusing on estimated prevalence rates and emerging health disparities; progress towards identifying biological underpinnings and behavioral mechanisms; and implications for weight management. RECENT FINDINGS Notable developments in the field have included: (1) estimating the global prevalence of UPF addiction at 14% of adults and 15% of youths; (2) revealing health disparities for persons of color and those with food insecurity; (3) observing altered functioning across the brain-gut-microbiome axis; (4) providing early evidence for UPF withdrawal; and (5) elucidating poorer weight management outcomes among persons with UPF addiction. The breadth of recent work on UPF addiction illustrates continued scientific and public interest in the construct and its implications for understanding and treating overeating behaviors and obesity. One pressing gap is the lack of targeted interventions for UPF addiction, which may result in more optimal clinical outcomes for this underserved population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica M LaFata
- Center for Weight, Eating, and Lifestyle Science, Drexel University, 3201 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States.
| | - Kelly C Allison
- Center for Weight and Eating Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3535 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States
| | - Janet Audrain-McGovern
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3535 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States
| | - Evan M Forman
- Center for Weight, Eating, and Lifestyle Science, Drexel University, 3201 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Drexel University, 3201 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States
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Epstein LH, Temple JL, Faith MS, Hostler D, Rizwan A. A psychobioecological model to understand the income-food insecurity-obesity relationship. Appetite 2024; 196:107275. [PMID: 38367912 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Food insecurity, defined by unpredictable access to food that may not meet a person's nutritional needs, is associated with higher BMI (kg/m2) and obesity. People with food insecurity often have less access to food, miss meals and go hungry, which can lead to psychological and metabolic changes that favor energy conservation and weight gain. We describe a conceptual model that includes psychological (food reinforcement and delay discounting) and physiological (thermic effect of food and substrate oxidation) factors to understand how resource scarcity associated with food insecurity evolves into the food insecurity-obesity paradox. We present both animal and human translational research to describe how behavioral and metabolic adaptations to resource scarcity based on behavioral ecology theory may occur for people with food insecurity. We conclude with ideas for interventions to prevent or modify the behaviors and underlying physiology that characterize the income-food insecurity-obesity relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard H Epstein
- Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
| | - Jennifer L Temple
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Myles S Faith
- Department of Counseling, School and Educational Psychology, Graduate School of Education, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - David Hostler
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Ashfique Rizwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA; Department of Counseling, School and Educational Psychology, Graduate School of Education, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Mayrhofer R, Roberts LM, Hackl JM, Frischholz K. Psychological differences and similarities between vegans, prospective vegans, and vegetarians. Motivation, knowledge, vegan literacy - and cheese. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1163869. [PMID: 38659691 PMCID: PMC11039917 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1163869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Although vegan and vegetarian diets and lifestyles differ significantly from each other, among other things, notably in their respective consequences regarding animal welfare and their ecological impact, vegans and vegetarians are often grouped together and usually compared to omnivores in psychological research. Considering that vegans and vegetarians often share similar motives for their lifestyle choices, namely animal and environmental issues, the question arises why similar motives lead to different conclusions and correspondingly different behaviors, most notably, of course, that vegetarians consume animal-derived foods such as cheese or milk while vegans do not consume animal-derived products (e.g., food, cosmetic products). This is why this study explored the psychological differences between vegans, vegetarians, and prospective vegans - the latter group being located in an intermediate, transitionary position. Focusing on the motivational, affective and cognitive components of dietary transition and participants' adherence to eating patterns, reasons for said patterns, possible hinderances to becoming vegan, the role of participants' social environments, and the impact of various misconceptions regarding the feasibility of a vegan diet in everyday life were all explored. Methods An observational study was conducted via online questionnaire (1420 participants). Results Significant differences were found between vegans, prospective vegans, and vegetarians, especially concerning their knowledge of issues pertaining to their respective lifestyles. Discussion The critical role of knowledge is invoked as an explanation as to why vegans and vegetarians display different behaviors although they share a similar motivation. Thus, in this study the concept of vegan literacy is introduced. Additionally, the distinctive role of cheese is explored, discussing possible indications of its potentially addictive nature and, consequently, the importance of cheese as a hindering factor for pursuing a vegan diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Mayrhofer
- Department of Psychology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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12
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Martinelli S, Petrucciani N, Regazzi L, Gualano MR. Bariatric Surgery and New-Onset Substance Use Disorders: A Systematic review and Meta-analysis. Obes Surg 2024; 34:1366-1375. [PMID: 38430321 PMCID: PMC11026269 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-024-07130-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that bariatric surgery (BS) patients are at risk for substance abuse disorders (SUD). The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine the relationship between BS and the development of new-onset substance abuse disorder (SUDNO) in bariatric patients. On October 31, 2023, we reviewed the scientific literature following PRISMA guidelines. A total of 3242 studies were analyzed, 7 met the inclusion criteria. The pooled incidence of SUDNO was 4.28%. Patients' characteristics associated with SUDNO included preoperative mental disorders, high pre-BS BMI, and public health insurance. Surgical factors associated with new SUDNOs included severe complications in the peri- or postoperative period. The occurrence of SUDNOs is a non-negligeable complication after BS. Predisposing factors may be identified and preventive actions undertaken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Martinelli
- Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Niccolò Petrucciani
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Division of General and Hepatobiliary Surgery, St. Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Di Grottarossa 1035-9, 00189, Rome, Italy.
| | - Luca Regazzi
- Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Gualano
- Unicamillus - Saint Camillus International University of Health and Medical Sciences, Rome, Italy
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Herb Neff KM, Buta E, Fenn LM, Ramsey CN, Snow JL, Haskell SG, Masheb RM. Distinguishing probable atypical anorexia nervosa from weight loss alone in a national sample of U.S. Military Veterans: Disentangling the roles of weight suppression and cognitive concerns. Int J Eat Disord 2024; 57:827-838. [PMID: 38129986 DOI: 10.1002/eat.24116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Veterans are at high risk for eating disorders (EDs), and specifically for atypical anorexia nervosa (atypical AN). The current study aimed to better understand this under-studied disorder and how it differs from weight loss without ED cognitive features. METHOD Secondary analyses were conducted with data from a national study of Veterans (N = 882, 49.4% women). Participants were categorized into four mutually exclusive groups using the Eating Disorder Diagnostic Scale 5: probable atypical AN, a cognitive concerns group (Cog Only), a weight suppressed group (WS Only), and a no ED control group. Adjusted regression models were used to compare groups on measures of eating pathology and mental health. Three weight suppression thresholds (5%, 10%, and 15%) for probable atypical AN were also tested. RESULTS The sample was comprised of 12% probable atypical AN, 23.6% Cog Only, 16.3% WS Only, and 48.1% Control. The probable atypical AN group was most like the Cog Only group except for higher levels of dietary restraint. Atypical AN fared worse and was least like the Control group followed by the WS Only group. All weight suppression thresholds significantly predicted dietary restraint, with 5% being the best predictor. DISCUSSION Results found that probable atypical AN is a distinct clinical entity and that the exact weight suppression threshold associated with atypical AN is less important than having any weight suppression. Findings highlight the clinical significance of atypical AN and the importance of gaining a better understanding of how to address this clinical entity. PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE Atypical anorexia nervosa is a relatively underexamined but highly prevalent eating disorder in the Veteran population. Results show that ED cognitive features are more closely linked to clinically significant eating pathology and poor mental health than weight suppression alone suggesting that negative thinking about weight gain and appearance, regardless of the presence or severity of weight loss, may signal the need for specialized intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eugenia Buta
- Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Lindsay M Fenn
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Christine N Ramsey
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Jennifer L Snow
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sally G Haskell
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Robin M Masheb
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Rossi AA, Mannarini S, Semonella M, Castelnuovo G, Pietrabissa G. The Association between Grazing and Food Addiction: The Italian Version of the Repetitive Eating Questionnaire (Rep(Eat)-Q) and Its Relationships with Food Addiction Criteria. Nutrients 2024; 16:949. [PMID: 38612983 PMCID: PMC11013059 DOI: 10.3390/nu16070949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among the dysfunctional eating behaviors associated with excessive food intake, a construct that is gaining increasing attention is grazing-the constant, continuous, compulsive, and repetitive consumption of small/moderate amounts of food. Furthermore, in some cases, grazing seems to indicate a dependence on food and/or eating. Currently, the Repetitive Eating Questionnaire (Rep(Eat)-Q) appears to be the only questionnaire that comprehensively measures grazing, including its repetitive and compulsive eating component. Therefore, in a sample of individuals with severe obesity, the objective of this study was twofold: (A) to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Italian version of the Rep(Eat)-Q, and (B) to analyze the association between grazing and food addiction (FA). METHOD A cross-sectional research design was used. A total of 402 inpatients with severe obesity (BMI > 35) were recruited. Participants underwent a series of questionnaires to investigate structural validity and convergent validity and association with FA criteria. RESULTS The factorial structure of the Rep(Eat)-Q is robust and showed fit indexes: CFI = 0.973; RMSEA = 0.074; 90%CI [0.056-0.091]; and SRMR = 0.029. Also, it exhibited good internal consistency and convergent validity. Furthermore, logistic regression analysis highlights a specific association between certain FA criteria and grazing. CONCLUSIONS The Rep(Eat)-Q can be considered to be a concise, robust, reliable, and statistically sound tool to assess repetitive eating, specifically grazing. Its strong psychometric properties offer significant advantages for both research and clinical applications. Furthermore, in a sample of individuals with severe obesity, the results suggest that individuals with problematic grazing exhibit a typical behavioral profile of subjects with FA, indicating that FA can manifest through problematic grazing as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Alberto Rossi
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education, and Applied Psychology, Section of Applied Psychology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy;
- Interdepartmental Center for Family Research, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Stefania Mannarini
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education, and Applied Psychology, Section of Applied Psychology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy;
- Interdepartmental Center for Family Research, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Michelle Semonella
- Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel;
| | - Gianluca Castelnuovo
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan, 20123 Milan, Italy; (G.C.); (G.P.)
- Clinical Psychology Research Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20149 Milan, Italy
| | - Giada Pietrabissa
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan, 20123 Milan, Italy; (G.C.); (G.P.)
- Clinical Psychology Research Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20149 Milan, Italy
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15
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Schiestl ET, Gearhardt AN, Wolfson J. The qualitative evaluation of food addiction across the lifespan. Appetite 2024; 194:107170. [PMID: 38147964 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.107170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Although it remains controversial, food addiction (FA) research has expanded substantially and empirical evidence for FA is growing. While quantitative studies have explored the prevalence and correlates of FA during childhood and adolescence, little is known about the perceived lived experience of FA across the lifespan, nor how experiences and perceptions of FA may change over time. For this study, 16 participants who met symptom threshold criteria for FA on the Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 completed in-depth, semi-structured qualitative interviews focused on their perceptions of the development of FA overtime, and perceived risk and protective factors. Thematic analysis was used to develop themes about the lived experience of FA in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Overall, highly palatable foods were viewed as the most problematic, while minimally processed foods were less associated with impairment and distress. Themes in childhood included a strong desire for highly processed foods and the perception that parental control over food choices could be either protective or risky for the later development of FA depending on which foods were available at home. In adolescence and young adulthood, increasing autonomy over food choices and the high availability of highly processed foods in the college environment were viewed as risk factors. Additionally, weight gain was a prominent theme. Finally, adulthood was characterized by more severe manifestations of FA, and the stress of adult responsibilities (e.g., work, parenting) contributed to this perception. This research sets the stage for future quantitative studies to explore these novel findings at the population level.
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Epstein LH, Rizwan A, Rashid S, Bickel WK, Ghanim H. Glucose response to sugar challenge moderates the effect of insulin resistance on reinforcing value of sugar-sweetened yogurt. Appetite 2024; 193:107160. [PMID: 38101518 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.107160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
We have shown insulin resistance is associated with the choice of sugar-sweetened over monk fruit sweetened yogurt. This study extends this research by assessing the association between insulin resistance and reinforcing value for sugar versus monk fruit-sweetened yogurt, and testing the hypothesis that this effect is moderated by greater blood glucose response in people with insulin resistance. Eighteen people with overweight/obesity (BMI = 35.8 kg/m2, range 26.2-48.5) with varying degrees of insulin resistance (Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) = 2.6, range of 0.6-8.0) had blood glucose measured for 2 h after a sugar challenge. Over six days, they consumed, in a double-blind fashion, novel flavored-colored sugar or monk fruit-sweetened yogurts, and the reinforcing value of sugar or monk fruit-sweetened yogurts and delay discounting (DD) were measured. HOMA-IR (r = 0.62, p = .006) and insulin (r = 0.51, p = .03) were related to the reinforcing value of sugar-sweetened, but not monk fruit-sweetened yogurt (r = -0.07, -0.10, respectively). The blood glucose area under the curve moderated the relationship between HOMA-IR and the reinforcing value of sugar-sweetened yogurt (p = .02). People with greater HOMA-IR and greater blood glucose excursions responded the most for sugar-sweetened yogurt. These results extend previous research and confirm the hypothesis that individual differences in response to sugar may activate brain reward centers and condition people to prefer high-sugar foods. DD was related to sugar reinforcement (r = -0.46, p = .03), consistent with the idea that those with high sugar reinforcement desire immediate gratification, and DD moderated the relationship between HOMA-IR and the reinforcing value of sugar-sweetened yogurt (p < .001). Research should test whether reducing insulin resistance would permit people with insulin resistance to choose lower-sugar foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard H Epstein
- Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine, And Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA; University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
| | - Ashfique Rizwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine, And Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA; University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Sameeha Rashid
- Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine, And Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA; University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Warren K Bickel
- Addiction Recovery Research Center, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carillion School of Medicine, USA
| | - Husam Ghanim
- University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA; Division of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, Jacobs School of Medicine, and Biomedical Sciences, USA
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Yousefi R, Panahi Moghaddam SA, Salahi H, Woods R, Abolhasani M, Eini-Zinab H, Saidpour A. Food Addiction and Binge Eating Disorder in Relation to Dietary Patterns and Anthropometric Measurements: A Descriptive-Analytic Cross-Sectional Study in Iranian Adults with Obesity. Behav Med 2024; 50:37-46. [PMID: 35975474 DOI: 10.1080/08964289.2022.2092442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with maladaptive eating behaviors, including food addiction (FA) and binge eating disorder (BED). However, the key factors influencing the development of maladaptive eating behaviors remain unknown. Adherence to specified dietary patterns has been suspected of making indirect impacts. This study investigates the association of FA and BED with dietary patterns and anthropometric measurements among 400 Iranian adults (aged 18-60; 66.25% women) living with obesity (body mass index [BMI] ≥ 30 kg/m2). The Binge Eating Scale and Yale Food Addiction Scale were used to measure BED and FA. A validated 147-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire underwent principal component analysis and identified three major dietary patterns: mixed, unhealthy, and healthy dietary pattern. After adjusting for confounders, higher adherence to unhealthy dietary patterns was associated with an increased risk of FA, while higher adherence to healthy dietary patterns was associated with a lower risk of FA. Also, those within obesity class III had a significantly higher risk of FA and BED than those in obesity class I. This study suggests that adherence to an unhealthy dietary pattern may be associated with a higher risk of FA. It also highlights the link between higher BMI and maladaptive eating behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyhaneh Yousefi
- Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology, Concordia University, and Montréal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS-NIM, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Seyedeh Atefeh Panahi Moghaddam
- Department of Clinical Nutrition & Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Homa Salahi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition & Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Robbie Woods
- Department of Psychology, Concordia University, and Montréal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS-NIM, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Maryam Abolhasani
- Cardiac primary prevention research center, Cardiovascular Diseases Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Eini-Zinab
- Department of Community Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atoosa Saidpour
- Department of Clinical Nutrition & Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Kalan RE, Smith A, Mason TB, Smith KE. Independent associations of food addiction and binge eating measures with real-time eating behaviors and contextual factors: An exploratory ecological momentary assessment study. Appetite 2024; 192:107127. [PMID: 37980955 PMCID: PMC10843748 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.107127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Food addiction (FA) is a concept centered around the addictive potential of highly palatable processed foods, though there is debate over the discriminative validity of FA as a distinct construct from binge-eating symptomatology. This study explored how trait measures of FA and binge-eating symptoms independently and interactively predicted eating behaviors and posited correlates of FA and binge eating measured via ecological momentary assessment (EMA). Adult participants (N = 49) who met the criteria for FA and/or binge-eating disorder completed baseline measures of FA (Yale Food Addiction Scale [YFAS 2.0]) and binge-eating symptoms (Eating Pathology Symptom Inventory [EPSI] binge eating scale) followed by a 10-day EMA protocol. Generalized linear mixed models examined the independent effects of YFAS 2.0, EPSI, and their interaction predicting EMA outcomes. Higher YFAS 2.0 symptom count scores were uniquely related to greater EMA-measured overeating, loss of control eating, negative and positive affect, and impulsivity when controlling for EPSI scores. Conversely, higher EPSI scores were uniquely related to greater EMA-measured eagerness and urge to eat, and expectancies that eating would improve mood. No interaction effects were significant. These results highlight potential distinctions between phenomena captured by FA and other measures of binge eating, in that FA symptoms may be a marker of heightened binge-eating severity, emotional arousal, and impulsivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Kalan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Alexandro Smith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tyler B Mason
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kathryn E Smith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Etxandi M, Baenas I, Mora-Maltas B, Granero R, Fernández-Aranda F, Tovar S, Solé-Morata N, Lucas I, Casado S, Gómez-Peña M, Moragas L, Pino-Gutiérrez AD, Tapia J, Valenciano-Mendoza E, Potenza MN, Gearhardt AN, Diéguez C, Jiménez-Murcia S. Plasma concentration of leptin is related to food addiction in gambling disorder: Clinical and neuropsychological implications. J Behav Addict 2023; 12:1019-1031. [PMID: 38141066 PMCID: PMC10786224 DOI: 10.1556/2006.2023.00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Data implicate overlaps in neurobiological pathways involved in appetite regulation and addictive disorders. Despite different neuroendocrine measures having been associated with both gambling disorder (GD) and food addiction (FA), how appetite-regulating hormones may relate to the co-occurrence of both entities remain incompletely understood. Aims To compare plasma concentrations of ghrelin, leptin, adiponectin, and liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP-2) between patients with GD, with and without FA, and to explore the association between circulating hormonal concentrations and neuropsychological and clinical features in individuals with GD and FA. Methods The sample included 297 patients diagnosed with GD (93.6% males). None of the patients with GD had lifetime diagnosis of an eating disorder. FA was evaluated with the Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0. All patients were assessed through a semi-structured clinical interview and a psychometric battery including neuropsychological tasks. Blood samples to measure hormonal variables and anthropometric variables were also collected. Results From the total sample, FA was observed in 23 participants (FA+) (7.7% of the sample, 87% males). When compared participants with and without FA, those with FA+ presented both higher body mass index (BMI) (p < 0.001) and leptin concentrations, after adjusting for BMI (p = 0.013). In patients with FA, leptin concentrations positively correlated with impulsivity, poorer cognitive flexibility, and poorer inhibitory control. Other endocrine measures did not differ between groups. Discussion and conclusions The present study implicates leptin in co-occurring GD and FA. Among these patients, leptin concentration has been associated with clinical and neuropsychological features, such as impulsivity and cognitive performance in certain domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikel Etxandi
- 1Clinical Psychology Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
- 2Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, IGTP Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
- 3Doctoral Program in Medicine and Translational Research, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Baenas
- 1Clinical Psychology Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
- 3Doctoral Program in Medicine and Translational Research, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- 4Ciber Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- 5Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bernat Mora-Maltas
- 1Clinical Psychology Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
- 3Doctoral Program in Medicine and Translational Research, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- 5Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roser Granero
- 4Ciber Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- 5Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
- 6Department of Psychobiology and Methodology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Fernández-Aranda
- 1Clinical Psychology Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
- 4Ciber Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- 5Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
- 7Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sulay Tovar
- 4Ciber Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- 8Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Neus Solé-Morata
- 1Clinical Psychology Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Lucas
- 1Clinical Psychology Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
- 4Ciber Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- 5Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sabela Casado
- 4Ciber Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- 8Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Mónica Gómez-Peña
- 1Clinical Psychology Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
- 5Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Moragas
- 1Clinical Psychology Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
- 5Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amparo Del Pino-Gutiérrez
- 4Ciber Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- 5Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
- 9Department of Public Health, Mental Health and Perinatal Nursing, School of Nursing, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Tapia
- 1Clinical Psychology Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
- 3Doctoral Program in Medicine and Translational Research, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- 5Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
- 10Medical Direction of Ambulatory Processes, South Metropolitan Territorial Management, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Marc N Potenza
- 11Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- 12Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- 13Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA
- 14Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, Wethersfield, CT, USA
- 15Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Carlos Diéguez
- 4Ciber Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- 8Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Susana Jiménez-Murcia
- 1Clinical Psychology Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
- 4Ciber Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- 5Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
- 7Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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20
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Téllez-Rodríguez MA, Amaya-Hernández A, Ortega-Luyando M, Serrano-Juárez CA, Yáñez-Téllez G, López-Alonso VE, Mancilla-Diaz JM, Escartín-Pérez RE. Exploratory study of the prevalence of food addiction and its relationship with executive functioning, depression, and reinforcement sensitivity in a sample of Mexican adults. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1277681. [PMID: 38106896 PMCID: PMC10722417 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1277681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The study of food addiction (FA) has become relevant due to its high prevalence, the negative impact on quality of life, and its association with neuropsychological and psychiatric symptoms. Several studies have provided scientific support for these associations, however, the results are contradictory. Additionally, studies have unsuccessfully elucidated the true nature of the failures in executive functioning in people with FA symptomatology, particularly when it comes to executive deficits. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to establish whether the presence of executive dysfunction, depressive symptoms and binge eating problems, as well as high reward sensitivity entails a greater severity in FA traits and high body mass index (BMI) in a sample of Mexican adults. Methods The sample consisted of Mexican men and women between 21-59 years (n = 36); who completed self-report questionnaires and performance tests to measure the study variables. Additionally, BMI was estimated with self-reported height and weight. Results Our results showed that a high number of FA symptoms were associated with higher executive dysfunction scores, greater reward sensitivity, and more severe depressive and binge eating problems. Furthermore, factors that are more strongly associated with higher scores of FA include severe executive deficits, greater activation of the punishment avoidance system, and persistence in the search for reward when the depressive symptoms increased. The factors that best explained changes in the estimated BMI of women were a decreased crystallized intellectual capacity and the inability to control food intake as the number of FA symptoms increased. Discussion In summary, the cognitive functioning profile characterized by general failure of the executive functioning, as well as a greater activation of the Punishment Avoidance System and persistence in the search for reward, were associated with greater severity of FA symptoms, especially when the depressive symptomatology was severe. In parallel, the psychopathology in participants associated with FA confirms the contribution of anxious and depressive symptomatology and borderline personality traits which could facilitate the expression of clinically relevant FA symptoms in women. Finally, we found that decreased crystallized intellectual capacity and inability to control food intake were linked to higher BMI when the number of FA symptoms increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marybeth Alejandra Téllez-Rodríguez
- Programa de Maestría en Psicología, División de Investigación y Posgrado, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Residencia en Neuropsicología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
| | - Adriana Amaya-Hernández
- División de Investigación y Posgrado, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Nutrition Research Group, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
| | - Mayaro Ortega-Luyando
- División de Investigación y Posgrado, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Nutrition Research Group, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
| | - Carlos Alberto Serrano-Juárez
- Programa de Maestría en Psicología, División de Investigación y Posgrado, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Residencia en Neuropsicología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
| | - Guillermina Yáñez-Téllez
- Programa de Maestría en Psicología, División de Investigación y Posgrado, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Residencia en Neuropsicología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
| | - Verónica Elsa López-Alonso
- División de Investigación y Posgrado, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Nutrition Research Group, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
- División de Investigación y Posgrado, Laboratory of Neurobiology of Eating, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
| | - Juan Manuel Mancilla-Diaz
- División de Investigación y Posgrado, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Nutrition Research Group, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
- División de Investigación y Posgrado, Laboratory of Neurobiology of Eating, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
| | - Rodrigo Erick Escartín-Pérez
- Programa de Maestría en Psicología, División de Investigación y Posgrado, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Residencia en Neuropsicología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
- División de Investigación y Posgrado, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Nutrition Research Group, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
- División de Investigación y Posgrado, Laboratory of Neurobiology of Eating, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
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Leung CW, Parnarouskis L, Slotnick MJ, Gearhardt AN. Food Insecurity and Food Addiction in a Large, National Sample of Lower-Income Adults. Curr Dev Nutr 2023; 7:102036. [PMID: 38174213 PMCID: PMC10761353 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdnut.2023.102036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Growing research has highlighted associations between food insecurity and eating-related problems. Food addiction is one important, clinically significant pattern of problematic eating, which is related to, but distinct from, eating disorders. To date, there is only one study examining the association between food insecurity and food addiction, to our knowledge. Additional research is needed to understand the complexities of this association. Objective We examined the association between food insecurity and food addiction in a large, national convenience sample of lower-income adults and potential heterogeneity in this association by age, gender, race, and ethnicity. Design A cross-sectional, web-based study was conducted among 1780 US adults (≥18 y) with household incomes <250% of the federal poverty guideline. Household food security was assessed using the Household Food Security Survey Module. Food addiction was assessed using the modified Yale Food Addiction Scale (mYFAS), version 2.0. Multivariate logistic regression models examined the associations between food insecurity and food addiction, adjusting for sociodemographic covariates. Results The prevalence of food addiction was 7.3%, and the prevalence of food insecurity was 51%. Compared with adults with food security, adults with food insecurity endorsed each mYFAS symptom with significantly greater frequency, including failure to fulfill major role obligations (20%), continued use despite social or interpersonal problems (18%), and craving or strong desire to use (16%). After adjustment, food insecurity was associated with 3.82-fold higher odds of food addiction (95% CI 2.36, 6.19), with no significant heterogeneity by age, gender, or race and ethnicity. The most problematic foods reported by adults with food insecurity were chips, nondiet soda, chocolate, pizza, and ice cream. Conclusion These findings provide additional support for the association between food insecurity and food addiction. Mechanistic studies are needed to explore the role of psychosocial factors, eating behaviors, and the food environment in contributing to these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy W. Leung
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Melissa J. Slotnick
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Ashley N. Gearhardt
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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22
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Hoover LV, Yu HP, Cummings JR, Ferguson SG, Gearhardt AN. Co-occurrence of food addiction, obesity, problematic substance use, and parental history of problematic alcohol use. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2023; 37:928-935. [PMID: 35878078 PMCID: PMC10986778 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study investigates the rates of co-occurrence among food addiction (FA), problematic substance use (alcohol, cannabis, cigarettes, nicotine vaping), parental history of problematic alcohol use, and obesity as an important step to understanding whether an addictive-like eating phenotype exists. METHOD A community sample of 357 U.S. adults (49.7% male, 77.6% White, Mage 40.7) completed the Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 (YFAS2.0), the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, the Cannabis Use Disorders Identification Test, the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence, the E-Cigarette Dependence Scale, the Family Tree Questionnaire, and demographic/self-report body mass index questions through Amazon Mechanical Turk. Risk ratios (RRs; unadjusted and adjusted for sociodemographic covariates) were calculated using modified Poisson's regression. RESULTS Risk of FA was higher in participants with problematic alcohol use (RR = 2.13, 99% CI [1.32, 3.45]), smoking (RR = 1.86, 99% CI [0.82, 3.36]), cannabis use (unadjusted; RR = 2.22, 99% CI [1.17, 4.18]), vaping (RR = 2.71, 99% CI [1.75, 4.21]), and parental history of problematic alcohol use (RR = 2.35, 99% CI [1.46, 3.79]). Risk of FA in participants with obesity was only higher in adjusted models (RR = 1.87, 99% CI [1.06, 3.27]). Obesity was not significantly associated with problematic substance use and parental history of problematic alcohol use. CONCLUSIONS FA, but not obesity, co-occurred with problematic substance use and a parental history of problematic alcohol use. Results support the conceptualization of FA as an addictive disorder. The inclusion of FA as an addictive disorder in diagnostic frameworks is an important area of future consideration. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hayley P. Yu
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Jenna R. Cummings
- Social and Behavioral Sciences Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
- Jenna R. Cummings was supported by the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (Intramural Research Program). The content of this manuscript is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the funding agency
| | - Stuart G. Ferguson
- College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
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Gearhardt AN, Bueno NB, DiFeliceantonio AG, Roberto CA, Jiménez-Murcia S, Fernandez-Aranda F. Social, clinical, and policy implications of ultra-processed food addiction. BMJ 2023; 383:e075354. [PMID: 37813420 PMCID: PMC10561019 DOI: 10.1136/bmj-2023-075354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley N Gearhardt
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Nassib B Bueno
- Faculdade de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | - Alexandra G DiFeliceantonio
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Department of Human, Nutrition Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Christina A Roberto
- Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Susana Jiménez-Murcia
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Fernandez-Aranda
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
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Kim NY, Suh S, Kim J, Son K, Woo S, Kim J, Park KH, Lim H. Validating the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire for Children (DEBQ-C) among Korean children and adolescents with high weight. J Eat Disord 2023; 11:177. [PMID: 37803454 PMCID: PMC10557218 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-023-00894-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Using reliable measurement tools is becoming increasingly important as the prevalence of obesity among children increases in Korea. The Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire for Children (DEBQ-C) measures three eating behaviors associated with overeating. This study aims to validate the DEBQ-C for use among Korean children and adolescents with high body weight. It examines the psychometric features of the Korean translation of the DEBQ-C and investigates the relationship between the subscale scores of the DEBQ-C and the weight status of participants (categorized into overweight, obese, and morbidly obese). METHODS A total of 233 children and adolescents (mean age: 11.4 ± 1.6 years) completed the questionnaire. The study verified the factor structure of the DEBQ-C using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and estimated its internal consistency with Cronbach's alpha. For convergent validity, it employed Pearson's correlation coefficient to assess relationships between the three eating behaviors of the DEBQ-C and the number of food addiction symptoms of the Yale Food Addiction Scale for Children (YFAS-C). Lastly, it examined the relationship between DEBQ-C scores and weight status via multinomial logistic regression analysis. RESULTS The three-factor model demonstrated goodness-of-fit (χ2 = 253, df = 167, χ2/df = 1.515, p < 0.001, CFI = 0.944; TLI = 0.937; RMSEA = 0.047). The internal consistency of the three eating behaviors was also satisfactory (Cronbach's alpha = 0.707-0.890). The emotional and external eating subscales of the DEBQ-C were positively correlated with the number of symptoms of food addiction of the YFAS-C. Emotional (OR: 2.008; 95% CI 1.973-2.043) and external (OR: 2.074; 95% CI 2.029-2.119) eating were positively associated with obesity status. CONCLUSION The results suggest that the Korean version of the DEBQ-C is suitable for the examination of problematic eating behaviors in Korean children and adolescents with high body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Young Kim
- Department of Medical Nutrition, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Korea
| | - Sooyeon Suh
- Department of Psychology, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul, 02844, Korea
| | - Jieun Kim
- Department of Medical Nutrition, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Korea
| | - Kumhee Son
- Department of Medical Nutrition, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Korea
- Research Institute of Medical Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Korea
| | - Sarah Woo
- Department of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon-Si, 24252, Korea
| | - Jia Kim
- Department of Clinical Psychology, National Mental Health Center, Seoul, 04933, Korea
| | - Kyung Hee Park
- Department of Family Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, 14068, Korea.
| | - Hyunjung Lim
- Department of Medical Nutrition, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Korea.
- Research Institute of Medical Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Korea.
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Huerta-Canseco C, Caba M, Camacho-Morales A. Obesity-mediated Lipoinflammation Modulates Food Reward Responses. Neuroscience 2023; 529:37-53. [PMID: 37591331 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of white adipose tissue (WAT) during obesity is associated with the development of chronic low-grade inflammation, a biological process known as lipoinflammation. Systemic and central lipoinflammation accumulates pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α in plasma and also in brain, disrupting neurometabolism and cognitive behavior. Obesity-mediated lipoinflammation has been reported in brain regions of the mesocorticolimbic reward circuit leading to alterations in the perception and consumption of ultra-processed foods. While still under investigation, lipoinflammation targets two major outcomes of the mesocorticolimbic circuit during food reward: perception and motivation ("Wanting") and the pleasurable feeling of feeding ("Liking"). This review will provide experimental and clinical evidence supporting the contribution of obesity- or overnutrition-related lipoinflammation affecting the mesocorticolimbic reward circuit and enhancing food reward responses. We will also address neuroanatomical targets of inflammatory profiles that modulate food reward responses during obesity and describe potential cellular and molecular mechanisms of overnutrition linked to addiction-like behavior favored by brain lipoinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mario Caba
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Mexico
| | - Alberto Camacho-Morales
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, NL, Mexico; Neurometabolism Unit, Center for Research and Development in Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, NL, Mexico.
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26
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Rivera-Mateos M, Ramos-Lopez O. Prevalence of food addiction and its association with lifestyle factors in undergraduate students from Northwest Mexico. J Addict Dis 2023; 41:308-316. [PMID: 36005830 DOI: 10.1080/10550887.2022.2116252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of food addiction (FA) in undergraduate students from Northwest Mexico and to examine its association with lifestyle factors, eating behaviors and food consumption.Methods: This cross-sectional study included a total of 326 undergraduate students, both sexes, between 18 and 25 years of age, who were enrolled in a bachelor's degree program at a public or private university in the city of Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico. FA was assessed using the modified Yale Food Addiction Scale Version 2.0 (mYFAS 2.0). Lifestyle (sleep patterns, physical exercise, alcohol intake, and smoking) and nutritional information (eating behaviors and food frequency consumption) was obtained through a clinical history. A multivariate logistic regression model was fitted to assess the factors associated with FA.Results: The whole prevalence of FA was 12.9%. In general, mild FA was the most frequent (5.2%), followed by severe (4.3%) and moderate (3.4%) categories. In the multivariate model, insomnia conferred a higher risk for FA (OR = 2.08, 95% CI, 1.04-4.17, p = 0.040), while the habitual consumption of fruits showed a protective effect (OR = 0.50, 95% CI, 0.25-0.98, p = 0.046). Overall, the model predicted FA in 12% (R2=0.12, p = 0.011).Conclusion: The prevalence of FA is 12.9% among undergraduate students from Northwest Mexico. Although caution should be exercised, insomnia seems to increase the risk of FA, while the habitual consumption of fruits appears to have a protective role. Additional studies are needed to validate these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Rivera-Mateos
- Medicine and Psychology School, Autonomous University of Baja California, Tijuana, Mexico
| | - Omar Ramos-Lopez
- Medicine and Psychology School, Autonomous University of Baja California, Tijuana, Mexico
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Onat MB, Yararbas G. Relationship of constipation, body mass index increase and cigarette craving with nutrition in the smoking cessation process: A cross-sectional study from Turkey. J Ethn Subst Abuse 2023:1-15. [PMID: 37747826 DOI: 10.1080/15332640.2023.2259342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
This cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the complaints of constipation, increase in body mass index (BMI) and cigarette craving levels and their relationship with nutrition at the end of the 1st month following quit smoking. Individuals who applied to a Smoking Cessation Clinic in Izmir, Turkey were included in the study (N = 87, mean age 44.13 ± 12.67 years). Frequent constipation in daily life and greater than 30 g fat consumption increased constipation complaints, whereas increasing the number of cigarettes smoked before quitting decreased constipation complaints. BMI increase was higher in those who experienced severe constipation after quitting smoking. Cigarette cravings increased as the educational level of the participants increased. Individuals who were obese before quitting had lower levels of cigarette craving. During the smoking cessation process, it will be useful to question the situation of constipation in daily life. Studies examining types of fat and fatty acids should be planned.
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Rania M, Caroleo M, Carbone EA, Ricchio M, Pelle MC, Zaffina I, Condoleo F, de Filippis R, Aloi M, De Fazio P, Arturi F, Segura-Garcia C. Reactive hypoglycemia in binge eating disorder, food addiction, and the comorbid phenotype: unravelling the metabolic drive to disordered eating behaviours. J Eat Disord 2023; 11:162. [PMID: 37726785 PMCID: PMC10507855 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-023-00891-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impaired metabolic response such as blood glucose fast fluctuations may be hypothesized in binge eating disorder (BED) and food addiction (FA) by virtue of the repetitive consumption of highly processed food. Conversely, rapid changes in plasma glucose (i.e., hypoglycemia) may trigger craving for the same food products. The investigation of early glycemic disturbances in BED and FA could enhance the understanding of the metabolic mechanisms involved in the maintenance of the disorders. Present study investigated hypoglycemia events during a 5-h-long oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in people with BED, FA, and the comorbid phenotype. Further, the association between the severity of eating psychopathology and the variability in hypoglycaemia events was explored. METHODS Two-hundred participants with high weight and no diabetes completed the extended OGTT and were screened for BED, FA, BED-FA, or no-BED/FA. The four groups were compared in hypoglycemia events, OGTT-derived measures, and eating psychopathology. The association between predictors (eating psychopathology), confounders (demographics, metabolic features), and the outcomes (hypoglycemia, early/late hypoglycemia, severe hypoglycemia, reactive hypoglycemia) was examined through logistic regression. RESULTS Hypoglycemia in general, and reactive hypoglycemia were highly frequent (79% and 28% of the sample, respectively). Hypoglycemia events (< 70 mg/dL) were equally experienced among groups, whilst severe hypoglycemia (< 54 mg/dL) was more frequent in BED at the late stage of OGTT (5 h; χ2 = 1.120, p = .011). The FA and BED groups exhibited significantly higher number of reactive hypoglycemia (χ2 = 13.898, p = .003), in different times by diagnosis (FA: 210'-240'; BED: at the 270'). FA severity was the only predictor of early and reactive hypoglycemia. CONCLUSIONS People with BED or FA are prone to experiencing reactive hypoglycemia; FA severity may predict early and symptomatic hypoglycemia events. This can further reinforce disordered eating behaviours by promoting addictive responses, both biologically and behaviourally. These results inform professionals dealing with eating disorders about the need to refer patients for metabolic evaluation. On the other hand, clinicians dealing with obesity should screen for and address BED and FA in patients seeking care for weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Rania
- Psychiatry Unit, Outpatient Unit for Clinical Research and Treatment of Eating Disorders, University Hospital Renato Dulbecco, Catanzaro, Italy.
| | | | - Elvira Anna Carbone
- Psychiatry Unit, Outpatient Unit for Clinical Research and Treatment of Eating Disorders, University Hospital Renato Dulbecco, Catanzaro, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Marco Ricchio
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
- Internal Medicine Unit, Outpatient Unit for the Treatment of Obesity, University Hospital "Renato Dulbecco", Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Pelle
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
- Internal Medicine Unit, Outpatient Unit for the Treatment of Obesity, University Hospital "Renato Dulbecco", Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Isabella Zaffina
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
- Internal Medicine Unit, Outpatient Unit for the Treatment of Obesity, University Hospital "Renato Dulbecco", Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Francesca Condoleo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
- Internal Medicine Unit, Outpatient Unit for the Treatment of Obesity, University Hospital "Renato Dulbecco", Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Renato de Filippis
- Psychiatry Unit, Outpatient Unit for Clinical Research and Treatment of Eating Disorders, University Hospital Renato Dulbecco, Catanzaro, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Matteo Aloi
- Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Pasquale De Fazio
- Psychiatry Unit, Outpatient Unit for Clinical Research and Treatment of Eating Disorders, University Hospital Renato Dulbecco, Catanzaro, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Franco Arturi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
- Internal Medicine Unit, Outpatient Unit for the Treatment of Obesity, University Hospital "Renato Dulbecco", Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Cristina Segura-Garcia
- Psychiatry Unit, Outpatient Unit for Clinical Research and Treatment of Eating Disorders, University Hospital Renato Dulbecco, Catanzaro, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
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Passeri A, Municchi D, Cavalieri G, Babicola L, Ventura R, Di Segni M. Linking drug and food addiction: an overview of the shared neural circuits and behavioral phenotype. Front Behav Neurosci 2023; 17:1240748. [PMID: 37767338 PMCID: PMC10520727 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1240748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite a lack of agreement on its definition and inclusion as a specific diagnosable disturbance, the food addiction construct is supported by several neurobiological and behavioral clinical and preclinical findings. Recognizing food addiction is critical to understanding how and why it manifests. In this overview, we focused on those as follows: 1. the hyperpalatable food effects in food addiction development; 2. specific brain regions involved in both food and drug addiction; and 3. animal models highlighting commonalities between substance use disorders and food addiction. Although results collected through animal studies emerged from protocols differing in several ways, they clearly highlight commonalities in behavioral manifestations and neurobiological alterations between substance use disorders and food addiction characteristics. To develop improved food addiction models, this heterogeneity should be acknowledged and embraced so that research can systematically investigate the role of specific variables in the development of the different behavioral features of addiction-like behavior in preclinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Passeri
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
- Department of Psychology and Center “Daniel Bovet”, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Diana Municchi
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
- Department of Psychology and Center “Daniel Bovet”, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Cavalieri
- Department of Psychology and Center “Daniel Bovet”, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Rossella Ventura
- Department of Psychology and Center “Daniel Bovet”, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS San Raffaele, Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Di Segni
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
- Department of Psychology and Center “Daniel Bovet”, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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Ribeiro IDC, Santos de Almeida Oliveira TLP, Santos GCJ, Nobre IG, Dos Santos RM, Rodrigues CPS, Dos Santos Costa MV, Damasceno MCM, Ferreira E Silva WT, Leandro CG. Daily consumption of ultra-processed foods and cardiometabolic risk factors in children aged 7 to 10 years in Northeast Brazil. Nutr Health 2023; 29:557-565. [PMID: 35253501 DOI: 10.1177/02601060221084816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Ultra-processed foods (UPFs) consumption is associated with pediatric overweight and obesity. Aim: To evaluate the UPFs consumption in children classified either as eutrophic or with excess weight (overweight and obesity). It was also described the fasting plasma glucose, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and the correlation between UPFs consumption and cardiometabolic risk factors. Methods: A total of 139 children aged 7-10years of both sexes, living in Northeast Brazil were classified as eutrophic (n = 65) or excess weight (n = 62). Waist circumference (WC), percentage of body fatness (% BF), fat-free-mass and fat mass were evaluated. Fasting blood sample were collected for biochemical analysis. Food consumption was classified according to the degree of processing. Results: Children with excess weight had a reduction in plasma HDL concentration (45.00; IQR:36.00-54.50 mg/dL vs. 40.00; IQR:35.75-45.25 mg/dL; p = 0.021) and an increase in blood glucose (82.00; IQR:79.00-86.00 mg/dL vs. 86.00; IQR:81.00-90.00 mg/dL; p < 0.001) and TG (64.00; IQR:45.00-92.50 mg/dL vs. 81.00; IQR:57.50-111.75 mg/dL; p < 0.021) when compared with the eutrophic children. UPFs accounted for 43.43% of the total calories consumed by children. Children with excess weight had higher total energy consumption resulting from consumption of UPFs (714.30 ± 26.32 kcal vs. 848.06 ± 349.46 kcal; p = 0.011). The absolute consumption of the UPFs showed a positive correlation with WC (r = 0.202; p = 0.023) and %BF (r = 0.198; p = 0.026). Conclusion: UPFs consumption was higher for children with excess weight and positively correlated with two cardiometabolic risk factors, suggesting the need for strengthening public policies that discourage the consumption of these foods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Isabele Góes Nobre
- Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Carol Góis Leandro
- Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
- Department of Nutrition, CAV, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brazil
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31
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Cummings JR, Hoover LV, Gearhardt AN. A randomized experiment of the effects of food advertisements on food-related emotional expectancies in adults. J Health Psychol 2023; 28:929-942. [PMID: 37060276 PMCID: PMC10466947 DOI: 10.1177/13591053231168340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Food-related emotional expectancies influence food intake, yet little is known about their determinants. The present study objectives were to experimentally test how food advertisements affect food-related emotional expectancies in adults and whether effects differed by individual levels of "food addiction" symptoms. Participants (n = 718; Mage = 35.88, 36.8% with food addiction) were randomly assigned to watch video advertisements for highly processed foods, minimally processed foods, both food groups, or cellphones (control). Participants completed an attention check and questionnaires including the Anticipated Effects of Food Scale. Main effects of condition were non-significant. In participants with fewer symptoms of food addiction, watching video advertisements for highly processed foods increased expectancies that one would feel positive emotions while eating those foods, B(SE) = 0.40(0.16), p = 0.016, 95% CI (0.08, 0.72), ΔR2 = 0.03. Highly processed food advertisements may affect food-related emotional expectancies in adults who have not previously formed strong expectancies.
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Mititelu M, Oancea CN, Neacșu SM, Musuc AM, Gheonea TC, Stanciu TI, Rogoveanu I, Hashemi F, Stanciu G, Ioniță-Mîndrican CB, Belu I, Măru N, Olteanu G, Cîrțu AT, Stoicescu I, Lupu CE. Evaluation of Junk Food Consumption and the Risk Related to Consumer Health among the Romanian Population. Nutrients 2023; 15:3591. [PMID: 37630781 PMCID: PMC10459196 DOI: 10.3390/nu15163591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Premature aging and degradative processes are mainly generated by unhealthy habits and an unbalanced diet. Quality of food and lifestyle are important factors in sano-genesis. Many imbalances and ailments have their origin in the adoption of an unbalanced diet and a disordered lifestyle. With the help of a transversal study carried out on the basis of a questionnaire, the consumption of junk food products among the population of Romania was evaluated; at the same time, an evaluation of the characteristics of the associated diet, as well as a series of lifestyle components (quality of rest, physical activity, evaluation of the state of health) was carried out. The data collected and processed indicate an increased tendency to consume junk food products in the 18-23 age group, and especially among obese respondents. Female respondents show a lower tendency toward an increased consumption of junk food products (OR = 0.703, 95% CI)-0.19-0.95, p = 0.011) compared to male respondents. The most consumed junk food products are fried potatoes (46.2%) and pastries (41.4%). Junk food products that show an increased tendency toward consumption addiction are fried potatoes (13.8%), sweets (12.4%), pastry products (11.1%), and sweetened drinks (11.2%). The poor quality of food from a nutritional point of view, and reduced physical activity, are reflected in the varied range of problems faced by the respondents: states of fatigue (62.4%), nervousness (37.5%), depression, anxiety, emotional eating, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Mititelu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Food Safety, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 3-6, Traian Vuia Street, Sector 2, 020956 Bucharest, Romania; (M.M.); (G.O.); (A.-T.C.)
| | - Carmen-Nicoleta Oancea
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy from Craiova, 200345 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Sorinel Marius Neacșu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Bio-Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020945 Bucharest, Romania;
| | | | - Theodora Claudia Gheonea
- Center for IBD Patients, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy from Craiova, 200345 Craiova, Romania
| | | | - Ion Rogoveanu
- Center for IBD Patients, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy from Craiova, 200345 Craiova, Romania
| | - Fallah Hashemi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71468-64685, Iran;
| | - Gabriela Stanciu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ovidius University of Constanta, 900527 Constanta, Romania;
| | - Corina-Bianca Ioniță-Mîndrican
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020945 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Ionela Belu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200638 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Nicoleta Măru
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 3-6, Traian Vuia Street, Sector 2, 020945 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Gabriel Olteanu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Food Safety, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 3-6, Traian Vuia Street, Sector 2, 020956 Bucharest, Romania; (M.M.); (G.O.); (A.-T.C.)
| | - Alexandru-Tiberiu Cîrțu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Food Safety, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 3-6, Traian Vuia Street, Sector 2, 020956 Bucharest, Romania; (M.M.); (G.O.); (A.-T.C.)
| | - Iuliana Stoicescu
- Department of Chemistry and Quality Control of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Ovidius” University of Constanta, 900001 Constanta, Romania;
| | - Carmen Elena Lupu
- Department of Mathematics and Informatics, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Ovidius” University of Constanta, 900001 Constanta, Romania;
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Schankweiler P, Raddatz D, Ellrott T, Hauck Cirkel C. Correlates of Food Addiction and Eating Behaviours in Patients with Morbid Obesity. Obes Facts 2023; 16:465-474. [PMID: 37544305 PMCID: PMC10601678 DOI: 10.1159/000531528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Food addiction (FA) is a promising construct regarding the multifactorial aetiology of obesity and the search for therapeutic approaches. However, there is an ongoing debate regarding the overlap/differentiation with eating disorders and the classification as a substance- or behaviour-related addiction. Energy-dense foods, especially those combining carbohydrates and fat, are associated with addictive eating and suspected of playing a role in the genesis of FA. This study aims to further understand the clinical significance of FA and to identify possible therapeutic targets. A special focus is set on potentially addictive foods (combination of carbohydrates and fat). METHODS Based on the Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0, a cohort of 112 German adults with morbid obesity was divided into two sub-samples (patients with and without FA), which were examined for differences in the variables listed below. RESULTS The prevalence of FA was 25%. Patients meeting criteria for FA showed higher degrees of hunger, emotional, binge, and night eating than patients without FA. In addition, hunger and disinhibition were found to be significant predictors of FA. FA was not associated with sex, age, body mass index (BMI), cognitive restraint, rigid and flexible control, prevalence of substance use, age of onset of obesity, stress level, level of social support, reduction of BMI during a weight loss programme, or programme withdrawal rate. There was no significant difference in the consumption of foods rich in both carbohydrates and fat, nor of fat or carbohydrates alone. CONCLUSION FA can be considered as a sub-phenotype of obesity, occurring in approximately 25% of obesity cases. Dysfunctional emotional coping mechanisms associated with low distress tolerance showed to be significantly related to FA and should be targeted therapeutically. Behavioural interventions should include a bio-psycho-social model. Binge eating episodes were found to be characteristic for FA and the already stated overlap between FA and binge eating behaviour can be confirmed. The results do not support a decisive difference due to a substance-related component of FA. Despite this, the existence of FA as a distinct entity cannot be excluded, as not all patients with FA exhibit binges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Schankweiler
- Institute for Nutrition and Psychology at the Georg-August-University Göttingen, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dirk Raddatz
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Gastrointestinal Oncology and Endocrinology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Ellrott
- Institute for Nutrition and Psychology at the Georg-August-University Göttingen, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Carolin Hauck Cirkel
- Institute for Nutrition and Psychology at the Georg-August-University Göttingen, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Coppola S, Paparo L, Trinchese G, Rivieri AM, Masino A, De Giovanni Di Santa Severina AF, Cerulo M, Escolino M, Turco A, Esposito C, Mollica MP, Berni Canani R. Increased dietary intake of ultraprocessed foods and mitochondrial metabolism alterations in pediatric obesity. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12609. [PMID: 37537205 PMCID: PMC10400566 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39566-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The increased intake of ultraprocessed foods (UPFs) in the pediatric age paralleled with the risen prevalence of childhood obesity. The Ultraprocessed Foods in Obesity (UFO) Project aimed at investigating the potential mechanisms for the effects of UPFs in facilitating pediatric obesity, focusing on the direct role of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) on mitochondrial function, the key regulator of obesity pathophysiology. We comparatively investigated the daily dietary intake of UPFs, energy, nutrients, dietary AGEs [Nε -(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML), Nε -(1-carboxyethyl)lysine (CEL), and Nδ -(5-hydro-5- methyl-4-imidazolon-2-yl)-ornithine (MG-H1)] in 53 obese patients and in 100 healthy controls visiting the Tertiary Center for Pediatric Nutrition of the Department of Translational Medical Science at the University of Naples "Federico II". AGEs skin accumulation and mitochondrial function in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were also assessed. A higher intake of UPFs and AGEs, energy, protein, fat, and saturated fatty acids was observed in obese patients. Obese children presented significantly higher skin AGEs accumulation and alterations in mitochondrial metabolism. PBMCs from healthy controls exposed to AGEs showed the same mitochondrial alterations observed in patients. These findings support the UPFs role in pediatric obesity, and the need for dietary strategies limiting UPFs exposure for obesity prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Coppola
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
- ImmunoNutritionLab at CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Lorella Paparo
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
- ImmunoNutritionLab at CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Antonio Masino
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
- ImmunoNutritionLab at CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Fiorenza De Giovanni Di Santa Severina
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
- ImmunoNutritionLab at CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Mariapina Cerulo
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Escolino
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Assunta Turco
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Ciro Esposito
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Berni Canani
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University Federico II, Naples, Italy.
- ImmunoNutritionLab at CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, University Federico II, Naples, Italy.
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food-Induced Diseases, University Federico II, Naples, Italy.
- Task Force for Microbiome Studies, University Federico II, Naples, Italy.
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35
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Stevenson RJ. The psychological basis of hunger and its dysfunctions. Nutr Rev 2023:nuad092. [PMID: 37495211 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuad092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This article describes a new and emerging psychological perspective on hunger, together with the implications of that perspective, which is based upon learning and memory. Hunger is a psychological state characterized by a desire to eat. Historically, conceptions of hunger have largely been expressed in terms of physiology (eg, biological process X causes hunger). However, physiology neither offers a psychological account of hunger nor explains why memory impairment can eliminate hunger. Two forms of hunger are identified - specific and general. Specific hunger is for particular palatable foods. It involves recollecting episodic memories of eating that food, when an associated cue is encountered (eg, an advert). General hunger is a desire to eat triggered by temporal (eg, it is lunchtime) or interoceptive (eg, tummy rumble) cues. It involves semantic memory retrieval, which then augments the expected - remembered - pleasure for any food. Both hungers are supported by the medial temporal lobe memory system. Damage to this system can occur from eating a Western-style diet and, longer-term, from obesity and its consequences. Medial temporal lobe memory damage may cause deficits in specific hunger, but most especially in general hunger, resulting in little motivation to eat foods that the individual considers to be of low-to-moderate palatability, such as fruit and vegetables. The implications of this account for teaching people hunger, for how hunger is affected by diet, for public education, and pharmaceutical intervention, are discussed. Psychological concepts of hunger are widely used in nutritional practice. This article provides a new and emerging perspective on the psychological basis of hunger and its implications.
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36
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Docherty D, Jasper C. The cheese paradox: How do vegetarians justify consuming non-meat animal products? Appetite 2023:106976. [PMID: 37454766 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.106976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Researchers interested in animal ethics have proposed the 'meat paradox' - psychological discomfort arising from people's affinity for animals and conflicting desire to consume their flesh. Yet what can be said about the psychology of consuming an animal's non-meat products, in an age where most beings in these industries are harmed, and ultimately killed? Non-meat animal products (NMAPs) such as eggs and dairy entail the same, and perhaps even worse ethical issues as meat yet receive disproportionately less critical attention. Therefore, unlike meat, very little is known about the psychology of egg and dairy consumption. This study looks at vegetarians to address this gap, because they are more likely to show empathetic concern for animals than meat-eaters, yet actively choose to include these products in their diet, a conflict ripe for exploration. Interview data were analysed via thematic analysis, finding that vegetarians perceive robust ethical issues with NMAPs but give various justifications pertaining to personal benefits and social norms. Cognitive dissonance was evident and participants used various strategies to resolve it. This paper expands research on food psychology and animal ethics and may also be used to inform NMAP reduction strategies, an important pursuit in the quest for a more sustainable and compassionate world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon Docherty
- Division of Psychology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, UK.
| | - Carol Jasper
- Division of Psychology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, UK
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Rios JM, Berg MK, Gearhardt AN. Evaluating Bidirectional Predictive Pathways between Dietary Restraint and Food Addiction in Adolescents. Nutrients 2023; 15:2977. [PMID: 37447303 DOI: 10.3390/nu15132977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship between food addiction, an important emerging construct of excessive eating pathology, and dietary restraint has yet to be fully understood. Eating disorder models commonly posit that dietary restraint exacerbates loss of control eating (e.g., binge episodes) and may also play a causal role in the development of food addiction. However, dietary restraint as a reaction to consequences of food addiction (e.g., uncontrollable eating or weight gain) represents another plausible pathway. Existing studies indicate that the association between food addiction and dietary restraint may be more significant during adolescence than adulthood, but are limited by cross-sectional study designs. A longitudinal study using an adolescent sample is ideal for investigating potential pathways underlying links between food addiction and dietary restraint. This study examined temporal pathways between food addiction and dietary restraint in a sample of one hundred twenty-seven adolescents (M = 14.8, SD = 1.1) at three timepoints spanning two years. This is the first study to examine longitudinal cross-lagged panel associations between food addiction and dietary restraint. In this adolescent sample, food addiction significantly predicted future dietary restraint (b = 0.25, SE = 0.06, p < 0.001), but dietary restraint did not significantly predict future food addiction (b = 0.06, SE = 0.05, p > 0.05). These findings support the theory that dietary restraint may be a reaction to deleterious effects of food addiction during adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M Rios
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 530 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Martha K Berg
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 530 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ashley N Gearhardt
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 530 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Via E, Contreras-Rodríguez O. Binge-Eating Precursors in Children and Adolescents: Neurodevelopment, and the Potential Contribution of Ultra-Processed Foods. Nutrients 2023; 15:2994. [PMID: 37447320 DOI: 10.3390/nu15132994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Binge-eating disorder (BED) is a highly prevalent disorder. Subthreshold BED conditions (sBED) are even more frequent in youth, but their significance regarding BED etiology and long-term prognosis is unclear. A better understanding of brain findings associated with BED and sBED, in the context of critical periods for neurodevelopment, is relevant to answer such questions. The present narrative review starts from the knowledge of the development of emotional self-regulation in youth, and the brain circuits supporting emotion-regulation and eating behaviour. Next, neuroimaging studies with sBED and BED samples will be reviewed, and their brain-circuitry overlap will be examined. Deficits in inhibition control systems are observed to precede, and hyperactivity of reward regions to characterize, sBED, with overlapping findings in BED. The imbalance between reward/inhibition systems, and the implication of interoception/homeostatic processing brain systems should be further examined. Recent knowledge of the potential impact that the high consumption of ultra-processed foods in paediatric samples may have on these sBED/BED-associated brain systems is then discussed. There is a need to identify, early on, those sBED individuals at risk of developing BED at neurodevelopmental stages when there is a great possibility of prevention. However, more neuroimaging studies with sBED/BED pediatric samples are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Via
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Research Group, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Santa Rosa 39-57, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
- Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Passeig Sant Joan de Déu, 2, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Oren Contreras-Rodríguez
- Medical Imaging, Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IdIBGi), Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià-Edifici M2, Salt, 17190 Girona, Spain
- Health Institute Carlos III (ISCIII) and CIBERSAM, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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Clemente-Suárez VJ, Martín-Rodríguez A, Redondo-Flórez L, López-Mora C, Yáñez-Sepúlveda R, Tornero-Aguilera JF. New Insights and Potential Therapeutic Interventions in Metabolic Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10672. [PMID: 37445852 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocrine homeostasis and metabolic diseases have been the subject of extensive research in recent years. The development of new techniques and insights has led to a deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying these conditions and opened up new avenues for diagnosis and treatment. In this review, we discussed the rise of metabolic diseases, especially in Western countries, the genetical, psychological, and behavioral basis of metabolic diseases, the role of nutrition and physical activity in the development of metabolic diseases, the role of single-cell transcriptomics, gut microbiota, epigenetics, advanced imaging techniques, and cell-based therapies in metabolic diseases. Finally, practical applications derived from this information are made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Tajo Street, s/n, 28670 Madrid, Spain
- Grupo de Investigación en Cultura, Educación y Sociedad, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia
| | | | - Laura Redondo-Flórez
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Tajo Street s/n, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odon, Spain
| | - Clara López-Mora
- Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas y de la Salud, Universidad Europea de Valencia, Pg. de l'Albereda, 7, 46010 València, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Yáñez-Sepúlveda
- Faculty of Education and Social Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Viña del Mar 2520000, Chile
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Ahmadkaraji S, Farahani H, Orfi K, Fathali Lavasani F. Food addiction and binge eating disorder are linked to shared and unique deficits in emotion regulation among female seeking bariatric surgery. J Eat Disord 2023; 11:97. [PMID: 37312144 PMCID: PMC10265849 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-023-00815-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Problematic eating behaviors can indicate obesity-related problems. Food addiction (FA) is not classified as an official diagnosis. However, given the many commonalities between FA and binge-eating disorder (BED) within the context of obesity, it is imperative to conduct a comparative investigation. The current study aimed to identify overlapping and distinctive features in emotion dysregulation as an underlying mechanism and emotional eating as a clinical feature among four groups of females with obesity seeking bariatric surgery. METHODS Data on emotion dysregulation and emotional eating were derived from the total 128 Females with obesity seeking bariatric surgery (Mage = 38.91 ± 10.59, MBMI = 42.10 kg/m2 ± 4.43) divided into four groups: those with FA (n = 35), BED (n = 35), BED + FA (n = 31) and a control group of individuals with obesity only (OB; n = 27), using well-established measures. RESULTS Regarding descriptive statistics, the BED + FA group showed the highest levels of emotional dysregulation (M = 111.09) and emotional eating (M = 46.80), while the OB group acquired the lowest scores (M = 70.44 and M = 27.29, respectively). Univariate analyses of variance revealed significant differences between the four groups in terms of emotion dysregulation F(3, 124) = 24.63, p < .01 and emotional eating F(3, 124) = 26.26, p < .01. All of the emotion dysregulation domains revealed significant differences too. Pairwise comparisons using Bonferroni post hoc tests did not reveal any significant differences between BED + FA and BED groups, while all of our other hypotheses regarding this matter were confirmed. CONCLUSIONS The study found that individuals with obesity and comorbid BED exhibit greater emotional dysregulation compared to those with OB or FA, indicating a need to assess BED in individuals with obesity. Emotion dysregulation may be linked to increased BED and FA, but those with BED seem more affected by limited access to emotion regulation strategies. These findings support the notion that PEBs are associated with emotion dysregulation and underscore the need for tailored interventions that target emotion regulation skills before and after bariatric surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahrzad Ahmadkaraji
- Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Tehran Institute of Psychiatry, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Rasool-e-Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Koosha Orfi
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Fathali Lavasani
- Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Tehran Institute of Psychiatry, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Mambrini SP, Menichetti F, Ravella S, Pellizzari M, De Amicis R, Foppiani A, Battezzati A, Bertoli S, Leone A. Ultra-Processed Food Consumption and Incidence of Obesity and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Adults: A Systematic Review of Prospective Studies. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15112583. [PMID: 37299546 DOI: 10.3390/nu15112583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultra-processed foods (UPF) are energy-dense, nutritionally unbalanced products, low in fiber but high in saturated fat, salt, and sugar. Recently, UPF consumption has increased likewise the incidence of obesity and cardiometabolic diseases. To highlight a possible relationship, we conducted a systematic review of prospective studies from PubMed and Web of Science investigating the association between UPF consumption and the incidence of obesity and cardiometabolic risk factors. Seventeen studies were selected. Eight evaluated the incidence of general and abdominal obesity, one the incidence of impaired fasting blood glucose, four the incidence of diabetes, two the incidence of dyslipidemia, and only one the incidence of metabolic syndrome. Studies' quality was assessed according to the Critical Appraisal Checklist for cohort studies proposed by the Joanna Briggs Institute. Substantial agreement emerged among the studies in defining UPF consumption as being associated with the incident risk of general and abdominal obesity. More limited was the evidence on cardiometabolic risk. Nevertheless, most studies reported that UPF consumption as being associated with an increased risk of hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia. In conclusion, evidence supports the existence of a relationship between UPF consumption and the incidence of obesity and cardiometabolic risk. However, further longitudinal studies considering diet quality and changes over time are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Paola Mambrini
- IRCCS Auxologico, Laboratory of Metabolic Research, San Giuseppe Hospital, 28824 Piancavallo, Italy
- International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status and the Development of Dietary Intervention Strategies (ICANS-DIS), Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Menichetti
- International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status and the Development of Dietary Intervention Strategies (ICANS-DIS), Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Simone Ravella
- International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status and the Development of Dietary Intervention Strategies (ICANS-DIS), Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Pellizzari
- IRCCS Auxologico, Laboratory of Nutrition and Obesity Research, Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, 20145 Milan, Italy
| | - Ramona De Amicis
- International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status and the Development of Dietary Intervention Strategies (ICANS-DIS), Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Auxologico, Laboratory of Nutrition and Obesity Research, Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, 20145 Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Foppiani
- International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status and the Development of Dietary Intervention Strategies (ICANS-DIS), Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Battezzati
- International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status and the Development of Dietary Intervention Strategies (ICANS-DIS), Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Auxologico, Clinical Nutrition Unit, Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, 20145 Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Bertoli
- International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status and the Development of Dietary Intervention Strategies (ICANS-DIS), Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Auxologico, Laboratory of Nutrition and Obesity Research, Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, 20145 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Leone
- International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status and the Development of Dietary Intervention Strategies (ICANS-DIS), Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Contreras-Rodriguez O, Reales-Moreno M, Fernández-Barrès S, Cimpean A, Arnoriaga-Rodríguez M, Puig J, Biarnés C, Motger-Albertí A, Cano M, Fernández-Real JM. Consumption of ultra-processed foods is associated with depression, mesocorticolimbic volume, and inflammation. J Affect Disord 2023; 335:340-348. [PMID: 37207947 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The consumption of ultra-processed foods and drinks (UPF) has been associated with depression and inflammation and preclinical studies showed that some UPF components disrupt the amygdala-hippocampal complex. We combine diet, clinical and brain imaging data to investigate the relationship between the UPF consumption, depressive symptoms, and brain volumes in humans, considering interactions with obesity, and the mediation effect of inflammation biomarkers. METHODS One-hundred fifty-two adults underwent diet, depressive symptoms, anatomic magnetic resonance imaging assessments and laboratory tests. Relationships between the % of UPF consumption (in grams) of the total diet, depressive symptoms, and gray matter brain volumes were explored using several adjusted regression models, and in interaction with the presence of obesity. Whether inflammatory biomarkers (i.e., white blood cell count, lipopolysaccharide-binding protein, c-reactive protein) mediate the previous associations was investigated using R mediation package. RESULTS High UPF consumption was associated with higher depressive symptoms in all participants (β = 0.178, CI = 0.008-0.261) and in those with obesity (β = 0.214, CI = -0.004-0.333). Higher consumption was also associated with lower volumes in the posterior cingulate cortex and the left amygdala, which in the participants with obesity also encompassed the left ventral putamen and the dorsal frontal cortex. White blood count levels mediated the association between UPF consumption and depressive symptoms (p = 0.022). LIMITATIONS The present study precludes any causal conclusions. CONCLUSIONS UPF consumption is associated with depressive symptoms and lower volumes within the mesocorticolimbic brain network implicated in reward processes and conflict monitoring. Associations were partially dependent on obesity and white blood cell count.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oren Contreras-Rodriguez
- Department of Radiology-Medical Imaging (IDI), Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IdIBGi), Josep Trueta University Hospital, Girona, Spain; Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain; Health Institute Carlos III (ISCIII) and CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Marta Reales-Moreno
- Department of Radiology-Medical Imaging (IDI), Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IdIBGi), Josep Trueta University Hospital, Girona, Spain; Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Girona, Spain
| | | | - Anna Cimpean
- Department of Radiology-Medical Imaging (IDI), Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IdIBGi), Josep Trueta University Hospital, Girona, Spain
| | - María Arnoriaga-Rodríguez
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Girona, Spain; Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition (UDEN), Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IdIBGi), Josep Trueta University Hospital, Girona, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Girona, Spain
| | - Josep Puig
- Department of Radiology-Medical Imaging (IDI), Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IdIBGi), Josep Trueta University Hospital, Girona, Spain; Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Girona, Spain; Institute of Diagnostic Imaging (IDI)-Research Unit (IDIR), Parc Sanitari Pere Virgili, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carles Biarnés
- Department of Radiology-Medical Imaging (IDI), Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IdIBGi), Josep Trueta University Hospital, Girona, Spain
| | - Anna Motger-Albertí
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Girona, Spain; Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition (UDEN), Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IdIBGi), Josep Trueta University Hospital, Girona, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Girona, Spain
| | - Marta Cano
- Health Institute Carlos III (ISCIII) and CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain; Sant Pau Mental Health Research Group, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Psychobiology and Methodology of Health Sciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Manuel Fernández-Real
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Girona, Spain; Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition (UDEN), Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IdIBGi), Josep Trueta University Hospital, Girona, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Girona, Spain.
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Henney AE, Gillespie CS, Alam U, Hydes TJ, Cuthbertson DJ. Ultra-Processed Food Intake Is Associated with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15102266. [PMID: 37242149 DOI: 10.3390/nu15102266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with overweight/obesity, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes (T2D) due to chronic caloric excess and physical inactivity. Previous meta-analyses have confirmed associations between ultra-processed food (UPF) intake and obesity and T2D. We aim to ascertain the contribution of UPF consumption to the risk of developing NAFLD. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis (PROSPERO (CRD42022368763)). All records registered on Ovid Medline and Web of Science were searched from inception until December 2022. Studies that assessed UPF consumption in adults, determined according to the NOVA food classification system, and that reported NAFLD determined by surrogate (steatosis) scores, imaging or liver biopsy were included. The association between UPF consumption and NAFLD was assessed using random-effects meta-analysis methods. Study quality was assessed, and evidence credibility evaluated, using the Newcastle Ottawa Scale and NutriGrade systems, respectively. A total of 5454 records were screened, and 112 records underwent full text review. From these, 9 studies (3 cross-sectional, 3 case-control and 3 cohort), analysing 60,961 individuals, were included in the current review. Both moderate (vs. low) (pooled relative risk 1.03 (1.00-1.07) (p = 0.04) (I2 = 0%)) and high (vs. low) (1.42 (1.16-1.75) (<0.01) (I2 = 89%)) intake of UPF significantly increased the risk of NAFLD. Funnel plots demonstrate low risk of publication bias. Consumption of UPF is associated with NAFLD with a dose-response effect. Public health measures to reduce overconsumption of UPF are imperative to reduce the burden of NAFLD, and the related conditions, obesity and T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex E Henney
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5TR, UK
- Metabolism & Nutrition Research Group, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool L7 8XP, UK
| | - Conor S Gillespie
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK
| | - Uazman Alam
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5TR, UK
- Metabolism & Nutrition Research Group, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool L7 8XP, UK
| | - Theresa J Hydes
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5TR, UK
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool L7 8XP, UK
| | - Daniel J Cuthbertson
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5TR, UK
- Metabolism & Nutrition Research Group, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool L7 8XP, UK
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Rios JM, Miller AL, Lumeng JC, Rosenblum K, Appugliese DP, Gearhardt AN. Associations of maternal food addiction, dietary restraint, and pre-pregnancy BMI with infant eating behaviors and risk for overweight. Appetite 2023; 184:106516. [PMID: 36868312 PMCID: PMC10281082 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.106516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Maternal food addiction, dietary restraint, and pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) are associated with high-risk eating behaviors and weight characteristics in children and adolescents. However, little is known about how these maternal factors are associated with individual differences in eating behaviors and risk for overweight in infancy. In a sample of 204 infant-mother dyads, maternal food addiction, dietary restraint and pre-pregnancy BMI were assessed using maternal self-report measures. Infant eating behaviors (as measured by maternal report), objectively measured hedonic response to sucrose, and anthropometry were measured at 4 months of age. Separate linear regression analyses were used to test for associations between maternal risk factors and infant eating behaviors and risk for overweight. Maternal food addiction was associated with increased risk for infant overweight based on World Health Organization criteria. Maternal dietary restraint was negatively associated with maternal report of infant appetite, but positively associated with objectively measured infant hedonic response to sucrose. Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI was positively associated with maternal report of infant appetite. Maternal food addiction, dietary restraint, and pre-pregnancy BMI are each associated with distinct eating behaviors and risk for overweight in early infancy. Additional research is needed to identify the mechanistic pathways driving these distinct associations between maternal factors and infant eating behaviors and risk for overweight. Further, it will be important to investigate whether these infant characteristics predict the development of future high-risk eating behaviors or excessive weight gain later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M Rios
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 530 Church St, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
| | - Alison L Miller
- Department of Health Behavior & Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
| | - Julie C Lumeng
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
| | - Katherine Rosenblum
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, 4250 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
| | | | - Ashley N Gearhardt
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 530 Church St, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
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Strelnikov K, Debladis J, Salles J, Valette M, Cortadellas J, Tauber M, Barone P. Amygdala hyperactivation relates to eating behaviour: a potential indicator of food addiction in Prader-Willi syndrome. Brain Commun 2023; 5:fcad138. [PMID: 37168732 PMCID: PMC10165245 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcad138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Prader-Willi syndrome is a rare neurodevelopmental genetic disorder characterized by various endocrine, cognitive and behavioural problems. The symptoms include an obsession for food and reduced satiety, which leads to hyperphagia and morbid obesity. Neuropsychological studies have reported that Prader-Willi patients display altered social interactions with a specific weakness in interpreting social information and responding to them, a symptom close to that observed in autism spectrum disorders. In the present case-control study, we hypothesized that brain regions associated with compulsive eating behaviour would be abnormally activated by food-related odours in Prader-Willi syndrome, as these can stimulate the appetite and induce hunger-related behaviour. We conducted a brain imaging study using the olfactory modality because odours have a high-hedonic valence and can cause stronger emotional reactions than other modalities. Further, the olfactory system is also intimately associated with the endocrine regulation of energy balance and is the most appropriate modality for studies of Prader-Willi syndrome. A total of 16 Prader-Willi participants were recruited for this study, which is a significant achievement given the low incidence rate of this rare disease. The second group of 11 control age-matched subjects also participated in the brain imaging study. In the MRI scanner, using an MRI-compatible olfactometer during 56 block sessions, we randomly presented two odours (tulip and caramel), which have different hedonic valence and a different capacity to arouse hunger-related behaviour. Our results demonstrate that Prader-Willi participants have abnormal activity in the brain reward system that regulates eating behaviour. Indeed, we found that these patients had right amygdala activity up to five times higher in response to a food odour (caramel) compared with the tulip odour. In contrast, age-matched control participants had similar activity levels in response to both odours. The amygdala activity levels were found to be associated with the severity of the hyperphagia in Prader-Willi patients. Our results provide evidence for functional alteration of the right amygdala in Prader-Willi syndrome, which is part of the brain network involved in food addiction modulated by the ghrelin and oxytocin systems, which may drive the hyperphagia. Our study provides important new insights into the functioning of emotion-related brain circuits and pathology, and it is one of the few to explore the dysfunction of the neural circuits involved in emotion and addiction in Prader-Willi syndrome. It suggests new directions for the exploration and remediation of addictive behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuzma Strelnikov
- Brain & Cognition Research Center (CerCo), University of Toulouse Paul Sabatier, Toulouse 31052, France
- Brain & Cognition Research Center (CerCo), CNRS, Toulouse 31052, France
- ENT Department, Purpan Hospital, Toulouse 31059, France
| | - Jimmy Debladis
- Brain & Cognition Research Center (CerCo), University of Toulouse Paul Sabatier, Toulouse 31052, France
- Brain & Cognition Research Center (CerCo), CNRS, Toulouse 31052, France
| | - Juliette Salles
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Toulouse, CHU, Toulouse 31059, France
- Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) INSERM UMR1291 - CNRS UMR5051, Université Toulouse III, Toulouse 31024, France
| | - Marion Valette
- Prader-Willi Syndrome Reference Center, Children's Hospital-INSERM-University of Toulouse Paul Sabatier, Toulouse 31059, France
| | - Julie Cortadellas
- Prader-Willi Syndrome Reference Center, Children's Hospital-INSERM-University of Toulouse Paul Sabatier, Toulouse 31059, France
| | - Maithé Tauber
- Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) INSERM UMR1291 - CNRS UMR5051, Université Toulouse III, Toulouse 31024, France
- Prader-Willi Syndrome Reference Center, Children's Hospital-INSERM-University of Toulouse Paul Sabatier, Toulouse 31059, France
| | - Pascal Barone
- Brain & Cognition Research Center (CerCo), University of Toulouse Paul Sabatier, Toulouse 31052, France
- Brain & Cognition Research Center (CerCo), CNRS, Toulouse 31052, France
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Silva Júnior AED, Gearhardt AN, Bueno NB. Association between food addiction with ultra-processed food consumption and eating patterns in a Brazilian sample. Appetite 2023; 186:106572. [PMID: 37085018 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.106572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
The study objectives were to determine whether consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPF) and eating patterns are associated with food addiction (FA) in a Brazilian sample. This is a cross-sectional study. The Brazilian Food and Nutrition Surveillance System tool assessed food consumption markers and dietary patterns. The modified Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 was used to determine FA. 5946 participants were included with a mean age of 24 ± 6 years, and 4371 (73.5%) were female. After statistical adjustments for confounders, individuals with FA had lower consumption of fresh fruits (PR: 0.88; 95%CI: [0.79; 0.97]), vegetables (PR: 0.87; 95%CI: [0.79; 0.97]), and beans (PR: 0.85; 95%CI: [0.77; 0.95]). They also had higher consumption of UPF: hamburgers/sausages (PR: 1.15; 95%CI: [1.04; 1.27]), instant noodles, packaged snacks, and/or salty cookies (PR: 1.27; 95%CI: [1.13; 1.42]), and sandwich cookies, sweets, and/or treats (PR: 1.26; 95%CI: [1.14; 1.40]). Positive associations between FA and having meals in front of the screen (PR: 1.48; 95%CI: [1.28; 1.71]) and having a late-night snack (PR: 1.24; 95%CI: [1.11; 1.39]) remained. The negative association between FA and skipping breakfast (PR: 0.76; 95%CI: [0.68; 0.85]) also remained. These eating patterns may contribute to FA, which could be potential targets for clinical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Eduardo da Silva Júnior
- Postgraduate Program in Nutrition, Faculdade de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Laboratório de Nutrição e Metabolismo, Postgraduate Program in Nutrition, Faculdade de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brazil.
| | | | - Nassib Bezerra Bueno
- Postgraduate Program in Nutrition, Faculdade de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Laboratório de Nutrição e Metabolismo, Postgraduate Program in Nutrition, Faculdade de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brazil.
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Escrivá-Martínez T, Galiana L, Herrero R, Rodríguez-Arias M, Fernández-Aranda F, Gearhardt AN, Baños RM. Food addiction and its relationship with other eating behaviours among Spanish university students. J Eat Disord 2023; 11:60. [PMID: 37046319 PMCID: PMC10100167 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-023-00772-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food addiction (FA) is characterised by symptoms such as loss of control over food consumption, inability to reduce consumption despite the desire to do so, and continued consumption despite negative consequences. The modified Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 (mYFAS 2.0) is a widely used instrument to assess FA. OBJECTIVES To validate the Spanish mYFAS 2.0; to analyse the relationships between FA with other eating behaviours, sociodemographic variables, and Body Mass Index (BMI); and to test the eating-related variables that account for the variance in FA. METHODS The sample consisted of 400 university students (Mage = 24.16, SDage = 6.12; 51% female), who completed the mYFAS 2.0 and measures of eating-related constructs. RESULTS A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) supported the one-factor structure of the mYFAS 2.0. The scale showed good internal consistency (α = .78), and good convergent validity with the mYFAS. FA was related to eating styles, binge eating, and bulimia. No differences in FA were observed between males and females, and there was no association between FA and BMI. In addition, younger participants scored higher on FA than older participants. The eating-related variables explain 54.7% of the variance in FA. CONCLUSIONS The mYFAS 2.0 is a valid and reliable scale to assess FA in the Spanish population. The positive and significant relationship of variables related to eating (eating styles, binge eating and bulimia) with FA was demonstrated. These variables were indicated by those at high risk of FA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Escrivá-Martínez
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatment, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, 46010, Valencia, Spain.
- Polibienestar Research Institute, University of Valencia, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
- CIBERObn Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Laura Galiana
- Department of Methodology for the Behavioural Sciences, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rocío Herrero
- CIBERObn Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychology and Sociology, University of Zaragoza, 44003, Teruel, Spain
| | - Marta Rodríguez-Arias
- Department of Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Fernando Fernández-Aranda
- CIBERObn Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ashley N Gearhardt
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 530 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Rosa M Baños
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatment, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, 46010, Valencia, Spain
- Polibienestar Research Institute, University of Valencia, 46022, Valencia, Spain
- CIBERObn Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
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Bhatt RR, Todorov S, Sood R, Ravichandran S, Kilpatrick LA, Peng N, Liu C, Vora PP, Jahanshad N, Gupta A. Integrated multi-modal brain signatures predict sex-specific obesity status. Brain Commun 2023; 5:fcad098. [PMID: 37091587 PMCID: PMC10116578 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcad098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Investigating sex as a biological variable is key to determine obesity manifestation and treatment response. Individual neuroimaging modalities have uncovered mechanisms related to obesity and altered ingestive behaviours. However, few, if any, studies have integrated data from multi-modal brain imaging to predict sex-specific brain signatures related to obesity. We used a data-driven approach to investigate how multi-modal MRI and clinical features predict a sex-specific signature of participants with high body mass index (overweight/obese) compared to non-obese body mass index in a sex-specific manner. A total of 78 high body mass index (55 female) and 105 non-obese body mass index (63 female) participants were enrolled in a cross-sectional study. All participants classified as high body mass index had a body mass index greater than 25 kg/m2 and non-obese body mass index had a body mass index between 19 and 20 kg/m2. Multi-modal neuroimaging (morphometry, functional resting-state MRI and diffusion-weighted scan), along with a battery of behavioural and clinical questionnaires were acquired, including measures of mood, early life adversity and altered ingestive behaviours. A Data Integration Analysis for Biomarker discovery using Latent Components was conducted to determine whether clinical features, brain morphometry, functional connectivity and anatomical connectivity could accurately differentiate participants stratified by obesity and sex. The derived models differentiated high body mass index against non-obese body mass index participants, and males with high body mass index against females with high body mass index obtaining balanced accuracies of 77 and 75%, respectively. Sex-specific differences within the cortico-basal-ganglia-thalamic-cortico loop, the choroid plexus-CSF system, salience, sensorimotor and default-mode networks were identified, and were associated with early life adversity, mental health quality and greater somatosensation. Results showed multi-modal brain signatures suggesting sex-specific cortical mechanisms underlying obesity, which fosters clinical implications for tailored obesity interventions based on sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi R Bhatt
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Svetoslav Todorov
- Goodman-Luskin Microbiome Center, G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Ingestive Behavior and Obesity Program, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Riya Sood
- Goodman-Luskin Microbiome Center, G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Ingestive Behavior and Obesity Program, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Soumya Ravichandran
- Goodman-Luskin Microbiome Center, G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Ingestive Behavior and Obesity Program, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Lisa A Kilpatrick
- Goodman-Luskin Microbiome Center, G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Ingestive Behavior and Obesity Program, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Newton Peng
- Goodman-Luskin Microbiome Center, G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Ingestive Behavior and Obesity Program, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Cathy Liu
- Goodman-Luskin Microbiome Center, G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Ingestive Behavior and Obesity Program, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Priten P Vora
- Goodman-Luskin Microbiome Center, G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Ingestive Behavior and Obesity Program, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Neda Jahanshad
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Arpana Gupta
- Goodman-Luskin Microbiome Center, G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Ingestive Behavior and Obesity Program, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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Gearhardt AN, DiFeliceantonio AG. Highly processed foods can be considered addictive substances based on established scientific criteria. Addiction 2023; 118:589-598. [PMID: 36349900 DOI: 10.1111/add.16065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is growing evidence that an addictive-eating phenotype may exist. There is significant debate regarding whether highly processed foods (HPFs; foods with refined carbohydrates and/or added fats) are addictive. The lack of scientifically grounded criteria to evaluate the addictive nature of HPFs has hindered the resolution of this debate. ANALYSIS The most recent scientific debate regarding a substance's addictive potential centered around tobacco. In 1988, the Surgeon General issued a report identifying tobacco products as addictive based on three primary scientific criteria: their ability to (1) cause highly controlled or compulsive use, (2) cause psychoactive (i.e. mood-altering) effects via their effect on the brain and (3) reinforce behavior. Scientific advances have now identified the ability of tobacco products to (4) trigger strong urges or craving as another important indicator of addictive potential. Here, we propose that these four criteria provide scientifically valid benchmarks that can be used to evaluate the addictiveness of HPFs. Then, we review the evidence regarding whether HPFs meet each criterion. Finally, we consider the implications of labeling HPFs as addictive. CONCLUSION Highly processed foods (HPFs) can meet the criteria to be labeled as addictive substances using the standards set for tobacco products. The addictive potential of HPFs may be a key factor contributing to the high public health costs associated with a food environment dominated by cheap, accessible and heavily marketed HPFs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandra G DiFeliceantonio
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA, USA.,Department of Human Nutrition Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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Epstein LH, Biondolillo MJ, Rizwan A, Ghanim H, Dandona P, Bickel WK, Paluch RA. Insulin Resistance and Glycated Hemoglobin in Obesity Are Associated With Preference for Sugar-Sweetened Yogurt: A Pilot Study. Psychosom Med 2023; 85:289-293. [PMID: 36799726 PMCID: PMC10528876 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000001171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Insulin resistance is associated with elevated activation of food reward, which should be associated with an increased reinforcing value of food. Research has also shown that sugar is a macronutrient strongly associated with reward and reinforcing value of food. This research is designed to assess whether insulin resistance is associated with a stronger preference for sugar-sweetened, thus elevating blood glucose responses in obese people with varying degrees of insulin resistance. METHODS Thirteen people with obesity (body mass index, 39.1 kg/m 2 ; range, 30.0-45.1 kg/m 2 ) with varying degrees of insulin resistance (Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance, 5.2; range, 0.7-11.6) consumed novel flavored-colored yogurts that were sweetened with either sugar or monkfruit daily for 6 days to assess whether when given the choice of sugar-sweetened versus monkfruit-sweetened yogurts to consume, participants preferred sugar-sweetened yogurts. RESULTS Participants consumed a greater amount ( p = .009) and percentage ( p = .04) of sugar-sweetened yogurt earned than monkfruit-sweetened yogurt. The percent of sugar-sweetened versus monkfruit-sweetened yogurt consumed in relationship to amount earned was related to insulin resistance ( r = 0.64, p = .019), glycated hemoglobin ( r = 0.61, p = .027), insulin ( r = 0.58, p = .007), and glucose ( r = 0.56, p = .048). CONCLUSIONS Insulin resistance is associated with preference for sugar-sweetened foods in participants with obesity, which may make it hard to make dietary changes. Research is needed to assess whether treatments that improve insulin resistance also change the preference for sugar-sweetened or high-glycemic-index foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard H Epstein
- From the Department of Pediatrics (Epstein, Biondolillo, Rizwan, Paluch) and Division of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism (Ghanim, Dandona), Jacobs School of Medicine, and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York; and Addiction Recovery Research Center (Bickel), Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carillion School of Medicine, Roanoke, Virginia
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