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Forero-Rodríguez J, Zimmermann J, Taubenheim J, Arias-Rodríguez N, Caicedo-Narvaez JD, Best L, Mendieta CV, López-Castiblanco J, Gómez-Muñoz LA, Gonzalez-Santos J, Arboleda H, Fernandez W, Kaleta C, Pinzón A. Changes in Bacterial Gut Composition in Parkinson's Disease and Their Metabolic Contribution to Disease Development: A Gut Community Reconstruction Approach. Microorganisms 2024; 12:325. [PMID: 38399728 PMCID: PMC10893096 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12020325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic and progressive neurodegenerative disease with the major symptoms comprising loss of movement coordination (motor dysfunction) and non-motor dysfunction, including gastrointestinal symptoms. Alterations in the gut microbiota composition have been reported in PD patients vs. controls. However, it is still unclear how these compositional changes contribute to disease etiology and progression. Furthermore, most of the available studies have focused on European, Asian, and North American cohorts, but the microbiomes of PD patients in Latin America have not been characterized. To address this problem, we obtained fecal samples from Colombian participants (n = 25 controls, n = 25 PD idiopathic cases) to characterize the taxonomical community changes during disease via 16S rRNA gene sequencing. An analysis of differential composition, diversity, and personalized computational modeling was carried out, given the fecal bacterial composition and diet of each participant. We found three metabolites that differed in dietary habits between PD patients and controls: carbohydrates, trans fatty acids, and potassium. We identified six genera that changed significantly in their relative abundance between PD patients and controls, belonging to the families Lachnospiraceae, Lactobacillaceae, Verrucomicrobioaceae, Peptostreptococcaceae, and Streptococcaceae. Furthermore, personalized metabolic modeling of the gut microbiome revealed changes in the predicted production of seven metabolites (Indole, tryptophan, fructose, phenylacetic acid, myristic acid, 3-Methyl-2-oxovaleric acid, and N-Acetylneuraminic acid). These metabolites are associated with the metabolism of aromatic amino acids and their consumption in the diet. Therefore, this research suggests that each individual's diet and intestinal composition could affect host metabolism. Furthermore, these findings open the door to the study of microbiome-host interactions and allow us to contribute to personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Forero-Rodríguez
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Research Group, Genetic Institute, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia; (J.F.-R.); (J.D.C.-N.); (J.L.-C.)
- Medical Systems Biology Research Group, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany (J.T.)
| | - Johannes Zimmermann
- Medical Systems Biology Research Group, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany (J.T.)
| | - Jan Taubenheim
- Medical Systems Biology Research Group, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany (J.T.)
| | - Natalia Arias-Rodríguez
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Research Group, Genetic Institute, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia; (J.F.-R.); (J.D.C.-N.); (J.L.-C.)
| | - Juan David Caicedo-Narvaez
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Research Group, Genetic Institute, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia; (J.F.-R.); (J.D.C.-N.); (J.L.-C.)
- Neurosciences Research Group, Genetic Institute, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia
| | - Lena Best
- Medical Systems Biology Research Group, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany (J.T.)
| | - Cindy V. Mendieta
- PhD Program in Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá 110231, Colombia;
- Department of Nutrition and Biochemistry, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá 110231, Colombia
| | - Julieth López-Castiblanco
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Research Group, Genetic Institute, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia; (J.F.-R.); (J.D.C.-N.); (J.L.-C.)
| | - Laura Alejandra Gómez-Muñoz
- Neurosciences Research Group, Genetic Institute, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia
- Cell Death Research Group, Medical School and Genetic Institute, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia
| | - Janneth Gonzalez-Santos
- Structural Biochemistry and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá 110231, Colombia
| | - Humberto Arboleda
- Cell Death Research Group, Medical School and Genetic Institute, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia
| | - William Fernandez
- Neurosciences Research Group, Genetic Institute, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia
- Cell Death Research Group, Medical School and Genetic Institute, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia
| | - Christoph Kaleta
- Medical Systems Biology Research Group, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany (J.T.)
| | - Andrés Pinzón
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Research Group, Genetic Institute, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia; (J.F.-R.); (J.D.C.-N.); (J.L.-C.)
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Alesi S, Habibi N, Silva TR, Cheung N, Torkel S, Tay CT, Quinteros A, Winter H, Teede H, Mousa A, Grieger JA, Moran LJ. Assessing the influence of preconception diet on female fertility: a systematic scoping review of observational studies. Hum Reprod Update 2023; 29:811-828. [PMID: 37467045 PMCID: PMC10663051 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmad018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preconception diet is a proposed modifiable risk factor for infertility. However, there is no official guidance for women in the preconception period as to which dietary approaches may improve fertility. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE A comprehensive synthesis of the relevant evidence is key to determine the potentially effective dietary patterns and components as well as evidence gaps, and to provide information for nutritional recommendations for couples planning a pregnancy. SEARCH METHODS In this systematic scoping review, four electronic databases (Medline and EMBASE via Ovid processing, CAB Direct, and CINAHL via EBSCO) were searched for observational studies (prospective and retrospective cohort, cross-sectional, and case-control studies) from inception to 27 September 2021. Eligible studies included women of reproductive age during the preconception period, and evaluated exposures related to preconception diet and outcomes related to fertility. Results were synthesized using a descriptive approach. OUTCOMES A total of 36 studies were eligible for inclusion (31 prospective, 3 cross-sectional, and 2 case-control studies) and were published between 2007 and 2022. Of the assessed dietary exposures, increased adherence to the Mediterranean diet displayed the strongest and most consistent association with improved clinical pregnancy rates. Reducing trans fatty acids (TFAs), saturated fatty acids, and discretionary food intake (fast food and sugar-sweetened beverages) were associated with improvements in live birth, clinical pregnancy rates, and related ART outcomes. The dietary components of seafood, dairy, and soy demonstrated inconsistent findings across the few included studies. WIDER IMPLICATIONS Due to heterogeneity and the limited available literature on most exposures, there is insufficient evidence to support any specific dietary approach for improving fertility. However, following some of the dietary approaches outlined in this review (anti-inflammatory diets, reducing TFA, and discretionary food intake) are consistent with broad healthy eating guidelines, have little to no associated risk, and offer a plausible set of possible benefits. This warrants further exploration in randomized controlled trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nahal Habibi
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Thais Rasia Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Endocrinology and Metabolism, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Nicole Cheung
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | | | | | - Alejandra Quinteros
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | | | | | - Aya Mousa
- Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Jessica A Grieger
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Lisa J Moran
- Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Cincotta AH. Brain Dopamine-Clock Interactions Regulate Cardiometabolic Physiology: Mechanisms of the Observed Cardioprotective Effects of Circadian-Timed Bromocriptine-QR Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes Subjects. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13255. [PMID: 37686060 PMCID: PMC10487918 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite enormous global efforts within clinical research and medical practice to reduce cardiovascular disease(s) (CVD), it still remains the leading cause of death worldwide. While genetic factors clearly contribute to CVD etiology, the preponderance of epidemiological data indicate that a major common denominator among diverse ethnic populations from around the world contributing to CVD is the composite of Western lifestyle cofactors, particularly Western diets (high saturated fat/simple sugar [particularly high fructose and sucrose and to a lesser extent glucose] diets), psychosocial stress, depression, and altered sleep/wake architecture. Such Western lifestyle cofactors are potent drivers for the increased risk of metabolic syndrome and its attendant downstream CVD. The central nervous system (CNS) evolved to respond to and anticipate changes in the external (and internal) environment to adapt survival mechanisms to perceived stresses (challenges to normal biological function), including the aforementioned Western lifestyle cofactors. Within the CNS of vertebrates in the wild, the biological clock circuitry surveils the environment and has evolved mechanisms for the induction of the obese, insulin-resistant state as a survival mechanism against an anticipated ensuing season of low/no food availability. The peripheral tissues utilize fat as an energy source under muscle insulin resistance, while increased hepatic insulin resistance more readily supplies glucose to the brain. This neural clock function also orchestrates the reversal of the obese, insulin-resistant condition when the low food availability season ends. The circadian neural network that produces these seasonal shifts in metabolism is also responsive to Western lifestyle stressors that drive the CNS clock into survival mode. A major component of this natural or Western lifestyle stressor-induced CNS clock neurophysiological shift potentiating the obese, insulin-resistant state is a diminution of the circadian peak of dopaminergic input activity to the pacemaker clock center, suprachiasmatic nucleus. Pharmacologically preventing this loss of circadian peak dopaminergic activity both prevents and reverses existing metabolic syndrome in a wide variety of animal models of the disorder, including high fat-fed animals. Clinically, across a variety of different study designs, circadian-timed bromocriptine-QR (quick release) (a unique formulation of micronized bromocriptine-a dopamine D2 receptor agonist) therapy of type 2 diabetes subjects improved hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, immune sterile inflammation, and/or adverse cardiovascular event rate. The present review details the seminal circadian science investigations delineating important roles for CNS circadian peak dopaminergic activity in the regulation of peripheral fuel metabolism and cardiovascular biology and also summarizes the clinical study findings of bromocriptine-QR therapy on cardiometabolic outcomes in type 2 diabetes subjects.
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Spagnuolo MS, Mazzoli A, Nazzaro M, Troise AD, Gatto C, Tonini C, Colardo M, Segatto M, Scaloni A, Pallottini V, Iossa S, Cigliano L. Long-Lasting Impact of Sugar Intake on Neurotrophins and Neurotransmitters from Adolescence to Young Adulthood in Rat Frontal Cortex. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:1004-1020. [PMID: 36394711 PMCID: PMC9849314 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03115-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The detrimental impact of fructose, a widely used sweetener in industrial foods, was previously evidenced on various brain regions. Although adolescents are among the highest consumers of sweet foods, whether brain alterations induced by the sugar intake during this age persist until young adulthood or are rescued returning to a healthy diet remains largely unexplored. To shed light on this issue, just weaned rats were fed with a fructose-rich or control diet for 3 weeks. At the end of the treatment, fructose-fed rats underwent a control diet for a further 3 weeks until young adulthood phase and compared with animals that received from the beginning the healthy control diet. We focused on the consequences induced by the sugar on the main neurotrophins and neurotransmitters in the frontal cortex, as its maturation continues until late adolescence, thus being the last brain region to achieve a full maturity. We observed that fructose intake induces inflammation and oxidative stress, alteration of mitochondrial function, and changes of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin receptors, synaptic proteins, acetylcholine, dopamine, and glutamate levels, as well as increased formation of the glycation end-products Nε-carboxymethyllysine (CML) and Nε-carboxyethyllysine (CEL). Importantly, many of these alterations (BDNF, CML, CEL, acetylcholinesterase activity, dysregulation of neurotransmitters levels) persisted after switching to the control diet, thus pointing out to the adolescence as a critical phase, in which extreme attention should be devoted to limit an excessive consumption of sweet foods that can affect brain physiology also in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Stefania Spagnuolo
- grid.419162.90000 0004 1781 6305Institute for the Animal Production System in the Mediterranean Environment, National Research Council, P.le E.Fermi 1, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Arianna Mazzoli
- grid.4691.a0000 0001 0790 385XDepartment of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Edificio 7, Via Cintia - I-80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Martina Nazzaro
- grid.4691.a0000 0001 0790 385XDepartment of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Edificio 7, Via Cintia - I-80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Dario Troise
- grid.419162.90000 0004 1781 6305Institute for the Animal Production System in the Mediterranean Environment, National Research Council, P.le E.Fermi 1, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Cristina Gatto
- grid.4691.a0000 0001 0790 385XDepartment of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Edificio 7, Via Cintia - I-80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudia Tonini
- grid.8509.40000000121622106Department of Science, Biomedical and Technology Science Section, University Roma Tre, Rome, Italy
| | - Mayra Colardo
- grid.10373.360000000122055422Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, Pesche, Italy
| | - Marco Segatto
- grid.10373.360000000122055422Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, Pesche, Italy
| | - Andrea Scaloni
- grid.419162.90000 0004 1781 6305Institute for the Animal Production System in the Mediterranean Environment, National Research Council, P.le E.Fermi 1, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Valentina Pallottini
- grid.8509.40000000121622106Department of Science, Biomedical and Technology Science Section, University Roma Tre, Rome, Italy ,grid.417778.a0000 0001 0692 3437Neuroendocrinology Metabolism and Neuropharmacology Unit, IRCSS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Susanna Iossa
- grid.4691.a0000 0001 0790 385XDepartment of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Edificio 7, Via Cintia - I-80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Luisa Cigliano
- grid.4691.a0000 0001 0790 385XDepartment of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Edificio 7, Via Cintia - I-80126, Naples, Italy
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Glendinning JI, Williams N. Prolonged Consumption of glucose syrup enhances glucose tolerance in mice. Physiol Behav 2022; 256:113954. [PMID: 36055416 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
There is debate about the metabolic impact of sugar-sweetened beverages. Here, we tested the hypothesis that ad lib consumption of glucose (Gluc) or high-fructose (HiFruc) syrups improves glucose tolerance in mice. We provided C57BL/6 mice with a control (chow and water) or experimental (chow, water and sugar solution) diet across two consecutive 28-day exposure periods, and monitored changes in body composition, glucose tolerance, cephalic-phase insulin release (CPIR) and insulin sensitivity. The sugar solutions contained 11% concentrations of Gluc or HiFruc syrup; these syrups were derived from either corn starch or cellulose. In Experiment 1, consumption of the Gluc diets reliably enhanced glucose tolerance, while consumption of the HiFruc diets did not. Mice on the Gluc diets exhibited higher CPIR (relative to baseline) by the end of exposure period 1, whereas mice on the control and HiFruc diets did not do so until the end of exposure period 2. Mice on the Gluc diets also exhibited higher insulin sensitivity than control mice at the end of exposure period 2, while mice on the HiFruc diets did not. In Experiment 2, we repeated the previous experiment, but limited testing to the corn-based Gluc and HiFruc syrups. We found, once again, that consumption of the Gluc (but not the HiFruc) diet enhanced glucose tolerance, in part by increasing CPIR and insulin sensitivity. These results show that mice can adapt metabolically to high glucose diets, and that this adaptation process involves upregulating at least two components of the insulin response system.
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Affiliation(s)
- John I Glendinning
- Departments of Biology and Neuroscience & Behavior, Barnard College, Columbia University, 3009 Broadway, New York, NY 10027.
| | - Niki Williams
- Departments of Biology and Neuroscience & Behavior, Barnard College, Columbia University, 3009 Broadway, New York, NY 10027
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Ravichandran G, Lakshmanan DK, Arunachalam A, Thilagar S. Food obesogens as emerging metabolic disruptors; A toxicological insight. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 217:106042. [PMID: 34890825 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.106042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Human food is composed of loads of chemicals derived naturally as well as unintentionally through environmental sources. Food additives added purposefully, play an important role in the palatability of foods. Most additives are synthetic whose essentiality in food processing is well-known however their health risks are not overlooked. The palatability of food should not only stimulate our eating desire alone but, also assure sufficient quality and safety. Application of food additives varies from region to region due to cultural or ethnic differences and the local food availability. There are about more than ten thousand chemicals allowed in food whereas due to weak enforcement, it becomes onerous for regulatory bodies identifying chemicals that are inadequately or not tested at all for safety. The hiking population and urbanization in many industrialized and developing countries resulted in life-style changes including culinary and eating choices. Particularly, the modern way of this globalised life demands ready-to-cook or ready-made foods, snacks, sweets, soft drinks, desserts, confectionery and so on. These sorts of food would be most uninteresting unless processed with additives. This puts food industries under demand to robustly supply foods that are either partially, fully or ultra-processed using plenty of additives. Recent research warns consuming food additives may result in serious health risks, not only for children but also for adults. Growing body of studies on food additives in various experimental animals, cell cultures, and human population suggest elevation of number of obesity and diabetes risk factors i.e. adiposity, dyslipidemia, weight gain, hyperglycaemia, insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, energy imbalance, hormonal intervention etc. Hence, it is important to identify and explore food obesogens or obesogenic food additives posing potential impact. Based on the recent toxicological findings, the review aspires to establish the association between exposure of food obesogen and metabolic disruption which may help filling knowledge gaps and distributing more knowledge, awareness and effective measures to implement treatment and preventive strategies for metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guna Ravichandran
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar Lakshmanan
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, India; Department of Biotechnology, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam, Erode, India
| | - Abirami Arunachalam
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, India
| | - Sivasudha Thilagar
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, India.
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Ekici Ö, Aslan E, Aladağ T, Güzel H, Korkmaz ÖA, Bostancı A, Sadi G, Pektaş MB. Masseter muscle and gingival tissue inflammatory response following treatment with high-fructose corn syrup in rats: Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of kefir. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e13732. [PMID: 33864286 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate whether high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) intake (20% beverages) impacts antioxidative structures and inflammation in the gingival tissue and masseter muscle of rats. Kefir was tested for its potential utility on changes induced by HFCS. Animals were randomly divided into four groups as control, kefir, HFCS, and HFCS plus kefir. HFCS was given as 20% solutions in drinking water while kefir supplementations were given by gastric gavage for 8 weeks. It has been clearly determined that the HFCS diet increased expressions of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α proinflammatory structures via lymphocyte infiltration by suppressing antioxidant enzymes such as catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase in both tissues. Kefir improved these undesirable changes in rats fed with HFCS. The results of this current study, the first investigation to examine the effects of kefir on masseter muscle and gingival tissue, may provide new access to the restorative effects of kefir consumption on oral health disorders caused by high fructose in the diet. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: In this study, at an early age, the effects of kefir on improving inflammation via antioxidation in the masseter muscle and gingival tissue were investigated for the first time. We showed that kefir feeding ameliorates lymphocyte infiltration on the high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS)-induced masseter muscle and gingival tissue inflammation in rats. The mRNA expressions of inflammatory parameters measured in the study were supported by protein measurements via ELISA or immunohistochemistry. In the present study, kefir may play an important role in the antioxidation and inflammation process on the masseter muscle and gingival tissue against HFCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ömer Ekici
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Esra Aslan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Tuğçe Aladağ
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Hilal Güzel
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Ömer Adil Korkmaz
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aykut Bostancı
- Department of Biology, K.Ö. Science Faculty, Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University, Karaman, Turkey
| | - Gökhan Sadi
- Department of Biology, K.Ö. Science Faculty, Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University, Karaman, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Bilgehan Pektaş
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
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Dey S, Samadder A, Nandi S. Current Role of Nanotechnology Used in Food Processing Industry to Control Food Additives and Exploring Their Biochemical Mechanisms. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 23:513-539. [PMID: 34915833 DOI: 10.2174/1389450123666211216150355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the advent of food additives centuries ago, the human race has found ways to improve and maintain the safety of utility, augment the taste, color, texture, nutritional value, and appearance of the food. Since the 19th century, when the science behind food spoilage was discerned, the use of food additives in food preservation has been increasing worldwide and at a fast pace to get along with modern lifestyles. Although food additives are thought to be used to benefit the food market, some of them are found to be associated with several health issues at an alarming rate. Studies are still going on regarding the mechanisms by which food additives affect public health. Therefore, an attempt has been made to find out the remedies by exploiting technologies that may convey new properties of food additives that can only enhance the quality of food without having any systemic side effects. Thus, this review focuses on the applications of nanotechnology in the production of nano-food additives and evaluates its success regarding reduction in the health-related hazards collaterally maintaining the food nutrient value. METHODOLOGY A thorough literature study was performed using scientific databases like PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Web of Science for determining the design of the study, and each article was checked for citation and referred to formulate the present review article. CONCLUSION Nanotechnology can be applied in the food processing industry to control the unregulated use of food additives and to intervene in the biochemical mechanisms at a cellular and physiological level for the ensuring safety of food products. The prospective of nano-additive of chemical origin could be useful to reduce risks of hazards related to human health that are caused majorly due to the invasion of food contaminants (either intentional or non-intentional) into food, though this area still needs scientific validation. Therefore, this review provides comprehensive knowledge on different facets of food contaminants and also serves as a platform of ideas for encountering health risk problems about the design of improved versions of nano-additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudatta Dey
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia-741235. India
| | - Asmita Samadder
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia-741235. India
| | - Sisir Nandi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Global Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (GIPER) (Affiliated to Uttarakhand Technical University). Kashipur-244713. India
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Chan LY, Coyle DH, Wu JHY, Louie JCY. Total and Free Sugar Levels and Main Types of Sugars Used in 18,784 Local and Imported Pre-Packaged Foods and Beverages Sold in Hong Kong. Nutrients 2021; 13:3404. [PMID: 34684405 PMCID: PMC8540970 DOI: 10.3390/nu13103404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
There is limited information regarding the free sugar content of pre-packaged foods in Hong Kong. This study aims to assess the free sugar content and identify the most frequently used free sugar ingredients (FSI) in pre-packaged foods in Hong Kong. Data from 18,784 products from the 2019 FoodSwitch Hong Kong database were used in this analysis. Ingredient lists were screened to identify FSI. Total sugar content was derived from nutrition labels on packaging. Free sugar content was estimated based on adaptation of a previously established systematic methodology. Descriptive statistics of the total sugar and free sugar content, as well as the mean ± SD contribution of free sugar to total sugar of the audited products were calculated, stratified by food groups. Almost two-thirds (64.5%) of the pre-packaged foods contained at least one FSI. 'Sugar (sucrose)' was the most popular FSI that was found in more than half (54.7%) of the products. 'Fruit and vegetable juices' (median 10.0; IQR 8.3-11.5 g/100 mL) were found to have a higher median free sugar content than 'Soft drinks' (8.0; 6.0-10.6 g/100 mL). Mean ± SD contribution of free sugar to the total sugar content was 65.8 ± 43.4%, with 8 out of 14 food groups having >70% total sugar as free sugar. To conclude, free sugar, especially sucrose, was extensively used in a wide variety of pre-packaged products sold in Hong Kong. Further studies are needed to assess the population intake of free sugar in Hong Kong to inform public health policy on free sugar reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lok Yin Chan
- Faculty of Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong 999077, China;
| | - Daisy H. Coyle
- Food Policy Division, The George Institute for Global Health, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia; (D.H.C.); (J.H.Y.W.)
| | - Jason H. Y. Wu
- Food Policy Division, The George Institute for Global Health, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia; (D.H.C.); (J.H.Y.W.)
| | - Jimmy Chun Yu Louie
- Faculty of Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong 999077, China;
- Food Policy Division, The George Institute for Global Health, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia; (D.H.C.); (J.H.Y.W.)
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10
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Analysis of Caloric and Noncaloric Sweeteners Present in Dairy Products Aimed at the School Market and Their Possible Effects on Health. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13092994. [PMID: 34578870 PMCID: PMC8471137 DOI: 10.3390/nu13092994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades, Mexico has become one of the main sweetener-consuming countries in the world. Large amounts of these sweeteners are in dairy products aimed at the children’s market in various presentations such as yogurt, flavored milk, flan, and cheeses. Although numerous studies have shown the impact of sweeteners in adults, the current evidence for children is insufficient and discordant to determine if these substances have any risk or benefit on their well-being. Therefore, this study aimed to describe the sweeteners present in 15 dairy products belonging to the school-age children’s market in Mexico and their impact on health. These dairy products were selected through a couple of surveys directed at parents of school-age children. After that, the list of ingredients of each product was analyzed to identify their sweetener content. From there, exhaustive bibliographic research on sweeteners and their possible health effects was carried out, which included 109 articles and 18 studies. The results showed that at a neurological, endocrinological, cardiovascular, metabolic, osseous, renal, hepatic, dental, reticular, carcinogenic, and gut microbiota level; sucrose, fructose, high-fructose corn syrup, maltodextrins, sucralose, and acesulfame K, have a negative effect. While maltodextrins, stevia, polydextrose, and modified starch have a positive one. For these reasons, it is necessary to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages that the consumption of each sweetener entails, as well as a determination of the appropriate acceptable daily intake (ADI).
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11
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Neural mechanisms underlying the role of fructose in overfeeding. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 128:346-357. [PMID: 34182019 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Fructose consumption has been linked with metabolic syndrome and obesity. Fructose-based sweeteners like high fructose corn syrup taste sweeter, improve food palatability, and are increasingly prevalent in our diet. The increase in fructose consumption precedes the rise in obesity and is a contributing driver to the obesity epidemic worldwide. The role of dietary fructose in obesity can be multifactorial by promoting visceral adiposity, hypertension, and insulin resistance. Interestingly, one emergent finding from human and animal studies is that dietary fructose promotes overfeeding. As the brain is a critical regulator of food intake, we reviewed the evidence that fructose can act in the brain and elucidated the major brain systems underlying fructose-induced overfeeding. We found that fructose acts on multiple interdependent brain systems to increase orexigenic drive and the incentive salience of food while decreasing the latency between food bouts and reducing cognitive control to disinhibit feeding. We concluded that the collective actions of fructose may promote feeding behavior by producing a hunger-like state in the brain.
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12
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Chakraborti A, Graham C, Chehade S, Vashi B, Umfress A, Kurup P, Vickers B, Chen HA, Telange R, Berryhill T, Van Der Pol W, Powell M, Barnes S, Morrow C, Smith DL, Mukhtar MS, Watts S, Kennedy G, Bibb J. High Fructose Corn Syrup-Moderate Fat Diet Potentiates Anxio-Depressive Behavior and Alters Ventral Striatal Neuronal Signaling. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:669410. [PMID: 34121997 PMCID: PMC8187874 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.669410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurobiological mechanisms that mediate psychiatric comorbidities associated with metabolic disorders such as obesity, metabolic syndrome and diabetes remain obscure. High fructose corn syrup (HFCS) is widely used in beverages and is often included in food products with moderate or high fat content that have been linked to many serious health issues including diabetes and obesity. However, the impact of such foods on the brain has not been fully characterized. Here, we evaluated the effects of long-term consumption of a HFCS-Moderate Fat diet (HFCS-MFD) on behavior, neuronal signal transduction, gut microbiota, and serum metabolomic profile in mice to better understand how its consumption and resulting obesity and metabolic alterations relate to behavioral dysfunction. Mice fed HFCS-MFD for 16 weeks displayed enhanced anxiogenesis, increased behavioral despair, and impaired social interactions. Furthermore, the HFCS-MFD induced gut microbiota dysbiosis and lowered serum levels of serotonin and its tryptophan-based precursors. Importantly, the HFCS-MFD altered neuronal signaling in the ventral striatum including reduced inhibitory phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β), increased expression of ΔFosB, increased Cdk5-dependent phosphorylation of DARPP-32, and reduced PKA-dependent phosphorylation of the GluR1 subunit of the AMPA receptor. These findings suggest that HFCS-MFD-induced changes in the gut microbiota and neuroactive metabolites may contribute to maladaptive alterations in ventral striatal function that underlie neurobehavioral impairment. While future studies are essential to further evaluate the interplay between these factors in obesity and metabolic syndrome-associated behavioral comorbidities, these data underscore the important role of peripheral-CNS interactions in diet-induced behavioral and brain function. This study also highlights the clinical need to address neurobehavioral comorbidities associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayanabha Chakraborti
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Christopher Graham
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Sophie Chehade
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Bijal Vashi
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Alan Umfress
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Pradeep Kurup
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Benjamin Vickers
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - H. Alexander Chen
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Rahul Telange
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Taylor Berryhill
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - William Van Der Pol
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Mickie Powell
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Stephen Barnes
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Casey Morrow
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Daniel L. Smith
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - M. Shahid Mukhtar
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Stephen Watts
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Gregory Kennedy
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - James Bibb
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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13
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Minhas M, Limebeer CL, Strom E, Parker LA, Leri F. High fructose corn syrup alters behavioural and neurobiological responses to oxycodone in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2021; 205:173189. [PMID: 33845083 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2021.173189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
There are indications that sugars in the diet can play a role in vulnerability to opioid abuse. The current study examined a range of neuro-behavioural interactions between oxycodone (OXY) and high fructose corn syrup (HFCS). Male Sprague-Dawley rats had access to HFCS (0 or 50%) over 26 days in their home cages and were subsequently tested on place conditioning induced by 0, 0.16 and 2.5 mg/kg OXY (3 pairings of drug and saline, each 30 min), as well as on locomotor responses to 0, 0.16 and 2.5 mg/kg OXY, and in-vivo microdialysis was employed to measure dopamine (DA) levels in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) in response to 0 and 2.5 mg/kg OXY. A complex set of interactions between HFCS exposure and responses to OXY were observed: HFCS increased place preference induced by OXY, it enhanced the suppressant effect of OXY on locomotion, and it attenuated OXY-induced elevation in DA overflow in the NAc. Taken together, these findings suggest that nutrition has the potential to influence some responses to opioids which may be relevant to their abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenu Minhas
- Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Cheryl L Limebeer
- Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Evan Strom
- Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Linda A Parker
- Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Francesco Leri
- Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.
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14
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Khorshidian N, Shadnoush M, Zabihzadeh Khajavi M, Sohrabvandi S, Yousefi M, Mortazavian AM. Fructose and high fructose corn syrup: are they a two-edged sword? Int J Food Sci Nutr 2021; 72:592-614. [PMID: 33499690 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2020.1862068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
High-fructose syrups are used as sugar substitutes due to their physical and functional properties. High fructose corn syrup (HFCS) is used in bakery products, dairy products, breakfast cereals and beverages, but it has been reported that there might be a direct relationship between high fructose intake and adverse health effects such as obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Thus, fructose has recently received much attention, most of which was negative. Although studies have indicated that there might be a correlation between high fructose-rich diet and several adverse effects, however, the results of these studies cannot be certainly generalised to the effects of HFCS; because they have investigated pure fructose at very high concentrations in measurement of metabolic upsets. This review critically considered the advantages and possible disadvantages of HFCS application and consumption in food industry, as a current challenging issue between nutritionists and food technologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Khorshidian
- Food Safety Research Center (Salt), Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Mahdi Shadnoush
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Zabihzadeh Khajavi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology/National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Sohrabvandi
- Department of Food Technology Research, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Yousefi
- Food Safety Research Center (Salt), Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Amir M Mortazavian
- Food Safety Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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15
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Effect of omega-3 fatty acids on glucose homeostasis: role of free fatty acid receptor 1. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2020; 393:1797-1808. [PMID: 32388601 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-020-01883-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance is a worldwide health problem. This study investigated the acute effects of eicosapentanoic acid (EPA) on glucose homeostasis focusing on the role of free fatty acid receptor 1 (FFAR1) and the chronic effects of fish oil omega-3 fatty acids on insulin resistance. Insulin resistance was induced by feeding mice high-fructose, high-fat diet (HFrHFD) for 16 weeks. In the first part, the acute effects of EPA alone and in combination with GW1100 and DC260126 (FFAR1 blockers) on glucose homeostasis and hepatic phosphatidyl-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) and diacylglycerol (DAG) were investigated in standard chow diet (SCD)- and HFrHFD-fed mice. In the second part, mice were treated with fish oil omega-3 fatty acids for 4 weeks starting at the week 13 of feeding HFrHFD. Changes in the blood- and liver tissue-insulin resistance markers and FFAR1 downstream signals were recorded at the end of experiment. Results showed that EPA increased 0 and 30 min blood glucose levels after glucose load in SCD-fed mice but improved glucose tolerance in HFrHFD-fed mice. Moreover, FFAR1 blockers reduced EPA effects on glucose tolerance and hepatic PIP2 and DAG levels. On the other hand, chronic use of fish oil omega-3 fatty acids increased FBG levels and decreased serum insulin and triglycerides levels without improving the index of insulin resistance. Also, they increased hepatic β-arrestin-2, PIP2, and pS473 Akt levels but decreased DAG levels. In conclusion, EPA acutely improved glucose homeostasis in HFrHFD-fed mice by modulating the activity of FFAR1. However, the chronic use of fish oil omega-3 fatty acids did not improve the insulin resistance.
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16
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De Souza L, Barros WDM, De Souza RM, Delanogare E, Machado AE, Braga SP, Rosa GK, Nardi GM, Rafacho A, Speretta GFF, Moreira ELG. Impact of different fructose concentrations on metabolic and behavioral parameters of male and female mice. Physiol Behav 2020; 228:113187. [PMID: 32987042 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Clinical evidence has shown that a high consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages is a risk factor for developing obesity and metabolic syndrome. There has also been increasing interest in the potential effects of high-fructose intake on behavior. The present study evaluated sex differences in behavioral and metabolic characteristics in response to chronic fructose intake in mice. Swiss mice (3-months-old) had access to tap water or fructose-water solution (at 15% or 30% w/v) ad libitum for nine weeks. After the 8 weeks, the mice were submitted to a battery of behavioral tests. A glucose tolerance test was performed one day after these behavioral tests, and the next day blood was collected for biochemical analysis. At a 15% concentration, fructose-intaking resulted in higher plasma cholesterol levels and glucose intolerance in mice that paralleled with a passive stress-coping behavior in the female mice and lower self-care behavior in the male and the female mice. At a 30% concentration, fructose-intaking resulted in higher body mass gain and higher plasma cholesterol and triglycerides levels in the male and the female mice, whereas glucose intolerance was more pronounced in the male mice. Spatial memory impairments and lower self-care behavior were observed in the male and the female mice, while passive stress-coping behavior was observed only in the female mice. Collectively, high-fructose intake induces metabolic and behavioral alterations in mice, with the males being more susceptible to glucose metabolism dysfunctions and the females to depressive-like endophenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia De Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brasil
| | - Wellinghton de Medeiros Barros
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brasil
| | - Raul Marin De Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brasil
| | - Eslen Delanogare
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brasil
| | - Adriano Emanuel Machado
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brasil
| | - Sara Pereira Braga
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brasil
| | - Giovana Karoline Rosa
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brasil
| | - Geisson Marcos Nardi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brasil
| | - Alex Rafacho
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brasil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brasil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brasil
| | - Guilherme Fleury Fina Speretta
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brasil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brasil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brasil
| | - Eduardo Luiz Gasnhar Moreira
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brasil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brasil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brasil.
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17
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Ayoub SM, Minhas M, Lapointe T, Limebeer CL, Parker LA, Leri F. Effects of high fructose corn syrup on ethanol self-administration in rats. Alcohol 2020; 87:79-88. [PMID: 32497557 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2020.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The addition of sweeteners to alcoholic beverages is thought to facilitate heavy alcohol consumption, and this may be of particular concern when the additive is high fructose corn syrup (HFCS). METHODS Four experiments in male Sprague-Dawley rats were performed to investigate whether the addition of 25% HFCS to ethanol (5%, 10%, and 20% v/v ethanol) would alter its intraoral operant self-administration, palatability, and sensitivity to food deprivation stress. RESULTS As anticipated, HFCS drastically increased ethanol intake, and this effect appeared driven by its caloric value. Importantly, HFCS increased the persistence of operant responding following extinction in animals trained to self-administer the combination, and the addition of HFCS to ethanol changed subsequent responses to ethanol, including increased palatability and intake. CONCLUSIONS These results in rats suggest that the addition of HFCS to the list of ingredients in sweetened alcoholic beverages could play a significant role in the harmful consumption of ethanol-containing beverages.
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18
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DeChristopher LR, Tucker KL. Excess free fructose, apple juice, high fructose corn syrup and childhood asthma risk - the National Children's Study. Nutr J 2020; 19:60. [PMID: 32576181 PMCID: PMC7313206 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-020-00578-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent research provides consistent evidence that the unexplained doubling of childhood asthma prevalence (1980-1995), its continued climb and 2013 plateau, may be associated with the proliferation of high-fructose-corn-syrup (HFCS) in the US food supply. The HFCS used in soft drinks has been shown to contain a higher fructose-to-glucose ratio than previously thought. This coincides with a preference shift from orange to apple juice among young children. Apple juice naturally contains a high (≥2:1) fructose-to-glucose ratio. Thus, children have received high excess-free-fructose doses, the fructose type associated with fructose malabsorption. Unabsorbed excess-free-fructose in the gut may react with dietary proteins to form immunogens that bind asthma mediating receptors, and/or alter the microbiota towards a profile linked to lung disorders. Studies with longitudinal childhood data are lacking. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that excess-free-fructose intake is associated with childhood asthma risk. METHODS Cox regression models were used to analyze prospective early childhood data (12-30 months of age) from the National Children's Study. Intake frequencies for soda/sports/fruit drinks, and 100% juices were used for analyses. RESULTS Greater consumption of 100% juice, soda/sports/fruit drinks, and any combination, was associated with ~two (P = 0.001), ~ 2.5 (P = 0.001), and ~ 3.5 times (P < 0.0001) higher asthma incidence. CONCLUSIONS Given these results, prior research and case-study evidence, it is reasonable to suggest that the two-fold higher asthma risk associated with 100% juice consumption is due to apple juice's high fructose-to-glucose ratio, and that the ~ 2.5/~ 3.5 times higher risk associated with soda/sports/fruit drinks intake is with the excess-free-fructose in HFCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luanne R. DeChristopher
- Independent Researcher, M.Sc. Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, NY Medical College, Valhalla, NY USA
| | - Katherine L. Tucker
- Department of Biomedical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA USA
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19
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Food texture affects glucose tolerance by altering pancreatic β-cell function in mice consuming high-fructose corn syrup. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233797. [PMID: 32470042 PMCID: PMC7259500 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of metabolic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, has increased steadily worldwide. Diet, beverages, and food texture can all markedly influence these metabolic disorders. However, the combined effects of food texture and beverages on energy metabolism remains unclear. In the present study, we examined the effect of food texture on energy metabolism in mice administered high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS). Mice were fed a soft or hard diet along with 4.2% HFCS or tap water. Body weight and total caloric intake were not affected by food texture irrespective of HFCS consumption. However, caloric intake from HFCS (i.e., drinking volume) and diet were higher and lower, respectively, in the hard food group than in the soft food group. The hard food group’s preference for HFCS was absent in case of mice treated with the μ-opioid receptor antagonist naltrexone. Despite increased HFCS consumption, blood glucose levels were lower in the hard-diet group than in the soft-diet group. In HFCS-fed mice, insulin levels after glucose stimulation and insulin content in the pancreas were higher in the hard food group than the soft food group, whereas insulin tolerance did not differ between the groups. These food texture-induced differences in glucose tolerance were not observed in mice fed tap water. Thus, food texture appears to affect glucose tolerance by influencing pancreatic β-cell function in HFCS-fed mice. These data shed light on the combined effects of eating habits and food texture on human health.
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20
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Khoo SYS, LeCocq MR, Deyab GE, Chaudhri N. Context and topography determine the role of basolateral amygdala metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 in appetitive Pavlovian responding. Neuropsychopharmacology 2019; 44:1524-1533. [PMID: 30758331 PMCID: PMC6785093 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-019-0335-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Preclinical data have shown that the excitatory metabotropic Gαq-coupled glutamate receptor, mGluR5, has a role in substance abuse and relapse. However, little is known about the contribution of mGluR5 to the expression of conditioned responding elicited by appetitive Pavlovian cues. We investigated this question in rats that were trained to associate a discrete, auditory conditioned stimulus (CS) with a fructose-glucose solution (5.5% fructose/4.5% glucose; "sugar"). In subsequent tests for the expression of conditioned responding without sugar delivery, CS-elicited fluid port entries were elevated in a context associated with sugar, relative to an equally familiar, neutral context. Inhibiting mGluR5 via systemic injections of a negative allosteric modulator (MTEP; 5 mg/kg) reduced CS port entries in both the sugar context and neutral context. Targeting MTEP microinjections (3 µg/side; 0.3 µl/min) to the nucleus accumbens (Acb) core had no effect on CS port entries at test, whereas the same manipulation in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) produced effects that were topographically dependent. Specifically, microinjecting MTEP in the posterior BLA had no effect on behavior, whereas inhibiting mGluR5 in the anterior BLA enhanced the contextual discrimination of CS port entries. These data are the first to show a role of mGluR5 in the context-dependent expression of appetitive Pavlovian conditioned responding, with a topographically defined arrangement of mGluR5 in the BLA being particularly important for context-based responding to a discrete, appetitive cue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun Yon-Seng Khoo
- 0000 0004 1936 8630grid.410319.eCenter for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology/FRQS Groupe de recherche en neurobiologie comportementale, Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Quebec, Montreal, Canada
| | - Mandy Rita LeCocq
- 0000 0004 1936 8630grid.410319.eCenter for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology/FRQS Groupe de recherche en neurobiologie comportementale, Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Quebec, Montreal, Canada
| | - Ghislaine E. Deyab
- 0000 0004 1936 8630grid.410319.eCenter for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology/FRQS Groupe de recherche en neurobiologie comportementale, Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Quebec, Montreal, Canada
| | - Nadia Chaudhri
- Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology/FRQS Groupe de recherche en neurobiologie comportementale, Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Quebec, Montreal, Canada.
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21
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Chisté LA, Pereira BP, Porto ML, de Oliveira JP, de Assis ALEM, Nogueira BV, Meyrelles SS, de Andrade TU, Campos-Toimil M, Vasquez EC, Campagnaro BP, Pereira TMC. Worsening of Oxidative Stress, DNA Damage, and Atherosclerotic Lesions in Aged LDLr -/- Mice after Consumption of Guarana Soft Drinks. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:9042526. [PMID: 31281596 PMCID: PMC6590538 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9042526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive consumption of soft drinks (SD) has become a health problem worldwide due to its association with related cardiovascular diseases. We investigated the possible impacts associated with the consumption of Brazilian guarana (normal and zero) SD in dyslipidemic mice, thus mitigating potential clinical confounders such as poor-quality diet, lifestyle, body composition, and/or comorbidities. METHODS Sixteen-month-old LDLr-/- mice were divided into the following groups: (1) control; (2) GSD: normal guarana SD; and (3) Z-GSD: zero guarana SD. All were fed ad libitum, and blood pressure was measured noninvasively. After 8 weeks, aorta, blood, liver, and stomach samples were collected for histological and biochemical analyses. RESULTS Guarana soft drinks increased atherosclerosis (~60%) and were associated with hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, oxidative stress, DNA fragmentation, and apoptosis (~2-fold) of blood cells, besides presenting an increase in liver and gastric damage even in normoglycemia. Interestingly, Z-GSD did not cause the aforementioned changes, except in hemodynamic and renal parameters. CONCLUSIONS Chronic administration of GSD is prooxidative, compromising the cardiovascular, gastric, and hepatic systems; the effects are due at least in part to free sugar consumption but not to guarana extract per se.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layla Aparecida Chisté
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Vila Velha University (UVV), Vila Velha, ES, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Peters Pereira
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Vila Velha University (UVV), Vila Velha, ES, Brazil
| | - Marcella Leite Porto
- Federal Institute of Education, Science, and Technology (IFES), Vila Velha, ES, Brazil
| | - Jairo Pinto de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Cellular Ultrastructure Carlos Alberto Redins (LUCCAR), Department of Morphology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo (UFES), Vitoria, ES, Brazil
| | - Arícia Leone Evangelista Monteiro de Assis
- Laboratory of Cellular Ultrastructure Carlos Alberto Redins (LUCCAR), Department of Morphology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo (UFES), Vitoria, ES, Brazil
| | - Breno Valentim Nogueira
- Laboratory of Cellular Ultrastructure Carlos Alberto Redins (LUCCAR), Department of Morphology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo (UFES), Vitoria, ES, Brazil
| | - Silvana Santos Meyrelles
- Laboratory of Translational Physiology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil
| | - Tadeu Uggere de Andrade
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Vila Velha University (UVV), Vila Velha, ES, Brazil
| | - Manuel Campos-Toimil
- Pharmacology of Chronic Diseases (CDPHARMA), Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases Research Center (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Elisardo Corral Vasquez
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Vila Velha University (UVV), Vila Velha, ES, Brazil
- Laboratory of Translational Physiology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil
| | | | - Thiago Melo Costa Pereira
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Vila Velha University (UVV), Vila Velha, ES, Brazil
- Federal Institute of Education, Science, and Technology (IFES), Vila Velha, ES, Brazil
- Pharmacology of Chronic Diseases (CDPHARMA), Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases Research Center (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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22
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Motta VF, Bargut TL, Souza-Mello V, Aguila MB, Mandarim-de-Lacerda CA. Browning is activated in the subcutaneous white adipose tissue of mice metabolically challenged with a high-fructose diet submitted to high-intensity interval training. J Nutr Biochem 2019; 70:164-173. [PMID: 31207355 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fructose may induce an endocrine dysfunction in adipose tissue in rodents. Browning is identified by deposits of beige adipocytes in subcutaneous white adipose tissue (sWAT). We study the effects of the high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on the formation of beige adipocytes in the sWAT of mice fed a high-fructose diet. Sixty male mice (3 months old; C57BL/6) were fed two diets for 18 weeks (n=30 each): control diet (C) or high-fructose diet (F). At the 10th week, for an additional 8-week period, the groups were (n=15 each) nontrained (NT) or trained (HIIT): C-NT, C-HIIT, F-NT and F-HIIT. We evaluated body mass, energy expenditure and molecular analyses for browning and thermogenic markers in sWAT. The HIIT groups showed significantly lower body mass and increased energy expenditure. The consumption of fructose was linked with an increased sWAT mass. However, HIIT caused a reduction of sWAT mass compared to the NT groups. Energy intake was parallel in the groups, regardless of the diet type and HIIT. Fructose was related to higher glucose and insulin levels and hypertrophied sWAT adipocytes, but HIIT decreased both glucose and insulin levels and led to the appearance of brown fat-like adipocytes dispersed in sWAT with higher expression of browning markers. Also, fructose reduced the sWAT markers of mitochondrial biogenesis and beta-oxidation, which were enhanced by HIIT. In conclusion, HIIT might stimulate the sWAT browning in mice fed a high-fructose diet associated with beneficial changes in mitochondrial biogenesis and beta-oxidation markers, contributing to a whole-body metabolic improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor F Motta
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, The University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Thereza L Bargut
- Basic Sciences Department, Nova Friburgo Health Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Nova Friburgo, Brazil.
| | - Vanessa Souza-Mello
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, The University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Marcia B Aguila
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, The University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Carlos A Mandarim-de-Lacerda
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, The University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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23
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Apryatin SA, Shipelin VA, Trusov NV, Mzhelskaya KV, Evstratova VS, Kirbaeva NV, Soto JS, Fesenko ZS, Gainetdinov RR, Gmoshinski IV. Comparative analysis of the influence of a high-fat/high-carbohydrate diet on the level of anxiety and neuromotor and cognitive functions in Wistar and DAT-KO rats. Physiol Rep 2019; 7:e13987. [PMID: 30784211 PMCID: PMC6381039 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We compared anxiety, neuromotor, and cognitive functions in mutant rats with different allelic variants of dopamine transporter DAT knockout receiving balanced or excess in fat and fructose diet. The experiments were performed in DAT-/- homozygotes, DAT+/- heterozygotes, and DAT+/+ wild type rats. The genotype of DAT-KO rats was confirmed by restriction analysis of DAT gene compared to behavioral responses in the open field test (OF). Animals in the first groups of each strain were fed a balanced AIN93M diet; and those in the second groups with a high-fat/high-fructose diet. Neuromotor function was studied as grip strength, and behavioral responses were assessed in the elevated plus maze and conditioned passive avoidance response tests. The mass of the internal organs and white and brown fat, as well as selected lipid and nitrogen metabolism parameters in blood plasma were determined at the end of the experiment. DAT-/- had the highest specific grip strength, and showed an increase in initial exploratory activity in comparison with DAT+/- and DAT +/+. The exploratory activity was significantly reduced in the second test compared to the first one in DAT-/- and DAT+/- of first but not second group. Anxiety decreased with age in the second groups of DAT+/- and DAT+/+ (but not in DAT-/-) and was higher in DAT+/+ than in DAT+/- and DAT-/-. Excess fat and fructose resulted in the deterioration of short-term memory in DAT+/+. Lipidomic indices of blood plasma were less responsive to diet in DAT-/- and DAT-/+ in comparison to DAT+/+. The increased AsAT/AlAT activity ratio in DAT-/- compared with those in DAT+/+ suggests the activation of catabolism activity in the mutants. The consumption of excess fat and fructose significantly modified the effects produced by DAT gene allelic variants presumably due to the influence on the processes of dopamine metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nikita V. Trusov
- Federal Research Centre of Nutrition and BiotechnologyMoscowRussia
| | | | | | | | - Jorge S. Soto
- Federal Research Centre of Nutrition and BiotechnologyMoscowRussia
| | - Zoia S. Fesenko
- Institute of Translational BiomedicineSt. Petersburg State UniversityPetersburgRussia
| | - Raul R. Gainetdinov
- Institute of Translational BiomedicineSt. Petersburg State UniversityPetersburgRussia
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24
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Beydogan AB, Coskun ZM, Bolkent S. The protective effects of Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol against inflammation and oxidative stress in rat liver with fructose-induced hyperinsulinemia. J Pharm Pharmacol 2018; 71:408-416. [PMID: 30427077 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A large amount of fructose is metabolized in the liver and causes hepatic functional damage. Δ9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is known as a therapeutic agent for clinical and experimental applications. The study aims to investigate the effects of THC treatment on inflammation, lipid profiles and oxidative stress in rat liver with hyperinsulinemia. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into groups: control, fructose (10% fructose in drinking water for 12 weeks), THC (1.5 mg/kg/day for the last 4 weeks, intraperitoneally) and fructose+THC groups. Biochemical parameters were measured spectrophotometrically. ELISA method was used for insulin measurement. Apoptosis and inflammation markers were detected by the streptavidin-biotin peroxidase method. KEY FINDINGS The consumptions of food and fluid are inversely proportional to fructose and non-fructose groups. Insulin levels were the highest in fructose group. The reduced glutathione-S-transferase level significantly increased in fructose + THC group compared with fructose group. Total cholesterol level in the fructose + THC group was higher than the fructose group. Caspase-3 and NF-κβ immunopositive cell numbers increased in fructose + THC rats compared with fructose group. The number of IL-6 immunopositive cell decreased in fructose + THC group compared with fructose group. CONCLUSIONS According to the result, long-term and low-dose THC administration may reduce hyperinsulinemia and inflammation in rats to some extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa Bahar Beydogan
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Cerrahpasa Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Mine Coskun
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Istanbul Bilim University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sema Bolkent
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Cerrahpasa Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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25
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Matikainen-Ankney BA, Kravitz AV. Persistent effects of obesity: a neuroplasticity hypothesis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2018; 1428:221-239. [PMID: 29741270 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The obesity epidemic is a leading cause of health problems in the United States, increasing the risk of cardiovascular, endocrine, and psychiatric diseases. Although many people lose weight through changes in diet and lifestyle, keeping the weight off remains a challenge. Here, we discuss a hypothesis that seeks to explain why obesity is so persistent. There is a great degree of overlap in the circuits implicated in substance use disorder and obesity, and neural plasticity of these circuits in response to drugs of abuse is well documented. We hypothesize that obesity is also associated with neural plasticity in these circuits, and this may underlie persistent changes in behavior, energy balance, and body weight. Here, we discuss how obesity-associated reductions in motivation and physical activity may be rooted in neurophysiological alterations in these circuits. Such plasticity may alter how humans and animals use, expend, and store energy, even after weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget A Matikainen-Ankney
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Alexxai V Kravitz
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.,National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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