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Chandy M, Hill T, Jimenez-Tellez N, Wu JC, Sarles SE, Hensel E, Wang Q, Rahman I, Conklin DJ. Addressing Cardiovascular Toxicity Risk of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems in the Twenty-First Century: "What Are the Tools Needed for the Job?" and "Do We Have Them?". Cardiovasc Toxicol 2024; 24:435-471. [PMID: 38555547 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-024-09850-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is positively and robustly associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD), including hypertension, atherosclerosis, cardiac arrhythmias, stroke, thromboembolism, myocardial infarctions, and heart failure. However, after more than a decade of ENDS presence in the U.S. marketplace, uncertainty persists regarding the long-term health consequences of ENDS use for CVD. New approach methods (NAMs) in the field of toxicology are being developed to enhance rapid prediction of human health hazards. Recent technical advances can now consider impact of biological factors such as sex and race/ethnicity, permitting application of NAMs findings to health equity and environmental justice issues. This has been the case for hazard assessments of drugs and environmental chemicals in areas such as cardiovascular, respiratory, and developmental toxicity. Despite these advances, a shortage of widely accepted methodologies to predict the impact of ENDS use on human health slows the application of regulatory oversight and the protection of public health. Minimizing the time between the emergence of risk (e.g., ENDS use) and the administration of well-founded regulatory policy requires thoughtful consideration of the currently available sources of data, their applicability to the prediction of health outcomes, and whether these available data streams are enough to support an actionable decision. This challenge forms the basis of this white paper on how best to reveal potential toxicities of ENDS use in the human cardiovascular system-a primary target of conventional tobacco smoking. We identify current approaches used to evaluate the impacts of tobacco on cardiovascular health, in particular emerging techniques that replace, reduce, and refine slower and more costly animal models with NAMs platforms that can be applied to tobacco regulatory science. The limitations of these emerging platforms are addressed, and systems biology approaches to close the knowledge gap between traditional models and NAMs are proposed. It is hoped that these suggestions and their adoption within the greater scientific community will result in fresh data streams that will support and enhance the scientific evaluation and subsequent decision-making of tobacco regulatory agencies worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Chandy
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, N6A 5K8, Canada
| | - Thomas Hill
- Division of Nonclinical Science, Center for Tobacco Products, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Nerea Jimenez-Tellez
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Joseph C Wu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA
| | - S Emma Sarles
- Biomedical and Chemical Engineering PhD Program, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, 14623, USA
| | - Edward Hensel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, 14623, USA
| | - Qixin Wang
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Irfan Rahman
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Daniel J Conklin
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Cardiometabolic Science, Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, 580 S. Preston St., Delia Baxter, Rm. 404E, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
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Treschow AF, Valente MJ, Lauschke K, Holst B, Andersen AR, Vinggaard AM. Investigating the applicability domain of the hiPSC-based PluriLum assay: an embryotoxicity assessment of chemicals and drugs. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:1209-1224. [PMID: 38311648 PMCID: PMC10944425 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03675-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
To meet the growing demand for developmental toxicity assessment of chemicals, New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) are needed. Previously, we developed two 3D in vitro assays based on human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) and cardiomyocyte differentiation: the PluriBeat assay, based on assessment of beating differentiated embryoid bodies, and the PluriLum assay, a reporter gene assay based on the expression of the early cardiac marker NKX2.5; both promising assays for predicting embryotoxic effects of chemicals and drugs. In this work, we aimed to further describe the predictive power of the PluriLum assay and compare its sensitivity with PluriBeat and similar human stem cell-based assays developed by others. For this purpose, we assessed the toxicity of a panel of ten chemicals from different chemical classes, consisting of the known developmental toxicants 5-fluorouracil, all-trans retinoic acid and valproic acid, as well as the negative control compounds ascorbic acid and folic acid. In addition, the fungicides epoxiconazole and prochloraz, and three perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), PFOS, PFOA and GenX were tested. Generally, the PluriLum assay displayed higher sensitivity when compared to the PluriBeat assay. For several compounds the luminescence readout of the PluriLum assay showed effects not detected by the PluriBeat assay, including two PFAS compounds and the two fungicides. Overall, we find that the PluriLum assay has the potential to provide a fast and objective detection of developmental toxicants and has a level of sensitivity that is comparable to or higher than other in vitro assays also based on human stem cells and cardiomyocyte differentiation for assessment of developmental toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Frederik Treschow
- Cell Toxicology Team, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Maria João Valente
- Cell Toxicology Team, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Karin Lauschke
- Cell Toxicology Team, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- Cell Therapy TRU, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | | | - Anders Reenberg Andersen
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anne Marie Vinggaard
- Cell Toxicology Team, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
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Hussen E, Aakel N, Shaito AA, Al-Asmakh M, Abou-Saleh H, Zakaria ZZ. Zebrafish ( Danio rerio) as a Model for the Study of Developmental and Cardiovascular Toxicity of Electronic Cigarettes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:194. [PMID: 38203365 PMCID: PMC10779276 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The increasing popularity of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) as an alternative to conventional tobacco products has raised concerns regarding their potential adverse effects. The cardiovascular system undergoes intricate processes forming the heart and blood vessels during fetal development. However, the precise impact of e-cigarette smoke and aerosols on these delicate developmental processes remains elusive. Previous studies have revealed changes in gene expression patterns, disruptions in cellular signaling pathways, and increased oxidative stress resulting from e-cigarette exposure. These findings indicate the potential for e-cigarettes to cause developmental and cardiovascular harm. This comprehensive review article discusses various aspects of electronic cigarette use, emphasizing the relevance of cardiovascular studies in Zebrafish for understanding the risks to human health. It also highlights novel experimental approaches and technologies while addressing their inherent challenges and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Hussen
- Biological Science Program, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar;
| | - Nada Aakel
- Biomedical Sciences Department, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar; (N.A.); (M.A.-A.); (H.A.-S.)
| | - Abdullah A. Shaito
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar;
| | - Maha Al-Asmakh
- Biomedical Sciences Department, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar; (N.A.); (M.A.-A.); (H.A.-S.)
| | - Haissam Abou-Saleh
- Biomedical Sciences Department, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar; (N.A.); (M.A.-A.); (H.A.-S.)
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar;
| | - Zain Z. Zakaria
- Medical and Health Sciences Office, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
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Fountoulakis P, Theofilis P, Tsalamandris S, Antonopoulos AS, Tsioufis P, Toutouzas K, Oikonomou E, Tsioufis K, Tousoulis D. The cardiovascular consequences of electronic cigarette smoking: a narrative review. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2023; 21:651-661. [PMID: 37755116 DOI: 10.1080/14779072.2023.2264179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION E-cigarettes have emerged as a popular alternative to traditional tobacco smoking in recent years. Despite their growing popularity, concerns have arisen regarding the cardiovascular implications of e-cigarette use. AREAS COVERED This narrative review aims to highlight the latest evidence on the impact of e-cigarettes on cardiovascular health. EXPERT OPINION Numerous studies have demonstrated that e-cigarette use can lead to acute adverse cardiovascular effects. Inhalation of e-cigarette aerosols exposes users to a wide range of potentially harmful substances that have been implicated in critical pathophysiologic pathways of cardiovascular disease, namely endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, inflammation, sympathetic overdrive, and arterial stiffness. While long-term epidemiological studies specifically focusing on the cardiovascular effects of e-cigarettes are still relatively scarce, early evidence suggests a potential association between e-cigarette use and an increased risk of adverse cardiovascular events. However, it is essential to recognize that e-cigarettes are relatively new products, and the full extent of their long-term cardiovascular impact has not been fully elucidated. In the meantime, promoting tobacco cessation strategies that are evidence-based and regulated, along with rigorous monitoring of e-cigarette use patterns and associated health outcomes, are essential steps in safeguarding cardiovascular health in the face of this emerging public health challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petros Fountoulakis
- Cardiology Department, Hippokration General Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Theofilis
- Cardiology Department, Hippokration General Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Sotiris Tsalamandris
- Cardiology Department, Hippokration General Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Alexios S Antonopoulos
- Cardiology Department, Hippokration General Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Tsioufis
- Cardiology Department, Hippokration General Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Toutouzas
- Cardiology Department, Hippokration General Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelos Oikonomou
- Cardiology Department, Hippokration General Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
- Cardiology Department, Sotiria Chest Diseases Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Tsioufis
- Cardiology Department, Hippokration General Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitris Tousoulis
- Cardiology Department, Hippokration General Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
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Pitzer CR, Aboaziza EA, O'Reilly JM, Mandler WK, Olfert IM. Nicotine and Microvascular Responses in Skeletal Muscle from Acute Exposure to Cigarettes and Vaping. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10208. [PMID: 37373356 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite claims of safety or harm reduction for electronic cigarettes (E-cig) use (also known as vaping), emerging evidence indicates that E-cigs are not likely safe, or necessarily safer than traditional cigarettes, when considering the user's risk of developing vascular dysfunction/disease. E-cigs are different from regular cigarettes in that E-cig devices are highly customizable, and users can change the e-liquid composition (such as the base solution, flavors, and nicotine level). Since the effects of E-cigs on the microvascular responses in skeletal muscle are poorly understood, we used intravital microscopy with an acute (one-time 10 puff) exposure paradigm to evaluate the individual components of e-liquid on vascular tone and endothelial function in the arterioles of the gluteus maximus muscle of anesthetized C57Bl/6 mice. Consistent with the molecular responses seen with endothelial cells, we found that the peripheral vasoconstriction response was similar between mice exposed to E-cig aerosol or cigarette smoke (i.e., 3R4F reference cigarette); this response was not nicotine dependent, and endothelial cell-mediated vasodilation was not altered within this acute exposure paradigm. We also report that, regardless of the base solution component [i.e., vegetable glycerin (VG)-only or propylene glycol (PG)-only], the vasoconstriction responses were the same in mice with inhalation exposure to 3R4F cigarette smoke or E-cig aerosol. Key findings from this work reveal that some component other than nicotine, in inhaled smoke or aerosol, is responsible for triggering peripheral vasoconstriction in skeletal muscle, and that regardless of one's preference for an E-cig base solution composition (i.e., ratio of VG-to-PG), the acute physiological response to blood vessels appears to be the same. The data suggest that vaping is not likely to be 'safer' than smoking towards blood vessels and can be expected to produce and/or result in the same adverse vascular health outcomes associated with smoking cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Pitzer
- Division of Exercise Physiology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Eiman A Aboaziza
- West Virginia Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
- Center for Inhalation Toxicology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Juliana M O'Reilly
- Division of Exercise Physiology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - W Kyle Mandler
- Division of Exercise Physiology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - I Mark Olfert
- Division of Exercise Physiology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
- Center for Inhalation Toxicology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
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Ali N, Xavier J, Engur M, Pv M, Bernardino de la Serna J. The impact of e-cigarette exposure on different organ systems: A review of recent evidence and future perspectives. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 457:131828. [PMID: 37320902 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) is rapidly increasing worldwide and is promoted as a smoking cessation tool. The impact of traditional cigs on human health has been well-defined in both animal and human studies. In contrast, little is known about the adverse effects of e-cigs exposure on human health. This review summarizes the impact of e-cigs exposure on different organ systems based on the rapidly expanding recent evidence from experimental and human studies. A number of growing studies have shown the adverse effects of e-cigs exposure on various organ systems. The summarized data in this review indicate that while e-cigs use causes less adverse effects on different organs compared to traditional cigs, its long-term exposure may lead to serious health effects. Data on short-term organ effects are limited and there is no sufficient evidence on long-term organ effects. Moreover, the adverse effects of secondhand and third hand e-cigs vapour exposure have not been thoroughly investigated in previous studies. Although some studies demonstrated e-cigs used as a smoking cessation tool, there is a lack of strong evidence to support it. While some researchers suggested e-cigs as a safer alternative to tobacco smoking, their long-term exposure health effects remain largely unknown. Therefore, more epidemiological and prospective studies including mechanistic studies are needed to address the potential adverse health effects of e-cigs to draw a firm conclusion about their safe use. A wide variation in e-cigs products and the lack of standardized testing methods are the major barriers to evaluating the existing data. Specific regulatory guidelines for both e-cigs components and the manufacturing process may be effective to protect consumer health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurshad Ali
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London SW7 2AZ, UK; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh.
| | - Joseph Xavier
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London SW7 2AZ, UK; Toxicology Division, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (Govt. of India), Poojapura, Trivandrum 695012, Kerala, India.
| | - Melih Engur
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Mohanan Pv
- Toxicology Division, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (Govt. of India), Poojapura, Trivandrum 695012, Kerala, India.
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Mears MJ, Hookfin HL, Bandaru P, Vidal P, Stanford KI, Wold LE. Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems and Cardiovascular/Cardiometabolic Health. Circ Res 2023; 132:1168-1180. [PMID: 37104558 PMCID: PMC10154046 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.123.321565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
The use of electronic nicotine delivery systems, specifically electronic cigarettes (e-cig), has risen dramatically within the last few years; the demographic purchasing these devices is now predominantly adolescents that are not trying to quit the use of traditional combustible cigarettes, but rather are new users. The composition and appearance of these devices has changed since their first entry into the market in the late 2000s, but they remain composed of a battery and aerosol delivery system that is used to deliver breakdown products of propylene glycol/vegetable glycerin, flavorings, and potentially nicotine or other additives. Manufacturers have also adjusted the type of nicotine that is used within the liquid to make the inhalation more palatable for younger users, further affecting the number of youth who use these devices. Although the full spectrum of cardiovascular and cardiometabolic consequences of e-cig use is not fully appreciated, data is beginning to show that e-cigs can cause both short- and long-term issues on cardiac function, vascular integrity and cardiometabolic issues. This review will provide an overview of the cardiovascular, cardiometabolic, and vascular implications of the use of e-cigs, and the potential short- and long-term health effects. A robust understanding of these effects is important in order to inform policy makers on the dangers of e-cigs use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Mears
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Harrison L. Hookfin
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Priya Bandaru
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Pablo Vidal
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Kristin I. Stanford
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Loren E. Wold
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
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Vilcassim MJR, Stowe S, Majumder R, Subramaniam A, Sinkey RG. Electronic Cigarette Use during Pregnancy: Is It Harmful? TOXICS 2023; 11:278. [PMID: 36977043 PMCID: PMC10058591 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11030278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Although combustible cigarette smoking rates have declined in recent years, alternative tobacco product use, particularly electronic cigarette use ("vaping"), has increased among young adults. Recent studies indicate that vaping during pregnancy is on the rise, possibly due to the perception that it is a safer alternative to combustible cigarette smoking. However, e-cigarette aerosols may contain several newer, potentially toxic compounds, including some known developmental toxicants that may adversely impact both the mother and the fetus. However, there is paucity of studies that have examined the effects of vaping during pregnancy. While the adverse perinatal outcomes of cigarette smoking during pregnancy are well established, the specific risks associated with inhaling vaping aerosols during pregnancy requires more research. In this article, we discuss the existing evidence and knowledge gaps on the risks of vaping during pregnancy. Studies that investigate vaping-associated systemic exposure and its effects (i.e., biomarker analyses) and maternal and neonatal clinical health outcomes are needed to reach more robust conclusions. We particularly emphasize the need to go beyond comparative studies with cigarettes, and advocate for research that objectively evaluates the safety of e-cigarettes and other alternative tobacco products.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. J. Ruzmyn Vilcassim
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA;
| | - Samuel Stowe
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA;
| | - Rachel Majumder
- School of Health Professions, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Akila Subramaniam
- Center for Women’s Reproductive Health, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA; (A.S.); (R.G.S.)
| | - Rachel G. Sinkey
- Center for Women’s Reproductive Health, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA; (A.S.); (R.G.S.)
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A low-cost smartphone fluorescence microscope for research, life science education, and STEM outreach. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2722. [PMID: 36894527 PMCID: PMC9998573 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29182-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Much of our understanding of cell and tissue development, structure, and function stems from fluorescence microscopy. The acquisition of colorful and glowing images engages and excites users ranging from seasoned microscopists to STEM students. Fluorescence microscopes range in cost from several thousand to several hundred thousand US dollars. Therefore, the use of fluorescence microscopy is typically limited to well-funded institutions and biotechnology companies, research core facilities, and medical laboratories, but is financially impractical at many universities and colleges, primary and secondary schools (K-12), and in science outreach settings. In this study, we developed and characterized components that when used in combination with a smartphone or tablet, perform fluorescence microscopy at a cost of less than $50 US dollars per unit. We re-purposed recreational LED flashlights and theater stage lighting filters to enable viewing of green and red fluorophores including EGFP, DsRed, mRFP, and mCherry on a simple-to-build frame made of wood and plexiglass. These devices, which we refer to as glowscopes, were capable of 10 µm resolution, imaging fluorescence in live specimens, and were compatible with all smartphone and tablet models we tested. In comparison to scientific-grade fluorescence microscopes, glowscopes may have limitations to sensitivity needed to detect dim fluorescence and the inability to resolve subcellular structures. We demonstrate capability of viewing fluorescence within zebrafish embryos, including heart rate, rhythmicity, and regional anatomy of the central nervous system. Due to the low cost of individual glowscope units, we anticipate this device can help to equip K-12, undergraduate, and science outreach classrooms with fleets of fluorescence microscopes that can engage students with hands-on learning activities.
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Ballbè M, Fu M, Masana G, Pérez-Ortuño R, Gual A, Gil F, Olmedo P, García-Algar Ó, Pascual JA, Fernández E. Passive exposure to electronic cigarette aerosol in pregnancy: A case study of a family. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 216:114490. [PMID: 36220444 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Passive exposure to the aerosols of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) has been little studied. We assessed this exposure in late pregnancy in a woman and her 3-year-old child, exposed through e-cigarette use by another household member. METHODS This prospective longitudinal case study involved a family unit consisting of an e-cigarette user, a pregnant woman who delivered an infant during the study, and the couple's older 3-year-old son. At 31, 36, and 40 weeks of the pregnancy, we measured biomarkers (nicotine metabolites, tobacco-specific nitrosamines, propanediols, glycerol, and metals) in the urine and hair of all three participants and in the saliva of the adults, in cord blood at delivery, and in the breast milk at the postpartum period. RESULTS Samples from the e-cigarette user showed quantifiable concentrations of all analytes assessed (maximum urinary cotinine concentration, 4.9 ng/mL). Among samples taken from the mother, nicotine and its metabolites were found mainly in urine and also in saliva and hair, but not in cord blood. During the postpartum period, we found cotinine concentrations of 2.2 ng/mL in the mother's urine and 0.22 ng/mL in breast milk; 1,2-propanediol was generally detected in urine and saliva, but not in cord blood or breast milk. The maximum urinary cotinine concentration in the 3-year-old child was 2.6 ng/mL and propanediols also were detected in his urine. Nitrosamines were not detected in samples taken from the mother or the 3-year-old. Metals found in the refill liquid were detected at low levels in both the mother and the 3-year-old. CONCLUSIONS We detected low but not negligible concentrations of e-cigarette-related analytes (including cord blood and breast milk) in an exposed pregnant non-user and in a 3-year-old child also living in the home. Passive exposure to e-cigarette aerosols cannot be disregarded and should be assessed in larger observational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montse Ballbè
- Tobacco Control Unit, Cancer Control and Prevention Program, WHO Collaborating Center for Tobacco Control, Institut Català d'Oncologia (ICO), Av. Gran Via de l'Hospitalet 199-203, 08908, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat (Barcelona), Spain; Tobacco Control Research Group, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Av. Gran Via de l'Hospitalet 199-203, 08908, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat (Barcelona), Spain; CIBER of Respirarory Diseases (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Addictions Unit, Psychiatry Department, Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, C. Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Marcela Fu
- Tobacco Control Unit, Cancer Control and Prevention Program, WHO Collaborating Center for Tobacco Control, Institut Català d'Oncologia (ICO), Av. Gran Via de l'Hospitalet 199-203, 08908, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat (Barcelona), Spain; Tobacco Control Research Group, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Av. Gran Via de l'Hospitalet 199-203, 08908, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat (Barcelona), Spain; CIBER of Respirarory Diseases (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, C. Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat (Barcelona), Spain.
| | - Guillem Masana
- Barcelona Clinic Schizophrenia Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, C. Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER of Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Raúl Pérez-Ortuño
- Group of Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience, Neurosciences Programme, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Antoni Gual
- Grup de Recerca en Addiccions Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Fernando Gil
- Department of Legal Medicine and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.
| | - Pablo Olmedo
- Department of Legal Medicine and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.
| | - Óscar García-Algar
- Neonatology Unit, ICGON, Hospital Clínic-Maternitat, BCNatal, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Jose Antonio Pascual
- Group of Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience, Neurosciences Programme, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Esteve Fernández
- Tobacco Control Unit, Cancer Control and Prevention Program, WHO Collaborating Center for Tobacco Control, Institut Català d'Oncologia (ICO), Av. Gran Via de l'Hospitalet 199-203, 08908, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat (Barcelona), Spain; Tobacco Control Research Group, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Av. Gran Via de l'Hospitalet 199-203, 08908, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat (Barcelona), Spain; CIBER of Respirarory Diseases (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, C. Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat (Barcelona), Spain.
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11
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Mills A, Dakhlallah D, Robinson M, Kirk A, Llavina S, Boyd JW, Chantler PD, Olfert IM. Short-term effects of electronic cigarettes on cerebrovascular function: A time course study. Exp Physiol 2022; 107:994-1006. [PMID: 35661445 PMCID: PMC9357197 DOI: 10.1113/ep090341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Acute exposure to electronic cigarettes (Ecigs) triggers abnormal vascular responses in systemic arteries; however, effects on cerebral vessels are poorly understood and time for recovery is not known. We hypothesized that exposure to cigarettes or Ecigs would trigger rapid (<4 h) impairment of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) but that this would resolve by 24 h. What is the main finding and its importance? Cigarettes and Ecigs caused similar degree and duration of MCA impairment. We find it takes ~72 hours after exposure for MCA function to return to normal. This suggests that Ecig use is likely to produce similar adverse vascular health outcomes to those seen with cigarette smoke. ABSTRACT Temporal influences of electronic cigarettes (Ecigs) on blood vessels are poorly understood. In this study, we evaluated a single episode of cigarette versus Ecig exposure on middle cerebral artery (MCA) reactivity and determined how long after the exposure MCA responses took to return to normal. We hypothesized that cigarette and Ecig exposure would induce rapid (<4 h) reduction in MCA endothelial function and would resolve within 24 h. Sprague-Dawley rats (4 months old) were exposed to either air (n = 5), traditional cigarettes (20 puffs, n = 16) or Ecigs (20-puff group, n = 16; or 60-puff group, n = 12). Thereafter, the cigarette and Ecig groups were randomly assigned for postexposure vessel myography testing on day 0 (D0, 1-4 h postexposure), day 1 (D1, 24-28 h postexposure), day 2 (D2, 48-52 h postexposure) and day 3 (72-76 h postexposure). The greatest effect on endothelium-dependent dilatation was observed within 24 h of exposure (∼50% decline between D0 and D1) for both cigarette and Ecig groups, and impairment persisted with all groups for up to 3 days. Changes in endothelium-independent dilatation responses were less severe (∼27%) and shorter lived (recovering by D2) compared with endothelium-dependent dilatation responses. Vasoconstriction in response to serotonin (5-HT) was similar to endothelium-independent dilatation, with greatest impairment (∼45% for all exposure groups) at D0-D1, returning to normal by D2. These data show that exposure to cigarettes and Ecigs triggers a similar level/duration of cerebrovascular dysfunction after a single exposure. The finding that Ecig (without nicotine) and cigarette (with nicotine) exposure produce the same effects suggesting that nicotine is not likely to be triggering MCA dysfunction, and that vaping (with/without nicotine) has potential to produce the same vascular harm and/or disease as smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Mills
- Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506
| | - Duaa Dakhlallah
- Dept. of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506,Institute of Global Health and Human Ecology, School of Sciences & Engineering, The American University of Cairo, Egypt
| | - Madison Robinson
- Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506
| | - Ally Kirk
- Alderson Broaddus University, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506
| | - Sam Llavina
- Center for Inhalation Toxicology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506
| | - Jonathan W. Boyd
- Center for Inhalation Toxicology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506,Dept. of Orthopedics, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506
| | - Paul D. Chantler
- Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506,Dept. of Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506
| | - I. Mark Olfert
- Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506,Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506,Center for Inhalation Toxicology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506
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12
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Orzabal MR, Naik VD, Lee J, Hillhouse AE, Brashear WA, Threadgill DW, Ramadoss J. Impact of E-cig aerosol vaping on fetal and neonatal respiratory development and function. Transl Res 2022; 246:102-114. [PMID: 35351623 PMCID: PMC9197928 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2022.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Electronic cigarette (e-cig) use has increased over the past decade, and exposure to e-cig aerosols during pregnancy raises concern for maternal and fetal health. The developing fetal lung is known to be sensitive to prenatal tobacco product exposure. Utilizing a 3-pronged approach, we examined the effects of prenatal e-cig aerosols with, and without nicotine on respiratory development in a murine model. RNAseq analysis of fetal lungs revealed extensive dysregulation in gene expression. Morphologic assessment of distal airspaces in neonatal lungs display an emphysematic phenotype. Respiratory mechanics of neonates display signs of increased respiratory workload, with increased resistance and decreased compliance. These data are novel and provide evidence that prenatal e-cig exposure may result in altered lung function or development of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus R Orzabal
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Vishal D Naik
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, C.S. Mott Center for Human growth and Development, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Jehoon Lee
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Andrew E Hillhouse
- Institute for Genome Sciences and Society, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Wesley A Brashear
- Institute for Genome Sciences and Society, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - David W Threadgill
- Institute for Genome Sciences and Society, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Jayanth Ramadoss
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, C.S. Mott Center for Human growth and Development, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
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13
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Onyenwoke RU, Leung T, Huang X, Parker D, Shipman JG, Alhadyan SK, Sivaraman V. An assessment of vaping-induced inflammation and toxicity: A feasibility study using a 2-stage zebrafish and mouse platform. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 163:112923. [PMID: 35318090 PMCID: PMC9018621 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.112923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
It is currently understood that tobacco smoking is a major cause of pulmonary disease due to pulmonary/lung inflammation. However, due to a highly dynamic market place and an abundance of diverse products, less is known about the effects of e-cigarette (E-cig) use on the lung. In addition, varieties of E-cig liquids (e-liquids), which deliver nicotine and numerous flavor chemicals into the lungs, now number in the 1000s. Thus, a critical need exists for safety evaluations of these E-cig products. Herein, we employed a "2-stage in vivo screening platform" (zebrafish to mouse) to assess the safety profiles of e-liquids. Using the zebrafish, we collected embryo survival data after e-liquid exposure as well as neutrophil migration data, a key hallmark for a pro-inflammatory response. Our data indicate that certain e-liquids induce an inflammatory response in our zebrafish model and that e-liquid exposure alone results in pro-inflammatory lung responses in our C57BL/6J model, data collected from lung staining and ELISA analysis, respectively, in the mouse. Thus, our platform can be used as an initial assessment to ascertain the safety profiles of e-liquid using acute inflammatory responses (zebrafish, Stage 1) as our initial metric followed by chronic studies (C57BL/6J, Stage 2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob U Onyenwoke
- Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise (BRITE), North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, 27707, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, 27707, USA
| | - TinChung Leung
- The Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA; Department of Biological & Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, 27707, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Huang
- The Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA
| | - De'Jana Parker
- Department of Biological & Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, 27707, USA
| | - Jeffrey G Shipman
- Department of Biological & Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, 27707, USA
| | - Shatha K Alhadyan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, 27707, USA
| | - Vijay Sivaraman
- Department of Biological & Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, 27707, USA.
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14
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Narkar A, Willard JM, Blinova K. Chronic Cardiotoxicity Assays Using Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063199. [PMID: 35328619 PMCID: PMC8953833 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiomyocytes (CMs) differentiated from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are increasingly used in cardiac safety assessment, disease modeling and regenerative medicine. A vast majority of cardiotoxicity studies in the past have tested acute effects of compounds and drugs; however, these studies lack information on the morphological or physiological responses that may occur after prolonged exposure to a cardiotoxic compound. In this review, we focus on recent advances in chronic cardiotoxicity assays using hiPSC-CMs. We summarize recently published literature on hiPSC-CMs assays applied to chronic cardiotoxicity induced by anticancer agents, as well as non-cancer classes of drugs, including antibiotics, anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) and antidiabetic drugs. We then review publications on the implementation of hiPSC-CMs-based assays to investigate the effects of non-pharmaceutical cardiotoxicants, such as environmental chemicals or chronic alcohol consumption. We also highlight studies demonstrating the chronic effects of smoking and implementation of hiPSC-CMs to perform genomic screens and metabolomics-based biomarker assay development. The acceptance and wide implementation of hiPSC-CMs-based assays for chronic cardiotoxicity assessment will require multi-site standardization of assay protocols, chronic cardiac maturity marker reproducibility, time points optimization, minimal cellular variation (commercial vs. lab reprogrammed), stringent and matched controls and close clinical setting resemblance. A comprehensive investigation of long-term repeated exposure-induced effects on both the structure and function of cardiomyocytes can provide mechanistic insights and recapitulate drug and environmental cardiotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay Narkar
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA;
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA;
| | - James M. Willard
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA;
| | - Ksenia Blinova
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA;
- Correspondence:
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15
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Miklas JW, Levy S, Hofsteen P, Mex DI, Clark E, Muster J, Robitaille AM, Sivaram G, Abell L, Goodson JM, Pranoto I, Madan A, Chin MT, Tian R, Murry CE, Moon RT, Wang Y, Ruohola-Baker H. Amino acid primed mTOR activity is essential for heart regeneration. iScience 2022; 25:103574. [PMID: 34988408 PMCID: PMC8704488 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart disease is the leading cause of death with no method to repair damaged myocardium due to the limited proliferative capacity of adult cardiomyocytes. Curiously, mouse neonates and zebrafish can regenerate their hearts via cardiomyocyte de-differentiation and proliferation. However, a molecular mechanism of why these cardiomyocytes can re-enter cell cycle is poorly understood. Here, we identify a unique metabolic state that primes adult zebrafish and neonatal mouse ventricular cardiomyocytes to proliferate. Zebrafish and neonatal mouse hearts display elevated glutamine levels, predisposing them to amino-acid-driven activation of TOR, and that TOR activation is required for zebrafish cardiomyocyte regeneration in vivo. Through a multi-omics approach with cellular validation we identify metabolic and mitochondrial changes during the first week of regeneration. These data suggest that regeneration of zebrafish myocardium is driven by metabolic remodeling and reveals a unique metabolic regulator, TOR-primed state, in which zebrafish and mammalian cardiomyocytes are regeneration competent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason W. Miklas
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Shiri Levy
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Peter Hofsteen
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Diego Ic Mex
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Elisa Clark
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jeanot Muster
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Aaron M. Robitaille
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Gargi Sivaram
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Lauren Abell
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Mitochondria and Metabolism Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jamie M. Goodson
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Inez Pranoto
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Anup Madan
- Covance Genomics Laboratory, Redmond, WA 98052, USA
| | - Michael T. Chin
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Medicine/Cardiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Rong Tian
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Mitochondria and Metabolism Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Charles E. Murry
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Medicine/Cardiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Randall T. Moon
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Yuliang Wang
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science & Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Hannele Ruohola-Baker
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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16
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Rai AR, Joy T, Rashmi KS, Rai R, Vinodini NA, Jiji PJ. Zebrafish as an experimental model for the simulation of neurological and craniofacial disorders. Vet World 2022; 15:22-29. [PMID: 35369579 PMCID: PMC8924399 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.22-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish have gained momentum as a leading experimental model in recent years. At present, the zebrafish vertebrate model is increasingly used due to its multifactorial similarities to humans that include genetic, organ, and cellular factors. With the emergence of novel research techniques that are very expensive, it is necessary to develop affordable and valid experimental models. This review aimed to highlight some of the most important similarities between zebrafish and humans by emphasizing the relevance of the first in simulating neurological disorders and craniofacial deformity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwin Rohan Rai
- Department of Anatomy, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Teresa Joy
- Department of Anatomy, American University of Antigua College of Medicine, University Park, Coolidge, St. John's, Antigua
| | - K. S. Rashmi
- Department of Physiology, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Rajalakshmi Rai
- Department of Anatomy, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - N. A. Vinodini
- Department of Physiology, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - P. J. Jiji
- Department of Anatomy, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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17
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Dickinson AJG, Turner SD, Wahl S, Kennedy AE, Wyatt BH, Howton DA. E-liquids and vanillin flavoring disrupts retinoic acid signaling and causes craniofacial defects in Xenopus embryos. Dev Biol 2022; 481:14-29. [PMID: 34543654 PMCID: PMC8665092 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Environmental teratogens such as smoking are known risk factors for developmental disorders such as cleft palate. While smoking rates have declined, a new type of smoking, called vaping is on the rise. Vaping is the use of e-cigarettes to vaporize and inhale an e-liquid containing nicotine and food-like flavors. There is the potential that, like smoking, vaping could also pose a danger to the developing human. Rather than waiting for epidemiological and mammalian studies, we have turned to an aquatic developmental model, Xenopus laevis, to more quickly assess whether e-liquids contain teratogens that could lead to craniofacial malformations. Xenopus, like zebrafish, has the benefit of being a well-established developmental model and has also been effective in predicting whether a chemical could be a teratogen. We have determined that embryonic exposure to dessert flavored e-liquids can cause craniofacial abnormalities, including an orofacial cleft in Xenopus. To better understand the underlying mechanisms contributing to these defects, transcriptomic analysis of the facial tissues of embryos exposed to a representative dessert flavored e-liquid vapor extract was performed. Analysis of differentially expressed genes in these embryos revealed several genes associated with retinoic acid metabolism or the signaling pathway. Consistently, retinoic acid receptor inhibition phenocopied the craniofacial defects as those embryos exposed to the vapor extract of the e-liquid. Such malformations also correlated with a group of common differentially expressed genes, two of which are associated with midface birth defects in humans. Further, e-liquid exposure sensitized embryos to forming craniofacial malformations when they already had depressed retinoic acid signaling. Moreover, 13-cis-retinoic acid treatment could significantly reduce the e-liquid induced malformation in the midface. Such results suggest the possibility of an interaction between retinoic acid signaling and e-liquid exposure. One of the most popular and concentrated flavoring chemicals in dessert flavored e-liquids is vanillin. Xenopus embryos exposed to this chemical closely resembled embryos exposed to dessert-like e-liquids and a retinoic acid receptor antagonist. In summary, we determined that e-liquid chemicals, in particular vanillin, can cause craniofacial defects potentially by dysregulating retinoic acid signaling. This work warrants the evaluation of vanillin and other such flavoring additives in e-liquids on mammalian development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen D Turner
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Signature Science LLC, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Stacey Wahl
- Research and Education Department, Tompkins-McCaw Library for the Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Allyson E Kennedy
- Directorate for Computer and Information Science and Engineering, National Science Foundation, Alexandria, VA, USA
| | - Brent H Wyatt
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Deborah A Howton
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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18
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Effect of Water-Pipe Smoking on the Normal Development of Zebrafish. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182111659. [PMID: 34770174 PMCID: PMC8582815 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Among all types of tobacco consumption, Water-Pipe Smoking (WPS) is the most widely used in the Middle East and second-most in several other countries. The effect of WPS on normal development is not yet fully understood, thus the aim of this study is to explore the acute toxicity effects of WPS extract on zebrafish larvae. Methods: In this study, we compared the effects of WPS smoke condensates at concentrations varying from 50 to 200 µg/mL on developmental, cardiac, and behavioural (neurotoxicity) functions. Gene expression patterns of cardiac biomarkers were also evaluated by RT-qPCR. Results: Exposing zebrafish embryos to 50, 100, 150 and 200 µg/mL WPS for three days did not affect the normal morphology of Zebrafish embryos, as the tail flicking, behavioural and locomotion assays did not show any change. However, WPS deregulated cardiac markers including atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP/NPPA) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP/NPPB). Furthermore, it induced apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion: Our data demonstrate that WPS can significantly affect specific cardiac parameters during the normal development of zebrafish. Further investigations are necessary to elucidate the pathogenic outcome of WPS on different aspects of human life, including pregnancy.
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19
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Römer P, Putzer AG, Kemmerich R, Mathes B. Effects of Prenatal Electronic Cigarette Exposure On Foetal Development: a Review of the Literature. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 2021; 81:1224-1237. [PMID: 34754272 PMCID: PMC8568504 DOI: 10.1055/a-1524-5155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Since their market launch in 2007, e-cigarettes gained popularity and were considered a relatively safe alternative to traditional cigarettes. Pregnant women and women of childbearing age in particular are increasingly turning to e-cigarettes. Little is known about the effects of prenatal exposure on the affected foetus. This paper aims to provide an overview of the current research on the effects of prenatal e-cigarette exposure on the foetus. Since studies in humans are lacking to date, this review refers only to animal and in vitro analyses. The PubMed and Web of Science databases were used for an extensive literature search. The search yielded N = 17 significant research papers. Possible sequelae resulting from prenatal exposure to traditional cigarettes were also seen in prenatal exposure to e-cigarettes. Prenatal e-cigarette exposure was found to be associated with increased DNA methylation overall, resulting in lower gene expression. This could adversely impact the development of affected children, especially in case of those genes relevant to their development. In mice, for example, this greatly reduced the cell vitality of neural and stem cells and increased cell death. Further, prenatal exposure to e-cigarettes resulted in numerous developmental disorders, such as malformations of facial morphology and lower birth weight. Moreover, in animal models the animals suffered from a deterioration of their short-term memory. Activity and cognitive flexibility increased, while anxiety behaviour decreased. It is clear that more research and especially studies of humans are needed on this issue. In addition, there is a need for more intense education of prenatal care professionals as well as women of childbearing age and during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Römer
- Bremer Initiative to Foster Early Child Development, Department 11, University of Bremen, Germany
| | - Amanda Goméz Putzer
- Bremer Initiative to Foster Early Child Development, Department 11, University of Bremen, Germany
| | - Robin Kemmerich
- Bremer Initiative to Foster Early Child Development, Department 11, University of Bremen, Germany
| | - Birgit Mathes
- Bremer Initiative to Foster Early Child Development, Department 11, University of Bremen, Germany
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20
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Bhattacharya B, Narain V, Bondesson M. E-cigarette vaping liquids and the flavoring chemical cinnamaldehyde perturb bone, cartilage and vascular development in zebrafish embryos. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 240:105995. [PMID: 34673467 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) become increasingly popular smoking devices, there is an increased risk for unintended exposure to e-cigarette liquids through improper disposal resulting in leaching into the environment, third hand vapor exposure through air, or embryonic exposure through maternal vaping. Thus, the safety of e-cigarettes for wildlife and developing embryos need to be thoroughly investigated. We examined perturbations in zebrafish embryonic development after exposures to two cinnamon flavored vaping liquids (with 12 mg/ml nicotine and without nicotine) for e-cigarettes from two different vendors, as well as the flavoring chemical cinnamaldehyde. We focused on the effects of the vaping liquids on hatching success and bone, cartilage and blood vessel development in 3-4 days old transgenic zebrafish larvae. We found that exposures to both of the vaping liquids perturbed the development of the cleithrum and craniofacial cartilage. Exposure to the liquids further caused non-overlapping and partially or completely missing intersegmental vessels. Hatching success was also reduced. Exposure to pure cinnamaldehyde replicated the effects of the vaping liquids with a 50% effect concentration (EC50) of 34-41 µM. Quantification of the amount of cinnamaldehyde in the vaping liquids by mass spectrometry revealed EC50s around 10-40 times lower than for pure cinnamaldehyde, suggesting that additional compounds or metabolites present in the vaping liquids mediate toxicity. Presence of nicotine in one of the vaping liquids decreased its EC50s about two fold compared to the liquid without nicotine. Exposure to the humectants propylene glycol and vegetable glycerin did not affect the vascular, cartilage or bone development in zebrafish embryos. In conclusion, our study shows that exposure to cinnamaldehyde containing vaping liquids causes severe tissue-specific defects in developing embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beas Bhattacharya
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Luddy School of Informatics, Computing and Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Vedang Narain
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Luddy School of Informatics, Computing and Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Maria Bondesson
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Luddy School of Informatics, Computing and Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States.
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21
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Piechowski JM, Bagatto B. Cardiovascular function during early development is suppressed by cinnamon flavored, nicotine-free, electronic cigarette vapor. Birth Defects Res 2021; 113:1215-1223. [PMID: 34487432 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Vaping products continue to remain popular among teens and young adults despite an overall lack of research regarding their potential health effects. While much research focuses on respiratory effects associated with electronic cigarette use, their effects on other systems, including embryonic cardiovascular function and development due to maternal use during pregnancy, also needs to be evaluated. Here, we assessed the impact of nicotine-free, cinnamon and chocolate flavored, electronic cigarette vapor on cardiovascular function during early development by exposing wild-type zebrafish embryos to electronic cigarette vapor. METHODS Vapor was produced from a second-generation style vape pen and was incorporated into dechlorinated water at 0.6, 12, and 25 puffs/L, where one puff equals 55 ml of vapor. Vapor infused water was distributed among flasks to which zebrafish embryos were added. Exposures lasted for 24 hours and cardiovascular videos were recorded. Videos were analyzed and end systolic volume, end diastolic volume, stroke volume, heart rate, cardiac output, red blood cell density, and arterial and venous blood vessel diameters were measured. RESULTS Here, it was found that embryonic exposure to nicotine free, cinnamon, and not chocolate, flavored electronic cigarette vapor at 25 puffs/L significantly decreased all cardiovascular parameters measured, with the exception of blood vessel diameter. No significant effect on any measured parameter was observed at 0.6 or 12 puffs/L with either flavor. CONCLUSION These results indicate that cinnamon flavored electronic cigarette vapor can affect cardiovascular function during early development, even in the absence of nicotine, particularly at elevated exposure concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Piechowski
- Program in Integrated Bioscience, Department of Biology, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA
| | - Brian Bagatto
- Program in Integrated Bioscience, Department of Biology, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA
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22
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Bonner E, Chang Y, Christie E, Colvin V, Cunningham B, Elson D, Ghetu C, Huizenga J, Hutton SJ, Kolluri SK, Maggio S, Moran I, Parker B, Rericha Y, Rivera BN, Samon S, Schwichtenberg T, Shankar P, Simonich MT, Wilson LB, Tanguay RL. The chemistry and toxicology of vaping. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 225:107837. [PMID: 33753133 PMCID: PMC8263470 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Vaping is the process of inhaling and exhaling an aerosol produced by an e-cigarette, vape pen, or personal aerosolizer. When the device contains nicotine, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) lists the product as an electronic nicotine delivery system or ENDS device. Similar electronic devices can be used to vape cannabis extracts. Over the past decade, the vaping market has increased exponentially, raising health concerns over the number of people exposed and a nationwide outbreak of cases of severe, sometimes fatal, lung dysfunction that arose suddenly in otherwise healthy individuals. In this review, we discuss the various vaping technologies, which are remarkably diverse, and summarize the use prevalence in the U.S. over time by youths and adults. We examine the complex chemistry of vape carrier solvents, flavoring chemicals, and transformation products. We review the health effects from epidemiological and laboratory studies and, finally, discuss the proposed mechanisms underlying some of these health effects. We conclude that since much of the research in this area is recent and vaping technologies are dynamic, our understanding of the health effects is insufficient. With the rapid growth of ENDS use, consumers and regulatory bodies need a better understanding of constituent-dependent toxicity to guide product use and regulatory decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Bonner
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Yvonne Chang
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Emerson Christie
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Victoria Colvin
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Brittany Cunningham
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Daniel Elson
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Christine Ghetu
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Juliana Huizenga
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Sara J Hutton
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Siva K Kolluri
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Stephanie Maggio
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Ian Moran
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Bethany Parker
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Yvonne Rericha
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Brianna N Rivera
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Samantha Samon
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Trever Schwichtenberg
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Prarthana Shankar
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Michael T Simonich
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Lindsay B Wilson
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Robyn L Tanguay
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
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23
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Burrage EN, Aboaziza E, Hare L, Reppert S, Moore J, Goldsmith WT, Kelley EE, Mills A, Dakhlallah D, Chantler PD, Olfert IM. Long-term cerebrovascular dysfunction in the offspring from maternal electronic cigarette use during pregnancy. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2021; 321:H339-H352. [PMID: 34170194 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00206.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes (E-cigs) have been promoted as harm-free or less risky than smoking, even for women during pregnancy. These claims are made largely on E-cig aerosol having fewer number of toxic chemicals compared with cigarette smoke. Given that even low levels of smoking are found to produce adverse birth outcomes, we sought to test the hypothesis that vaping during pregnancy (with or without nicotine) would not be harm-free and would result in vascular dysfunction that would be evident in offspring during adolescent and/or adult life. Pregnant female Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to E-cig aerosol (1 h/day, 5 days/wk, starting on gestational day 2 until pups were weaned) using e-liquid with 0 mg/mL (E-cig0) or 18 mg/mL nicotine (E-cig18) and compared with ambient air-exposed controls. Body mass at birth and at weaning were not different between groups. Assessment of middle cerebral artery (MCA) reactivity revealed a 51%-56% reduction in endothelial-dependent dilation response to acetylcholine (ACh) for both E-cig0 and E-cig18 in 1-mo, 3-mo (adolescent), and 7-mo-old (adult) offspring (P < 0.05 compared with air, all time points). MCA responses to sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and myogenic tone were not different across groups, suggesting that endothelial-independent responses were not altered. The MCA vasoconstrictor response (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) was also not different across treatment and age groups. These data demonstrate that maternal vaping during pregnancy is not harm-free and confers significant cerebrovascular health risk/dysfunction to offspring that persists into adult life. NEW & NOTEWORTHY These data established that vaping electronic cigarettes during pregnancy, with or without nicotine, is not safe and confers significant risk potential to the cerebrovascular health of offspring in early and adult life. A key finding is that vaping without nicotine does not protect offspring from cerebrovascular dysfunction and results in the same level of cerebrovascular dysfunction (compared with maternal vaping with nicotine), indicating that the physical and/or chemical properties from the base solution (other than nicotine) are responsible for the cerebrovascular dysfunction that we observed. Listen to this article's corresponding podcast at https://ajpheart.podbean.com/e/maternal-vaping-impairs-vascular-function-in-theoffspring/.
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Affiliation(s)
- E N Burrage
- West Virginia University School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia.,Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - E Aboaziza
- West Virginia University School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia.,West Virginia Clinical and Translational Science Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - L Hare
- West Virginia University School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia.,Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - S Reppert
- West Virginia University School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia.,Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - J Moore
- West Virginia University School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - W T Goldsmith
- Center for Inhalation Toxicology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - E E Kelley
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - A Mills
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - D Dakhlallah
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - P D Chantler
- West Virginia University School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia.,Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia.,West Virginia Clinical and Translational Science Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia.,Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - I M Olfert
- West Virginia University School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia.,West Virginia Clinical and Translational Science Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia.,Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia.,Center for Inhalation Toxicology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
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24
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Cao Y, Wu D, Ma Y, Ma X, Wang S, Li F, Li M, Zhang T. Toxicity of electronic cigarettes: A general review of the origins, health hazards, and toxicity mechanisms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 772:145475. [PMID: 33770885 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes (E-cigarette) are an alternative for traditional cigarette smokers to quit smoking. Based on the current understanding, electronic cigarettes have rapidly become popular among existing smokers and former non-smokers. However, increasing research at different levels reveals that e-cigarettes are unsafe. This review provides an overview of the toxicology of e-cigarettes based on existing in vivo and in vitro studies and compares their toxicity with that of traditional cigarettes. Moreover, we describe the associated toxicity components in e-cigarettes, as well as the potential mechanism by which e-cigarettes exert toxic effects. As is known to all, the nicotine in traditional cigarettes and e-cigarettes has certain toxicity. Besides, a few studies have shown that propylene glycol and vegetable glycerin mixture and flavoring agents in e-cigarettes also are the key components causing adverse effects in animals or cells. There is insufficient scientific evidence on the toxicity of e-cigarettes due to the lack of standardized research methods, prompting the need to conduct a comprehensive toxicity assessment of e-cigarette toxicity to elucidate the safety issues of e-cigarettes. Eventually, a basis for decision-making on whether people use e-cigarettes will be obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuna Cao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Daming Wu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ying Ma
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xinmo Ma
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Shile Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Fuxian Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Menghan Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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25
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Schilling L, Spallek J, Maul H, Schneider S. Study on E-Cigarettes and Pregnancy (STEP) - Results of a Mixed Methods Study on Risk Perception of E-Cigarette Use During Pregnancy. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 2021; 81:214-223. [PMID: 33574625 PMCID: PMC7870285 DOI: 10.1055/a-1308-2376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction
E-cigarette use during pregnancy is a risk factor for maternal and fetal health. Early studies on animals showed that in utero exposure to e-cigarettes can have negative health outcomes for the fetus. There has been only limited research into the risk perceptions of e-cigarette use during pregnancy. This study was conducted to comprehensively characterize the constructs of risk perceptions with regard to e-cigarette use during pregnancy using an
I
ntegrated
H
ealth
B
elief
M
odel (IHBM).
Methods
Our
ST
udy on
E
-cigarettes and
P
regnancy (STEP) used a mixed methods approach, with the study divided into an initial qualitative part and a quantitative part. A netnographic approach was used for the first part, which consisted of the analysis of 1552 posts from 25 German-language online discussion threads on e-cigarette use during pregnancy. Using these qualitative results, a quantitative questionnaire was developed to explore risk perception constructs about e-cigarette use during pregnancy. This questionnaire was subsequently administered to pregnant women (n = 575) in one hospital in Hamburg, Germany. Descriptive and bivariate analysis was used to examine differences in risk perception according to participantsʼ tobacco and e-cigarette user status before and during pregnancy. While the study design, methods and sample have been extensively described in our recently published study protocol in the January 2020 issue of
Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde
, this paper is devoted to a presentation of the results of our mixed methods study.
Results
Themes related to perceived threats identified in the qualitative study part were
nicotine-related health risks
and
potential health risks of additional ingredients
. Perceived benefits were
possibility and facilitation of smoking cessation
and a presumed
potential to reduce harm
. The subsequent quantitative part showed that nearly all participants (99.3%) perceived e-cigarettes which contained nicotine as constituting a threat to the health of the unborn child. The most commonly perceived barrier was health-related (96.6%), while the most commonly perceived benefit was a reduction in the amount of tobacco cigarettes consumed (31.8%). We found that particularly perceived benefits varied depending on the participantʼs tobacco and e-cigarette user status.
Conclusion
When considering future prevention strategies, the potential health risks and disputed effectiveness of e-cigarettes as a tool for smoking cessation need to be taken into account and critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Schilling
- Department of Public Health, Brandenburg University of Technology, Senftenberg, Germany.,Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Social and Preventive Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jacob Spallek
- Department of Public Health, Brandenburg University of Technology, Senftenberg, Germany
| | | | - Sven Schneider
- Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Social and Preventive Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
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26
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Morris S, Wright K, Malyla V, Britton WJ, Hansbro PM, Manuneedhi Cholan P, Oehlers SH. Exposure to the gut microbiota from cigarette smoke-exposed mice exacerbates cigarette smoke extract-induced inflammation in zebrafish larvae. CURRENT RESEARCH IN IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 2:229-236. [PMID: 35492390 PMCID: PMC9040087 DOI: 10.1016/j.crimmu.2021.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoke (CS)-induced inflammation leads to a range of diseases including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cancer. The gut microbiota is a major modifying environmental factor that determine the severity of cigarette smoke-induced pathology. Microbiomes and metabolites from CS-exposed mice exacerbate lung inflammation via the gut-lung axis of shared mucosal immunity in mice but these systems are expensive to establish and analyse. Zebrafish embryos and larvae have been used to model the effects of cigarette smoking on a range of physiological processes and offer an amenable platform for screening modifiers of cigarette smoke-induced pathologies with key features of low cost and rapid visual readouts. Here we exposed zebrafish larvae to cigarette smoke extract (CSE) and characterised a CSE-induced leukocytic inflammatory phenotype with increased neutrophilic and macrophage inflammation in the gut. The CSE-induced phenotype was exacerbated by co-exposure to microbiota from the faeces of CS-exposed mice, but not control mice. Microbiota could be recovered from the gut of zebrafish and studied in isolation in a screening setting. This demonstrates the utility of the zebrafish-CSE exposure platform for identifying environmental modifiers of cigarette smoking-associated pathology and demonstrates that the CS-exposed mouse gut microbiota potentiates the inflammatory effects of CSE across host species. Zebrafish larvae develop gut inflammation in response to cigarette smoke exposure. The zebrafish larval cigarette smoke-induced inflammatory response is dose dependent. Microbiota from smoking mice potentiates smoke-induced inflammation in zebrafish.
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27
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Abouassali O, Chang M, Chidipi B, Martinez JL, Reiser M, Kanithi M, Soni R, McDonald TV, Herweg B, Saiz J, Calcul L, Noujaim SF. In vitro and in vivo cardiac toxicity of flavored electronic nicotine delivery systems. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2021; 320:H133-H143. [PMID: 33216635 PMCID: PMC7847071 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00283.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The usage of flavored electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) is popular, specifically in the teen and young adult age-groups. The possible cardiac toxicity of the flavoring aspect of ENDS is largely unknown. Vaping, a form of electronic nicotine delivery, uses "e-liquid" to generate "e-vapor," an aerosolized mixture of nicotine and/or flavors. We report our investigation into the cardiotoxic effects of flavored e-liquids. E-vapors containing flavoring aldehydes such as vanillin and cinnamaldehyde, as indicated by mass spectrometry, were more toxic in HL-1 cardiomyocytes than fruit-flavored e-vapor. Exposure of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes to cinnamaldehyde or vanillin-flavored e-vapor affected the beating frequency and prolonged the field potential duration of these cells more than fruit-flavored e-vapor. In addition, vanillin aldehyde-flavored e-vapor reduced the human ether-à-go-go-related gene (hERG)-encoded potassium current in transfected human embryonic kidney cells. In mice, inhalation exposure to vanillin aldehyde-flavored e-vapor for 10 wk caused increased sympathetic predominance in heart rate variability measurements. In vivo inducible ventricular tachycardia was significantly longer, and in optical mapping, the magnitude of ventricular action potential duration alternans was significantly larger in the vanillin aldehyde-flavored e-vapor-exposed mice than in controls. We conclude that the widely popular flavored ENDS are not harm free, and they have a potential for cardiac harm. More studies are needed to further assess their cardiac safety profile and long-term health effects.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) is not harm free. It is not known whether ENDS negatively affect cardiac electrophysiological function. Our study in cell lines and in mice shows that ENDS can compromise cardiac electrophysiology, leading to action potential instability and inducible ventricular arrhythmias. Further investigations are necessary to assess the long-term cardiac safety profile of ENDS products in humans and to better understand how individual components of ENDS affect cardiac toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obada Abouassali
- Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Mengmeng Chang
- Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Bojjibabu Chidipi
- Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | | | - Michelle Reiser
- Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Manasa Kanithi
- Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Ravi Soni
- Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Thomas V McDonald
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Bengt Herweg
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Javier Saiz
- Ci2 B, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Laurent Calcul
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Sami F Noujaim
- Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
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28
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Mescolo F, Ferrante G, La Grutta S. Effects of E-Cigarette Exposure on Prenatal Life and Childhood Respiratory Health: A Review of Current Evidence. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:711573. [PMID: 34513764 PMCID: PMC8430837 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.711573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, widespread use of E-cigarettes (EC) has occurred all over the world. Whereas, a large amount of evidence on harm to children from conventional cigarette exposure is available, data on health effects in this population throughout different vulnerability windows are still a matter of concern. Exposure to EC during pregnancy may compromise placental function, resulting in fetal structural abnormalities. Specifically, this may cause physio-pathologic changes in the developing lung, which in turn may impair respiratory health later in life. Furthermore, there is evidence that using EC can cause both short- and long-term respiratory problems in the pediatric population and there is great concern for future young people with nicotine addiction. The low parental perception of the risks connected to EC exposure for children increases their susceptibility to harmful effects from passive vaping. This minireview aims to summarize the current evidence focusing on: (i) prenatal effects of EC passive exposure; (ii) post-natal respiratory effects of EC exposure in youth; (iii) parental attitudes toward EC use and perception of children's health risks connected to EC exposure; and (iv) addressing gaps in our current evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Mescolo
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuliana Ferrante
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Stefania La Grutta
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council, Palermo, Italy
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Raterman ST, Metz JR, Wagener FADTG, Von den Hoff JW. Zebrafish Models of Craniofacial Malformations: Interactions of Environmental Factors. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:600926. [PMID: 33304906 PMCID: PMC7701217 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.600926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The zebrafish is an appealing model organism for investigating the genetic (G) and environmental (E) factors, as well as their interactions (GxE), which contribute to craniofacial malformations. Here, we review zebrafish studies on environmental factors involved in the etiology of craniofacial malformations in humans including maternal smoking, alcohol consumption, nutrition and drug use. As an example, we focus on the (cleft) palate, for which the zebrafish ethmoid plate is a good model. This review highlights the importance of investigating ExE interactions and discusses the variable effects of exposure to environmental factors on craniofacial development depending on dosage, exposure time and developmental stage. Zebrafish also promise to be a good tool to study novel craniofacial teratogens and toxin mixtures. Lastly, we discuss the handful of studies on gene–alcohol interactions using mutant sensitivity screens and reverse genetic techniques. We expect that studies addressing complex interactions (ExE and GxE) in craniofacial malformations will increase in the coming years. These are likely to uncover currently unknown mechanisms with implications for the prevention of craniofacial malformations. The zebrafish appears to be an excellent complementary model with high translational value to study these complex interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S T Raterman
- Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Department of Dentistry-Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - J R Metz
- Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Frank A D T G Wagener
- Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Department of Dentistry-Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Johannes W Von den Hoff
- Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Department of Dentistry-Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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30
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Kim S. Changes in Multiple and Different Tobacco Product Use Behaviors in Women Before and During Pregnancy: An Analysis of Longitudinal Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Data. Am J Prev Med 2020; 59:588-592. [PMID: 32828586 PMCID: PMC7508803 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2020.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Changes in tobacco use behaviors among women with respect to pregnancy are expected to be significant and dynamic, with a strong desire for smoking cessation, diversification of tobacco products, and perceived relative safety on noncigarette tobacco products. This study aims to illustrate how multiple and different tobacco use behaviors change before and during pregnancy. METHODS Data were extracted from 864 pregnant, nationally representative U.S. women, who were prospectively followed with the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health study between 2013 and 2017. Smoking statuses were defined on the basis of the number and type of 7 different tobacco products under current use. Differences in maternal characteristics were investigated in relation to tobacco cessation statuses during pregnancy. Weighted percentages and 95% CIs were calculated. RESULTS Only 50.4% of prepregnancy tobacco users achieved complete abstinence with varying rates of cessation, depending on the number and type of products used prepregnancy. The lowest cessation rates were observed among prepregnancy poly-tobacco users (23.3%) and conventional cigarette smokers (45.5%). During pregnancy, 11.3% and 2.8% of women reported smoking cigarettes and e-cigarettes, respectively. Persistent tobacco users during pregnancy were more likely to be white, be older, and have nonprivate or no medical insurance (all p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates a widespread prenatal tobacco use and low rates of complete cessation in major subgroups of tobacco users. Current findings on the concurrent use of multiple products and noncigarette tobacco products highlight the urgent need for further research and comprehensive public health intervention for smoking cessation during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sooyong Kim
- Behavioral Sciences Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, South Dakota.
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31
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Kim S, Oancea SC. Electronic cigarettes may not be a "safer alternative" of conventional cigarettes during pregnancy: evidence from the nationally representative PRAMS data. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2020; 20:557. [PMID: 32967660 PMCID: PMC7510270 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-020-03247-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Conventional cigarette (CC) smoking is one of the most preventable causes of adverse birth outcomes. Although electronic cigarettes (ECs) are considered to be safer than CCs during pregnancy, the evidence is yet to be presented. This study examines the effects of prenatal EC use on neonatal birth outcomes compared to those of CC smokers and complete tobacco abstainers. Methods Data was extracted from 55,251 pregnant women who participated in the Phase 8 survey of the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System between 2016 and 2018. Participants were classified into three groups based on their smoking behaviors in the third trimester: complete tobacco abstinence, exclusive CC smoking, or exclusive EC use. Adverse outcomes included infants being small-for-gestational-age (SGA), having low birthweight (LBW), and being born at preterm. EC users were matched to complete abstainers and CC smokers who share the same baseline characteristics in race/ethnicity, age, educational attainment, income, prenatal care adequacy, and first- and second-trimester CC smoking statuses. The association between EC use and adverse birth outcomes were examined by survey-weighted logistic regression analyses in the matched population. Results Among participants, 1.0% of women reported having used ECs during the third trimester, 60% of which reported using ECs exclusively. Neonates of EC users were significantly more likely to be SGA (OR 1.76; 95% CI 1.04, 2.96), have LBW (OR 1.53; 95% CI 1.06, 2.22), or be born preterm (OR 1.86; 95% CI 1.11, 3.12) compared to tobacco abstainers. However, odds of EC users’ pregnancies resulting in SGA (OR 0.67; 95% CI 0.30, 1.47), LBW (OR 0.71; 95% CI 0.37, 1.37), or preterm birth (OR 1.06; 95% CI 0.46, 2.48) were not significantly lower than those of CC smokers. Conclusions Even after accounting for shared risk factors between prenatal tobacco use and adverse birth outcomes, EC use remains an independent risk factor for neonatal complications and is not a safer alternative to CC smoking during pregnancy. Until further research is completed, all pregnant women are encouraged to abstain from all tobacco products including ECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sooyong Kim
- Behavioral Sciences Group, Sanford Research, 2301 East 60th St N, Sioux Falls, SD, 57104, USA. .,Present address: Pinney Associates, Inc, 201 North Craig Street, Suite 320, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
| | - Sanda Cristina Oancea
- Department of Population Health , University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks , ND, 58202, USA
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32
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Buchanan ND, Grimmer JA, Tanwar V, Schwieterman N, Mohler PJ, Wold LE. Cardiovascular risk of electronic cigarettes: a review of preclinical and clinical studies. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 116:40-50. [PMID: 31696222 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvz256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is the most preventable risk factor related to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Tobacco usage has declined in recent years; however, the use of alternative nicotine delivery methods, particularly e-cigarettes, has increased exponentially despite limited data on their short- and long-term safety and efficacy. Due to their unique properties, the impact of e-cigarettes on cardiovascular physiology is not fully known. Here, we summarize both preclinical and clinical data extracted from short- and long-term studies on the cardiovascular effects of e-cigarette use. Current findings support that e-cigarettes are not a harm-free alternative to tobacco smoke. However, the data are primarily derived from acute studies. The impact of chronic e-cigarette exposure is essentially unstudied. To explore the uniqueness of e-cigarettes, we contemplate the cardiovascular effects of individual e-cigarette constituents. Overall, data suggest that exposure to e-cigarettes could be a potential cardiovascular health concern. Further preclinical research and randomized trials are needed to expand basic and clinical investigations before considering e-cigarettes safe alternatives to conventional cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas D Buchanan
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 473 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jacob A Grimmer
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 473 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Vineeta Tanwar
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 473 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Neill Schwieterman
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 473 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Peter J Mohler
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 473 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Loren E Wold
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 473 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
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33
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Kuntic M, Hahad O, Daiber A, Münzel T. Could E-cigarette vaping contribute to heart disease? Expert Rev Respir Med 2020; 14:1131-1139. [PMID: 32757856 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2020.1807332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION E-cigarettes have become a controversial topic. While their benefits are questioned by the scientific community, a part of the medical profession is still supporting them as an effective harm reduction tool for smoking cessation. The impact of E-cigarettes on the cardiovascular system is still elusive. AREAS COVERED We assessed results from animal, pre(clinical), and epidemiological studies to critically evaluate and synthesize evidence relevant to the cardiovascular effects of E-cigarettes. Animal studies have demonstrated that E-cigarette vapor exposure can cause endothelial and cardiac dysfunction. However, there have also been reports on the less harmful effects of E-cigarette vapor exposure in comparison to classical tobacco cigarettes. Measurements of flow-mediated dilation in acute human exposure settings have mostly demonstrated that E-cigarettes cause vascular endothelial dysfunction. Epidemiological studies have shown that E-cigarette use is associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular disease, although switching from classical tobacco cigarettes to E-cigarettes can have beneficial cardiovascular effects. Misinterpretation of scientific data by activists on either side is another problem. EXPERT OPINION In conclusion, we need more and better (pre)clinical data comparing the health effects of E-cigarette vaping as compared with tobacco cigarette smoking, in order to counsel the legislation for better health policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marin Kuntic
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz , Mainz, Germany
| | - Omar Hahad
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz , Mainz, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partnersite Rhine-Main , Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas Daiber
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz , Mainz, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partnersite Rhine-Main , Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Münzel
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz , Mainz, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partnersite Rhine-Main , Mainz, Germany
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Chang YS, Park SM, Rah YC, Han EJ, Koun SI, Chang J, Choi J. In vivo assessment of the toxicity of electronic cigarettes to zebrafish ( Danio rerio) embryos, following gestational exposure, in terms of mortality, developmental toxicity, and hair cell damage: Toxicity of E-cigs to zebrafish embryos. Hum Exp Toxicol 2020; 40:148-157. [PMID: 32772711 DOI: 10.1177/0960327120947785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
With the ban of conventional cigarettes from public spaces, electronic cigarette (E-cig) liquids have emerged as a nicotine replacement treatment for smoking cessation. However, consumers possess little knowledge of the ingredients and health effects of E-cig liquids following exposure. This study evaluated hair cell damage and developmental toxicities following gestational exposure to E-cig liquids. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to E-cig liquids at different concentrations (0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.4%). Embryonic developmental toxicity and hair cell damage was evaluated at 6 and 7 d, respectively, after fertilization. The average number of hair cells in the anterior lateral line (ALL) and posterior lateral line (PLL) following E-cig exposure was compared to that of the control. Morphological abnormalities and heart rate were evaluated. E-cig liquids significantly damaged the hair cells in the ALL, compared to the control (control; 52.85 ± 5.29 cells, 0.1% E-cig; 49.43 ± 7.70 cells, 0.2% E-cig; 40.68 ± 12.00 cells, 0.4% E-cig; 32.14 ± 20.75%; n = 29-40; p < 0.01). At high concentrations, E-cig liquids significantly damaged the hair cells in the PLL (control; 36.88 ± 5.43 cells, 0.1% E-cig; 33.06 ± 5.21 cells, 0.2% E-cig; 30.95 ± 8.03 cells, 0.4% E-cig; 23.72 ± 15.53%, n = 29-40; p < 0.01). No morphological abnormalities in body shape, somites, notochord, tail, and pectoral fin were observed; however, abnormalities were observed in the dorsal fin and heart rate at high concentrations. Thus, gestational exposure to E-cigs significantly damaged hair cells in a concentration-dependent manner and induced developmental toxicities to the dorsal fin and heart rate at high concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S Chang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, 34973Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - S M Park
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, 34973Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Y C Rah
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, 34973Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - E J Han
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, 34973Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Republic of Korea.,Laboratory of Neurodevelopmental Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, 34973Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - S I Koun
- Biomedical Research Center, 34973Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Republic of Korea.,34973Korea University Zebrafish Translational Medical Research Center, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - J Chang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, 65357Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - J Choi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, 34973Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Republic of Korea.,34973Korea University Zebrafish Translational Medical Research Center, Ansan, Republic of Korea
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35
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Lai L, Qiu H. Biological Toxicity of the Compositions in Electronic-Cigarette on Cardiovascular System. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2020; 14:371-376. [PMID: 32748205 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-020-10060-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Using electronic cigarette (e-cig) among youth is becoming a critical public health crisis in the USA. However, the biological impacts of the e-cig on multiple organ systems, especially in the cardiovascular system, are largely unknown. Unlike conventional tobacco, e-cig combines various chemical ingredients including nicotine and other add-on non-nicotine chemicals, such as the solvents (propylene glycol and/or vegetable glycerin) and flavoring chemicals, which dramatically increases the diversity of the potential implications. The recent outbreak of e-cig vaping-related tragic deaths in youth and multiple hospitalized patients raised a question on the safety of e-cig use and led to an urgent need for the knowledge of the health risk of the e-cig compositions. Therefore, in the review, we summarized the latest findings from both human and animal studies on the potential cardiovascular toxicological effects of e-cig on the cardiovascular system in terms of the systemic physiological implications and the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lo Lai
- Center of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Petit Research Center, Institution of Biomedical Science, Georgia State University, Room 588, 100 Piedmont Ave, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA.
| | - Hongyu Qiu
- Center of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Petit Research Center, Institution of Biomedical Science, Georgia State University, Room 588, 100 Piedmont Ave, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
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Abstract
Although stem cell therapy has tremendous therapeutic potential, clinical translation of stem cell therapy has yet to be fully realized. Recently, patient comorbidities and lifestyle choices have emerged to be important factors in the efficacy of stem cell therapy. Tobacco usage is an important risk factor for numerous diseases, and nicotine exposure specifically has become increasing more prevalent with the rising use of electronic cigarettes. This review describes the effects of nicotine exposure on the function of various stem cells. We place emphasis on the differential effects of nicotine exposure in vitro and as well as in preclinical models. Further research on the effects of nicotine on stem cells will deepen our understanding of how lifestyle choices can impact the outcome of stem cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Hp Chan
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Ngan F Huang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
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37
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Ashour AA, Alhussain H, Bin Rashid U, Abughazzah L, Gupta I, Malki A, Vranic S, Al Moustafa AE. E-Cigarette Liquid Provokes Significant Embryotoxicity and Inhibits Angiogenesis. TOXICS 2020; 8:toxics8020038. [PMID: 32471135 PMCID: PMC7355589 DOI: 10.3390/toxics8020038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
E-cigarette smoking (ECS) is a new method of tobacco smoking that is gaining popularity as it is thought to be a “healthy method” of tobacco consumption. The adverse outcomes of ECS on the respiratory and cardiovascular systems in humans have been recently demonstrated. Nevertheless, the effect of e-cigarette liquid (ECL) on the early stage of embryogenesis and angiogenesis has not been explored yet. Chicken embryo at 3 days of incubation and its chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of 5 days were used to explore the outcome of ECL on the embryo. Real-time PCR was also employed to study the regulation of a set of key controller genes of embryogenesis as well as angiogenesis. Our study revealed that ECL exposure is associated with a high rate of mortality in embryos as around 70% of treated embryos, at 3 days of incubation, die after 5 days of exposure. Additionally, ECL inhibits angiogenesis of the CAM of 5 days of incubation by more than 30%. These effects could be explained by the upregulation of ATF-3, FOXA2, INHBA, MAPRE-2, and RIPK-1, as well as the downregulation of SERPINA-4 and VEGF-C genes, which are important key controller genes of embryogenesis as well as angiogenesis. Our data suggest clearly that ECS can have dramatic toxic outcomes on the early stage of embryogenesis as well as angiogenesis. Accordingly, we believe that further studies to assess the effects of ECS on human health are essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anas A. Ashour
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (A.A.A.); (U.B.R.); (L.A.); (S.V.)
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (H.A.); (I.G.)
| | - Hashim Alhussain
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (H.A.); (I.G.)
| | - Umar Bin Rashid
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (A.A.A.); (U.B.R.); (L.A.); (S.V.)
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (H.A.); (I.G.)
| | - Labiba Abughazzah
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (A.A.A.); (U.B.R.); (L.A.); (S.V.)
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (H.A.); (I.G.)
| | - Ishita Gupta
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (H.A.); (I.G.)
| | - Ahmed Malki
- Biomedical Science Department, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar;
| | - Semir Vranic
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (A.A.A.); (U.B.R.); (L.A.); (S.V.)
| | - Ala-Eddin Al Moustafa
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (A.A.A.); (U.B.R.); (L.A.); (S.V.)
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (H.A.); (I.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +974-4403-7817
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38
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Shrestha R, Lieberth J, Tillman S, Natalizio J, Bloomekatz J. Using Zebrafish to Analyze the Genetic and Environmental Etiologies of Congenital Heart Defects. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1236:189-223. [PMID: 32304074 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-2389-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are among the most common human birth defects. However, the etiology of a large proportion of CHDs remains undefined. Studies identifying the molecular and cellular mechanisms that underlie cardiac development have been critical to elucidating the origin of CHDs. Building upon this knowledge to understand the pathogenesis of CHDs requires examining how genetic or environmental stress changes normal cardiac development. Due to strong molecular conservation to humans and unique technical advantages, studies using zebrafish have elucidated both fundamental principles of cardiac development and have been used to create cardiac disease models. In this chapter we examine the unique toolset available to zebrafish researchers and how those tools are used to interrogate the genetic and environmental contributions to CHDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabina Shrestha
- Department of Biology, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA
| | - Jaret Lieberth
- Department of Biology, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA
| | - Savanna Tillman
- Department of Biology, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA
| | - Joseph Natalizio
- Department of Biology, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA
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Rampoldi A, Singh M, Wu Q, Duan M, Jha R, Maxwell JT, Bradner JM, Zhang X, Saraf A, Miller GW, Gibson G, Brown LA, Xu C. Cardiac Toxicity From Ethanol Exposure in Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes. Toxicol Sci 2020; 169:280-292. [PMID: 31059573 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use prior to and during pregnancy remains a significant societal problem and can lead to developmental fetal abnormalities including compromised myocardia function and increased risk for heart disease later in life. Alcohol-induced cardiac toxicity has traditionally been studied in animal-based models. These models have limitations due to physiological differences from human cardiomyocytes (CMs) and are also not suitable for high-throughput screening. We hypothesized that human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived CMs (hiPSC-CMs) could serve as a useful tool to study alcohol-induced cardiac defects and/or toxicity. In this study, hiPSC-CMs were treated with ethanol at doses corresponding to the clinically relevant levels of alcohol intoxication. hiPSC-CMs exposed to ethanol showed a dose-dependent increase in cellular damage and decrease in cell viability, corresponding to increased production of reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, ethanol exposure also generated dose-dependent increased irregular Ca2+ transients and contractility in hiPSC-CMs. RNA-seq analysis showed significant alteration in genes belonging to the potassium voltage-gated channel family or solute carrier family, partially explaining the irregular Ca2+ transients and contractility in ethanol-treated hiPSC-CMs. RNA-seq also showed significant upregulation in the expression of genes associated with collagen and extracellular matrix modeling, and downregulation of genes involved in cardiovascular system development and actin filament-based process. These results suggest that hiPSC-CMs can be a novel and physiologically relevant system for the study of alcohol-induced cardiac toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Rampoldi
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Monalisa Singh
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Qingling Wu
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia.,Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Meixue Duan
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Rajneesh Jha
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Joshua T Maxwell
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Joshua M Bradner
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Anita Saraf
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia.,Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Gary W Miller
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Greg Gibson
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Lou Ann Brown
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Chunhui Xu
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia.,Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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40
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He B, Chen J, Tian M, Chen J, Zhou C, Ou Y, Wang S, Li X, Zhuang J. Adverse effects of nicotine on cardiogenic differentiation from human embryonic stem cells detected by single-cell RNA sequencing. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 526:848-855. [PMID: 32276728 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.03.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco smoking was one of the important adverse factors for congenital heart disease. The effects of nicotine, the main component of tobacco, on human embryonic cardiogenesis and related mechanisms remain poorly understood. This work used single-cell RNA sequencing to investigate the effects of nicotine on human embryonic stem cell (hESC) line H9 and its underlying mechanisms during cardiac differentiation. H9 was cultured in feeder-free medium and differentiated in cardiac condition medium when cells reached 90% confluent. Cell viability was detected by MTT after different concentration of nicotine treatment. Different expressed genes during cardiac differentiation was analyzed by single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). Key gene expressions were confirmed by qPCR and Western blot. Results showed that 0.1μM-10μM nicotine did not affect H9 cell proliferation. Nicotine 1 μM down-regulated cardiac progenitor cell, mesoderm cell, smooth muscle cell and neural crest cell relatively. Snail1/2 regulating endocardial cushion development were downregulated apparently at differention day 6. Nicotine didn't affect bry-1 and mesp-1 but inhibited cardiac transcript factors. Consequently, the expression of cTnI, a marker of cardiomyocytes was decreased significantly. The data suggest direct adverse effects of nicotine on heart development at the single-cell level and offer a new approach for estimate drug and environmental toxicity on the pathogenesis of the embryonic cardiovascular system development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biaochuan He
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of South China Structural Heart Disease, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Miao Tian
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jimei Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, China; Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of South China Structural Heart Disease, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Chengbin Zhou
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, China; Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of South China Structural Heart Disease, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yanqiu Ou
- Department of Epidemiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xiaohong Li
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of South China Structural Heart Disease, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Jian Zhuang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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41
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Ruszkiewicz JA, Zhang Z, Gonçalves FM, Tizabi Y, Zelikoff JT, Aschner M. Neurotoxicity of e-cigarettes. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 138:111245. [PMID: 32145355 PMCID: PMC7089837 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It appears that electronic cigarettes (EC) are a less harmful alternative to conventional cigarette (CC) smoking, as they generate substantially lower levels of harmful carcinogens and other toxic compounds. Thus, switching from CC to EC may be beneficial for smokers. However, recent accounts of EC- or vaping-associated lung injury (EVALI) has raised concerns regarding their adverse health effects. Additionally, the increasing popularity of EC among vulnerable populations, such as adolescents and pregnant women, calls for further EC safety evaluation. In this state-of-the-art review, we provide an update on recent findings regarding the neurological effects induced by EC exposure. Moreover, we discuss possible neurotoxic effects of nicotine and numerous other chemicals which are inherent both to e-liquids and EC aerosols. We conclude that in recognizing pertinent issues associated with EC usage, both government and scientific researchers must address this public health issue with utmost urgency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna A Ruszkiewicz
- Molecular Toxicology Group, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Ziyan Zhang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Filipe Marques Gonçalves
- Biochemistry Graduate Program, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Yousef Tizabi
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington DC, United States
| | - Judith T Zelikoff
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Manhattan, NY, United States
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States.
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42
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Schilling L, Schneider S, Maul H, Spallek J. STudy on E-Cigarettes and Pregnancy (STEP) - Study Protocol of a Mixed Methods Study on Risk Perception of E-Cigarette Use During Pregnancy and Sample Description. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 2020; 80:66-75. [PMID: 31949321 PMCID: PMC6957352 DOI: 10.1055/a-1061-7288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction During pregnancy, the mother's healthy lifestyle is crucial for the health of the fetus. Potential risk factors for maternal and child health should therefore be identified and reduced as early as possible. The consumption of e-cigarettes represents one of these potential risk factors. Exploring risk perceptions about e-cigarette use during pregnancy can provide early indications of possible user motives. Therefore, our mixed methods ST udy on E -cigarettes and P regnancy (STEP) aimed to comprehensively analyze risk perceptions about e-cigarette use during pregnancy based on an I ntegrated H ealth B elief M odel (IHBM). This paper describes the study design, methods, sample population and limitations of STEP. Methods Our sequential mixed methods study combined qualitative and quantitative approaches. In the qualitative section of the study which preceded the quantitative part of the study, we aimed to characterize risk perceptions about e-cigarette use during pregnancy. We used a netnographic research approach which analyzed discussion threads in online forums dealing with e-cigarette use during pregnancy. The analysis was based on an IHBM. Identified themes were incorporated in the questionnaire which was developed for the quantitative part of the study. The quantitative section aimed to quantify, among other things, perceived threats, barriers and benefits and to explore differences in risk perception according to sociodemographic characteristics and tobacco and e-cigarette usage. Results In the qualitative section, 1552 posts in 25 online discussion threads dealing, inter alia, with e-cigarette use during pregnancy were identified. The quantitative part looked at the responses in the questionnaires handed in by 575 pregnant women who attended a hospital in Hamburg (Germany) from April 2018 to January 2019 (response rate: 27.5%). Conclusion Data collection was successful for both the qualitative and quantitative parts of the study. When interpreting the results of STEP, different limitations should be taken into account. The results of STEP provide starting points for the development of tailored preventive measures for pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Schilling
- Department of Public Health, Brandenburg University of Technology, Senftenberg, Germany
- Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Social and Preventive Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sven Schneider
- Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Social and Preventive Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Jacob Spallek
- Department of Public Health, Brandenburg University of Technology, Senftenberg, Germany
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43
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D'Amario D, Migliaro S, Borovac JA, Vergallo R, Galli M, Restivo A, Bonini M, Romagnoli E, Leone AM, Crea F. Electronic Cigarettes and Cardiovascular Risk: Caution Waiting for Evidence. Eur Cardiol 2019; 14:151-158. [PMID: 31933682 PMCID: PMC6950284 DOI: 10.15420/ecr.2019.16.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes use is a growing trend in contemporary societies, with the propensity to compete with traditional tobacco smoking. Some preclinical studies demonstrated the toxic and detrimental effects of electronic cigarettes liquid components. Its impact on human health remains unknown and insufficiently studied. While some studies suggest that electronic cigarettes use might be associated with endothelial dysfunction, impaired platelet function and increased risk of adverse clinical events, other studies did not confirm these findings and epidemiological data mostly suggest that the use of electronic cigarettes appears to be safer than that of traditional tobacco cigarettes. This article provides an up-to-date overview of the current state of knowledge regarding electronic cigarettes and their impact on human health, with special emphasis on their effect on cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico D'Amario
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A Gemelli IRCCS Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Migliaro
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A Gemelli IRCCS Rome, Italy
| | - Josip Andjelo Borovac
- Department of Pathophysiology, University Hospital of Split Split, Croatia.,Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Split Split, Croatia
| | - Rocco Vergallo
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A Gemelli IRCCS Rome, Italy
| | - Mattia Galli
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A Gemelli IRCCS Rome, Italy
| | - Attilio Restivo
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A Gemelli IRCCS Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Bonini
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A Gemelli IRCCS Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Romagnoli
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A Gemelli IRCCS Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Maria Leone
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A Gemelli IRCCS Rome, Italy
| | - Filippo Crea
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A Gemelli IRCCS Rome, Italy
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44
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Versella MV, Leyro TM. Electronic cigarettes and nicotine harm-reduction. Curr Opin Psychol 2019; 30:29-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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45
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Hammer B, Wagner C, Divac Rankov A, Reuter S, Bartel S, Hylkema MN, Krüger A, Svanes C, Krauss-Etschmann S. In utero exposure to cigarette smoke and effects across generations: A conference of animals on asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2019; 48:1378-1390. [PMID: 30244507 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has risen markedly over the last decades and is reaching epidemic proportions. However, underlying molecular mechanisms are not fully understood, hampering the urgently needed development of approaches to prevent these diseases. It is well established from epidemiological studies that prenatal exposure to cigarette smoke is one of the main risk factors for aberrant lung function development or reduced fetal growth, but also for the development of asthma and possibly COPD later in life. Of note, recent evidence suggests that the disease risk can be transferred across generations, that is, from grandparents to their grandchildren. While initial studies in mouse models on in utero smoke exposure have provided important mechanistic insights, there are still knowledge gaps that need to be filled. OBJECTIVE Thus, in this review, we summarize current knowledge on this topic derived from mouse models, while also introducing two other relevant animal models: the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and the zebrafish Danio rerio. METHODS This review is based on an intensive review of PubMed-listed transgenerational animal studies from 1902 to 2018 and focuses in detail on selected literature due to space limitations. RESULTS This review gives a comprehensive overview of mechanistic insights obtained in studies with the three species, while highlighting the remaining knowledge gaps. We will further discuss potential (dis)advantages of all three animal models. CONCLUSION/CLINICAL RELEVANCE Many studies have already addressed transgenerational inheritance of disease risk in mouse, zebrafish or fly models. We here propose a novel strategy for how these three model organisms can be synergistically combined to achieve a more detailed understanding of in utero cigarette smoke-induced transgenerational inheritance of disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Hammer
- Early Life Origins of Chronic Lung Diseases, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
| | - Christina Wagner
- Invertebrate Models, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
| | - Aleksandra Divac Rankov
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sebastian Reuter
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital Essen - Ruhrlandklinik, Essen, Germany
| | - Sabine Bartel
- Early Life Origins of Chronic Lung Diseases, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
| | - Machteld N Hylkema
- GRIAC Research Institute, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arne Krüger
- Early Life Origins of Chronic Lung Diseases, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany.,Institute for Life Science and Technology, Hanze University of Applied Sciences, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cecilie Svanes
- Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Occupational Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Susanne Krauss-Etschmann
- Early Life Origins of Chronic Lung Diseases, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany.,Institute for Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-Universitaet zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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46
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Holden LL, Truong L, Simonich MT, Tanguay RL. Assessing the hazard of E-Cigarette flavor mixtures using zebrafish. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 136:110945. [PMID: 31712102 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Since 2007, electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) sales in the U.S. have surpassed those of tobacco cigarettes. This is due, in part, to manufacturer's claims that they are a safer alternative to tobacco cigarettes. However, formaldehyde, acrolein, and diacetyl have been detected in e-cigarettes and public knowledge of e-cigarette composition and ingredient bioactivity is conspicuously lacking. We evaluated the toxicity of nine e-cigarette flavor mixtures and their constituents in the developmental zebrafish, an excellent whole animal biosensor of chemical hazard. Seven of the nine flavors (78%) elicited adverse developmental responses at 1% by volume. The number of toxic endpoints varied greatly between flavors. Two flavors, Grape and Bubble Gum, had similar chemical compositions, but different toxicity profiles. We hypothesized that the toxicity was driven by a constituent present only in the Bubble Gum flavor, cinnamaldehyde. To replicate this toxicity, we built our own defined mixture. The addition of varying concentrations of cinnamaldehyde suggested that it drove the toxicity of these mixtures and that e-cigarette hazard can be flavor dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura L Holden
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, The Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, And the Environmental Health Sciences Center at Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Lisa Truong
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, The Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, And the Environmental Health Sciences Center at Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Michael T Simonich
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, The Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, And the Environmental Health Sciences Center at Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Robert L Tanguay
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, The Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, And the Environmental Health Sciences Center at Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
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47
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Abstract
Sale of electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) products has exponentially increased in the past decade, which raise concerns about its safety. This updated review provides the available toxicology profile of e-cigarettes, summarizing evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies. Data regarding which components in e-liquids exhibit potential toxicities are inconsistent. Some studies have reported that nicotine plays a significant role in inducing adverse outcomes and that solvents alone do not induce any adverse effects. However, other studies have suggested that nicotine is not associated with any adverse outcomes, whereas solvents and flavorings are the key components to elicit considerable deleterious effects on cells or animals. In addition, most of the studies that have compared the toxicity of e-cigarettes with tobacco cigarettes have suggested that e-cigarettes are less toxic than tobacco cigarettes. Nevertheless, scientific evidence regarding the toxicity profile of e-cigarette is insufficient owing to the lack of a standardized research approach. In the future, scientific toxicology data derived from standardized testing protocols including nicotine, ingredients analysis, the various e-cigarette devices made from different materials are urgently needed for thorough toxicology assessment. This review aims to update the toxicity profiles, identify knowledge gaps, and outline future directions for e-cigarettes research, which would greatly benefit public health professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghe Wang
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Wenjing Liu
- Science and Technology Museum of Inner Mongolia , Hohhot, Inner Mongolia , China
| | - Weimin Song
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health and the Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University , Shanghai , China
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48
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Worku D, Worku E. A narrative review evaluating the safety and efficacy of e-cigarettes as a newly marketed smoking cessation tool. SAGE Open Med 2019; 7:2050312119871405. [PMID: 31452888 PMCID: PMC6700846 DOI: 10.1177/2050312119871405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: E-cigarettes are an alternative to traditional tobacco-based cigarettes. While having considerable societal awareness, conflicting evidence exists to support their claims that they are an effective smoking cessation tool and are safe. Currently >7000 flavours exist with evidence that they exhibit detrimental cellular and tissue effects. A literature review was conducted utilising PubMed and Google Scholar Databases identifying papers between 2014 and 2019. The aims of this study were to accurately gauge the safety and efficacy of e-cigarettes as a smoking cessation tool. Methods: Search terms including ‘electronic cigarettes’ and ‘vaping’ were used to identify suitable references. A total of 314 articles were identified from which papers were excluded due to risk of bias, insufficient detail or were duplicate from which 58 papers were used in the final review. Results: Evidence shows that e-cigarettes can have detrimental effects on several cell lines and animal models with their flavourings and nicotine content implicated; this has, however, not translated into major health outcomes after 3.5 years follow-up but has been linked to chronic lung disease and cardiovascular disease. While advertised as an effective smoking cessation tool, no consensus can be made regarding their effectiveness although the first robust randomised controlled trial reports some success. This, however, is offset by the fact that the most common e-cigarette use is as a dual user and that there is evidence of threefold increased risk of future tobacco smoking. Conclusion: Future research is needed to evaluate the long-term health outcomes and efficacy of e-cigarettes as a smoking cessation tool with greater discussion between patients and clinicians regarding this smoking cessation tool.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elliott Worku
- Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital Foundation, Herston, QLD, Australia
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49
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Ko EB, Hwang KA, Choi KC. Prenatal toxicity of the environmental pollutants on neuronal and cardiac development derived from embryonic stem cells. Reprod Toxicol 2019; 90:15-23. [PMID: 31425785 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2019.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pesticides, antibiotics, and industrial excipients are widely used in agriculture, medicine, and chemical industry, respectively. They often end up in the environment, not only being not easily decomposed but also being accumulated. Moreover, they may cause serious toxic problems such as reproductive and developmental defects, immunological toxicity, and carcinogenesis. Hence, they are called environmental pollutants. It is known that the environmental pollutants easily enter the body through various channels such as respiration, ingestion of food, and skin contact etc. in everyday life. If they enter the mother through the placenta, they can cause the disturbance in embryo development as well as malfunction of organs after birth because early prenatal developmental process is highly sensitive to toxic chemicals and stress. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) that consist of inner cell mass of blastocyst differentiate into distinct cell lineages via three germ layers such as the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm due to their pluripotency. The differentiation process initiated from ESCs reflects dynamic nature of embryonic development. Therefore, ESCs have been used as a useful tool to investigate early developmental toxicities of a variety of stress. Based on relatively recent scientific results, this review would address toxicity of a few chemical substances that have been widely used as pesticide, antibiotics, and industrial excipient on ESCs based-prenatal developmental process. This review further suggests how they act on the viability of ESCs and/or early stages of cardiac and neuronal development derived from ESCs as well as on expression of pluripotency and/or differentiation markers through diverse mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eul-Bee Ko
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-A Hwang
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Chul Choi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea.
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50
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Greene RM, Pisano MM. Developmental toxicity of e-cigarette aerosols. Birth Defects Res 2019; 111:1294-1301. [PMID: 31400084 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Maternal smoking during pregnancy represents a major public health concern increasing the risk for low birth weight, congenital anomalies, preterm birth, fetal mortality, and morbidity. In an effort to diminish adverse developmental effects of exposure to cigarette smoking, pregnant women, and women of reproductive age, are increasingly turning to electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), such as e-cigarettes, as an alternative. Given that health risks associated with ENDS use during pregnancy are largely unknown, there is an acute need to determine risks vs. benefits of e-cigarette use by pregnant women. While the most recent Surgeon General's Report on the "Health Consequences of Smoking" states that "the evidence is sufficient to infer that nicotine adversely affects maternal and fetal health during pregnancy, contributing to multiple adverse outcomes," it remains unclear whether use of ENDS represents a "safer alternative" to tobacco smoking during pregnancy. This is due, in part, to the lack of sufficient and conclusive evidence concerning whether or not maternal e-cigarette use adversely affects embryonic/fetal development. While several recent developmental studies have challenged the safety of nicotine inhalation via ENDS, the true risks of smoking e-cigarettes during the first trimester of pregnancy-the period of organogenesis-are largely unknown. Moreover, evidence is emerging that even nicotine-free e-cigarette aerosols may harm the developing conceptus, suggesting that components of e-cigarette liquid, including flavorings, may be developmentally toxicity. Focused human epidemiological analyses, and carefully designed animal studies are critically needed to address the question of the safety of ENDS use during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Greene
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Division of Craniofacial Development and Anomalies, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, 40202
| | - M Michele Pisano
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Division of Craniofacial Development and Anomalies, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, 40202
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