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Zou R, Shi W, Chang X, Zhang M, Tan S, Li R, Zhou H, Li Y, Wang G, Lv W, Fan X. The DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit exacerbates endotoxemia-induced myocardial microvascular injury by disrupting the MOTS-c/JNK pathway and inducing profilin-mediated lamellipodia degradation. Theranostics 2024; 14:1561-1582. [PMID: 38389837 PMCID: PMC10879869 DOI: 10.7150/thno.92650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Rationale: The DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) promotes pathological mitochondrial fission during septic acute kidney injury. The mitochondrial open reading frame of the 12S rRNA type-c (MOTS-c) is a mitochondria-derived peptide that exhibits anti-inflammatory properties during cardiovascular illnesses. We explored whether endotoxemia-induced myocardial microvascular injury involved DNA-PKcs and MOTS-c dysregulation. Methods: To induce endotoxemia in vivo, endothelial cell-specific DNA-PKcs-knockout mice were injected intraperitoneally with a single dose of lipopolysaccharide (10 mg/kg) and evaluated after 72 h. Results: Lipopolysaccharide exposure increased DNA-PKcs activity in cardiac microvascular endothelial cells, while pharmacological inhibition or endothelial cell-specific genetic ablation of DNA-PKcs reduced lipopolysaccharide-induced myocardial microvascular dysfunction. Proteomic analyses showed that endothelial DNA-PKcs ablation primarily altered mitochondrial protein expression. Verification assays confirmed that DNA-PKcs drastically repressed MOTS-c transcription by inducing mtDNA breaks via pathological mitochondrial fission. Inhibiting MOTS-c neutralized the endothelial protective effects of DNA-PKcs ablation, whereas MOTS-c supplementation enhanced endothelial barrier function and myocardial microvascular homeostasis under lipopolysaccharide stress. In molecular studies, MOTS-c downregulation disinhibited c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), allowing JNK to phosphorylate profilin-S173. Inhibiting JNK or transfecting cells with a profilin phosphorylation-defective mutant improved endothelial barrier function by preventing F-actin depolymerization and lamellipodial degradation following lipopolysaccharide treatment. Conclusions: DNA-PKcs inactivation during endotoxemia could be a worthwhile therapeutic strategy to restore MOTS-c expression, prevent JNK-induced profilin phosphorylation, improve F-actin polymerization, and enhance lamellipodial integrity, ultimately ameliorating endothelial barrier function and reducing myocardial microvascular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongjun Zou
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, the Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM Emergency Research, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Wanting Shi
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, Guangdong, China
| | - Xing Chang
- Guang'anmen Hospital of Chinese Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Miao Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, the Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM Emergency Research, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Songtao Tan
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, the Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM Emergency Research, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Ruibing Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The First Medical Centre, Medical School of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The First Medical Centre, Medical School of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Yukun Li
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Ge Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, the Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM Emergency Research, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Weihui Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoping Fan
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, the Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM Emergency Research, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China
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2
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Breslin JW, Motawe ZY. Imaging and Analysis of the Dynamics of Filamentous Actin Structures in Live Endothelial Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2711:129-146. [PMID: 37776454 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3429-5_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
The ability to view and record the movements of subcellular structures is a powerful tool that has accelerated the discovery and understanding of signaling mechanisms that control microvascular functions such as the control of endothelial permeability. Advances in molecular biology over the past few decades have facilitated the generation of fusion proteins in which fluorescent reporters based upon the structure of green fluorescent protein can be linked to proteins found in human endothelial cells, such as VE-cadherin or β-actin. These fusion proteins have been found to incorporate into structures alongside their native protein counterparts, allowing the dynamic visualization of how these subcellular structures are modified when cells are challenged with stimuli such as inflammatory mediators. The result of such studies has been a much more advanced view of the complex mechanisms by which endothelial cells maintain barrier properties than previously obtained by only viewing fixed cells labeled by immunofluorescence. Here, we describe our protocols that we have used to view the dynamics of actin filaments using time-lapse microscopy to record endothelial cells expressing GFP-actin and the analysis tools available to quantify dynamics of subcellular structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome W Breslin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
| | - Zeinab Y Motawe
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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3
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Arce FT, Younger S, Gaber AA, Mascarenhas JB, Rodriguez M, Dudek SM, Garcia JGN. Lamellipodia dynamics and microrheology in endothelial cell paracellular gap closure. Biophys J 2023; 122:4730-4747. [PMID: 37978804 PMCID: PMC10754712 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2023.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial cells (ECs) form a semipermeable barrier separating vascular contents from the interstitium, thereby regulating the movement of water and molecular solutes across small intercellular gaps, which are continuously forming and closing. Under inflammatory conditions, however, larger EC gaps form resulting in increased vascular leakiness to circulating fluid, proteins, and cells, which results in organ edema and dysfunction responsible for key pathophysiologic findings in numerous inflammatory disorders. In this study, we extend our earlier work examining the biophysical properties of EC gap formation and now address the role of lamellipodia, thin sheet-like membrane projections from the leading edge, in modulating EC spatial-specific contractile properties and gap closure. Micropillars, fabricated by soft lithography, were utilized to form reproducible paracellular gaps in human lung ECs. Using time-lapse imaging via optical microscopy, rates of EC gap closure and motility were measured with and without EC stimulation with the barrier-enhancing sphingolipid, sphingosine-1-phosphate. Peripheral ruffle formation was ubiquitous during gap closure. Kymographs were generated to quantitatively compare the lamellipodia dynamics of sphingosine-1-phosphate-stimulated and -unstimulated ECs. Utilizing atomic force microscopy, we characterized the viscoelastic behavior of EC lamellipodia. Our results indicate decreased stiffness and increased liquid-like behavior of expanding lamellipodia compared with regions away from the cellular edge (lamella and cell body) during EC gap closure, results in sync with the rapid kinetics of protrusion/retraction motion. We hypothesize this dissipative EC behavior during gap closure is linked to actomyosin cytoskeletal rearrangement and decreased cross-linking during lamellipodia expansion. In summary, these studies of the kinetic and mechanical properties of EC lamellipodia and ruffles at gap boundaries yield insights into the mechanisms of vascular barrier restoration and potentially a model system for examining the druggability of lamellipodial protein targets to enhance vascular barrier integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Teran Arce
- The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, University of Florida, Jupiter, Florida.
| | - Scott Younger
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Amir A Gaber
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | | | - Marisela Rodriguez
- The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, University of Florida, Jupiter, Florida; Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Steven M Dudek
- Department of Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Joe G N Garcia
- The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, University of Florida, Jupiter, Florida.
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4
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Chong CF, Hasnizan NYU, Ahmad Mokhtar AM. Navigating the landscape of Rho GTPase signalling system in autoimmunity: A bibliometric analysis spanning over three decades (1990 to 2023). Cell Signal 2023; 111:110855. [PMID: 37598919 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.110855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Ras-homologous (Rho) guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) are considered a central player in regulating various biological processes, extending to immune regulation. Perturbations in Rho GTPase signalling have been implicated in immune-related dysregulation, contributing to the development of autoimmunity. This study presents a scientometric analysis exploring the interlink between the Rho GTPase signalling system and autoimmunity, while also delving into the trends of past studies. A total of 967 relevant publications from 1990 to 2023 were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection database after throrough manual filtering of irrelevant articles. The findings show an upward trajectory in publications related to this field since 2006. Over the past three decades, the United States of America (41.68%) emerged as the primary contributor in advancing our understanding of the association between the Rho GTPase signalling system and autoimmunity. Research in autoimmunity has mainly centered around therapeutic interventions, with an emphasis on studying leukocyte (macrophage) and endothelial remodelling. Interestingly, within the domains of multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis, the current focus has been directed towards comprehending the role of RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc42. Notably, certain subfamilies of Rho (such as RhoB and RhoC), Rac (including Rac2 and RhoG), Cdc42 (specifically RhoJ), and other atypical Rho GTPases (like RhoE and RhoH) consistently demonstrating compelling link with autoimmunity, but still warrants emphasis in the future study. Hence, strategic manipulation of the Rho signalling system holds immense promise as a pivotal approach to addressing the global challenge of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien Fung Chong
- Bioprocess Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Gelugor, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Nik Yasmin Umaira Hasnizan
- Bioprocess Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Gelugor, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Ana Masara Ahmad Mokhtar
- Bioprocess Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Gelugor, Penang, Malaysia.
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5
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Breslin JW. Edema and lymphatic clearance: molecular mechanisms and ongoing challenges. Clin Sci (Lond) 2023; 137:1451-1476. [PMID: 37732545 PMCID: PMC11025659 DOI: 10.1042/cs20220314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Resolution of edema remains a significant clinical challenge. Conditions such as traumatic shock, sepsis, or diabetes often involve microvascular hyperpermeability, which leads to tissue and organ dysfunction. Lymphatic insufficiency due to genetic causes, surgical removal of lymph nodes, or infections, leads to varying degrees of tissue swelling that impair mobility and immune defenses. Treatment options are limited to management of edema as there are no specific therapeutics that have demonstrated significant success for ameliorating microvascular leakage or impaired lymphatic function. This review examines current knowledge about the physiological, cellular, and molecular mechanisms that control microvascular permeability and lymphatic clearance, the respective processes for interstitial fluid formation and removal. Clinical conditions featuring edema, along with potential future directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome W Breslin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, FL, U.S.A
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6
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Mahlandt EK, Palacios Martínez S, Arts JJG, Tol S, van Buul JD, Goedhart J. Opto-RhoGEFs, an optimized optogenetic toolbox to reversibly control Rho GTPase activity on a global to subcellular scale, enabling precise control over vascular endothelial barrier strength. eLife 2023; 12:RP84364. [PMID: 37449837 PMCID: PMC10393062 DOI: 10.7554/elife.84364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The inner layer of blood vessels consists of endothelial cells, which form the physical barrier between blood and tissue. This vascular barrier is tightly regulated and is defined by cell-cell contacts through adherens and tight junctions. To investigate the signaling that regulates vascular barrier strength, we focused on Rho GTPases, regulators of the actin cytoskeleton and known to control junction integrity. To manipulate Rho GTPase signaling in a temporal and spatial manner we applied optogenetics. Guanine-nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) domains from ITSN1, TIAM1, and p63RhoGEF, activating Cdc42, Rac, and Rho, respectively, were integrated into the optogenetic recruitment tool improved light-induced dimer (iLID). This tool allows for Rho GTPase activation at the subcellular level in a reversible and non-invasive manner by recruiting a GEF to a specific area at the plasma membrane, The membrane tag of iLID was optimized and a HaloTag was applied to gain more flexibility for multiplex imaging. The resulting optogenetically recruitable RhoGEFs (Opto-RhoGEFs) were tested in an endothelial cell monolayer and demonstrated precise temporal control of vascular barrier strength by a cell-cell overlap-dependent, VE-cadherin-independent, mechanism. Furthermore, Opto-RhoGEFs enabled precise optogenetic control in endothelial cells over morphological features such as cell size, cell roundness, local extension, and cell contraction. In conclusion, we have optimized and applied the optogenetic iLID GEF recruitment tool, that is Opto-RhoGEFs, to study the role of Rho GTPases in the vascular barrier of the endothelium and found that membrane protrusions at the junction region can rapidly increase barrier integrity independent of VE-cadherin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eike K Mahlandt
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section of Molecular Cytology, van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sebastián Palacios Martínez
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section of Molecular Cytology, van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Janine J G Arts
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section of Molecular Cytology, van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Molecular Cell Biology Lab at Dept. Molecular Hematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Simon Tol
- Molecular Cell Biology Lab at Dept. Molecular Hematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jaap D van Buul
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section of Molecular Cytology, van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Molecular Cell Biology Lab at Dept. Molecular Hematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joachim Goedhart
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section of Molecular Cytology, van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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7
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Kim J, Mooren OL, Onken MD, Cooper JA. Septin and actin contributions to endothelial cell-cell junctions and monolayer integrity. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2023; 80:228-241. [PMID: 36205643 PMCID: PMC10079785 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Septins in endothelial cells (ECs) have important roles supporting the integrity of the endothelial monolayer. Cell-cell junctions in EC monolayers are highly dynamic, with continuous retractions and protrusions. Depletion of septins in ECs leads to disruption of cell-cell junctions, which are composed of VE-cadherin and other junctional proteins. In EC monolayers, septins are concentrated at the plasma membrane at sites of cell-cell contact, in curved- and scallop-shaped patterns. These membrane-associated septin accumulations are located in regions of positive membrane curvature, and those regions are often associated with and immediately adjacent to actin-rich protrusions with negative membrane curvature. EC septins associate directly with plasma membrane lipids, based on findings with site-specific mutations of septins in ECs, which is consistent with biochemical and cell biological studies in other systems. Loss of septins leads to disruption of the EC monolayer, and gaps form between cells. The number and breadth of cell-cell contacts and junctions decreases, and the number and frequency of retractions, ruffles, and protrusions at cell edges also decreases. In addition, loss of septins leads to decreased amounts of F-actin at the cortical membrane, along with increased amounts of F-actin in stress fibers of the cytoplasm. Endothelial monolayer disruption from loss of septins is also associated with decreased transendothelial electric resistance (TEER) and increased levels of transendothelial migration (TEM) by immune and cancer cells, owing to the gaps in the monolayer. A current working model is that assembly of septin filaments at regions of positive membrane curvature contributes to a mechanical footing or base for actin-based protrusive forces generated at adjoining regions of the membrane. Specific molecular interactions between the septin and actin components of the cytoskeleton may also be important contributors. Regulators of actin assembly may promote and support the assembly of septin filaments at the membrane, as part of a molecular feedback loop between the assembly of septin and actin filaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Olivia L Mooren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Michael D Onken
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - John A Cooper
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
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8
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Sveeggen TM, Abbey CA, Smith RL, Salinas ML, Chapkin RS, Bayless KJ. Annexin A2 modulates phospholipid membrane composition upstream of Arp2 to control angiogenic sprout initiation. FASEB J 2023; 37:e22715. [PMID: 36527391 PMCID: PMC10586062 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202201088r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The intersection of protein and lipid biology is of growing importance for understanding how cells address structural challenges during adhesion and migration. While protein complexes engaged with the cytoskeleton play a vital role, support from the phospholipid membrane is crucial for directing localization and assembly of key protein complexes. During angiogenesis, dramatic cellular remodeling is necessary for endothelial cells to shift from a stable monolayer to invasive structures. However, the molecular dynamics between lipids and proteins during endothelial invasion are not defined. Here, we utilized cell culture, immunofluorescence, and lipidomic analyses to identify a novel role for the membrane binding protein Annexin A2 (ANXA2) in modulating the composition of specific membrane lipids necessary for cortical F-actin organization and adherens junction stabilization. In the absence of ANXA2, there is disorganized cortical F-actin, reduced junctional Arp2, excess sprout initiation, and ultimately failed sprout maturation. Furthermore, we observed reduced filipin III labeling of membrane cholesterol in cells with reduced ANXA2, suggesting there is an alteration in phospholipid membrane dynamics. Lipidomic analyses revealed that 42 lipid species were altered with loss of ANXA2, including an accumulation of phosphatidylcholine (16:0_16:0). We found that supplementation of phosphatidylcholine (16:0_16:0) in wild-type endothelial cells mimicked the ANXA2 knock-down phenotype, indicating that ANXA2 regulated the phospholipid membrane upstream of Arp2 recruitment and organization of cortical F-actin. Altogether, these data indicate a novel role for ANXA2 in coordinating events at endothelial junctions needed to initiate sprouting and show that proper lipid modulation is a critical component of these events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M. Sveeggen
- Texas A&M Health Science Center, Texas, Bryan, USA
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | | | | | - Michael L. Salinas
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Robert S. Chapkin
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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9
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Lampejo AO, Jo M, Murfee WL, Breslin JW. The Microvascular-Lymphatic Interface and Tissue Homeostasis: Critical Questions That Challenge Current Understanding. J Vasc Res 2022; 59:327-342. [PMID: 36315992 PMCID: PMC9780194 DOI: 10.1159/000525787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic and blood microvascular networks play critical roles in the clearance of excess fluid from local tissue spaces. Given the importance of these dynamics in inflammation, tumor metastasis, and lymphedema, understanding the coordinated function and remodeling between lymphatic and blood vessels in adult tissues is necessary. Knowledge gaps exist because the functions of these two systems are typically considered separately. The objective of this review was to highlight the coordinated functional relationships between blood and lymphatic vessels in adult microvascular networks. Structural, functional, temporal, and spatial relationships will be framed in the context of maintaining tissue homeostasis, vessel permeability, and system remodeling. The integration across systems will emphasize the influence of the local environment on cellular and molecular dynamics involved in fluid flow from blood capillaries to initial lymphatic vessels in microvascular networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arinola O. Lampejo
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Michiko Jo
- Division of Presymptomatic Disease, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Walter L. Murfee
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Jerome W. Breslin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
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10
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Maeso-Alonso L, Alonso-Olivares H, Martínez-García N, López-Ferreras L, Villoch-Fernández J, Puente-Santamaría L, Colas-Algora N, Fernández-Corona A, Lorenzo-Marcos ME, Jiménez B, Holmgren L, Wilhelm M, Millan J, Del Peso L, Claesson-Welsh L, Marques MM, Marin MC. p73 is required for vessel integrity controlling endothelial junctional dynamics through Angiomotin. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:535. [PMID: 36180740 PMCID: PMC9525397 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04560-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Preservation of blood vessel integrity, which is critical for normal physiology and organ function, is controlled at multiple levels, including endothelial junctions. However, the mechanism that controls the adequate assembly of endothelial cell junctions is not fully defined. Here, we uncover TAp73 transcription factor as a vascular architect that orchestrates transcriptional programs involved in cell junction establishment and developmental blood vessel morphogenesis and identify Angiomotin (AMOT) as a TAp73 direct transcriptional target. Knockdown of p73 in endothelial cells not only results in decreased Angiomotin expression and localization at intercellular junctions, but also affects its downstream function regarding Yes-associated protein (YAP) cytoplasmic sequestration upon cell–cell contact. Analysis of adherens junctional morphology after p73-knockdown in human endothelial cells revealed striking alterations, particularly a sharp increase in serrated junctions and actin bundles appearing as stress fibers, both features associated with enhanced barrier permeability. In turn, stabilization of Angiomotin levels rescued those junctional defects, confirming that TAp73 controls endothelial junction dynamics, at least in part, through the regulation of Angiomotin. The observed defects in monolayer integrity were linked to hyperpermeability and reduced transendothelial electric resistance. Moreover, p73-knockout retinas showed a defective sprout morphology coupled with hemorrhages, highlighting the physiological relevance of p73 regulation in the maintenance of vessel integrity in vivo. We propose a new model in which TAp73 acts as a vascular architect integrating transcriptional programs that will impinge with Angiomotin/YAP signaling to maintain junctional dynamics and integrity, while balancing endothelial cell rearrangements in angiogenic vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Maeso-Alonso
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de León, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Hugo Alonso-Olivares
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de León, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Nicole Martínez-García
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Departamento de Producción Animal, Universidad de León, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Lorena López-Ferreras
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de León, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Javier Villoch-Fernández
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de León, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Laura Puente-Santamaría
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Benilde Jiménez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain.,IdiPaz, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lars Holmgren
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet, 17164, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Margareta Wilhelm
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jaime Millan
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Del Peso
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain.,IdiPaz, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lena Claesson-Welsh
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Margarita M Marques
- Instituto de Desarrollo Ganadero y Sanidad Animal, y Departamento de Producción Animal, Universidad de León, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Maria C Marin
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de León, 24071, León, Spain.
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Paudel SS, deWeever A, Sayner S, Stevens T, Tambe DT. Substrate stiffness modulates migration and local intercellular membrane motion in pulmonary endothelial cell monolayers. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C936-C949. [PMID: 35912996 PMCID: PMC9467474 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00339.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The pulmonary artery endothelium forms a semipermeable barrier that limits macromolecular flux through intercellular junctions. This barrier is maintained by an intrinsic forward protrusion of the interacting membranes between adjacent cells. However, the dynamic interactions of these membranes have been incompletely quantified. Here, we present a novel technique to quantify the motion of the peripheral membrane of the cells, called paracellular morphological fluctuations (PMFs), and to assess the impact of substrate stiffness on PMFs. Substrate stiffness impacted large-length scale morphological changes such as cell size and motion. Cell size was larger on stiffer substrates, whereas the speed of cell movement was decreased on hydrogels with stiffness either larger or smaller than 1.25 kPa, consistent with cells approaching a jammed state. Pulmonary artery endothelial cells moved fastest on 1.25 kPa hydrogel, a stiffness consistent with a healthy pulmonary artery. Unlike these large-length scale morphological changes, the baseline of PMFs was largely insensitive to the substrate stiffness on which the cells were cultured. Activation of store-operated calcium channels using thapsigargin treatment triggered a transient increase in PMFs beyond the control treatment. However, in hypocalcemic conditions, such an increase in PMFs was absent on 1.25 kPa hydrogel but was present on 30 kPa hydrogel-a stiffness consistent with that of a hypertensive pulmonary artery. These findings indicate that 1) PMFs occur in cultured endothelial cell clusters, irrespective of the substrate stiffness; 2) PMFs increase in response to calcium influx through store-operated calcium entry channels; and 3) stiffer substrate promotes PMFs through a mechanism that does not require calcium influx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunita Subedi Paudel
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
- Department of Mechanical Aerospace and Biomedical Engineering, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
- Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - Althea deWeever
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
- Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - Sarah Sayner
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
- Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - Troy Stevens
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
- Department of Mechanical Aerospace and Biomedical Engineering, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - Dhananjay T Tambe
- Department of Mechanical Aerospace and Biomedical Engineering, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
- Department of Pharmacology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
- Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
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12
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Pillay LM, Yano JJ, Davis AE, Butler MG, Ezeude MO, Park JS, Barnes KA, Reyes VL, Castranova D, Gore AV, Swift MR, Iben JR, Kenton MI, Stratman AN, Weinstein BM. In vivo dissection of Rhoa function in vascular development using zebrafish. Angiogenesis 2022; 25:411-434. [PMID: 35320450 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-022-09834-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The small monomeric GTPase RHOA acts as a master regulator of signal transduction cascades by activating effectors of cellular signaling, including the Rho-associated protein kinases ROCK1/2. Previous in vitro cell culture studies suggest that RHOA can regulate many critical aspects of vascular endothelial cell (EC) biology, including focal adhesion, stress fiber formation, and angiogenesis. However, the specific in vivo roles of RHOA during vascular development and homeostasis are still not well understood. In this study, we examine the in vivo functions of RHOA in regulating vascular development and integrity in zebrafish. We use zebrafish RHOA-ortholog (rhoaa) mutants, transgenic embryos expressing wild type, dominant negative, or constitutively active forms of rhoaa in ECs, pharmacological inhibitors of RHOA and ROCK1/2, and Rock1 and Rock2a/b dgRNP-injected zebrafish embryos to study the in vivo consequences of RHOA gain- and loss-of-function in the vascular endothelium. Our findings document roles for RHOA in vascular integrity, developmental angiogenesis, and vascular morphogenesis in vivo, showing that either too much or too little RHOA activity leads to vascular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Pillay
- Division of Developmental Biology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 6 Center Dr. Bethesda, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Joseph J Yano
- Division of Developmental Biology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 6 Center Dr. Bethesda, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Pennsylvania, 440 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Andrew E Davis
- Division of Developmental Biology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 6 Center Dr. Bethesda, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Matthew G Butler
- Division of Developmental Biology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 6 Center Dr. Bethesda, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Megan O Ezeude
- Division of Developmental Biology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 6 Center Dr. Bethesda, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jong S Park
- Division of Developmental Biology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 6 Center Dr. Bethesda, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Keith A Barnes
- Division of Developmental Biology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 6 Center Dr. Bethesda, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Vanessa L Reyes
- Division of Developmental Biology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 6 Center Dr. Bethesda, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Daniel Castranova
- Division of Developmental Biology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 6 Center Dr. Bethesda, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Aniket V Gore
- Division of Developmental Biology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 6 Center Dr. Bethesda, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Matthew R Swift
- Division of Developmental Biology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 6 Center Dr. Bethesda, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - James R Iben
- Division of Developmental Biology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 6 Center Dr. Bethesda, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Madeleine I Kenton
- Division of Developmental Biology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 6 Center Dr. Bethesda, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Amber N Stratman
- Division of Developmental Biology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 6 Center Dr. Bethesda, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Brant M Weinstein
- Division of Developmental Biology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 6 Center Dr. Bethesda, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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13
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Ardoña HAM, Zimmerman JF, Shani K, Kim SH, Eweje F, Bitounis D, Parviz D, Casalino E, Strano M, Demokritou P, Parker KK. Differential modulation of endothelial cytoplasmic protrusions after exposure to graphene-family nanomaterials. NANOIMPACT 2022; 26:100401. [PMID: 35560286 PMCID: PMC9812361 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2022.100401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Engineered nanomaterials offer the benefit of having systematically tunable physicochemical characteristics (e.g., size, dimensionality, and surface chemistry) that highly dictate the biological activity of a material. Among the most promising engineered nanomaterials to date are graphene-family nanomaterials (GFNs), which are 2-D nanomaterials (2DNMs) with unique electrical and mechanical properties. Beyond engineering new nanomaterial properties, employing safety-by-design through considering the consequences of cell-material interactions is essential for exploring their applicability in the biomedical realm. In this study, we asked the effect of GFNs on the endothelial barrier function and cellular architecture of vascular endothelial cells. Using micropatterned cell pairs as a reductionist in vitro model of the endothelium, the progression of cytoskeletal reorganization as a function of GFN surface chemistry and time was quantitatively monitored. Here, we show that the surface oxidation of GFNs (graphene, reduced graphene oxide, partially reduced graphene oxide, and graphene oxide) differentially affect the endothelial barrier at multiple scales; from the biochemical pathways that influence the development of cellular protrusions to endothelial barrier integrity. More oxidized GFNs induce higher endothelial permeability and the increased formation of cytoplasmic protrusions such as filopodia. We found that these changes in cytoskeletal organization, along with barrier function, can be potentiated by the effect of GFNs on the Rho/Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) pathway. Specifically, GFNs with higher surface oxidation elicit stronger ROCK2 inhibitory behavior as compared to pristine graphene sheets. Overall, findings from these studies offer a new perspective towards systematically controlling the surface-dependent effects of GFNs on cytoskeletal organization via ROCK2 inhibition, providing insight for implementing safety-by-design principles in GFN manufacturing towards their targeted biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herdeline Ann M Ardoña
- Disease Biophysics Group, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02134, USA
| | - John F Zimmerman
- Disease Biophysics Group, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02134, USA
| | - Kevin Shani
- Disease Biophysics Group, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02134, USA
| | - Su-Hwan Kim
- Disease Biophysics Group, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02134, USA
| | - Feyisayo Eweje
- Disease Biophysics Group, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02134, USA
| | - Dimitrios Bitounis
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dorsa Parviz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue 66-570b, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Evan Casalino
- Disease Biophysics Group, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02134, USA
| | - Michael Strano
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue 66-570b, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Philip Demokritou
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kevin Kit Parker
- Disease Biophysics Group, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02134, USA.
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14
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Mentor S, Makhathini KB, Fisher D. The Role of Cytoskeletal Proteins in the Formation of a Functional In Vitro Blood-Brain Barrier Model. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020742. [PMID: 35054928 PMCID: PMC8775705 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain capillary endothelium is highly regulatory, maintaining the chemical stability of the brain’s microenvironment. The role of cytoskeletal proteins in tethering nanotubules (TENTs) during barrier-genesis was investigated using the established immortalized mouse brain endothelial cell line (bEnd5) as an in vitro blood-brain barrier (BBB) model. The morphology of bEnd5 cells was evaluated using both high-resolution scanning electron microscopy and immunofluorescence to evaluate treatment with depolymerizing agents Cytochalasin D for F-actin filaments and Nocodazole for α-tubulin microtubules. The effects of the depolymerizing agents were investigated on bEnd5 monolayer permeability by measuring the transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER). The data endorsed that during barrier-genesis, F-actin and α-tubulin play a cytoarchitectural role in providing both cell shape dynamics and cytoskeletal structure to TENTs forming across the paracellular space to provide cell-cell engagement. Western blot analysis of the treatments suggested a reduced expression of both proteins, coinciding with a reduction in the rates of cellular proliferation and decreased TEER. The findings endorsed that TENTs provide alignment of the paracellular (PC) spaces and tight junction (TJ) zones to occlude bEnd5 PC spaces. The identification of specific cytoskeletal structures in TENTs endorsed the postulate of their indispensable role in barrier-genesis and the maintenance of regulatory permeability across the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shireen Mentor
- Neurobiology Research Group, Department of Medical Biosciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town 7535, South Africa; (S.M.); (K.B.M.)
| | - Khayelihle Brian Makhathini
- Neurobiology Research Group, Department of Medical Biosciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town 7535, South Africa; (S.M.); (K.B.M.)
| | - David Fisher
- Neurobiology Research Group, Department of Medical Biosciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town 7535, South Africa; (S.M.); (K.B.M.)
- School of Health Professions, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +27-21-959-2185
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15
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Arts JJG, Mahlandt EK, Grönloh MLB, Schimmel L, Noordstra I, Gordon E, van Steen ACI, Tol S, Walzog B, van Rijssel J, Nolte MA, Postma M, Khuon S, Heddleston JM, Wait E, Chew TL, Winter M, Montanez E, Goedhart J, van Buul JD. Endothelial junctional membrane protrusions serve as hotspots for neutrophil transmigration. eLife 2021; 10:66074. [PMID: 34431475 PMCID: PMC8437435 DOI: 10.7554/elife.66074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon inflammation, leukocytes rapidly transmigrate across the endothelium to enter the inflamed tissue. Evidence accumulates that leukocytes use preferred exit sites, alhough it is not yet clear how these hotspots in the endothelium are defined and how they are recognized by the leukocyte. Using lattice light sheet microscopy, we discovered that leukocytes prefer endothelial membrane protrusions at cell junctions for transmigration. Phenotypically, these junctional membrane protrusions are present in an asymmetric manner, meaning that one endothelial cell shows the protrusion and the adjacent one does not. Consequently, leukocytes cross the junction by migrating underneath the protruding endothelial cell. These protrusions depend on Rac1 activity and by using a photo-activatable Rac1 probe, we could artificially generate local exit-sites for leukocytes. Overall, we have discovered a new mechanism that uses local induced junctional membrane protrusions to facilitate/steer the leukocyte escape/exit from inflamed vessel walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine JG Arts
- Molecular Cell Biology Lab at Dept. Molecular Hematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdamNetherlands
- Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy (LCAM), section Molecular Cytology at Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS) at University of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Eike K Mahlandt
- Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy (LCAM), section Molecular Cytology at Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS) at University of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Max LB Grönloh
- Molecular Cell Biology Lab at Dept. Molecular Hematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdamNetherlands
- Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy (LCAM), section Molecular Cytology at Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS) at University of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Lilian Schimmel
- Molecular Cell Biology Lab at Dept. Molecular Hematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdamNetherlands
- Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy (LCAM), section Molecular Cytology at Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS) at University of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
| | - Ivar Noordstra
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
| | - Emma Gordon
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
| | - Abraham CI van Steen
- Molecular Cell Biology Lab at Dept. Molecular Hematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Simon Tol
- Molecular Cell Biology Lab at Dept. Molecular Hematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Barbara Walzog
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Walter Brendel Center of Experimental Medicine, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenPlanegg-MartinsriedGermany
| | - Jos van Rijssel
- Molecular Cell Biology Lab at Dept. Molecular Hematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Martijn A Nolte
- Molecular Cell Biology Lab at Dept. Molecular Hematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Marten Postma
- Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy (LCAM), section Molecular Cytology at Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS) at University of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Satya Khuon
- Advanced Imaging Center at Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteAshburnUnited States
| | - John M Heddleston
- Advanced Imaging Center at Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteAshburnUnited States
- Microscopy Facility at the Cleveland Clinic Florida Research and Innovation CenterPort St. LucieUnited States
| | - Eric Wait
- Advanced Imaging Center at Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteAshburnUnited States
| | - Teng Leong Chew
- Advanced Imaging Center at Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteAshburnUnited States
| | - Mark Winter
- Zuckerman Postdoctoral Fellow, Department of Marine Sciences, University of HaifaHaifaIsrael
| | - Eloi Montanez
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Joachim Goedhart
- Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy (LCAM), section Molecular Cytology at Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS) at University of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Jaap D van Buul
- Molecular Cell Biology Lab at Dept. Molecular Hematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdamNetherlands
- Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy (LCAM), section Molecular Cytology at Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS) at University of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
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16
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Strauss RE, Mezache L, Veeraraghavan R, Gourdie RG. The Cx43 Carboxyl-Terminal Mimetic Peptide αCT1 Protects Endothelial Barrier Function in a ZO1 Binding-Competent Manner. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1192. [PMID: 34439858 PMCID: PMC8393261 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Cx43 carboxyl-terminus (CT) mimetic peptide, αCT1, originally designed to bind to Zonula Occludens 1 (ZO1) and thereby inhibit Cx43/ZO1 interaction, was used as a tool to probe the role of Cx43/ZO1 association in regulation of epithelial/endothelial barrier function. Using both in vitro and ex vivo methods of barrier function measurement, including Electric Cell-Substrate Impedance Sensing (ECIS), a TRITC-dextran Transwell permeability assay, and a FITC-dextran cardiovascular leakage protocol involving Langendorff-perfused mouse hearts, αCT1 was found to protect the endothelium from thrombin-induced breakdown in cell-cell contacts. Barrier protection was accompanied by significant remodeling of the F-actin cytoskeleton, characterized by a redistribution of F-actin away from the cytoplasmic and nuclear regions of the cell, towards the endothelial cell periphery, in association with alterations in cellular chiral orientation distribution. In line with observations of increased cortical F-actin, αCT1 upregulated cell-cell border localization of endothelial VE-cadherin, the tight junction protein Zonula Occludens 1 (ZO1), and the Gap Junction Protein (GJ) Connexin43 (Cx43). A ZO1 binding-incompetent variant of αCT1, αCT1-I, indicated that these effects on barrier function and barrier-associated proteins, were likely associated with Cx43 CT sequences retaining ability to interact with ZO1. These results implicate the Cx43 CT and its interaction with ZO1, in the regulation of endothelial barrier function, while revealing the therapeutic potential of αCT1 in the treatment of vascular edema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy E. Strauss
- Virginia Tech, Translational Biology Medicine and Health (TBMH) Program, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
| | - Louisa Mezache
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The Ohio State University, 460 Medical Center Dr., Rm 415A, IBMR, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (L.M.); (R.V.)
| | - Rengasayee Veeraraghavan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The Ohio State University, 460 Medical Center Dr., Rm 415A, IBMR, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (L.M.); (R.V.)
- The Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Robert G. Gourdie
- Center for Heart and Reparative Medicine Research, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
- Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
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17
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Zhou Q, Jiang J, Chen G, Qian C, Sun G. Inflammatory Immune Cytokine TNF-α Modulates Ezrin Protein Activation via FAK/RhoA Signaling Pathway in PMVECs Hyperpermeability. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:676817. [PMID: 34054551 PMCID: PMC8152434 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.676817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: One of the important pathogenesis of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is the dysfunction of pulmonary microvascular endothelial barrier induced by a hyperinflammatory immune response. However, the potential mechanisms of such an imbalance in pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (PMVECs) are not yet understood. Purpose: Explore the molecular mechanism of endothelial barrier dysfunction induced by inflammatory immune cytokines in ARDS, and find a therapeutic target for this syndrome. Methods: Rat PMVECs were cultured to form a monolayer. Immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, and Western blotting were selected to detect the distribution and the expression level of phosphorylated Ezrin protein and Ezrin protein. Transendothelial electrical resistance (TER) and transendothelial fluxes of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled bovine serum albumin (BSA) were utilized to measure the permeability of the cell monolayer. Ezrin short hairpin RNA (shRNA) and Ezrin 567-site threonine mutant (EzrinT567A) were used to examine the role of Ezrin protein and phosphorylated Ezrin protein in endothelial response induced by tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), respectively. The function of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and Ras homolog gene family, member A (RhoA) signaling pathways were estimated by inhibitors and RhoA/FAK shRNA in TNF-α-stimulated rat PMVECs. The activation of FAK and RhoA was assessed by Western blotting or pull-down assay plus Western blotting. Results: The TER was decreased after TNF-α treatment, while the Ezrin protein phosphorylation was increased in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The phosphorylated Ezrin protein was localized primarily at the cell periphery, resulting in filamentous actin (F-actin) rearrangement, followed by a significant decrease in TER and increase in fluxes of FITC-BSA. Moreover, FAK and RhoA signaling pathways were required in the phosphorylation of Ezrin protein, and the former positively regulated the latter. Conclusion: The phosphorylated Ezrin protein was induced by TNF-α via the FAK/RhoA signaling pathway leading to endothelial hyperpermeability in PMVECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Department of Geriatric Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Jianjun Jiang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Guanjun Chen
- The Center for Scientific Research of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Cheng Qian
- The Center for Scientific Research of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Gengyun Sun
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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18
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Mao DY, Kleinjan ML, Jilishitz I, Swaminathan B, Obinata H, Komarova YA, Bayless KJ, Hla T, Kitajewski JK. CLIC1 and CLIC4 mediate endothelial S1P receptor signaling to facilitate Rac1 and RhoA activity and function. Sci Signal 2021; 14:14/679/eabc0425. [PMID: 33879602 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abc0425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Chloride intracellular channels 1 (CLIC1) and 4 (CLIC4) are expressed in endothelial cells and regulate angiogenic behaviors in vitro, and the expression of Clic4 is important for vascular development and function in mice. Here, we found that CLIC1 and CLIC4 in endothelial cells regulate critical G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) pathways associated with vascular development and disease. In cultured endothelial cells, we found that CLIC1 and CLIC4 transiently translocated to the plasma membrane in response to sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P). Both CLIC1 and CLIC4 were essential for mediating S1P-induced activation of the small guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) Rac1 downstream of S1P receptor 1 (S1PR1). In contrast, only CLIC1 was essential for S1P-induced activation of the small GTPase RhoA downstream of S1PR2 and S1PR3. Neither were required for other S1P-S1PR signaling outputs. Rescue experiments revealed that CLIC1 and CLIC4 were not functionally interchangeable, suggesting distinct and specific functions for CLICs in transducing GPCR signaling. These CLIC-mediated mechanisms were critical for S1P-induced stimulation of the barrier function in endothelial cell monolayers. Our results define CLICs as previously unknown players in the pathways linking GPCRs to small GTPases and vascular endothelial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- De Yu Mao
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Matthew L Kleinjan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Bhairavi Swaminathan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hideru Obinata
- Education and Research Support Center, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Yulia A Komarova
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kayla J Bayless
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M System Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, USA
| | - Timothy Hla
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jan K Kitajewski
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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19
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Grönloh MLB, Arts JJG, van Buul JD. Neutrophil transendothelial migration hotspots - mechanisms and implications. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:134/7/jcs255653. [PMID: 33795378 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.255653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During inflammation, leukocytes circulating in the blood stream exit the vasculature in a process called leukocyte transendothelial migration (TEM). The current paradigm of this process comprises several well-established steps, including rolling, adhesion, crawling, diapedesis and sub-endothelial crawling. Nowadays, the role of the endothelium in transmigration is increasingly appreciated. It has been established that leukocyte exit sites on the endothelium and in the pericyte layer are in fact not random but instead may be specifically recognized by migrating leukocytes. Here, we review the concept of transmigration hotspots, specific sites in the endothelial and pericyte layer where most transmigration events take place. Chemokine cues, adhesion molecules and membrane protrusions as well as physical factors, such as endothelial junction stability, substrate stiffness, the presence of pericytes and basement membrane composition, may all contribute to local hotspot formation to facilitate leukocytes exiting the vasculature. In this Review, we discuss the biological relevance of such hotspots and put forward multiple mechanisms and factors that determine a functional TEM hotspot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max L B Grönloh
- Molecular Cell Biology Lab, Dept. Plasma proteins, Molecular and Cellular Homeostasis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1066CX, The Netherlands.,Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy (LCAM), Molecular Cytology section at Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS) at University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1066CX, The Netherlands
| | - Janine J G Arts
- Molecular Cell Biology Lab, Dept. Plasma proteins, Molecular and Cellular Homeostasis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1066CX, The Netherlands.,Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy (LCAM), Molecular Cytology section at Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS) at University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1066CX, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap D van Buul
- Molecular Cell Biology Lab, Dept. Plasma proteins, Molecular and Cellular Homeostasis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1066CX, The Netherlands .,Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy (LCAM), Molecular Cytology section at Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS) at University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1066CX, The Netherlands
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20
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Seebach J, Klusmeier N, Schnittler H. Autoregulatory "Multitasking" at Endothelial Cell Junctions by Junction-Associated Intermittent Lamellipodia Controls Barrier Properties. Front Physiol 2021; 11:586921. [PMID: 33488392 PMCID: PMC7815704 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.586921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial cell (EC) junctions are key structures controlling tissue homeostasis in physiology. In the last three decades, excellent studies have addressed many aspects of this complex and highly dynamic regulation, including cell signaling, remodeling processes of the proteins of tight junctions, adherens junctions, and gap junctions, the cytoskeleton, and post-transcriptional modifications, transcriptional activation, and gene silencing. In this dynamic process, vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin) provides the core structure of EC junctions mediating the physical adhesion of cells as well as the control of barrier function and monolayer integrity via remodeling processes, regulation of protein expression and post-translational modifications. In recent years, research teams have documented locally restricted dynamics of EC junctions in which actin-driven protrusions in plasma membranes play a central role. In this regard, our research group showed that the dynamics of VE-cadherin is driven by small (1-5 μm) actin-mediated protrusions in plasma membranes that, due to this specific function, were named "junction-associated intermittent lamellipodia" (JAIL). JAIL form at overlapping, adjacent cells, and exactly at this site new VE-cadherin interactions occur, leading to new VE-cadherin adhesion sites, a process that restores weak or lost VE-cadherin adhesion. Mechanistically, JAIL formation occurs locally restricted (1-5 μm) and underlies autoregulation in which the local VE-cadherin concentration is an important parameter. A decrease in the local concentration of VE-cadherin stimulates JAIL formation, whereas an increase in the concentration of VE-cadherin blocks it. JAIL mediated VE-cadherin remodeling at the subjunctional level have been shown to be of crucial importance in angiogenesis, wound healing, and changes in permeability during inflammation. The concept of subjunctional regulation of EC junctions is strongly supported by permeability assays, which can be employed to quantify actin-driven subjunctional changes. In this brief review, we summarize and discuss the current knowledge and concepts of subjunctional regulation in the endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Seebach
- Institute of Anatomy and Vascular Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Nadine Klusmeier
- Institute of Anatomy and Vascular Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Hans Schnittler
- Institute of Anatomy and Vascular Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
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21
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VanderBurgh JA, Potharazu AV, Schwager SC, Reinhart-King CA. A discrete interface in matrix stiffness creates an oscillatory pattern of endothelial monolayer disruption. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs244533. [PMID: 32878941 PMCID: PMC7520461 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.244533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intimal stiffening upregulates endothelial cell contractility, disrupting barrier integrity; however, intimal stiffening is non-uniform. The impact of local changes in intimal stiffness on proximal and distal cell-cell interactions is unknown. To investigate the range at which matrix stiffness heterogeneities impact neighboring endothelial cells within a monolayer, we built a micropillar system with adjacent regions of stiff and compliant matrix. The stiffness interface results in an oscillatory pattern of neutrophil transendothelial migration, symmetrical about the interface and well-fit by a sinusoid function. 'Peaks' of the sinusoid were found to have increased cellular contractility and decreased barrier function relative to 'troughs' of the sinusoid. Pharmacological modulation of contractility was observed to break symmetry, altering the amplitude and wavelength of the sinusoid, indicating that contractility may regulate this effect. This work illuminates a novel biophysical phenomenon of the role of stiffness-mediated cell-matrix interactions on cell-cell interactions at a distance. Additionally, it provides insight into the range at which intimal matrix stiffness heterogeneities will impact endothelial barrier function and potentially contribute to atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob A VanderBurgh
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Archit V Potharazu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Samantha C Schwager
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Cynthia A Reinhart-King
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
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22
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Taha M, Aldirawi M, März S, Seebach J, Odenthal-Schnittler M, Bondareva O, Bojovic V, Schmandra T, Wirth B, Mietkowska M, Rottner K, Schnittler H. EPLIN-α and -β Isoforms Modulate Endothelial Cell Dynamics through a Spatiotemporally Differentiated Interaction with Actin. Cell Rep 2020; 29:1010-1026.e6. [PMID: 31644899 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Actin-binding proteins are essential for linear and branched actin filament dynamics that control shape change, cell migration, and cell junction remodeling in vascular endothelium (endothelial cells [ECs]). The epithelial protein lost in neoplasm (EPLIN) is an actin-binding protein, expressed as EPLIN-α and EPLIN-β by alternative promoters; however, the isoform-specific functions are not yet understood. Aortic compared to cava vein ECs and shear stress-exposed cultured ECs express increased EPLIN-β levels that stabilize stress fibers. In contrast, EPLIN-α expression is increased in growing and migrating ECs, is targeted to membrane protrusions, and terminates their growth via interaction with the Arp2/3 complex. The data indicate that EPLIN-α controls protrusion dynamics while EPLIN-β has an actin filament stabilizing role, which is consistent with FRAP analyses demonstrating a lower EPLIN-β turnover rate compared to EPLIN-α. Together, EPLIN isoforms differentially control actin dynamics in ECs, essential in shear stress responses, cell migration, and barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muna Taha
- Institute of Anatomy and Vascular Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003 CiM), Westfälische Wilhelms University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Mohammed Aldirawi
- Institute of Anatomy and Vascular Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003 CiM), Westfälische Wilhelms University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Sigrid März
- Institute of Anatomy and Vascular Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003 CiM), Westfälische Wilhelms University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jochen Seebach
- Institute of Anatomy and Vascular Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003 CiM), Westfälische Wilhelms University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Maria Odenthal-Schnittler
- Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003 CiM), Westfälische Wilhelms University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; Department of Ophthalmology, Westfälische Wilhelms University of Münster, Medical Center, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Olga Bondareva
- Institute of Anatomy and Vascular Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003 CiM), Westfälische Wilhelms University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Vesna Bojovic
- Institute of Anatomy and Vascular Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Thomas Schmandra
- Heart and Vascular Clinic Bad Neustadt, Bad Neustadt a.d. Saale, Germany
| | - Benedikt Wirth
- Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003 CiM), Westfälische Wilhelms University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; Institute for Analysis and Numerics, Westfälische Wilhelms University of Münster, 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Magdalena Mietkowska
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; Molecular Cell Biology Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Klemens Rottner
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; Molecular Cell Biology Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Hans Schnittler
- Institute of Anatomy and Vascular Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003 CiM), Westfälische Wilhelms University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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23
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Motawe ZY, Farsaei F, Abdelmaboud SS, Cuevas J, Breslin JW. Sigma-1 receptor activation-induced glycolytic ATP production and endothelial barrier enhancement. Microcirculation 2020; 27:e12620. [PMID: 32279379 PMCID: PMC7821090 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We tested the hypothesis that σ1 modulates endothelial barrier function due to its influence on endothelial bioenergetics. METHODS Cultured HUVEC monolayers were used to model the endothelial barrier. ECIS, Transwell assays, and immunofluorescence labeling of junctional proteins were used to evaluate endothelial barrier function. Endothelial cell bioenergetics was determined using extracellular flux analysis and direct ATP level measurements. The endothelial-specific contribution of σ1 was tested using the σ1-selective agonist, PRE-084, and with targeted knockdown of σ1 expression using siRNA. RESULTS Activation of σ1 with PRE-084 significantly enhanced endothelial barrier function and decreased permeability to albumin and dextran. Knockdown of σ1 with siRNA reduced barrier function and abolished PRE-084-induced endothelial barrier enhancement. PRE-084 upregulated endothelial glycolysis and glycolytic ATP production, but this response was abolished by siRNA-mediated knockdown of σ1 expression. PRE-084 also reduced the degree of endothelial barrier dysfunction caused by the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation uncoupler CCCP. CONCLUSION Activation of σ1 enhances endothelial barrier function and modulates the ratio of glycolytic versus mitochondrial ATP production. These novel findings suggest that endothelial σ1 may prove beneficial as a novel therapeutic target for reducing microvascular hyperpermeability and counteracting mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Y Motawe
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Forouzandeh Farsaei
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Salma S Abdelmaboud
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Javier Cuevas
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Jerome W Breslin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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24
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Vaeyens MM, Jorge-Peñas A, Barrasa-Fano J, Shapeti A, Roeffaers M, Van Oosterwyck H. Actomyosin-dependent invasion of endothelial sprouts in collagen. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2020; 77:261-276. [PMID: 32588525 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
During sprouting angiogenesis-the growth of blood vessels from the existing vasculature-endothelial cells (ECs) adopt an elongated invasive form and exert forces at cell-cell and cell-matrix interaction sites. These cell shape changes and cellular tractions require extensive reorganizations of the actomyosin network. However, the respective roles of actin and myosin for endothelial sprouting are not fully elucidated. In this study, we further investigate these roles by treating 2D-migrating and 3D-sprouting ECs with chemical compounds targeting either myosin or actin. These treatments affected the endothelial cytoskeleton drastically and reduced the invasive response in a compound-specific manner; pointing toward a tight control of the actin and myosin activity during sprouting. Clusters in the data further illustrate that endothelial sprout morphology is sensitive to the in vitro model mechanical microenvironment and directs future research toward mechanical substrate guidance as a strategy for promoting engineered tissue vascularization. In summary, our results add to a growing corpus of research highlighting a key role of the cytoskeleton for sprouting angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Mo Vaeyens
- Biomechanics Section (BMe), Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alvaro Jorge-Peñas
- Biomechanics Section (BMe), Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jorge Barrasa-Fano
- Biomechanics Section (BMe), Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Apeksha Shapeti
- Biomechanics Section (BMe), Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maarten Roeffaers
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions (cMACS), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hans Van Oosterwyck
- Biomechanics Section (BMe), Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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25
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Berlew EE, Kuznetsov IA, Yamada K, Bugaj LJ, Chow BY. Optogenetic Rac1 engineered from membrane lipid-binding RGS-LOV for inducible lamellipodia formation. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2020; 19:353-361. [PMID: 32048687 PMCID: PMC7141788 DOI: 10.1039/c9pp00434c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We report the construction of a single-component optogenetic Rac1 (opto-Rac1) to control actin polymerization by dynamic membrane recruitment. Opto-Rac1 is a fusion of wildtype human Rac1 small GTPase to the C-terminal region of BcLOV4, a LOV (light-oxygen-voltage) photoreceptor that rapidly binds the plasma membrane upon blue-light activation via a direct electrostatic interaction with anionic membrane phospholipids. Translocation of the fused wildtype Rac1 effector permits its activation by GEFs (guanine nucleotide exchange factors) and consequent actin polymerization and lamellipodia formation, unlike in existing single-chain systems that operate by allosteric photo-switching of constitutively active Rac1 or the heterodimerization-based (i.e. two-component) membrane recruitment of a Rac1-activating GEF. Opto-Rac1 induction of lamellipodia formation was spatially restricted to the patterned illumination field and was efficient, requiring sparse stimulation duty ratios of ∼1-2% (at the sensitivity threshold for flavin photocycling) to cause significant changes in cell morphology. This work exemplifies how the discovery of LOV proteins of distinct signal transmission modes can beget new classes of optogenetic tools for controlling cellular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Berlew
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 210 South 33rd Street, 19104, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ivan A Kuznetsov
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 210 South 33rd Street, 19104, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Keisuke Yamada
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 210 South 33rd Street, 19104, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lukasz J Bugaj
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 210 South 33rd Street, 19104, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Brian Y Chow
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 210 South 33rd Street, 19104, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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26
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Zahra FT, Sajib MS, Ichiyama Y, Akwii RG, Tullar PE, Cobos C, Minchew SA, Doçi CL, Zheng Y, Kubota Y, Gutkind JS, Mikelis CM. Endothelial RhoA GTPase is essential for in vitro endothelial functions but dispensable for physiological in vivo angiogenesis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11666. [PMID: 31406143 PMCID: PMC6690958 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48053-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Imbalanced angiogenesis is a characteristic of several diseases. Rho GTPases regulate multiple cellular processes, such as cytoskeletal rearrangement, cell movement, microtubule dynamics, signal transduction and gene expression. Among the Rho GTPases, RhoA, Rac1 and Cdc42 are best characterized. The role of endothelial Rac1 and Cdc42 in embryonic development and retinal angiogenesis has been studied, however the role of endothelial RhoA is yet to be explored. Here, we aimed to identify the role of endothelial RhoA in endothelial cell functions, in embryonic and retinal development and explored compensatory mechanisms. In vitro, RhoA is involved in cell proliferation, migration and tube formation, triggered by the angiogenesis inducers Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) and Sphingosine-1 Phosphate (S1P). In vivo, through constitutive and inducible endothelial RhoA deficiency we tested the role of endothelial RhoA in embryonic development and retinal angiogenesis. Constitutive endothelial RhoA deficiency, although decreased survival, was not detrimental for embryonic development, while inducible endothelial RhoA deficiency presented only mild deficiencies in the retina. The redundant role of RhoA in vivo can be attributed to potential differences in the signaling cues regulating angiogenesis in physiological versus pathological conditions and to the alternative compensatory mechanisms that may be present in the in vivo setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatema Tuz Zahra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas, 79106, USA
| | - Md Sanaullah Sajib
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas, 79106, USA
| | - Yusuke Ichiyama
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.,Department of Ophthalmology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta Tsukinowa-cho, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2192, Japan
| | - Racheal Grace Akwii
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas, 79106, USA
| | - Paul E Tullar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas, 79106, USA
| | - Christopher Cobos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas, 79106, USA
| | - Shelby A Minchew
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas, 79106, USA
| | - Colleen L Doçi
- College of Arts and Sciences, Marian University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46222, USA
| | - Yi Zheng
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45229, USA
| | - Yoshiaki Kubota
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - J Silvio Gutkind
- Department of Pharmacology, UCSD, San Diego, California, 92093, USA
| | - Constantinos M Mikelis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas, 79106, USA.
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27
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Yoon C, Choi C, Stapleton S, Mirabella T, Howes C, Dong L, King J, Yang J, Oberai A, Eyckmans J, Chen CS. Myosin IIA-mediated forces regulate multicellular integrity during vascular sprouting. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:1974-1984. [PMID: 31318321 PMCID: PMC6727772 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-02-0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenic sprouting is a critical process involved in vascular network formation within tissues. During sprouting, tip cells and ensuing stalk cells migrate collectively into the extracellular matrix while preserving cell–cell junctions, forming patent structures that support blood flow. Although several signaling pathways have been identified as controlling sprouting, it remains unclear to what extent this process is mechanoregulated. To address this question, we investigated the role of cellular contractility in sprout morphogenesis, using a biomimetic model of angiogenesis. Three-dimensional maps of mechanical deformations generated by sprouts revealed that mainly leader cells, not stalk cells, exert contractile forces on the surrounding matrix. Surprisingly, inhibiting cellular contractility with blebbistatin did not affect the extent of cellular invasion but resulted in cell–cell dissociation primarily between tip and stalk cells. Closer examination of cell–cell junctions revealed that blebbistatin impaired adherens-junction organization, particularly between tip and stalk cells. Using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing, we further identified NMIIA as the major isoform responsible for regulating multicellularity and cell contractility during sprouting. Together, these studies reveal a critical role for NMIIA-mediated contractile forces in maintaining multicellularity during sprouting and highlight the central role of forces in regulating cell–cell adhesions during collective motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Yoon
- Biological Design Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Colin Choi
- Biological Design Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Sarah Stapleton
- Biological Design Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Teodelinda Mirabella
- Biological Design Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Caroline Howes
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Nuclear Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180
| | - Li Dong
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Nuclear Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180.,The Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | - Jessica King
- Biological Design Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Jinling Yang
- Biological Design Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Assad Oberai
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Nuclear Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180.,Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90007
| | - Jeroen Eyckmans
- Biological Design Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Christopher S Chen
- Biological Design Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115
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28
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Klusmeier N, Schnittler HJ, Seebach J. A Novel Microscopic Assay Reveals Heterogeneous Regulation of Local Endothelial Barrier Function. Biophys J 2019; 116:1547-1559. [PMID: 30878197 PMCID: PMC6486479 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood vessels are covered with endothelial cells on their inner surfaces, forming a selective and semipermeable barrier between the blood and the underlying tissue. Many pathological processes, such as inflammation or cancer metastasis, are accompanied by an increased vascular permeability. Progress in live cell imaging techniques has recently revealed that the structure of endothelial cell contacts is constantly reorganized and that endothelial junctions display high heterogeneities at a subcellular level even within one cell. Although it is assumed that this dynamic remodeling is associated with a local change in endothelial barrier function, a direct proof is missing mainly because of a lack of appropriate experimental techniques. Here, we describe a new assay to dynamically measure local endothelial barrier function with a lateral resolution of ∼15 μm and a temporal resolution of 1 min. In this setup, fluorescence-labeled molecules are added to the apical compartment of an endothelial monolayer, and the penetration of molecules from the apical to the basal compartment is recorded by total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy utilizing the generated evanescent field. With this technique, we found a remarkable heterogeneity in the local permeability for albumin within confluent endothelial cell layers. In regions with low permeability, stimulation with the proinflammatory agent histamine results in a transient increase in paracellular permeability. The effect showed a high variability along the contact of one individual cell, indicating a local regulation of endothelial barrier function. In regions with high basal permeability, histamine had no obvious effect. In contrast, the barrier-enhancing drug forskolin reduces the permeability for albumin and dextran uniformly along the cell junctions. Because this new approach can be readily combined with other live cell imaging techniques, it will contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying subcellular junctional reorganization during wound healing, inflammation, and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Klusmeier
- Institute of Anatomy and Vascular Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Schnittler
- Institute of Anatomy and Vascular Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Jochen Seebach
- Institute of Anatomy and Vascular Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany.
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29
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Cao J, Schnittler H. Putting VE-cadherin into JAIL for junction remodeling. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:132/1/jcs222893. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.222893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Junction dynamics of endothelial cells are based on the integration of signal transduction, cytoskeletal remodeling and contraction, which are necessary for the formation and maintenance of monolayer integrity, but also enable repair and regeneration. The VE-cadherin–catenin complex forms the molecular basis of the adherence junctions and cooperates closely with actin filaments. Several groups have recently described small actin-driven protrusions at the cell junctions that are controlled by the Arp2/3 complex, contributing to cell junction regulation. We identified these protrusions as the driving force for VE-cadherin dynamics, as they directly induce new VE-cadherin-mediated adhesion sites, and have accordingly referred to these structures as junction-associated intermittent lamellipodia (JAIL). JAIL extend over only a few microns and thus provide the basis for a subcellular regulation of adhesion. The local (subcellular) VE-cadherin concentration and JAIL formation are directly interdependent, which enables autoregulation. Therefore, this mechanism can contribute a subcellularly regulated adaptation of cell contact dynamics, and is therefore of great importance for monolayer integrity and relative cell migration during wound healing and angiogenesis, as well as for inflammatory responses. In this Review, we discuss the mechanisms and functions underlying these actin-driven protrusions and consider their contribution to the dynamic regulation of endothelial cell junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Cao
- Institute of Anatomy and Vascular Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster Germany
| | - Hans Schnittler
- Institute of Anatomy and Vascular Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster Germany
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Alves NG, Yuan SY, Breslin JW. Sphingosine-1-phosphate protects against brain microvascular endothelial junctional protein disorganization and barrier dysfunction caused by alcohol. Microcirculation 2018; 26:e12506. [PMID: 30281888 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE S1P has known endothelial barrier-protective properties, but whether this extends to the BBB is unclear. We hypothesized that alcohol-induced disruption of brain microvascular endothelial barrier function and junctional protein organization can be ameliorated by S1P treatment. METHODS Cultured primary HBMEC monolayers were used to characterize endothelial-specific mechanisms of BBB regulation. TER and apparent permeability coefficients for albumin, dextran-4 kDa, and sodium fluorescein were used as indices of barrier function. Junctional localization of Claudin-5, VE-cadherin, and β-catenin was determined by immunofluorescence confocal microscopy. S1P was applied following treatment with alcohol. RESULTS Alcohol significantly impaired HBMEC TER. Application of S1P after alcohol treatment resulted in a hastened recovery to the baseline HBMEC TER. Alcohol-treated HBMEC had a significantly higher mean permeability than control that was reversed by S1P. Alcohol caused the formation of gaps between cells. Treatment with S1P (after alcohol) increased junctional localization of VE-Cadherin, Claudin-5, and β-catenin. CONCLUSIONS Alcohol impairs the barrier function and junctional organization of HBMEC monolayers. S1P enhanced barrier function and restored junctions in the presence of alcohol, and thus may be useful for restoring BBB function during alcohol intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natascha G Alves
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Sarah Y Yuan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Jerome W Breslin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
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31
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Abstract
The pulmonary endothelial cell forms a critical semi-permeable barrier between the vascular and interstitial space. As part of the blood-gas barrier in the lung, the endothelium plays a key role in normal physiologic function and pathologic disease. Changes in endothelial cell shape, defined by its plasma membrane, determine barrier integrity. A number of key cytoskeletal regulatory and effector proteins including non-muscle myosin light chain kinase, cortactin, and Arp 2/3 mediate actin rearrangements to form cortical and membrane associated structures in response to barrier enhancing stimuli. These actin formations support and interact with junctional complexes and exert forces to protrude the lipid membrane to and close gaps between individual cells. The current knowledge of these cytoskeletal processes and regulatory proteins are the subject of this review. In addition, we explore novel advancements in cellular imaging that are poised to shed light on the complex nature of pulmonary endothelial permeability.
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32
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Endothelial Protrusions in Junctional Integrity and Barrier Function. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2018; 82:93-140. [PMID: 30360784 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cells of the microcirculation form a semi-permeable diffusion barrier between the blood and tissues. This permeability of the endothelium, particularly in the capillaries and postcapillary venules, is a normal physiological function needed for blood-tissue exchange in the microcirculation. During inflammation, microvascular permeability increases dramatically and can lead to tissue edema, which in turn can lead to dysfunction of tissues and organs. The molecular mechanisms that control the barrier function of endothelial cells have been under investigation for several decades and remain an important topic due to the potential for discovery of novel therapeutic strategies to reduce edema. This review highlights current knowledge of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that lead to endothelial hyperpermeability during inflammatory conditions associated with injury and disease. This includes a discussion of recent findings demonstrating temporal protrusions by endothelial cells that may contribute to intercellular junction integrity between endothelial cells and affect the diffusion distance for solutes via the paracellular pathway.
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Fu P, Shaaya M, Harijith A, Jacobson JR, Karginov A, Natarajan V. Sphingolipids Signaling in Lamellipodia Formation and Enhancement of Endothelial Barrier Function. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2018; 82:1-31. [PMID: 30360778 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sphingolipids, first described in the brain in 1884, are important structural components of biological membranes of all eukaryotic cells. In recent years, several lines of evidence support the critical role of sphingolipids such as sphingosine, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), and ceramide as anti- or pro-inflammatory bioactive lipid mediators in a variety of human pathologies including pulmonary and vascular disorders. Among the sphingolipids, S1P is a naturally occurring agonist that exhibits potent barrier enhancing property in the endothelium by signaling via G protein-coupled S1P1 receptor. S1P, S1P analogs, and other barrier enhancing agents such as HGF, oxidized phospholipids, and statins also utilize the S1P/S1P1 signaling pathway to generate membrane protrusions or lamellipodia, which have been implicated in resealing of endothelial gaps and maintenance of barrier integrity. A better understanding of sphingolipids mediated regulation of lamellipodia formation and barrier enhancement of the endothelium will be critical for the development of sphingolipid-based therapies to alleviate pulmonary disorders such as sepsis-, radiation-, and mechanical ventilation-induced acute lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panfeng Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Mark Shaaya
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Anantha Harijith
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jeffrey R Jacobson
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Andrei Karginov
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Viswanathan Natarajan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.
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34
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Tang VW. Cell-cell adhesion interface: orthogonal and parallel forces from contraction, protrusion, and retraction. F1000Res 2018; 7. [PMID: 30345009 PMCID: PMC6173117 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.15860.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The epithelial lateral membrane plays a central role in the integration of intercellular signals and, by doing so, is a principal determinant in the emerging properties of epithelial tissues. Mechanical force, when applied to the lateral cell-cell interface, can modulate the strength of adhesion and influence intercellular dynamics. Yet the relationship between mechanical force and epithelial cell behavior is complex and not completely understood. This commentary aims to provide an investigative look at the usage of cellular forces at the epithelial cell-cell adhesion interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian W Tang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, 61801, USA
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35
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Kurokawa YK, Yin RT, Shang MR, Shirure VS, Moya ML, George SC. Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Endothelial Cells for Three-Dimensional Microphysiological Systems. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2018. [PMID: 28622076 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2017.0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Microphysiological systems (MPS), or "organ-on-a-chip" platforms, aim to recapitulate in vivo physiology using small-scale in vitro tissue models of human physiology. While significant efforts have been made to create vascularized tissues, most reports utilize primary endothelial cells that hinder reproducibility. In this study, we report the use of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived endothelial cells (iPS-ECs) in developing three-dimensional (3D) microvascular networks. We established a CDH5-mCherry reporter iPS cell line, which expresses the vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin fused to mCherry. The iPS-ECs demonstrate physiological functions characteristic of primary endothelial cells in a series of in vitro assays, including permeability, response to shear stress, and the expression of endothelial markers (CD31, von Willibrand factor, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase). The iPS-ECs form stable, perfusable microvessels over the course of 14 days when cultured within 3D microfluidic devices. We also demonstrate that inhibition of TGF-β signaling improves vascular network formation by the iPS-ECs. We conclude that iPS-ECs can be a source of endothelial cells in MPS providing opportunities for human disease modeling and improving the reproducibility of 3D vascular networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke K Kurokawa
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Rose T Yin
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Michael R Shang
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Venktesh S Shirure
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Monica L Moya
- 2 Center for Micro and Nano Technology, Materials Engineering Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California
| | - Steven C George
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis, Missouri
- 3 Department of Energy, Environment, and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis, Missouri
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36
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Breslin JW. Cellular cross talk, inflammatory signals, and enhanced microvascular permeability. Microcirculation 2018; 24. [PMID: 28295872 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Microvascular leakage remains a significant clinical problem for which there is no specific therapeutic available. This Special Topics issue of the journal Microcirculation features reviews pertaining to the cellular and molecular mechanisms that control the integrity of the microvascular barrier. (Meegan et al., Microcirculation, 2017) summarize recent research findings about how neutrophil extracellular traps and how these can cause injury to the microvascular barrier.( Zhang et al. Microcirculation, 2017) highlight the microvascular response to advanced glycation end-products that are formed as part of the pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus. These ongoing investigations are helping to clarify the mechanisms by which endothelial cells receive information and integrate it to generate cellular responses that fine-tune barrier function. Better understanding of these mechanisms is needed for the rational development of therapeutic strategies to reduce excessive microvascular leakage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome W Breslin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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37
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Neto F, Klaus-Bergmann A, Ong YT, Alt S, Vion AC, Szymborska A, Carvalho JR, Hollfinger I, Bartels-Klein E, Franco CA, Potente M, Gerhardt H. YAP and TAZ regulate adherens junction dynamics and endothelial cell distribution during vascular development. eLife 2018; 7:31037. [PMID: 29400648 PMCID: PMC5814147 DOI: 10.7554/elife.31037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Formation of blood vessel networks by sprouting angiogenesis is critical for tissue growth, homeostasis and regeneration. How endothelial cells arise in adequate numbers and arrange suitably to shape functional vascular networks is poorly understood. Here we show that YAP/TAZ promote stretch-induced proliferation and rearrangements of endothelial cells whilst preventing bleeding in developing vessels. Mechanistically, YAP/TAZ increase the turnover of VE-Cadherin and the formation of junction associated intermediate lamellipodia, promoting both cell migration and barrier function maintenance. This is achieved in part by lowering BMP signalling. Consequently, the loss of YAP/TAZ in the mouse leads to stunted sprouting with local aggregation as well as scarcity of endothelial cells, branching irregularities and junction defects. Forced nuclear activity of TAZ instead drives hypersprouting and vascular hyperplasia. We propose a new model in which YAP/TAZ integrate mechanical signals with BMP signaling to maintain junctional compliance and integrity whilst balancing endothelial cell rearrangements in angiogenic vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Neto
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,Vascular Biology Laboratory, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories, London Research Institute - Cancer Research UK, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra Klaus-Bergmann
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany
| | - Yu Ting Ong
- Angiogenesis and Metabolism Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Silvanus Alt
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne-Clémence Vion
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Szymborska
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany
| | - Joana R Carvalho
- Vascular Morphogenesis Laboratory, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Eireen Bartels-Klein
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudio A Franco
- Vascular Morphogenesis Laboratory, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Michael Potente
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany.,Angiogenesis and Metabolism Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Holger Gerhardt
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,Vascular Biology Laboratory, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories, London Research Institute - Cancer Research UK, London, United Kingdom.,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany.,Vascular Patterning Laboratory, Vesalius Research Center, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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38
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Chang F, Flavahan S, Flavahan NA. Superoxide inhibition restores endothelium-dependent dilatation in aging arteries by enhancing impaired adherens junctions. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2018; 314:H805-H811. [PMID: 29351453 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00681.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Endothelium-dependent, nitric oxide-mediated dilatation is impaired in aging arteries. The dysfunction reflects increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), is reversed by inhibiting superoxide with superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimics, and is assumed to reflect superoxide-mediated inactivation of nitric oxide. However, the dysfunction also reflects Src-dependent degradation and loss of vascular-endothelial (VE)-cadherin from adherens junctions, resulting in a selective impairment in the ability of the junctions to amplify endothelial dilatation. Experiments therefore tested the hypothesis that SOD mimics might restore endothelial dilation in aging arteries by inhibiting Src and protecting endothelial adherens junctions. Tail arteries from young and aging Fisher 344 rats were processed for functional (pressure myograph), biochemical (immunoblot), and morphological (immunofluorescence) analyses. Cell-permeable SOD mimics [manganese(III) tetrakis(1-methyl-4-pyridyl)porphyrin (MnTMPyP) or tempol] did not affect acetylcholine-induced dilatation in young arteries but increased responses and restored normal dilator function in aging arteries. In aging arteries, MnTMPyP decreased Src activity (immunoblots of Tyr416 phosphorylated compared with total Src), increased the intensity and width of VE-cadherin staining at endothelial junctions, and increased VE-cadherin levels in Triton X-100-insoluble lysates, which represents the junctional protein. Because of aging-induced junctional disruption, inhibiting VE-cadherin clustering at adherens junctions with a function-blocking antibody does not affect acetylcholine-induced dilatation in aging arteries. However, the antibody prevented SOD mimics from restoring acetylcholine-induced dilatation in aging arteries. Therefore, SOD mimics improve impaired adherens junctions in aging endothelium, which is essential for SOD mimics to restore endothelium-dependent dilatation in aging arteries. The results suggest an important new pathological role for ROS in aging endothelium, namely, disruption of adherens junctions. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Aging-induced endothelial dysfunction is reversed by SOD mimics. This study demonstrates that they improve impaired adherens junctions in aging endothelium and that their restoration of endothelial dilatation is dependent on increased junctional activity. The results suggest a novel role for oxygen radicals in vascular aging, namely, disruption of adherens junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumin Chang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sheila Flavahan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Nicholas A Flavahan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, Maryland
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39
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Radeva MY, Waschke J. Mind the gap: mechanisms regulating the endothelial barrier. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2018; 222. [PMID: 28231640 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The endothelial barrier consists of intercellular contacts localized in the cleft between endothelial cells, which is covered by the glycocalyx in a sievelike manner. Both types of barrier-forming junctions, i.e. the adherens junction (AJ) serving mechanical anchorage and mechanotransduction and the tight junction (TJ) sealing the intercellular space to limit paracellular permeability, are tethered to the actin cytoskeleton. Under resting conditions, the endothelium thereby builds a selective layer controlling the exchange of fluid and solutes with the surrounding tissue. However, in the situation of an inflammatory response such as in anaphylaxis or sepsis intercellular contacts disintegrate in post-capillary venules leading to intercellular gap formation. The resulting oedema can cause shock and multi-organ failure. Therefore, maintenance as well as coordinated opening and closure of interendothelial junctions is tightly regulated. The two principle underlying mechanisms comprise spatiotemporal activity control of the small GTPases Rac1 and RhoA and the balance of the phosphorylation state of AJ proteins. In the resting state, junctional Rac1 and RhoA activity is enhanced by junctional components, actin-binding proteins, cAMP signalling and extracellular cues such as sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1). In addition, phosphorylation of AJ components is prevented by junction-associated phosphatases including vascular endothelial protein tyrosine phosphatase (VE-PTP). In contrast, inflammatory mediators inhibiting cAMP/Rac1 signalling cause strong activation of RhoA and induce AJ phosphorylation finally leading to endocytosis and cleavage of VE-cadherin. This results in dissolution of TJs the outcome of which is endothelial barrier breakdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Y. Radeva
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Munich Germany
| | - J. Waschke
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Munich Germany
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40
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Cao J, Ehling M, März S, Seebach J, Tarbashevich K, Sixta T, Pitulescu ME, Werner AC, Flach B, Montanez E, Raz E, Adams RH, Schnittler H. Polarized actin and VE-cadherin dynamics regulate junctional remodelling and cell migration during sprouting angiogenesis. Nat Commun 2017; 8:2210. [PMID: 29263363 PMCID: PMC5738342 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02373-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
VEGFR-2/Notch signalling regulates angiogenesis in part by driving the remodelling of endothelial cell junctions and by inducing cell migration. Here, we show that VEGF-induced polarized cell elongation increases cell perimeter and decreases the relative VE-cadherin concentration at junctions, triggering polarized formation of actin-driven junction-associated intermittent lamellipodia (JAIL) under control of the WASP/WAVE/ARP2/3 complex. JAIL allow formation of new VE-cadherin adhesion sites that are critical for cell migration and monolayer integrity. Whereas at the leading edge of the cell, large JAIL drive cell migration with supportive contraction, lateral junctions show small JAIL that allow relative cell movement. VEGFR-2 activation initiates cell elongation through dephosphorylation of junctional myosin light chain II, which leads to a local loss of tension to induce JAIL-mediated junctional remodelling. These events require both microtubules and polarized Rac activity. Together, we propose a model where polarized JAIL formation drives directed cell migration and junctional remodelling during sprouting angiogenesis. The formation of new blood vessels requires both polarized cell migration and coordinated control of endothelial cell contacts. Here, Cao and colleagues describe at the sub-cellular level the cytoskeletal and cell junction dynamics regulating these processes upon VEGF-induced cell elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Cao
- Institute of Anatomy and Vascular Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms University of Münster, Faculty of Medicine, D-48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Manuel Ehling
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine and Westfälische Wilhelms University of Münster, Faculty of Medicine, D-48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Sigrid März
- Institute of Anatomy and Vascular Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms University of Münster, Faculty of Medicine, D-48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Jochen Seebach
- Institute of Anatomy and Vascular Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms University of Münster, Faculty of Medicine, D-48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Katsiaryna Tarbashevich
- Institute of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, D-48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Tomas Sixta
- Department of Cybernetics, Czech Technical University, 16627, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Mara E Pitulescu
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine and Westfälische Wilhelms University of Münster, Faculty of Medicine, D-48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Ann-Cathrin Werner
- Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Boris Flach
- Department of Cybernetics, Czech Technical University, 16627, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Eloi Montanez
- Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Erez Raz
- Institute of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, D-48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Ralf H Adams
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine and Westfälische Wilhelms University of Münster, Faculty of Medicine, D-48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Hans Schnittler
- Institute of Anatomy and Vascular Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms University of Münster, Faculty of Medicine, D-48149, Münster, Germany.
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41
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Reinhard NR, Mastop M, Yin T, Wu Y, Bosma EK, Gadella TWJ, Goedhart J, Hordijk PL. The balance between Gα i-Cdc42/Rac and Gα 12/ 13-RhoA pathways determines endothelial barrier regulation by sphingosine-1-phosphate. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:3371-3382. [PMID: 28954861 PMCID: PMC5687037 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-03-0136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The bioactive sphingosine-1-phosphatephosphate (S1P) is present in plasma, bound to carrier proteins, and involved in many physiological processes, including angiogenesis, inflammatory responses, and vascular stabilization. S1P can bind to several G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) activating a number of different signaling networks. At present, the dynamics and relative importance of signaling events activated immediately downstream of GPCR activation are unclear. To examine these, we used a set of fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based biosensors for different RhoGTPases (Rac1, RhoA/B/C, and Cdc42) as well as for heterotrimeric G-proteins in a series of live-cell imaging experiments in primary human endothelial cells. These experiments were accompanied by biochemical GTPase activity assays and transendothelial resistance measurements. We show that S1P promotes cell spreading and endothelial barrier function through S1PR1-Gαi-Rac1 and S1PR1-Gαi-Cdc42 pathways. In parallel, a S1PR2-Gα12/13-RhoA pathway is activated that can induce cell contraction and loss of barrier function, but only if Gαi-mediated signaling is suppressed. Our results suggest that Gαq activity is not involved in S1P-mediated regulation of barrier integrity. Moreover, we show that early activation of RhoA by S1P inactivates Rac1 but not Cdc42, and vice versa. Together, our data show that the rapid S1P-induced increase in endothelial integrity is mediated by a S1PR1-Gαi-Cdc42 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie R Reinhard
- van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, Molecular Cytology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Molecular Cell Biology and
- University of Amsterdam Academic Medical Centre-Landsteiner Laboratory, Sanquin Research, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marieke Mastop
- van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, Molecular Cytology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Taofei Yin
- Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030
| | - Yi Wu
- Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030
| | - Esmeralda K Bosma
- van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, Molecular Cytology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Theodorus W J Gadella
- van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, Molecular Cytology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joachim Goedhart
- van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, Molecular Cytology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Peter L Hordijk
- van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, Molecular Cytology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Molecular Cell Biology and
- University of Amsterdam Academic Medical Centre-Landsteiner Laboratory, Sanquin Research, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Physiology, Free University Medical Center, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
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42
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Abstract
Endothelial cells line blood vessels and provide a dynamic interface between the blood and tissues. They remodel to allow leukocytes, fluid and small molecules to enter tissues during inflammation and infections. Here we compare the signaling networks that contribute to endothelial permeability and leukocyte transendothelial migration, focusing particularly on signals mediated by small GTPases that regulate cell adhesion and the actin cytoskeleton. Rho and Rap GTPase signaling is important for both processes, but they differ in that signals are activated locally under leukocytes, whereas endothelial permeability is a wider event that affects the whole cell. Some molecules play a unique role in one of the two processes, and could therefore be targeted to selectively alter either endothelial permeability or leukocyte transendothelial migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Cerutti
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Anne J Ridley
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
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Kreutzman A, Colom-Fernández B, Jiménez AM, Ilander M, Cuesta-Mateos C, Pérez-García Y, Arévalo CD, Brück O, Hakanen H, Saarela J, Ortega-Carrión A, de Rosendo A, Juanes-García A, Steegmann JL, Mustjoki S, Vicente-Manzanares M, Muñoz-Calleja C. Dasatinib Reversibly Disrupts Endothelial Vascular Integrity by Increasing Non-Muscle Myosin II Contractility in a ROCK-Dependent Manner. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:6697-6707. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-0667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Chang F, Flavahan S, Flavahan NA. Impaired activity of adherens junctions contributes to endothelial dilator dysfunction in ageing rat arteries. J Physiol 2017; 595:5143-5158. [PMID: 28561330 DOI: 10.1113/jp274189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Ageing-induced endothelial dysfunction contributes to organ dysfunction and progression of cardiovascular disease. VE-cadherin clustering at adherens junctions promotes protective endothelial functions, including endothelium-dependent dilatation. Ageing increased internalization and degradation of VE-cadherin, resulting in impaired activity of adherens junctions. Inhibition of VE-cadherin clustering at adherens junctions (function-blocking antibody; FBA) reduced endothelial dilatation in young arteries but did not affect the already impaired dilatation in old arteries. After junctional disruption with the FBA, dilatation was similar in young and old arteries. Src tyrosine kinase activity and tyrosine phosphorylation of VE-cadherin were increased in old arteries. Src inhibition increased VE-cadherin at adherens junctions and increased endothelial dilatation in old, but not young, arteries. Src inhibition did not increase dilatation in old arteries treated with the VE-cadherin FBA. Ageing impairs the activity of adherens junctions, which contributes to endothelial dilator dysfunction. Restoring the activity of adherens junctions could be of therapeutic benefit in vascular ageing. ABSTRACT Endothelial dilator dysfunction contributes to pathological vascular ageing. Experiments assessed whether altered activity of endothelial adherens junctions (AJs) might contribute to this dysfunction. Aortas and tail arteries were isolated from young (3-4 months) and old (22-24 months) F344 rats. VE-cadherin immunofluorescent staining at endothelial AJs and AJ width were reduced in old compared to young arteries. A 140 kDa VE-cadherin species was present on the cell surface and in TTX-insoluble fractions, consistent with junctional localization. Levels of the 140 kDa VE-cadherin were decreased, whereas levels of a TTX-soluble 115 kDa VE-cadherin species were increased in old compared to young arteries. Acetylcholine caused endothelium-dependent dilatation that was decreased in old compared to young arteries. Disruption of VE-cadherin clustering at AJs (function-blocking antibody, FBA) inhibited dilatation to acetylcholine in young, but not old, arteries. After the FBA, there was no longer any difference in dilatation between old and young arteries. Src activity and tyrosine phosphorylation of VE-cadherin were increased in old compared to young arteries. In old arteries, Src inhibition (saracatinib) increased: (i) 140 kDa VE-cadherin in the TTX-insoluble fraction, (ii) VE-cadherin intensity at AJs, (iii) AJ width, and (iv) acetylcholine dilatation. In old arteries treated with the FBA, saracatinib no longer increased acetylcholine dilatation. Saracatinib did not affect dilatation in young arteries. Therefore, ageing impairs AJ activity, which appears to reflect Src-induced phosphorylation, internalization and degradation of VE-cadherin. Moreover, impaired AJ activity can account for the endothelial dilator dysfunction in old arteries. Restoring endothelial AJ activity may be a novel therapeutic approach to vascular ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumin Chang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sheila Flavahan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nicholas A Flavahan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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45
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Doggett TM, Alves NG, Yuan SY, Breslin JW. Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Treatment Can Ameliorate Microvascular Leakage Caused by Combined Alcohol Intoxication and Hemorrhagic Shock. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4078. [PMID: 28642485 PMCID: PMC5481382 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04157-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluid resuscitation following hemorrhagic shock is often problematic, with development of prolonged hypotension and edema. In addition, many trauma patients are also intoxicated, which generally worsens outcomes. We directly investigated how alcohol intoxication impacts hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation-induced microvascular leakage using a rat model with intravital microscopic imaging. We also tested the hypothesis that an endothelial barrier-protective bioactive lipid, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), could ameliorate the microvascular leakage following alcohol intoxication plus hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation. Our results show that alcohol intoxication exacerbated hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation-induced hypotension and microvascular leakage. We next found that S1P effectively could reverse alcohol-induced endothelial barrier dysfunction using both cultured endothelial cell monolayer and in vivo models. Lastly, we observed that S1P administration ameliorated hypotension and microvascular leakage following combined alcohol intoxication and hemorrhagic shock, in a dose-related manner. These findings suggest the viability of using agonists that can improve microvascular barrier function to ameliorate trauma-induced hypotension, offering a novel therapeutic opportunity for potentially improving clinical outcomes in patients with multi-hit injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis M Doggett
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Natascha G Alves
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Sarah Y Yuan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Jerome W Breslin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
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ADAMTS13 controls vascular remodeling by modifying VWF reactivity during stroke recovery. Blood 2017; 130:11-22. [PMID: 28428179 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-10-747089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenic response is essential for ischemic brain repair. The von Willebrand factor (VWF)-cleaving protease disintegrin and metalloprotease with thrombospondin type I motif, member 13 (ADAMTS13) is required for endothelial tube formation in vitro, but there is currently no in vivo evidence supporting a function of ADAMTS13 in angiogenesis. Here we show that mice deficient in ADAMTS13 exhibited reduced neovascularization, brain capillary perfusion, pericyte and smooth muscle cell coverage on microvessels, expression of the tight junction and basement membrane proteins, and accelerated blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown and extravascular deposits of serum proteins in the peri-infarct cortex at 14 days after stroke. Deficiency of VWF or anti-VWF antibody treatment significantly increased microvessels, perfused capillary length, and reversed pericyte loss and BBB changes in Adamts13-/- mice. Furthermore, we observed that ADAMTS13 deficiency decreased angiopoietin-2 and galectin-3 levels in the isolated brain microvessels, whereas VWF deficiency had the opposite effect. Correlating with this, overexpression of angiopoietin-2 by adenoviruses treatment or administration of recombinant galectin-3 normalized microvascular reductions, pericyte loss, and BBB breakdown in Adamts13-/- mice. The vascular changes induced by angiopoietin-2 overexpression and recombinant galectin-3 treatment in Adamts13-/- mice were abolished by the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 antagonist SU1498. Importantly, treating wild-type mice with recombinant ADAMTS13 at 7 days after stroke markedly increased neovascularization and vascular repair and improved functional recovery at 14 days. Our results suggest that ADAMTS13 controls key steps of ischemic vascular remodeling and that recombinant ADAMTS13 is a putative therapeutic avenue for promoting stroke recovery.
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Belvitch P, Brown ME, Brinley BN, Letsiou E, Rizzo AN, Garcia JGN, Dudek SM. The ARP 2/3 complex mediates endothelial barrier function and recovery. Pulm Circ 2017; 7:200-210. [PMID: 28680579 PMCID: PMC5448540 DOI: 10.1086/690307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary endothelial cell (EC) barrier dysfunction and recovery is critical to the pathophysiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Cytoskeletal and subsequent cell membrane dynamics play a key mechanistic role in determination of EC barrier integrity. Here, we characterizAQe the actin related protein 2/3 (Arp 2/3) complex, a regulator of peripheral branched actin polymerization, in human pulmonary EC barrier function through studies of transendothelial electrical resistance (TER), intercellular gap formation, peripheral cytoskeletal structures and lamellipodia. Compared to control, Arp 2/3 inhibition with the small molecule inhibitor CK-666 results in a reduction of baseline barrier function (1,241 ± 53 vs 988 ± 64 ohm; p < 0.01), S1P-induced barrier enhancement and delayed recovery of barrier function after thrombin (143 ± 14 vs 93 ± 6 min; p < 0.01). Functional changes of Arp 2/3 inhibition on barrier integrity are associated temporally with increased intercellular gap area at baseline (0.456 ± 0.02 vs 0.299 ± 0.02; p < 0.05) and thirty minutes after thrombin (0.885 ± 0.03 vs 0.754 ± 0.03; p < 0.05). Immunofluorescent microscopy reveals reduced lamellipodia formation after S1P and during thrombin recovery in Arp 2/3 inhibited cells. Individual lamellipodia demonstrate reduced depth following Arp 2/3 inhibition vs vehicle at baseline (1.83 ± 0.41 vs 2.55 ± 0.46 µm; p < 0.05) and thirty minutes after S1P treatment (1.53 ± 0.37 vs 2.09 ± 0.36 µm; p < 0.05). These results establish a critical role for Arp 2/3 activity in determination of pulmonary endothelial barrier function and recovery through formation of EC lamellipodia and closure of intercellular gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Belvitch
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy, University of Illinois Hospital and Health Science System, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mary E Brown
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy, University of Illinois Hospital and Health Science System, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Eleftheria Letsiou
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy, University of Illinois Hospital and Health Science System, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alicia N Rizzo
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy, University of Illinois Hospital and Health Science System, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Joe G N Garcia
- University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Steven M Dudek
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy, University of Illinois Hospital and Health Science System, Chicago, IL, USA
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48
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García-Weber D, Millán J. Parallels between single cell migration and barrier formation: The case of RhoB and Rac1 trafficking. Small GTPases 2016; 9:332-338. [PMID: 27598909 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2016.1231655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The appearance of multicellularity implied the adaptation of signaling networks required for unicellular life to new functions arising in this remarkable evolutionary transition. A hallmark of multicellular organisms is the formation of cellular barriers that compartmentalize spaces and functions. Here we discuss recent findings concerning the role of RhoB in the negative control of Rac1 trafficking from endosomes to the cell border, in order to induce membrane extensions to restore endothelial barrier function after acute contraction. This role closely resembles that proposed for RhoB in controlling single cell migration through Rac1, which has also been observed in cancer cell invasion. We highlight these similarities as a signaling paradigm that shows that endothelial barrier integrity is controlled not only by the formation of cell-cell junctions, but also by a balance between ancestral mechanisms of cell spreading and contraction conserved from unicellular organisms and orchestrated by Rho GTPases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jaime Millán
- a Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM , Madrid , Spain
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Schnittler H. Contraction of endothelial cells: 40 years of research, but the debate still lives. Histochem Cell Biol 2016; 146:651-656. [PMID: 27680546 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-016-1501-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Force generation in non-muscle cells is vital for many cellular and tissue functions. Force-generating mechanisms include actomyosin-mediated contraction, actin polymerization that drives plasma membrane protrusions and filopodia as well as kinesin- and dynein-controlled transport of vesicles and organelles along the microtubule cytoskeleton. The actomyosin-mediated contractility and actin remodeling in both epithelium and endothelium were shown to have significant impact on cell migration, shape change and formation and control of intercellular junctions. In endothelium, contraction is supposed to control permeability for fluid and solutes. However, recent studies demonstrated the constitutive appearance of junction-associated intermittent lamellipodia (JAIL) that drive vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin) dynamics and control endothelial permeability. Since thrombin blocks JAIL formation and thus increases endothelial permeability, the concept of a simple Rho GTPase-controlled contraction, which is supposed to open endothelial junctions, becomes challenged. Furthermore, specific tyrosine phosphorylation sites of VE-cadherin and catenins have been shown to be involved in control of VE-cadherin-mediated cell adhesion. How the causal-mechanistic interdependency between contractility, VE-cadherin and catenin phosphorylation and JAIL-mediated dynamic remodeling of VE-cadherin is regulated is still an open question and needs to be further addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Schnittler
- Institute of Anatomy and Vascular Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Vesaliusweg 2-4, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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50
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Seebach J, Cao J, Schnittler HJ. Quantitative dynamics of VE-cadherin at endothelial cell junctions at a glance: basic requirements and current concepts. Discoveries (Craiova) 2016; 4:e63. [PMID: 32309583 PMCID: PMC7159836 DOI: 10.15190/d.2016.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Intercellular junctions of the vascular endothelium are dynamic structures that display a high degree of plasticity, which is required to contribute to their regulation of many physiological and pathological processes including monolayer integrity, barrier function, wound healing and angiogenesis. Vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin) is connected via catenins to the actin cytoskeleton, both of which are key structures in endothelial junction regulation, and thus are the focus of much investigation. Fluorescence-based live cell imaging is the method of choice to study dynamic remodeling in living cells. Although these methods have been successfully applied to many cell types, investigations of endothelial junction dynamics were for a long time limited as they are largely resistant to transfection using many classical protocols. Application of virus-based gene transduction techniques, together with advanced microscopy, now allows both sufficient expression of fluorescence tagged junction-localized proteins in the endothelium and time-lapse recording over long periods. Using highly spatiotemporally resolved fluorescence microscopy it turned out that endothelial junctions display extensive junction heterogeneity at the subcellular level; a fact that largely limits automated quantification by available software. Recent work describes open software tools to quantitatively analyze large amounts of fluorescence-based image data in either single or confluent epithelial and endothelial cells. Based on quantitative VE-cadherin and actin dynamics novel key players, mechanisms and concepts have been suggested that control endothelial junction dynamics. Here we aim to summarize the recent developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Seebach
- Institute of Anatomy and Vascular Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster Germany
| | - Jiahui Cao
- Institute of Anatomy and Vascular Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster Germany
| | - Hans Joachim Schnittler
- Institute of Anatomy and Vascular Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster Germany
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