1
|
Boutari C, Stefanakis K, Simati S, Guatibonza-García V, Valenzuela-Vallejo L, Anastasiou IA, Connelly MA, Kokkinos A, Mantzoros CS. Circulating total and H-specific GDF15 levels are elevated in subjects with MASLD but not in hyperlipidemic but otherwise metabolically healthy subjects with obesity. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2024; 23:174. [PMID: 38762719 PMCID: PMC11102634 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-024-02264-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is a mitokine, the role of which, total or H-specific, in modulating energy metabolism and homeostasis in obesity-related diseases, such as metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), has not been fully elucidated in adult humans. We aimed to investigate the fasting and stimulated levels of GDF15, total and H-specific, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and C-peptide, in two physiology interventional studies: one focusing on obesity, and the other on MASLD. METHODS Study 1 investigated individuals with normal weight or with obesity, undergoing a 3-h mixed meal test (MMT); and study 2, examined adults with MASLD and controls undergoing a 120-min oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Exploratory correlations of total and H-specific GDF15 with clinical, hormonal and metabolomic/lipidomic parameters were also performed. RESULTS In study 1, 15 individuals were included per weight group. Fasting and postprandial total and H-specific GDF15 were similar between groups, whereas GIP was markedly higher in leaner individuals and was upregulated following a MMT. Baseline and postprandial C-peptide were markedly elevated in people with obesity compared with lean subjects. GIP was higher in leaner individuals and was upregulated after a MMT, while C-peptide and its overall AUC after a MMT was markedly elevated in people with obesity compared with lean subjects. In study 2, 27 individuals were evaluated. Fasting total GDF15 was similar, but postprandial total GDF15 levels were significantly higher in MASLD patients compared to controls. GIP and C-peptide remained unaffected. The postprandial course of GDF15 was clustered among those of triglycerides and molecules of the alanine cycle, was robustly elevated under MASLD, and constituted the most notable differentiating molecule between healthy and MASLD status. We also present robust positive correlations of the incremental area under the curve of total and H-specific GDF15 with a plethora of lipid subspecies, which remained significant after adjusting for confounders. CONCLUSION Serum GDF15 levels do not differ in relation to weight status in hyperlipidemic but otherwise metabolically healthy individuals. In contrast, GDF15 levels are significantly increased in MASLD patients at baseline and they remain significantly higher compared to healthy participants during OGTT, pointing to a role for GDF15 as a mitokine with important roles in the pathophysiology and possibly therapeutics of MASLD. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03986684, NCT04430946.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chrysoula Boutari
- Department of Medicine, Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave, SL418, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Konstantinos Stefanakis
- Department of Medicine, Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave, SL418, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Stamatia Simati
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Valentina Guatibonza-García
- Department of Medicine, Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave, SL418, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Laura Valenzuela-Vallejo
- Department of Medicine, Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave, SL418, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Ioanna A Anastasiou
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Alexander Kokkinos
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Department of Medicine, Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave, SL418, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02218, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Boston VA Healthcare System, Boston, MA, 02130, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mulcahy MC, El Habbal N, Redd JR, Sun H, Gregg BE, Bridges D. GDF15 knockout does not substantially impact perinatal body weight or neonatal outcomes in mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.30.591359. [PMID: 38746399 PMCID: PMC11092610 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.30.591359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF15) increases in circulation during pregnancy and has been implicated in food intake, weight loss, complications of pregnancy, and metabolic illness. We used a Gdf15 knockout mouse model (Gdf15-/- ) to assess the role of GDF15 in body weight regulation and food intake during pregnancy. We found that Gdf15-/- dams consumed a similar amount of food and gained comparable weight during the course of pregnancy compared to Gdf15+/+ dams. Insulin sensitivity on gestational day 16.5 was also similar between genotypes. In the postnatal period, litter size, and survival rates were similar between genotypes. There was a modest reduction in birth weight of Gdf15-/- pups, but this difference was no longer evident postnatal day 3.5 to 14.5. We observed no detectable differences in milk volume production or milk fat percentage. These data suggest that GDF15 is dispensable for changes in food intake, and body weight as well as insulin sensitivity during pregnancy in a mouse model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Molly C. Mulcahy
- University of Michigan School of Public Health, Department of Nutritional Sciences
| | - Noura El Habbal
- University of Michigan School of Public Health, Department of Nutritional Sciences
| | - JeAnna R. Redd
- University of Michigan School of Public Health, Department of Nutritional Sciences
| | - Haijing Sun
- Michigan Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology
| | - Brigid E. Gregg
- University of Michigan School of Public Health, Department of Nutritional Sciences
- Michigan Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology
| | - Dave Bridges
- University of Michigan School of Public Health, Department of Nutritional Sciences
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Asthana P, Wong HLX. Preventing obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes by targeting MT1-MMP. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:167081. [PMID: 38367902 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Obesity is one of the predominant risk factors for type 2 diabetes. Despite all the modern advances in medicine, an effective drug treatment for obesity without overt side effects has not yet been found. The discovery of growth and differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), an appetite-regulating hormone, created hopes for the treatment of obesity. However, an insufficient understanding of the physiological regulation of GDF15 has been a major obstacle to mitigating GDF15-centric treatment of obesity. Our recent studies revealed how a series of proteolytic events predominantly mediated by membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP/MMP14), a key cell-surface metalloproteinase involved in extracellular remodeling, contribute to the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders, including obesity and diabetes. The MT1-MMP-mediated cleavage of the GDNF family receptor-α-like (GFRAL), a key neuronal receptor of GDF15, controls the satiety center in the hindbrain, thereby regulating non-homeostatic appetite and bodyweight changes. Furthermore, increased activation of MT1-MMP does not only lead to increased risk of obesity, but also causes age-associated insulin resistance by cleaving Insulin Receptor in major metabolic tissues. Importantly, inhibition of MT1-MMP effectively protects against obesity and diabetes, revealing the therapeutic potential of targeting MT1-MMP for the management of metabolic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Asthana
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang X, Perry RJ. Metabolic underpinnings of cancer-related fatigue. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2024; 326:E290-E307. [PMID: 38294698 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00378.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Cancer-related fatigue (CRF) is one of the most prevalent and detrimental complications of cancer. Emerging evidence suggests that obesity and insulin resistance are associated with CRF occurrence and severity in cancer patients and survivors. In this narrative review, we analyzed recent studies including both preclinical and clinical research on the relationship between obesity and/or insulin resistance and CRF. We also describe potential mechanisms for these relationships, though with the caveat that because the mechanisms underlying CRF are incompletely understood, the mechanisms mediating the association between obesity/insulin resistance and CRF are similarly incompletely delineated. The data suggest that, in addition to their effects to worsen CRF by directly promoting tumor growth and metastasis, obesity and insulin resistance may also contribute to CRF by inducing chronic inflammation, neuroendocrinological disturbance, and metabolic alterations. Furthermore, studies suggest that patients with obesity and insulin resistance experience more cancer-induced pain and are at more risk of emotional and behavioral disruptions correlated with CRF. However, other studies implied a potentially paradoxical impact of obesity and insulin resistance to reduce CRF symptoms. Despite the need for further investigation utilizing interventions to directly elucidate the mechanisms of cancer-related fatigue, current evidence demonstrates a correlation between obesity and/or insulin resistance and CRF, and suggests potential therapeutics for CRF by targeting obesity and/or obesity-related mediators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Zhang
- Departments of Cellular & Molecular Physiology and Medicine (Endocrinology), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
| | - Rachel J Perry
- Departments of Cellular & Molecular Physiology and Medicine (Endocrinology), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jurado-Aguilar J, Barroso E, Bernard M, Zhang M, Peyman M, Rada P, Valverde ÁM, Wahli W, Palomer X, Vázquez-Carrera M. GDF15 activates AMPK and inhibits gluconeogenesis and fibrosis in the liver by attenuating the TGF-β1/SMAD3 pathway. Metabolism 2024; 152:155772. [PMID: 38176644 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2023.155772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The levels of the cellular energy sensor AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) have been reported to be decreased via unknown mechanisms in the liver of mice deficient in growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15). This stress response cytokine regulates energy metabolism mainly by reducing food intake through its hindbrain receptor GFRAL. OBJECTIVE To examine how GDF15 regulates AMPK. METHODS Wild-type and Gdf15-/- mice, mouse primary hepatocytes and the human hepatic cell line Huh-7 were used. RESULTS Gdf15-/- mice showed glucose intolerance, reduced hepatic phosphorylated AMPK levels, increased levels of phosphorylated mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3 (SMAD3; a mediator of the fibrotic response), elevated serum levels of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, as well as upregulated gluconeogenesis and fibrosis. In line with these observations, recombinant (r)GDF15 promoted AMPK activation and reduced the levels of phosphorylated SMAD3 and the markers of gluconeogenesis and fibrosis in the liver of mice and in mouse primary hepatocytes, suggesting that these effects may be independent of GFRAL. Pharmacological inhibition of SMAD3 phosphorylation in Gdf15-/- mice prevented glucose intolerance, the deactivation of AMPK and the increase in the levels of proteins involved in gluconeogenesis and fibrosis, suggesting that overactivation of the TGF-β1/SMAD3 pathway is responsible for the metabolic alterations in Gdf15-/- mice. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these findings indicate that GDF15 activates AMPK and inhibits gluconeogenesis and fibrosis by lowering the activity of the TGF-β1/SMAD3 pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Jurado-Aguilar
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Pediatric Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Emma Barroso
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Pediatric Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Maribel Bernard
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Pediatric Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Meijian Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Pediatric Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Mona Peyman
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Pediatric Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Patricia Rada
- Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC/UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángela M Valverde
- Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC/UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Walter Wahli
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore 308232; ToxAlim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), INRAE, UMR1331, F-31300 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Xavier Palomer
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Pediatric Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Manuel Vázquez-Carrera
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Pediatric Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kincaid JWR, Rimmington D, Tadross JA, Cimino I, Zvetkova I, Kaser A, Richards P, Patel S, O'Rahilly S, Coll AP. The gastrointestinal tract is a major source of the acute metformin-stimulated rise in GDF15. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1899. [PMID: 38253650 PMCID: PMC10803367 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51866-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The hormone GDF15 is secreted in response to cellular stressors. Metformin elevates circulating levels of GDF15, an action important for the drug's beneficial effects on body weight. Metformin can also inhibit mammalian respiratory complex I, leading to decreases in ATP:AMP ratio, activation of AMP Kinase (AMPK), and increased GDF15 production. We undertook studies using a range of mice with tissue-specific loss of Gdf15 (namely gut, liver and global deletion) to determine the relative contributions of two classical metformin target tissues, the gut and liver, to the elevation of GDF15 seen with metformin. In addition, we performed comparative studies with another pharmacological agent, the AMP kinase pan-activator, MK-8722. Deletion of Gdf15 from the intestinal epithelium significantly reduced the circulating GDF15 response to oral metformin, whereas deletion of Gdf15 from the liver had no effect. In contrast, deletion of Gdf15 from the liver, but not the gut, markedly reduced circulating GDF15 responses to MK-8722. Further, our data show that, while GDF15 restricts high-fat diet-induced weight gain, the intestinal production of GDF15 is not necessary for this effect. These findings add to the body of evidence implicating the intestinal epithelium in key aspects of the pharmacology of metformin action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John W R Kincaid
- Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Debra Rimmington
- Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - John A Tadross
- Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- Cambridge Genomics Laboratory, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- NHS East Genomic Laboratory Hub, East Genomics, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- Department of Histopathology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Irene Cimino
- Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Ilona Zvetkova
- Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Arthur Kaser
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Paul Richards
- Kallyope, Inc., 430 East 29th, Street, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Satish Patel
- Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Stephen O'Rahilly
- Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Anthony P Coll
- Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Dong XC, Xu DY. Research Progress on the Role and Mechanism of GDF15 in Body Weight Regulation. Obes Facts 2023; 17:1-11. [PMID: 37989122 PMCID: PMC10836939 DOI: 10.1159/000535089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF15) is a member of the growth differentiation factor subfamily in the transforming growth factor beta superfamily. GDF15 has multiple functions and can regulate biological processes. High levels of GDF15 in the circulation can affect metabolic processes. Studies have shown that GDF15 is associated with changes in body weight. SUMMARY This review reviews the current knowledge on the relationship between GDF15 and body weight change, focusing on the role and mechanism of GDF15 in body weight regulation. GDF15 plays an important role in reducing food intake, improving insulin resistance, and breaking down fat, suggesting that GDF15 has an important regulatory effect on body weight. The mechanism by which GDF15 causes reduced food intake may be related to changes in food preference, delayed gastric emptying, and conditioned taste aversion. GDF15 can combat insulin resistance induced by inflammation or protect β cell from apoptosis. GDF15 probably promotes lipolysis through a brain-somatic tissue circuit. Several factors and related signaling pathways are also mentioned that can contribute to the effects of GDF15 on reducing weight. KEY MESSAGE GDF15 plays an important role in weight regulation and provides a new direction for the treatment of obesity. Its effects on resisting obesity are of great significance to inhibiting the progression of metabolic diseases. It is expected to become a new target for regulating body weight, improving obesity, and treating metabolic diseases such as diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Chen Dong
- Department of Internal Cardiovascular Medicine, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Dan-Yan Xu
- Department of Internal Cardiovascular Medicine, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jena J, García-Peña LM, Weatherford ET, Marti A, Bjorkman SH, Kato K, Koneru J, Chen JH, Seeley RJ, Abel ED, Pereira RO. GDF15 is required for cold-induced thermogenesis and contributes to improved systemic metabolic health following loss of OPA1 in brown adipocytes. eLife 2023; 12:e86452. [PMID: 37819027 PMCID: PMC10567111 DOI: 10.7554/elife.86452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that mice lacking the protein optic atrophy 1 (OPA1 BKO) in brown adipose tissue (BAT) display induction of the activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), which promotes fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) secretion as a batokine. FGF21 increases metabolic rates under baseline conditions but is dispensable for the resistance to diet-induced obesity (DIO) reported in OPA1 BKO mice (Pereira et al., 2021). To determine alternative mediators of this phenotype, we performed transcriptome analysis, which revealed increased levels of growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), along with increased protein kinase R (PKR)-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) levels in BAT. To investigate whether ATF4 induction was mediated by PERK and evaluate the contribution of GDF15 to the resistance to DIO, we selectively deleted PERK or GDF15 in OPA1 BKO mice. Mice with reduced OPA1 and PERK levels in BAT had preserved ISR activation. Importantly, simultaneous deletion of OPA1 and GDF15 partially reversed the resistance to DIO and abrogated the improvements in glucose tolerance. Furthermore, GDF15 was required to improve cold-induced thermogenesis in OPA1 BKO mice. Taken together, our data indicate that PERK is dispensable to induce the ISR, but GDF15 contributes to the resistance to DIO, and is required for glucose homeostasis and thermoregulation in OPA1 BKO mice by increasing energy expenditure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jayashree Jena
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of IowaIowa CityUnited States
| | - Luis Miguel García-Peña
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of IowaIowa CityUnited States
| | - Eric T Weatherford
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of IowaIowa CityUnited States
| | - Alex Marti
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of IowaIowa CityUnited States
| | - Sarah H Bjorkman
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of IowaIowa CityUnited States
| | - Kevin Kato
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of IowaIowa CityUnited States
| | - Jivan Koneru
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of IowaIowa CityUnited States
| | - Jason H Chen
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of IowaIowa CityUnited States
| | - Randy J Seeley
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
| | - E Dale Abel
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of IowaIowa CityUnited States
| | - Renata O Pereira
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of IowaIowa CityUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lasaad S, Walter C, Rafael C, Morla L, Doucet A, Picard N, Blanchard A, Fromes Y, Matot B, Crambert G, Cheval L. GDF15 mediates renal cell plasticity in response to potassium depletion in mice. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2023; 239:e14046. [PMID: 37665159 DOI: 10.1111/apha.14046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To understand the mechanisms involved in the response to a low-K+ diet (LK), we investigated the role of the growth factor GDF15 and the ion pump H,K-ATPase type 2 (HKA2) in this process. METHODS Male mice of different genotypes (WT, GDF15-KO, and HKA2-KO) were fed an LK diet for different periods of time. We analyzed GDF15 levels, metabolic and physiological parameters, and the cellular composition of collecting ducts. RESULTS Mice fed an LK diet showed a 2-4-fold increase in plasma and urine GDF15 levels. Compared to WT mice, GDF15-KO mice rapidly developed hypokalemia due to impaired renal adaptation. This is related to their 1/ inability to increase the number of type A intercalated cells (AIC) and 2/ absence of upregulation of H,K-ATPase type 2 (HKA2), the two processes responsible for K+ retention. Interestingly, we showed that the GDF15-mediated proliferative effect on AIC was dependent on the ErbB2 receptor and required the presence of HKA2. Finally, renal leakage of K+ induced a reduction in muscle mass in GDF15-KO mice fed LK diet. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we showed that GDF15 and HKA2 are linked and play a central role in the response to K+ restriction by orchestrating the modification of the cellular composition of the collecting duct.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samia Lasaad
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Rénale et Tubulopathies, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- CNRS EMR 8228 - Unité Métabolisme et Physiologie Rénale, Paris, France
| | - Christine Walter
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Rénale et Tubulopathies, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- CNRS EMR 8228 - Unité Métabolisme et Physiologie Rénale, Paris, France
| | - Chloé Rafael
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Rénale et Tubulopathies, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- CNRS EMR 8228 - Unité Métabolisme et Physiologie Rénale, Paris, France
| | - Luciana Morla
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Rénale et Tubulopathies, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- CNRS EMR 8228 - Unité Métabolisme et Physiologie Rénale, Paris, France
| | - Alain Doucet
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Rénale et Tubulopathies, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- CNRS EMR 8228 - Unité Métabolisme et Physiologie Rénale, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Picard
- Laboratory of Tissue Biology and Therapeutic Engineering, UMR 5305 CNRS, University Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Anne Blanchard
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Rénale et Tubulopathies, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- CNRS EMR 8228 - Unité Métabolisme et Physiologie Rénale, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Centre d'Investigation Clinique, Paris, France
| | - Yves Fromes
- NMR Laboratory, Neuromuscular Investigation Center, Institute of Myology, Paris, France
| | - Béatrice Matot
- NMR Laboratory, Neuromuscular Investigation Center, Institute of Myology, Paris, France
| | - Gilles Crambert
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Rénale et Tubulopathies, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- CNRS EMR 8228 - Unité Métabolisme et Physiologie Rénale, Paris, France
| | - Lydie Cheval
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Rénale et Tubulopathies, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- CNRS EMR 8228 - Unité Métabolisme et Physiologie Rénale, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Jena J, García-Peña LM, Pereira RO. The roles of FGF21 and GDF15 in mediating the mitochondrial integrated stress response. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1264530. [PMID: 37818094 PMCID: PMC10561105 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1264530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Various models of mitochondrial stress result in induction of the stress-responsive cytokines fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15). This is an adaptive mechanism downstream of the mitochondrial integrated stress response frequently associated with improvements in systemic metabolic health. Both FGF21 and GDF15 have been shown to modulate energy balance and glucose homeostasis, and their pharmacological administration leads to promising beneficial effects against obesity and associated metabolic diseases in pre-clinical models. Furthermore, endogenous upregulation of FGF21 and GDF15 is associated with resistance to diet-induced obesity (DIO), improved glucose homeostasis and increased insulin sensitivity. In this review, we highlight several studies on transgenic mouse models of mitochondrial stress and will compare the specific roles played by FGF21 and GDF15 on the systemic metabolic adaptations reported in these models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Renata O. Pereira
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang H, Mulya A, Nieuwoudt S, Vandanmagsar B, McDowell R, Heintz EC, Zunica ER, Collier JJ, Bozadjieva-Kramer N, Seeley RJ, Axelrod CL, Kirwan JP. GDF15 Mediates the Effect of Skeletal Muscle Contraction on Glucose-Stimulated Insulin Secretion. Diabetes 2023; 72:1070-1082. [PMID: 37224335 PMCID: PMC10382648 DOI: 10.2337/db22-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Exercise is a first-line treatment for type 2 diabetes and preserves β-cell function by hitherto unknown mechanisms. We postulated that proteins from contracting skeletal muscle may act as cellular signals to regulate pancreatic β-cell function. We used electric pulse stimulation (EPS) to induce contraction in C2C12 myotubes and found that treatment of β-cells with EPS-conditioned medium enhanced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). Transcriptomics and subsequent targeted validation revealed growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) as a central component of the skeletal muscle secretome. Exposure to recombinant GDF15 enhanced GSIS in cells, islets, and mice. GDF15 enhanced GSIS by upregulating the insulin secretion pathway in β-cells, which was abrogated in the presence of a GDF15 neutralizing antibody. The effect of GDF15 on GSIS was also observed in islets from GFRAL-deficient mice. Circulating GDF15 was incrementally elevated in patients with pre- and type 2 diabetes and positively associated with C-peptide in humans with overweight or obesity. Six weeks of high-intensity exercise training increased circulating GDF15 concentrations, which positively correlated with improvements in β-cell function in patients with type 2 diabetes. Taken together, GDF15 can function as a contraction-induced protein that enhances GSIS through activating the canonical signaling pathway in a GFRAL-independent manner. ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS Exercise improves glucose-stimulated insulin secretion through direct interorgan communication. Contracting skeletal muscle releases growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), which is required to synergistically enhance glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. GDF15 enhances glucose-stimulated insulin secretion by activating the canonical insulin release pathway. Increased levels of circulating GDF15 after exercise training are related to improvements in β-cell function in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
- Integrated Physiology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Anny Mulya
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Stephan Nieuwoudt
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Bolormaa Vandanmagsar
- Integrated Physiology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Ruth McDowell
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Elizabeth C. Heintz
- Integrated Physiology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Elizabeth R.M. Zunica
- Integrated Physiology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - J. Jason Collier
- Islet Biology and Inflammation Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Nadejda Bozadjieva-Kramer
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Research Service, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Randy J. Seeley
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Christopher L. Axelrod
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
- Integrated Physiology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - John P. Kirwan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
- Integrated Physiology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhang M, Bagán A, Martínez D, Barroso E, Palomer X, Vázquez S, Escolano C, Vázquez-Carrera M. Design and Synthesis of AMPK Activators and GDF15 Inducers. Molecules 2023; 28:5468. [PMID: 37513338 PMCID: PMC10386161 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeting growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is a recent strategy for the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Here, we designed, synthesized, and pharmacologically evaluated in vitro a novel series of AMPK activators to upregulate GDF15 levels. These compounds were structurally based on the (1-dibenzylamino-3-phenoxy)propan-2-ol structure of the orphan ubiquitin E3 ligase subunit protein Fbxo48 inhibitor, BC1618. This molecule showed a better potency than metformin, increasing GDF15 mRNA levels in human Huh-7 hepatic cells. Based on BC1618, structural modifications have been performed to create a collection of diversely substituted new molecules. Of the thirty-five new compounds evaluated, compound 21 showed a higher increase in GDF15 mRNA levels compared with BC1618. Metformin, BC1618, and compound 21 increased phosphorylated AMPK, but only 21 increased GDF15 protein levels. Overall, these findings indicate that 21 has a unique capacity to increase GDF15 protein levels in human hepatic cells compared with metformin and BC1618.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meijian Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Pediatric Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Andrea Bagán
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry (Associated Unit to CSIC), Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Donna Martínez
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry (Associated Unit to CSIC), Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emma Barroso
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Pediatric Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Xavier Palomer
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Pediatric Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Santiago Vázquez
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry (Associated Unit to CSIC), Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Escolano
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry (Associated Unit to CSIC), Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Vázquez-Carrera
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Pediatric Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wang D, Townsend LK, DesOrmeaux GJ, Frangos SM, Batchuluun B, Dumont L, Kuhre RE, Ahmadi E, Hu S, Rebalka IA, Gautam J, Jabile MJT, Pileggi CA, Rehal S, Desjardins EM, Tsakiridis EE, Lally JSV, Juracic ES, Tupling AR, Gerstein HC, Paré G, Tsakiridis T, Harper ME, Hawke TJ, Speakman JR, Blondin DP, Holloway GP, Jørgensen SB, Steinberg GR. GDF15 promotes weight loss by enhancing energy expenditure in muscle. Nature 2023; 619:143-150. [PMID: 37380764 PMCID: PMC10322716 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06249-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Caloric restriction that promotes weight loss is an effective strategy for treating non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and improving insulin sensitivity in people with type 2 diabetes1. Despite its effectiveness, in most individuals, weight loss is usually not maintained partly due to physiological adaptations that suppress energy expenditure, a process known as adaptive thermogenesis, the mechanistic underpinnings of which are unclear2,3. Treatment of rodents fed a high-fat diet with recombinant growth differentiating factor 15 (GDF15) reduces obesity and improves glycaemic control through glial-cell-derived neurotrophic factor family receptor α-like (GFRAL)-dependent suppression of food intake4-7. Here we find that, in addition to suppressing appetite, GDF15 counteracts compensatory reductions in energy expenditure, eliciting greater weight loss and reductions in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) compared to caloric restriction alone. This effect of GDF15 to maintain energy expenditure during calorie restriction requires a GFRAL-β-adrenergic-dependent signalling axis that increases fatty acid oxidation and calcium futile cycling in the skeletal muscle of mice. These data indicate that therapeutic targeting of the GDF15-GFRAL pathway may be useful for maintaining energy expenditure in skeletal muscle during caloric restriction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Wang
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Logan K Townsend
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Geneviève J DesOrmeaux
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sara M Frangos
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Battsetseg Batchuluun
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lauralyne Dumont
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Rune Ehrenreich Kuhre
- Global Obesity and Liver Disease Research, Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk, Maaloev, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elham Ahmadi
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sumei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health, Ministry of Education, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Metabolic Health, Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Irena A Rebalka
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jaya Gautam
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maria Joy Therese Jabile
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chantal A Pileggi
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sonia Rehal
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eric M Desjardins
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Evangelia E Tsakiridis
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - James S V Lally
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Emma Sara Juracic
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - A Russell Tupling
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hertzel C Gerstein
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Guillaume Paré
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Theodoros Tsakiridis
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Oncology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mary-Ellen Harper
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas J Hawke
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - John R Speakman
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Metabolic Health, Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
- CAS Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics (CCEAEG), Kunming, China
| | - Denis P Blondin
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Graham P Holloway
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sebastian Beck Jørgensen
- Global Obesity and Liver Disease Research, Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk, Maaloev, Denmark
- Bio Innovation Hub Transformational Research Unit, Novo Nordisk, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gregory R Steinberg
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Díaz M, Carreras-Badosa G, Villarroya J, Gavaldà-Navarro A, Bassols J, de Zegher F, López-Bermejo A, Villarroya F, Ibáñez L. Circulating GDF15 concentrations in girls with low birth weight: effects of prolonged metformin treatment. Pediatr Res 2023; 93:964-968. [PMID: 35817957 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-022-02175-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low birth weight (LBW) followed by a rapid postnatal catch-up in weight predisposes individuals to a central distribution of body fat, which is reverted by metformin. Growth-and-differentiation-factor-15 (GDF15) plays an important role in the regulation of energy homeostasis, reducing food intake and body weight. We assessed whether GDF15 concentrations are raised by long-term metformin treatment in LBW/catch-up girls with precocious pubarche (PP, pubic hair <8 years), and whether they relate to changes in endocrine-metabolic variables, body composition, and abdominal fat partitioning. METHODS Circulating GDF15 was determined in 30 LBW/catch-up girls with PP randomly assigned to receive metformin for 4 years (n = 15; 425 mg/d for 2 years, then 850 mg/d for 2 years) or to remain untreated (n = 15). Endocrine-metabolic variables, body composition (by absorptiometry), and abdominal fat partitioning (by MRI) were assessed at the start and yearly during follow-up. RESULTS Circulating GDF15 concentrations increased significantly in LBW-PP girls only after 3 and 4 years on metformin. GDF15 levels associated negatively with insulin, HOMA-IR, androgens, body fat, and visceral fat. CONCLUSION Prepubertal intervention with metformin reduces central adiposity and insulin resistance in girls with reduced prenatal growth. GDF15 could be among the mediators of such effects, especially over the long term. IMPACT Low birth weight followed by a rapid postnatal catch-up in weight predisposes individuals to a central distribution of body fat, which is reverted by metformin. Growth-and-differentiation-factor-15 (GDF15) is a peptide hormone that reduces food intake and lowers body weight; metformin is an exogenous GDF15 secretagogue. Serum GDF15 concentrations increase after 3 and 4 years on metformin and associate negatively with insulin, androgens, body fat, and visceral fat. Prepubertal intervention with metformin reduces central adiposity and insulin resistance in girls with low birth weight. GDF15 could mediate these effects, especially over the long term.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Díaz
- Endocrinology Department, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, 08950 Esplugues, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gemma Carreras-Badosa
- Pediatric Endocrinology Research Group, Girona Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBGI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Girona and Dr. Josep Trueta Hospital, 17007, Girona, Spain
| | - Joan Villarroya
- Endocrinology Department, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, 08950 Esplugues, Barcelona, Spain
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona and Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), ISCIII, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aleix Gavaldà-Navarro
- Endocrinology Department, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, 08950 Esplugues, Barcelona, Spain
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona and Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), ISCIII, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Judit Bassols
- Pediatric Endocrinology Research Group, Girona Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBGI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Girona and Dr. Josep Trueta Hospital, 17007, Girona, Spain
| | | | - Abel López-Bermejo
- Pediatric Endocrinology Research Group, Girona Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBGI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Girona and Dr. Josep Trueta Hospital, 17007, Girona, Spain
| | - Francesc Villarroya
- Endocrinology Department, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, 08950 Esplugues, Barcelona, Spain.
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona and Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), ISCIII, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Lourdes Ibáñez
- Endocrinology Department, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, 08950 Esplugues, Barcelona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Raffin J, Rolland Y, Parini A, Lucas A, Guyonnet S, Vellas B, de Souto Barreto P. Association between physical activity, growth differentiation factor 15 and bodyweight in older adults: A longitudinal mediation analysis. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2023. [PMID: 36999490 PMCID: PMC10067491 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.13152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Late-life aging is often associated with appetite reduction and weight loss. Physical activity (PA) may prevent these processes, but the molecular mechanisms involved remain elusive. The present study investigated the putative mediating aspect of growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15), a stress signalling protein involved in aging, exercise and appetite control, on the association between PA and late-life-associated weight loss. METHODS One thousand eighty-three healthy adults (63.8% women) aged 70 years and over who participated in the Multidomain Alzheimer Preventive Trial were included. Bodyweight (kg) and PA levels (square root of metabolic equivalent of task-min/week) were assessed repeatedly from baseline to the 3-year visit, whereas plasma GDF-15 (pg/mL) was measured at the 1-year visit. Multiple linear regressions were performed to test the association between first-year mean PA level, 1-year visit GDF-15 concentration and subsequent bodyweight changes. Mediation analyses were used to investigate whether GDF-15 mediated the association between first-year mean PA levels and consecutive bodyweight changes. RESULTS Multiple regression analyses demonstrated that higher first-year mean PA levels significantly predicted lower GDF-15 and bodyweight at 1 year (B = -2.22; SE = 0.79; P = 0.005). In addition, higher 1-year visit GDF-15 levels were associated with faster subsequent bodyweight loss (Time × GDF-15 interaction B = -0.0004; SE = 0.0001; P = 0.003). Mediation analyses confirmed that GDF-15 mediated the association between first-year mean PA levels and subsequent bodyweight changes (mediated effect ab = 0.0018; bootstrap SE = 0.001; P < 0.05) and revealed that mean PA had no direct effect on subsequent bodyweight changes (c' = 0.006; SE = 0.008; P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that GDF-15 may be one of the molecules mediating the link between PA and late-life weight loss, but mechanistic studies are necessary to further support the present findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Raffin
- Gérontopôle de Toulouse, Institut du VieillissementCentre Hospitalo‐Universitaire de ToulouseToulouseFrance
| | - Yves Rolland
- Gérontopôle de Toulouse, Institut du VieillissementCentre Hospitalo‐Universitaire de ToulouseToulouseFrance
- CERPOP UMR 1295, University of Toulouse III, Inserm, UPSToulouseFrance
| | - Angelo Parini
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, UMR1048Toulouse Cedex 4France
- Paul Sabatier UniversityToulouse Cedex 9France
| | - Alexandre Lucas
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, UMR1048Toulouse Cedex 4France
- Paul Sabatier UniversityToulouse Cedex 9France
| | - Sophie Guyonnet
- Gérontopôle de Toulouse, Institut du VieillissementCentre Hospitalo‐Universitaire de ToulouseToulouseFrance
- CERPOP UMR 1295, University of Toulouse III, Inserm, UPSToulouseFrance
| | - Bruno Vellas
- Gérontopôle de Toulouse, Institut du VieillissementCentre Hospitalo‐Universitaire de ToulouseToulouseFrance
- CERPOP UMR 1295, University of Toulouse III, Inserm, UPSToulouseFrance
| | - Philipe de Souto Barreto
- Gérontopôle de Toulouse, Institut du VieillissementCentre Hospitalo‐Universitaire de ToulouseToulouseFrance
- CERPOP UMR 1295, University of Toulouse III, Inserm, UPSToulouseFrance
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Saeidi A, Nouri-Habashi A, Razi O, Ataeinosrat A, Rahmani H, Mollabashi SS, Bagherzadeh-Rahmani B, Aghdam SM, Khalajzadeh L, Al Kiyumi MH, Hackney AC, Laher I, Heinrich KM, Zouhal H. Astaxanthin Supplemented with High-Intensity Functional Training Decreases Adipokines Levels and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Men with Obesity. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15020286. [PMID: 36678157 PMCID: PMC9866205 DOI: 10.3390/nu15020286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 12 weeks of high-intensity training with astaxanthin supplementation on adipokine levels, insulin resistance and lipid profiles in males with obesity. Sixty-eight males with obesity were randomly stratified into four groups of seventeen subjects each: control group (CG), supplement group (SG), training group (TG), and training plus supplement group (TSG). Participants underwent 12 weeks of treatment with astaxanthin or placebo (20 mg/d capsule daily). The training protocol consisted of 36 sessions of high-intensity functional training (HIFT), 60 min/sessions, and three sessions/week. Metabolic profiles, body composition, anthropometrical measurements, cardio-respiratory indices and adipokine [Cq1/TNF-related protein 9 and 2 (CTRP9 and CTRP2) levels, and growth differentiation factors 8 and 15 (GDF8 and GDF15)] were measured. There were significant differences for all indicators between the groups (p < 0.05). Post-hoc analysis indicated that the levels of CTRP9, CTRP2, and GDF8 were different from CG (p < 0.05), although levels of GDF15 were similar to CG (p > 0.05). Levels of GDF8 were similar in the SG and TG groups (p > 0.05), with reductions of GDF15 levels in both training groups (p < 0.05). A total of 12 weeks of astaxanthin supplementation and exercise training decreased adipokines levels, body composition (weight, %fat), anthropometrical factors (BMI), and improved lipid and metabolic profiles. These benefits were greater for men with obesity in the TSG group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayoub Saeidi
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj 66177-15175, Iran
| | - Akbar Nouri-Habashi
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Corrective Movements, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Urmia University, Urmia 57561-51818, Iran
- Correspondence: (A.N.-H.); (M.H.A.K.)
| | - Omid Razi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Science, Razi University, Kermanshah 94Q5+6G3, Iran
| | - Ali Ataeinosrat
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 14778-93855, Iran
| | - Hiwa Rahmani
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Science, Alzahra University, Tehran 19938 93973, Iran
| | | | - Behnam Bagherzadeh-Rahmani
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar M3J+373, Iran
| | - Shahin Mahmoudi Aghdam
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 14778-93855, Iran
| | - Leila Khalajzadeh
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 14778-93855, Iran
| | - Maisa Hamed Al Kiyumi
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat H5QC+36M, Oman
- Correspondence: (A.N.-H.); (M.H.A.K.)
| | - Anthony C. Hackney
- Department of Exercise & Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Ismail Laher
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Katie M. Heinrich
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Hassane Zouhal
- Laboratoire Mouvement, Sport, Santé, University of Rennes, M2S—EA 1274, 35000 Rennes, France
- Institut International des Sciences du Sport (2I2S), 35850 Irodouer, France
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zheng S, Shen M, Qian Y, Li S, Chen Y, Jiang H, Lv H, Chen D, Zhao R, Zheng X, Sun M, Yang T, Shi Y, Fu Q. Growth differentiation factor-15/adiponectin ratio as a potential biomarker for metabolic syndrome in Han Chinese. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1146376. [PMID: 37152921 PMCID: PMC10154592 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1146376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims Growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) and adiponectin are adipokines that regulate metabolism. This study aimed to evaluate the roles of GDF-15, adiponectin, and GDF-15/adiponectin ratio (G/A ratio) as biomarkers for detecting metabolic syndrome (MS). Materials and methods This cross-sectional study included 676 participants aged 20-70 years in Jurong, China. The participants were divided into four groups based on sex and age (<40 and ≥40 years). MS was defined according to the modified National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to evaluate the performance of GDF-15, adiponectin, and the G/A ratio in predicting MS. Results The prevalence of MS was 22.0% (149/676). Logistic regression analysis indicated that the G/A ratio and adiponectin levels, but not GDF-15 levels, were correlated with MS [odds ratio; 95% CI 1.010 (1.006-1.013) and 0.798 (0.735-0.865), respectively] after adjusting for confounding factors. The G/A ratio displayed a significant relationship with MS in each subgroup and with each MS component in both men and women; however, adiponectin concentrations were significantly associated with MS and all its components only in men (all P <0.05). The area under the curve (AUC) of the G/A ratio and the adiponectin level for MS was 0.758 and 0.748, respectively. The highest AUC was 0.757 for the adiponectin level in men and 0.724 for the G/A ratio in women. Conclusions This study suggests that the G/A ratio and adiponectin are potential biomarkers for detecting MS in women and men, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yun Shi
- *Correspondence: Qi Fu, ; Yun Shi,
| | - Qi Fu
- *Correspondence: Qi Fu, ; Yun Shi,
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Reyes J, Yap GS. Emerging Roles of Growth Differentiation Factor 15 in Immunoregulation and Pathogenesis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 210:5-11. [PMID: 36542831 PMCID: PMC9779231 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) is a cytokine that is widely used as a biomarker for the severity of diverse disease states. It also has been shown to play a protective role after tissue injury and to promote a negative energy balance during obesity and diabetes. In addition to its metabolic effects, GDF-15 also regulates the host's immune responses to infectious and noninfectious diseases. GDF-15 can suppress a type 1 and, in contrast, promote a type 2 inflammatory response. In this brief review, we discuss how GDF-15 affects the effector function and recruitment of immune cells, the pathways that induce its expression, and the diverse mechanisms by which it is regulated during inflammation and infection. We further highlight outstanding questions that should be the focus of future investigations in this emerging field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jojo Reyes
- Department of Medicine and Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07101
| | - George S. Yap
- Department of Medicine and Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07101
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Xie B, Murali A, Vandevender AM, Chen J, Silva AG, Bello FM, Chuan B, Bahudhanapati H, Sipula I, Dedousis N, Shah FA, O'Donnell CP, Alder JK, Jurczak MJ. Hepatocyte-derived GDF15 suppresses feeding and improves insulin sensitivity in obese mice. iScience 2022; 25:105569. [PMID: 36465107 PMCID: PMC9708916 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is a stress-induced secreted protein whose circulating levels are increased in the context of obesity. Recombinant GDF15 reduces body weight and improves glycemia in obese models, which is largely attributed to the central action of GDF15 to suppress feeding and reduce body weight. Despite these advances in knowledge, the tissue-specific sites of GDF15 production during obesity are unknown, and the effects of modulating circulating GDF15 levels on insulin sensitivity have not been evaluated directly. Here, we demonstrate that hepatocyte Gdf15 expression is sufficient for changes in circulating levels of GDF15 during obesity and that restoring Gdf15 expression specifically in hepatocytes of Gdf15 knockout mice results in marked improvements in hyperinsulinemia, hepatic insulin sensitivity, and to a lesser extent peripheral insulin sensitivity. These data support that liver hepatocytes are the primary source of circulating GDF15 in obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bingxian Xie
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Anjana Murali
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Amber M Vandevender
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Metabolism and Mitochondrial Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jeffrey Chen
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Agustin Gil Silva
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Fiona M Bello
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Metabolism and Mitochondrial Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Byron Chuan
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Harinath Bahudhanapati
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ian Sipula
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Metabolism and Mitochondrial Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nikolaos Dedousis
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Metabolism and Mitochondrial Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Faraaz A Shah
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Christopher P O'Donnell
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jonathan K Alder
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michael J Jurczak
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Metabolism and Mitochondrial Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Patel S, Haider A, Alvarez-Guaita A, Bidault G, El-Sayed Moustafa JS, Guiu-Jurado E, Tadross JA, Warner J, Harrison J, Virtue S, Scurria F, Zvetkova I, Blüher M, Small KS, O'Rahilly S, Savage DB. Combined genetic deletion of GDF15 and FGF21 has modest effects on body weight, hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance in high fat fed mice. Mol Metab 2022; 65:101589. [PMID: 36064109 PMCID: PMC9486046 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Obesity in humans and mice is associated with elevated levels of two hormones responsive to cellular stress, namely GDF15 and FGF21. Over-expression of each of these is associated with weight loss and beneficial metabolic changes but where they are secreted from and what they are required for physiologically in the context of overfeeding remains unclear. METHODS Here we used tissue selective knockout mouse models and human transcriptomics to determine the source of circulating GDF15 in obesity. We then generated and characterized the metabolic phenotypes of GDF15/FGF21 double knockout mice. RESULTS Circulating GDF15 and FGF21 are both largely derived from the liver, rather than adipose tissue or skeletal muscle, in obese states. Combined whole body deletion of FGF21 and GDF15 does not result in any additional weight gain in response to high fat feeding but it does result in significantly greater hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance than that seen in GDF15 single knockout mice. CONCLUSIONS Collectively the data suggest that overfeeding activates a stress response in the liver which is the major source of systemic rises in GDF15 and FGF21. These hormones then activate pathways which reduce this metabolic stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satish Patel
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK; MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Afreen Haider
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK; MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Anna Alvarez-Guaita
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Guillaume Bidault
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | | | - Esther Guiu-Jurado
- Medical Department III - Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - John A Tadross
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK; East Midlands and East of England Genomic Laboratory Hub & Department of Histopathology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - James Warner
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - James Harrison
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Samuel Virtue
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Fabio Scurria
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Ilona Zvetkova
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Medical Department III - Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München, University of Leipzig and University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kerrin S Small
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, St Thomas' Campus, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Stephen O'Rahilly
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK; MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - David B Savage
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK; MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Aguilar-Recarte D, Barroso E, Palomer X, Wahli W, Vázquez-Carrera M. Knocking on GDF15's door for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2022; 33:741-754. [PMID: 36151002 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2022.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Although a large number of drugs are available for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), many patients do not achieve adequate disease control despite adhering to medication. Recent findings indicate that the pharmacological modulation of the stress-induced cytokine growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) shows promise for the treatment of T2DM. GDF15 suppresses appetite and reduces inflammation, increases thermogenesis and lipid catabolism, sustains AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity, and ameliorates insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis. In addition, circulating GDF15 levels are elevated in response to several antidiabetic drugs, including metformin, with GDF15 mediating some of their effects. Here, we review the mechanistic insights into the beneficial effects of recently explored therapeutic approaches that target GDF15 for the treatment of T2DM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Aguilar-Recarte
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Avinguda Joan XXII 27-31, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emma Barroso
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Avinguda Joan XXII 27-31, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Palomer
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Avinguda Joan XXII 27-31, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Walter Wahli
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore 308232; ToxAlim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), INRAE, UMR1331, 31300 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Manuel Vázquez-Carrera
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Avinguda Joan XXII 27-31, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Lemmelä S, Wigmore EM, Benner C, Havulinna AS, Ong RMY, Kempf T, Wollert KC, Blankenberg S, Zeller T, Peters JE, Salomaa V, Fritsch M, March R, Palotie A, Daly M, Butterworth AS, Kinnunen M, Paul DS, Matakidou A. Integrated analyses of growth differentiation factor-15 concentration and cardiometabolic diseases in humans. eLife 2022; 11:e76272. [PMID: 35916366 PMCID: PMC9391041 DOI: 10.7554/elife.76272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF15) is a stress response cytokine that is elevated in several cardiometabolic diseases and has attracted interest as a potential therapeutic target. To further explore the association of GDF15 with human disease, we conducted a broad study into the phenotypic and genetic correlates of GDF15 concentration in up to 14,099 individuals. Assessment of 772 traits across 6610 participants in FINRISK identified associations of GDF15 concentration with a range of phenotypes including all-cause mortality, cardiometabolic disease, respiratory diseases and psychiatric disorders, as well as inflammatory markers. A meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of GDF15 concentration across three different assay platforms (n=14,099) confirmed significant heterogeneity due to a common missense variant (rs1058587; p.H202D) in GDF15, potentially due to epitope-binding artefacts. After conditioning on rs1058587, statistical fine mapping identified four independent putative causal signals at the locus. Mendelian randomisation (MR) analysis found evidence of a causal relationship between GDF15 concentration and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) but not body mass index (BMI). Using reverse MR, we identified a potential causal association of BMI on GDF15 (IVW pFDR = 0.0040). Taken together, our data derived from human population cohorts do not support a role for moderately elevated GDF15 concentrations as a causal factor in human cardiometabolic disease but support its role as a biomarker of metabolic stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Lemmelä
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | | | - Christian Benner
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Aki S Havulinna
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Finnish Institute for Health and WelfareHelsinkiFinland
| | - Rachel MY Ong
- British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Tibor Kempf
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
| | - Kai C Wollert
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
| | - Stefan Blankenberg
- Clinic of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-EppendorfHamburgGermany
- Population Health Research Department, University Heart and Vascular Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-EppendorfHamburgGermany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/LuebeckHamburgGermany
| | - Tanja Zeller
- Clinic of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-EppendorfHamburgGermany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/LuebeckHamburgGermany
- University Center of Cardiovascular Science, University Medical Center Hamburg-EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | - James E Peters
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- Health Data Research UK Cambridge, Wellcome Genome Campus and University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Maria Fritsch
- Bioscience Renal, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZenecaGothenburgSweden
| | - Ruth March
- Precision Medicine, Oncology R&D, AstraZenecaCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General HospitalBostonUnited States
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and HarvardCambridgeUnited States
| | - Mark Daly
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General HospitalBostonUnited States
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and HarvardCambridgeUnited States
| | - Adam S Butterworth
- British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Health Data Research UK Cambridge, Wellcome Genome Campus and University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Genomics, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Mervi Kinnunen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Dirk S Paul
- Centre for Genomics Research, AstraZenecaCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Athena Matakidou
- Centre for Genomics Research, AstraZenecaCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Xu G, Chen J, Jo S, Grayson TB, Ramanadham S, Koizumi A, Germain-Lee EL, Lee SJ, Shalev A. Deletion of Gdf15 Reduces ER Stress-induced Beta-cell Apoptosis and Diabetes. Endocrinology 2022; 163:6548945. [PMID: 35290443 PMCID: PMC9272264 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress contributes to pancreatic beta-cell apoptosis in diabetes, but the factors involved are still not fully elucidated. Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is a stress response gene and has been reported to be increased and play an important role in various diseases. However, the role of GDF15 in beta cells in the context of ER stress and diabetes is still unclear. In this study, we have discovered that GDF15 promotes ER stress-induced beta-cell apoptosis and that downregulation of GDF15 has beneficial effects on beta-cell survival in diabetes. Specifically, we found that GDF15 is induced by ER stress in beta cells and human islets, and that the transcription factor C/EBPβ is involved in this process. Interestingly, ER stress-induced apoptosis was significantly reduced in INS-1 cells with Gdf15 knockdown and in isolated Gdf15 knockout mouse islets. In vivo, we found that Gdf15 deletion attenuates streptozotocin-induced diabetes by preserving beta cells and insulin levels. Moreover, deletion of Gdf15 significantly delayed diabetes development in spontaneous ER stress-prone Akita mice. Thus, our findings suggest that GDF15 contributes to ER stress-induced beta-cell apoptosis and that inhibition of GDF15 may represent a novel strategy to promote beta-cell survival and treat diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guanlan Xu
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Correspondence: Guanlan Xu, PhD, Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1825 University Blvd, Shelby Bldg 1272, Birmingham, AL 35294-2182, USA. E-mail:
| | - Junqin Chen
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - SeongHo Jo
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Truman B Grayson
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Sasanka Ramanadham
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Akio Koizumi
- Institute of Public Health and Social Welfare Public Interest Incorporation Associations, Kyoto Hokenkai, Ukyo-ku Kyoto 615-8577, Japan
| | - Emily L Germain-Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
- Connecticut Children’s Center for Rare Bone Disorders, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Se-Jin Lee
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Anath Shalev
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Conte M, Giuliani C, Chiariello A, Iannuzzi V, Franceschi C, Salvioli S. GDF15, an emerging key player in human aging. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 75:101569. [PMID: 35051643 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is recently emerging not only as a stress-related mitokine, but also as a key player in the aging process, being one of the most up-regulated protein with age and associated with a variety of age-related diseases (ARDs). Many data indicate that GDF15 has protective roles in several tissues during different stress and aging, thus playing a beneficial role in apparent contrast with the observed association with many ARDs. A possible detrimental role for this protein is then hypothesized to emerge with age. Therefore, GDF15 can be considered as a pleiotropic factor with beneficial activities that can turn detrimental in old age possibly when it is chronically elevated. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the biology of GDF15 during aging. We also propose GDF15 as a part of a dormancy program, where it may play a role as a mediator of defense processes aimed to protect from inflammatory damage and other stresses, according to the life history theory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Conte
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Interdepartmental Centre "Alma Mater Research Institute on Global Challenges and Climate Change (Alma Climate)", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Cristina Giuliani
- Interdepartmental Centre "Alma Mater Research Institute on Global Challenges and Climate Change (Alma Climate)", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Laboratory of Molecular Anthropology & Centre for Genome Biology, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonio Chiariello
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Iannuzzi
- Laboratory of Molecular Anthropology & Centre for Genome Biology, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Franceschi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Institute of Information Technologies, Mathematics and Mechanics, Lobachevsky University, Nizhniy Novgorod, Russia
| | - Stefano Salvioli
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Interdepartmental Centre "Alma Mater Research Institute on Global Challenges and Climate Change (Alma Climate)", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Chow CFW, Guo X, Asthana P, Zhang S, Wong SKK, Fallah S, Che S, Gurung S, Wang Z, Lee KB, Ge X, Yuan S, Xu H, Ip JPK, Jiang Z, Zhai L, Wu J, Zhang Y, Mahato AK, Saarma M, Lin CY, Kwan HY, Huang T, Lyu A, Zhou Z, Bian ZX, Wong HLX. Body weight regulation via MT1-MMP-mediated cleavage of GFRAL. Nat Metab 2022; 4:203-212. [PMID: 35177851 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-022-00529-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
GDNF-family receptor a-like (GFRAL) has been identified as the cognate receptor of growth/differentiation factor 15 (GDF15/MIC-1), considered a key signaling axis in energy homeostasis and body weight regulation. Currently, little is known about the physiological regulation of the GDF15-GFRAL signaling pathway. Here we show that membrane-bound matrix metalloproteinase 14 (MT1-MMP/MMP14) is an endogenous negative regulator of GFRAL in the context of obesity. Overnutrition-induced obesity increased MT1-MMP activation, which proteolytically inactivated GFRAL to suppress GDF15-GFRAL signaling, thus modulating the anorectic effects of the GDF15-GFRAL axis in vivo. Genetic ablation of MT1-MMP specifically in GFRAL+ neurons restored GFRAL expression, resulting in reduced weight gain, along with decreased food intake in obese mice. Conversely, depletion of GFRAL abolished the anti-obesity effects of MT1-MMP inhibition. MT1-MMP inhibition also potentiated GDF15 activity specifically in obese phenotypes. Our findings identify a negative regulator of GFRAL for the control of non-homeostatic body weight regulation, provide mechanistic insights into the regulation of GDF15 sensitivity, highlight negative regulators of the GDF15-GFRAL pathway as a therapeutic avenue against obesity and identify MT1-MMP as a promising target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chi Fung Willis Chow
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell and Biology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Xuanming Guo
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Pallavi Asthana
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sheung Kin Ken Wong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Samane Fallah
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sijia Che
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Susma Gurung
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zening Wang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ki Baek Lee
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xin Ge
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shiyang Yuan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Haoyu Xu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jacque Pak Kan Ip
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhixin Jiang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lixiang Zhai
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jiayan Wu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yijing Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Arun Kumar Mahato
- Institute of Biotechnology-HILIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mart Saarma
- Institute of Biotechnology-HILIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Cheng Yuan Lin
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
- Centre for Chinese Herbal Medicine Drug Development Limited, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hiu Yee Kwan
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tao Huang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Aiping Lyu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhongjun Zhou
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhao-Xiang Bian
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
- Centre for Chinese Herbal Medicine Drug Development Limited, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Lu JF, Zhu MQ, Xie BC, Shi XC, Liu H, Zhang RX, Xia B, Wu JW. Camptothecin effectively treats obesity in mice through GDF15 induction. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001517. [PMID: 35202387 PMCID: PMC8870521 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated circulating levels of growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) have been shown to reduce food intake and lower body weight through activation of hindbrain receptor glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) receptor alpha-like (GFRAL) in rodents and nonhuman primates, thus endogenous induction of this peptide holds promise for obesity treatment. Here, through in silico drug-screening methods, we found that small molecule Camptothecin (CPT), a previously identified drug with potential antitumor activity, is a GDF15 inducer. Oral CPT administration increases circulating GDF15 levels in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice and genetic ob/ob mice, with elevated Gdf15 expression predominantly in the liver through activation of integrated stress response. In line with GDF15's anorectic effect, CPT suppresses food intake, thereby reducing body weight, blood glucose, and hepatic fat content in obese mice. Conversely, CPT loses these beneficial effects when Gdf15 is inhibited by a neutralizing antibody or AAV8-mediated liver-specific knockdown. Similarly, CPT failed to reduce food intake and body weight in GDF15's specific receptor GFRAL-deficient mice despite high levels of GDF15. Together, these results indicate that CPT is a promising anti-obesity agent through activation of GDF15-GFRAL pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Feng Lu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Meng Qing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bao Cai Xie
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiao Chen Shi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Rui Xin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bo Xia
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiang Wei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Klein AB, Kleinert M, Richter EA, Clemmensen C. GDF15 in Appetite and Exercise: Essential Player or Coincidental Bystander? Endocrinology 2022; 163:6440292. [PMID: 34849709 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) has recently moved to the forefront of metabolism research. When administered pharmacologically, GDF15 reduces food intake and lowers body weight via the hindbrain-situated receptor GFRAL (glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor family receptor alpha-like). Endogenous GDF15 is a ubiquitous cellular stress signal that can be produced and secreted by a variety of cell types. Circulating levels are elevated in a series of disease states, but also in response to exogenous agents such as metformin, colchicine, AICAR, and cisplatin. Recently, exercise has emerged as a relevant intervention to interrogate GDF15 physiology. Prolonged endurance exercise increases circulating GDF15 to levels otherwise associated with certain pathological states and in response to metformin treatment. The jury is still out on whether GDF15 is a functional "exerkine" mediating organ-to-brain crosstalk or whether it is a coincidental bystander. In this review, we discuss the putative physiological implication of exercise-induced GDF15, focusing on the potential impact on appetite and metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anders B Klein
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maximilian Kleinert
- Muscle Physiology and Metabolism Group, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE), Potsdam - Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Erik A Richter
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christoffer Clemmensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Kim KM, Jang WG. NXNL1 negatively regulates osteoblast differentiation via GDF15-induced PP2A Cα dependent manner in MC3T3-E1 cells. Biofactors 2022; 48:239-248. [PMID: 34932831 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Controlling the level of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) is important for the survival and differentiation of osteoblasts. Intracellular ROS levels are controlled by antioxidant enzymes that modulate the redox state of the cell. Nucleoredoxin-like 1 (NXNL1) is an antioxidant enzyme that increases the viability of rod and cone cells by protecting them from oxidative stress, and is a potential pharmacological target for the treatment of retinitis pigmentosa. The present study investigated the role of NXNL on osteoblast differentiation of MC3T3-E1 preosteoblast cells. Results from qPCR experiments demonstrated that growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) increased NXNL1 expression, and that GDF15-induced NXNL1 decreased the expression of osteogenic genes such as distal-less homeobox 5 (Dlx5) and Runt-related transcription factor 2. Furthermore, NXNL1 also inhibits bone morphogenetic protein 2-induced phosphorylation of Smad1/5/9 and alkaline phosphatase activity. The inhibitory effects of NXNL1 on osteoblast differentiation were mediated by protein phosphatase 2A Cα (PP2A Cα). The expression of PP2A Cα was regulated by GDF15, and overexpression of PP2A Cα increased the expression of NXNL1. Taken together, our results demonstrate that NXNL1 inhibits osteoblast differentiation of MC3T3-E1 due to GDF15-induced expression of PP2A Cα.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyeong-Min Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering, Daegu University, Gyeongbuk, South Korea
- Research Institute of Anti-Aging, Daegu University, Gyeongbuk, South Korea
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (DGMIF), Daegu, South Korea
| | - Won-Gu Jang
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering, Daegu University, Gyeongbuk, South Korea
- Research Institute of Anti-Aging, Daegu University, Gyeongbuk, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Wang D, Day EA, Townsend LK, Djordjevic D, Jørgensen SB, Steinberg GR. GDF15: emerging biology and therapeutic applications for obesity and cardiometabolic disease. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2021; 17:592-607. [PMID: 34381196 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-021-00529-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is a member of the TGFβ superfamily whose expression is increased in response to cellular stress and disease as well as by metformin. Elevations in GDF15 reduce food intake and body mass in animal models through binding to glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor family receptor alpha-like (GFRAL) and the recruitment of the receptor tyrosine kinase RET in the hindbrain. This effect is largely independent of other appetite-regulating hormones (for example, leptin, ghrelin or glucagon-like peptide 1). Consistent with an important role for the GDF15-GFRAL signalling axis, some human genetic studies support an interrelationship with human obesity. Furthermore, findings in both mice and humans have shown that metformin and exercise increase circulating levels of GDF15. GDF15 might also exert anti-inflammatory effects through mechanisms that are not fully understood. These unique and distinct mechanisms for suppressing food intake and inflammation makes GDF15 an appealing candidate to treat many metabolic diseases, including obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, cardiovascular disease and cancer cachexia. Here, we review the mechanisms regulating GDF15 production and secretion, GDF15 signalling in different cell types, and how GDF15-targeted pharmaceutical approaches might be effective in the treatment of metabolic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Wang
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research and the Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Emily A Day
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research and the Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Logan K Townsend
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research and the Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Djordje Djordjevic
- Global Obesity and Liver Disease Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev, Denmark
| | | | - Gregory R Steinberg
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research and the Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
De Rosa MC, Glover HJ, Stratigopoulos G, LeDuc CA, Su Q, Shen Y, Sleeman MW, Chung WK, Leibel RL, Altarejos JY, Doege CA. Gene expression atlas of energy balance brain regions. JCI Insight 2021; 6:e149137. [PMID: 34283813 PMCID: PMC8409984 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.149137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Energy balance is controlled by interconnected brain regions in the hypothalamus, brainstem, cortex, and limbic system. Gene expression signatures of these regions can help elucidate the pathophysiology underlying obesity. RNA sequencing was conducted on P56 C57BL/6NTac male mice and E14.5 C57BL/6NTac embryo punch biopsies in 16 obesity-relevant brain regions. The expression of 190 known obesity-associated genes (monogenic, rare, and low-frequency coding variants; GWAS; syndromic) was analyzed in each anatomical region. Genes associated with these genetic categories of obesity had localized expression patterns across brain regions. Known monogenic obesity causal genes were highly enriched in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus and developing hypothalamus. The obesity-associated genes clustered into distinct “modules” of similar expression profile, and these were distinct from expression modules formed by similar analysis with genes known to be associated with other disease phenotypes (type 1 and type 2 diabetes, autism, breast cancer) in the same energy balance–relevant brain regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Caterina De Rosa
- Department of Pediatrics and Molecular Genetics.,Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons.,Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, and
| | - Hannah J Glover
- Department of Pediatrics and Molecular Genetics.,Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons.,Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, and
| | - George Stratigopoulos
- Department of Pediatrics and Molecular Genetics.,Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons
| | - Charles A LeDuc
- Department of Pediatrics and Molecular Genetics.,Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons.,New York Obesity Nutrition Research Center, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Qi Su
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, New York, USA
| | - Yufeng Shen
- Department of Systems Biology.,Department of Biomedical Informatics
| | - Mark W Sleeman
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, New York, USA
| | - Wendy K Chung
- Department of Pediatrics and Molecular Genetics.,Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons.,Department of Medicine.,Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center.,Institute of Human Nutrition
| | - Rudolph L Leibel
- Department of Pediatrics and Molecular Genetics.,Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons.,New York Obesity Nutrition Research Center, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.,Institute of Human Nutrition
| | | | - Claudia A Doege
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons.,Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, and.,New York Obesity Nutrition Research Center, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
The anti-diabetic effects of NAG-1/GDF15 on HFD/STZ-induced mice. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15027. [PMID: 34294853 PMCID: PMC8298384 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94581-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-activated gene-1 (NAG-1) plays a role in various diseases. Here, the anti-diabetic effects of NAG-1 were evaluated using a high-fat diet/streptozotocin-induced diabetic mouse model. NAG-1-overexpressing transgenic (NAG-1 Tg) mice exhibited lower body weight, fasting blood glucose levels, and serum insulin levels than wild-type (WT) mice. The homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance scores of NAG-1 Tg mice were lower than those of WT mice. Hematoxylin and eosin staining revealed a smaller lipid droplet size in the adipose tissues, lower lipid accumulation in the hepatocytes, and larger beta cell area in the pancreas of NAG-1 Tg mice than in those of WT mice. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed downregulated expression of cleaved caspase-3, an apoptosis marker, in the beta cells of NAG-1 Tg mice. Adiponectin and leptin mRNA levels were upregulated and downregulated in NAG-1 Tg mice, respectively. Additionally, the expression of IRS1/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway components, especially Foxo1, which regulates gluconeogenesis in the muscle and white adipose tissue, was downregulated in NAG-1 Tg mice. Furthermore, NAG-1 overexpression promoted the expression of As160 in both muscles and adipocytes, and the mRNA levels of the NLRP3 pathway members were downregulated in NAG-1 Tg mice. Our findings suggest that NAG-1 expression alleviates diabetes in mice.
Collapse
|
32
|
Townsend LK, MacPherson REK, Wright DC. New Horizon: Exercise and a Focus on Tissue-Brain Crosstalk. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:2147-2163. [PMID: 33982072 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The world population is aging, leading to increased rates of neurodegenerative disorders. Exercise has countless health benefits and has consistently been shown to improve brain health and cognitive function. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of exercise-induced adaptations in the brain with a focus on crosstalk between peripheral tissues and the brain. We highlight recent investigations into exercise-induced circulating factors, or exerkines, including irisin, cathepsin B, GPLD1, and ketones and the mechanisms mediating their effects in the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Logan K Townsend
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, L8S 4L8, Canada
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Rebecca E K MacPherson
- Department of Health Sciences and Centre for Neuroscience, Brock University, St. Catharines, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - David C Wright
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, N1G 2W1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Olivar-Villanueva M, Ren M, Phoon CKL. Neurological & psychological aspects of Barth syndrome: Clinical manifestations and potential pathogenic mechanisms. Mitochondrion 2021; 61:188-195. [PMID: 34197965 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2021.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Barth syndrome is a rare X-linked multisystem mitochondrial disease that is caused by variants in the tafazzin gene leading to deficient and abnormal cardiolipin. Previous research has focused on the cardiomyopathy and neutropenia in individuals with Barth syndrome, yet just as common are the least explored neurological aspects of Barth syndrome. This review focuses on the major neuropsychological and neurophysiological phenotypes that affect the quality of life of individuals with Barth syndrome, including difficulties in sensory perception and feeding, fatigue, and cognitive and psychological challenges. We propose selected pathogenetic mechanisms underlying these phenotypes and draw parallels to other relevant disorders. Finally, avenues for future research are also suggested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Olivar-Villanueva
- Departments of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Mindong Ren
- Departments of Anesthesiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Departments of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Colin K L Phoon
- Departments of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Tokavanich N, Sinphurmsukskul S, Kongruttanachok N, Thammanatsakul K, Sritangsirikul S, Ariyachaipanich A, Ongcharit P, Siwamogsatham S, Boonyaratavej S, Puwanant S. Circulating growth differentiation factor-15 as a novel biomarker in heart transplant. ESC Heart Fail 2021; 8:3279-3285. [PMID: 34110100 PMCID: PMC8318448 DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.13471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims This study aimed to examine (i) whether circulating growth differentiation factor‐15 (GDF‐15) is associated with acute cellular cardiac allograft rejection (ACR); (ii) a longitudinal trend of GDF‐15 after heart transplantation; and (iii) the prognostic value of GDF‐15 in predicting a composite outcome of severe primary graft dysfunction (PGD) and 30 day mortality post‐transplant. Methods and results Serum samples were collected before heart transplantation and at every endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) post‐heart transplantation in de novo transplant patients. A total of 60 post‐transplant serum samples were matched to the corresponding EMBs. Seven (12%) were considered International Society for Heart Lung Transplantation Grade 1R ACR, and one (2%) was identified as Grade 2R ACR. GDF‐15 levels in patients with ACR were not different from those in the non‐rejection group (6230 vs. 6125 pg/mL, P = 0.27). GDF‐15 concentration gradually decreased from 8757 pg/mL pre‐transplant to 5203 pg/mL at 4 weeks post‐transplant. The composite adverse outcome of PGD and 30 day mortality was significantly associated with increased post‐operative GDF‐15 (odds ratio: 40; 95% confidence interval: 2.01–794.27; P = 0.005) and high inotrope score post‐transplant (odds ratio: 18; 95% confidence interval: 1.22–250.35; P = 0.01). Conclusions Circulating GDF‐15 concentration was markedly elevated in patients with end‐stage heart failure and decreased after heart transplantation. GDF‐15 was significantly associated with post‐transplant PGD and mortality. A lack of association between ACR and GDF‐15 did not support routine use of GDF‐15 as a biomarker to detect ACR. However, GDF‐15 may be potentially useful to determine heart transplant recipients at high risk for adverse post‐transplant outcomes. We suggest that GDF‐15 levels in recipient serum can provide risk stratification for severe PGD including death during post‐operative period. This novel biomarker may serve to inform and guide timely interventions against severe PGD and adverse outcomes during the first 4 weeks after transplantation. Further studies to support the utility of GDF‐15 in heart transplantation are required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nithi Tokavanich
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, 1873 Rama IV Rd, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Supanee Sinphurmsukskul
- Excellent Center for Organ Transplantation, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, the Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Narisorn Kongruttanachok
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kanokwan Thammanatsakul
- Excellent Center for Organ Transplantation, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, the Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Supaporn Sritangsirikul
- Excellent Center for Organ Transplantation, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, the Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Aekarach Ariyachaipanich
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, 1873 Rama IV Rd, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.,Excellent Center for Organ Transplantation, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, the Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pat Ongcharit
- Cardiac Center, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, the Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand.,Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sarawut Siwamogsatham
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, 1873 Rama IV Rd, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.,Chula Clinical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Smonporn Boonyaratavej
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, 1873 Rama IV Rd, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.,Cardiac Center, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, the Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sarinya Puwanant
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, 1873 Rama IV Rd, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.,Excellent Center for Organ Transplantation, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, the Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand.,Cardiac Center, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, the Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Goldfarb CN, Waxman DJ. Global analysis of expression, maturation and subcellular localization of mouse liver transcriptome identifies novel sex-biased and TCPOBOP-responsive long non-coding RNAs. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:212. [PMID: 33761883 PMCID: PMC7992343 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07478-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While nuclear transcription and RNA processing and localization are well established for protein coding genes (PCGs), these processes are poorly understood for long non-coding (lnc)RNAs. Here, we characterize global patterns of transcript expression, maturation and localization for mouse liver RNA, including more than 15,000 lncRNAs. PolyA-selected liver RNA was isolated and sequenced from four subcellular fractions (chromatin, nucleoplasm, total nucleus, and cytoplasm), and from the chromatin-bound fraction without polyA selection. RESULTS Transcript processing, determined from normalized intronic to exonic sequence read density ratios, progressively increased for PCG transcripts in going from the chromatin-bound fraction to the nucleoplasm and then on to the cytoplasm. Transcript maturation was similar for lncRNAs in the chromatin fraction, but was significantly lower in the nucleoplasm and cytoplasm. LncRNA transcripts were 11-fold more likely to be significantly enriched in the nucleus than cytoplasm, and 100-fold more likely to be significantly chromatin-bound than nucleoplasmic. Sequencing chromatin-bound RNA greatly increased the sensitivity for detecting lowly expressed lncRNAs and enabled us to discover and localize hundreds of novel regulated liver lncRNAs, including lncRNAs showing sex-biased expression or responsiveness to TCPOBOP a xenobiotic agonist ligand of constitutive androstane receptor (Nr1i3). CONCLUSIONS Integration of our findings with prior studies and lncRNA annotations identified candidate regulatory lncRNAs for a variety of hepatic functions based on gene co-localization within topologically associating domains or transcription divergent or antisense to PCGs associated with pathways linked to hepatic physiology and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine N Goldfarb
- Department of Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - David J Waxman
- Department of Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Sabatini PV, Frikke-Schmidt H, Arthurs J, Gordian D, Patel A, Rupp AC, Adams JM, Wang J, Beck Jørgensen S, Olson DP, Palmiter RD, Myers MG, Seeley RJ. GFRAL-expressing neurons suppress food intake via aversive pathways. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2021357118. [PMID: 33593916 PMCID: PMC7923658 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2021357118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The TGFβ cytokine family member, GDF-15, reduces food intake and body weight and represents a potential treatment for obesity. Because the brainstem-restricted expression pattern of its receptor, GDNF Family Receptor α-like (GFRAL), presents an exciting opportunity to understand mechanisms of action for area postrema neurons in food intake; we generated GfralCre and conditional GfralCreERT mice to visualize and manipulate GFRAL neurons. We found infection or pathophysiologic states (rather than meal ingestion) stimulate GFRAL neurons. TRAP-Seq analysis of GFRAL neurons revealed their expression of a wide range of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides. Artificially activating GfralCre -expressing neurons inhibited feeding, decreased gastric emptying, and promoted a conditioned taste aversion (CTA). GFRAL neurons most strongly innervate the parabrachial nucleus (PBN), where they target CGRP-expressing (CGRPPBN) neurons. Silencing CGRPPBN neurons abrogated the aversive and anorexic effects of GDF-15. These findings suggest that GFRAL neurons link non-meal-associated pathophysiologic signals to suppress nutrient uptake and absorption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul V Sabatini
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | | | - Joe Arthurs
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98115
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98115
| | - Desiree Gordian
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Anita Patel
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Alan C Rupp
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Jessica M Adams
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790
| | - Jine Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- College of Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, 43002 Yichang, China
| | | | - David P Olson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Richard D Palmiter
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98115
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98115
| | - Martin G Myers
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Randy J Seeley
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109;
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Choi MJ, Jung SB, Chang JY, Shong M. Cellular and Intercellular Homeostasis in Adipose Tissue with Mitochondria-Specific Stress. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2021; 36:1-11. [PMID: 33677920 PMCID: PMC7937835 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2021.956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Paracrine interactions are imperative for the maintenance of adipose tissue intercellular homeostasis, and intracellular organelle dysfunction results in local and systemic alterations in metabolic homeostasis. It is currently accepted that mitochondrial proteotoxic stress activates the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) in vitro and in vivo. The induction of mitochondrial chaperones and proteases during the UPRmt is a key cell-autonomous mechanism of mitochondrial quality control. The UPRmt also affects systemic metabolism through the secretion of cell non-autonomous peptides and cytokines (hereafter, metabokines). Mitochondrial function in adipose tissue plays a pivotal role in whole-body metabolism and human diseases. Despite continuing interest in the role of the UPRmt and quality control pathways of mitochondria in energy metabolism, studies on the roles of the UPRmt and metabokines in white adipose tissue are relatively sparse. Here, we describe the role of the UPRmt in adipose tissue, including adipocytes and resident macrophages, and the interactive roles of cell non-autonomous metabokines, particularly growth differentiation factor 15, in local adipose cellular homeostasis and systemic energy metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Jeong Choi
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Saet-Byel Jung
- Center for Biomolecular & Cellular Structure, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Joon Young Chang
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Minho Shong
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Cai L, Li C, Wang Y, Mo Y, Yin J, Ma X. Increased Serum GDF15 Related to Improvement in Metabolism by Lifestyle Intervention Among Young Overweight and Obese Adults. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2021; 14:1195-1202. [PMID: 33762836 PMCID: PMC7982551 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s302033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is closely related to obesity. This study aimed to explore the influence of weight loss intervention on serum GDF15 levels and the relationship between GDF15 and metabolism. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-four overweight and obese adults either adopted a low-carbohydrate diet or performed moderate-to-vigorous exercise for 3 weeks. Weekly follow-ups were conducted to measure body composition, glucose and lipid metabolism and serum GDF15 levels. RESULTS After 3 weeks of intervention, body weight, fat mass and waist circumference in both groups decreased (P < 0.05). No significant change in GDF15 levels was observed in the two groups. Among all the subjects, 10 of them (22.7%, group of Down) showed a decrease in GDF15 and 34 (77.3%, group of Up) showed an increase in GDF15 after the intervention. We found that GDF15 increased significantly with the follow-up time in the UP group and waist circumference, fasting serum insulin (FINS), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and triglycerides (TG) decreased (P for trend <0.05). However, no significant differences in all parameters were detected in Down group. In addition, GDF15 was elevated between 30 mins and 120 mins in a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test. Its trend was negatively correlated with plasma glucose and serum insulin. CONCLUSION Increased serum GDF15 was associated with improvement in metabolism by lifestyle intervention among young overweight and obese adults. The increase of GDF15 could be an indicator to evaluate metabolic improvements in overweight and obese people. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION www.chictr.org.cn, registration number ChiCTR1800016786.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingli Cai
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital; Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes; Shanghai Diabetes Institute; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cheng Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital; Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes; Shanghai Diabetes Institute; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yufei Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital; Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes; Shanghai Diabetes Institute; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yifei Mo
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital; Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes; Shanghai Diabetes Institute; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Yin
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital; Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes; Shanghai Diabetes Institute; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Jun Yin; Xiaojing Ma Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86-21-64369181Fax +86-21-64368031 Email ;
| | - Xiaojing Ma
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital; Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes; Shanghai Diabetes Institute; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Saturated Fatty Acids Promote GDF15 Expression in Human Macrophages through the PERK/eIF2/CHOP Signaling Pathway. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12123771. [PMID: 33302552 PMCID: PMC7764024 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) and its receptor GFRAL are both involved in the development of obesity and insulin resistance. Plasmatic GDF-15 level increases with obesity and is positively associated with disease progression. Despite macrophages have been recently suggested as a key source of GDF-15 in obesity, little is known about the regulation of GDF-15 in these cells. In the present work, we sought for potential pathophysiological activators of GDF15 expression in human macrophages and identified saturated fatty acids (SFAs) as strong inducers of GDF15 expression and secretion. SFAs increase GDF15 expression through the induction of an ER stress and the activation of the PERK/eIF2/CHOP signaling pathway in both PMA-differentiated THP-1 cells and in primary monocyte-derived macrophages. The transcription factor CHOP directly binds to the GDF15 promoter region and regulates GDF15 expression. Unlike SFAs, unsaturated fatty acids do not promote GDF15 expression and rather inhibit both SFA-induced GDF15 expression and ER stress. These results suggest that free fatty acids may be involved in the control of GDF-15 and provide new molecular insights about how diet and lipid metabolism may regulate the development of obesity and T2D.
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
GDF15 is a cell activation and stress response cytokine of the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor family within the TGF-β superfamily. It acts through a recently identified orphan member of the GFRα family called GFRAL and signals through the Ret coreceptor. Cell stress and disease lead to elevated GDF15 serum levels, causing anorexia, weight loss, and alterations to metabolism, largely by actions on regions of the hindbrain. These changes restore homeostasis and, in the case of obesity, cause a reduction in adiposity. In some diseases, such as advanced cancer, serum GDF15 levels can rise by as much as 10-100-fold, leading to an anorexia-cachexia syndrome, which is often fatal. This review discusses how GDF15 regulates appetite and metabolism, the role it plays in resistance to obesity, and how this impacts diseases such as diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and anorexia-cachexia syndrome. It also discusses potential therapeutic applications of targeting the GDF15-GFRAL pathway and lastly suggests some potential unifying hypotheses for its biological role.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel N Breit
- St. Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, St. Vincent's Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; ,
| | - David A Brown
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; .,New South Wales Health Pathology, Institute of Clinical Pathology Research, and Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Vicky Wang-Wei Tsai
- St. Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, St. Vincent's Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; ,
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Hale C, Véniant MM. Growth differentiation factor 15 as a potential therapeutic for treating obesity. Mol Metab 2020; 46:101117. [PMID: 33220493 PMCID: PMC8085570 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is rapidly becoming one of the world's most critical health care concerns. Comorbidities accompanying excess weight include cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and certain cancers. These comorbidities result in greater hospitalization and other health care-related costs. Economic impacts are likely to be felt more acutely in developing countries, where obesity rates continue to rise and health care resources are already insufficient. Some of the more effective treatments are invasive and expensive surgeries, which some economies in the world cannot afford to offer to a broad population. Pharmacological therapies are needed to supplement treatment options for patients who cannot, or will not, undergo surgical treatment. However, the few drug therapies currently available have either limited efficacy or safety concerns. A possible exception has been glucagon-like peptide-1 analogs, although these have shown a number of adverse events. New drug therapies that are safe and produce robust weight loss are needed. SCOPE OF REVIEW Herein, we review the role of growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) in feeding behavior and obesity, summarize some of the new and exciting biological discoveries around signaling pathways and tissue sites of action, and highlight initial efforts to develop GDF15-based therapies suitable for inducing weight loss in humans. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Within the last several years, great strides have been made in understanding the biology of GDF15. Recent developments include identification of an endogenous receptor, biological localization of the receptor system, impact on energy homeostasis, and identification of molecules suitable for administration to humans as anti-obesity treatments. New and exciting research on GDF15 suggests that it holds promise as a novel obesity treatment as new molecules progress toward clinical development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clarence Hale
- Amgen Research, Department of Cardiometabolic Disorders, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Dr., Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA.
| | - Murielle M Véniant
- Amgen Research, Department of Cardiometabolic Disorders, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Dr., Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Lindberg R, Lindqvist M, Trupp M, Vinnars MT, Nording ML. Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Their Metabolites in Hyperemesis Gravidarum. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113384. [PMID: 33158081 PMCID: PMC7694173 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have been studied in relation to pregnancy. However, there is limited knowledge on PUFAs and their metabolites in relation to hyperemesis gravidarum (HG), a pregnancy complication associated with nutritional deficiencies and excessive vomiting. In order to survey the field, a systematic review of the literature was performed, which also included nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (NVP) due to its close relationship with HG. In the very few published studies found, the main subjects of the research concerned free fatty acids (four records), lipid profiles (three records), and bioactive lipids (one article about prostaglandin E2 and one about endocannabinoids). The authors of these studies concluded that, although no cause-and-effect relationship can be established, HG is linked to increased sympathetic responsiveness, thermogenic activity and metabolic rate. In addition, NVP is linked to a metabolic perturbance (which lasts throughout pregnancy). The low number of retrieved records underlines the need for more research in the area of PUFAs and HG, especially with regard to the underlying mechanism for the detected effects, potentially involving growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) since evidence for GDF15 regulation of lipid metabolism and the role for GDF15 and its receptor in nausea and vomiting is emerging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Lindqvist
- Department of Nursing, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden;
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden;
| | - Miles Trupp
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Neurosciences, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden;
| | - Marie-Therese Vinnars
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden;
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Örnsköldsvik Hospital, 891 89 Örnsköldsvik, Sweden
| | - Malin L. Nording
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden;
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
GDF15, an update of the physiological and pathological roles it plays: a review. Pflugers Arch 2020; 472:1535-1546. [PMID: 32936319 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-020-02459-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is a peptide hormone, and a divergent member of the transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) superfamily. In normal physiology, GDF15 is expressed in multiple tissues at a low concentration. GDF15 is overexpressed during and following many pathological conditions such as tissue injury and inflammation in order to play a protective role. However, GDF15 appears to promote tumour growth in the later stages of malignant cancer. The recently identified endogenous receptor for GDF15, GDNF family receptor a-like (GFRAL), has allowed elucidation of a physiological pathway in which GDF15 regulates energy homeostasis and body weight, primarily via appetite suppression. The anorectic effect of GDF15 provides some therapeutic potential in management of cancer-related anorexia/cachexia and obesity. Despite the identification of GFRAL as a GDF15 receptor, there appears to be other signalling mechanisms utilized by GDF15 that further increase the possibility of development of therapeutic treatments, should these pathways be fully characterized. In this review, GDF15 function in both physiological and pathological conditions in various tissues will be discussed.
Collapse
|
44
|
Moon JS, Goeminne LJE, Kim JT, Tian JW, Kim S, Nga HT, Kang SG, Kang BE, Byun J, Lee Y, Jeon J, Shong M, Auwerx J, Ryu D, Yi H. Growth differentiation factor 15 protects against the aging-mediated systemic inflammatory response in humans and mice. Aging Cell 2020; 19:e13195. [PMID: 32691494 PMCID: PMC7431835 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with aging-mediated inflammatory responses, leading to metabolic deterioration, development of insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes. Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is an important mitokine generated in response to mitochondrial stress and dysfunction; however, the implications of GDF15 to the aging process are poorly understood in mammals. In this study, we identified a link between mitochondrial stress-induced GDF15 production and protection from tissue inflammation on aging in humans and mice. We observed an increase in serum levels and hepatic expression of GDF15 as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines in elderly subjects. Circulating levels of cell-free mitochondrial DNA were significantly higher in elderly subjects with elevated serum levels of GDF15. In the BXD mouse reference population, mice with metabolic impairments and shorter survival were found to exhibit higher hepatic Gdf15 expression. Mendelian randomization links reduced GDF15 expression in human blood to increased body weight and inflammation. GDF15 deficiency promotes tissue inflammation by increasing the activation of resident immune cells in metabolic organs, such as in the liver and adipose tissues of 20-month-old mice. Aging also results in more severe liver injury and hepatic fat deposition in Gdf15-deficient mice. Although GDF15 is not required for Th17 cell differentiation and IL-17 production in Th17 cells, GDF15 contributes to regulatory T-cell-mediated suppression of conventional T-cell activation and inflammatory cytokines. Taken together, these data reveal that GDF15 is indispensable for attenuating aging-mediated local and systemic inflammation, thereby maintaining glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity in humans and mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Sun Moon
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Chungnam National University Hospital Chungnam National University School of Medicine Daejeon Republic of Korea
| | - Ludger J. E. Goeminne
- Laboratory of Integrative Systems Physiology École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Jung Tae Kim
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Chungnam National University Hospital Chungnam National University School of Medicine Daejeon Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science Chungnam National University School of Medicine Daejeon Republic of Korea
| | - Jing Wen Tian
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Chungnam National University Hospital Chungnam National University School of Medicine Daejeon Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science Chungnam National University School of Medicine Daejeon Republic of Korea
| | - Seok‐Hwan Kim
- Department of Surgery Chungnam National University School of Medicine Daejeon Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Thi Nga
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Chungnam National University Hospital Chungnam National University School of Medicine Daejeon Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science Chungnam National University School of Medicine Daejeon Republic of Korea
| | - Seul Gi Kang
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Chungnam National University Hospital Chungnam National University School of Medicine Daejeon Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science Chungnam National University School of Medicine Daejeon Republic of Korea
| | - Baeki E. Kang
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine Suwon Republic of Korea
| | - Jin‐Seok Byun
- Department of Oral Medicine School of Dentistry Kyungpook National University Daegu Republic of Korea
| | - Young‐Sun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine Korea University College of Medicine Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Jae‐Han Jeon
- Department of Internal Medicine School of Medicine Kyungpook National University Daegu Korea
| | - Minho Shong
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Chungnam National University Hospital Chungnam National University School of Medicine Daejeon Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science Chungnam National University School of Medicine Daejeon Republic of Korea
| | - Johan Auwerx
- Laboratory of Integrative Systems Physiology École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Dongryeol Ryu
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine Suwon Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS) Sungkyunkwan University Suwon Republic of Korea
- Samsung Biomedical Research InstituteSamsung Medical Center Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Hyon‐Seung Yi
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Chungnam National University Hospital Chungnam National University School of Medicine Daejeon Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science Chungnam National University School of Medicine Daejeon Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Lockhart SM, Saudek V, O’Rahilly S. GDF15: A Hormone Conveying Somatic Distress to the Brain. Endocr Rev 2020; 41:bnaa007. [PMID: 32310257 PMCID: PMC7299427 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnaa007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
GDF15 has recently gained scientific and translational prominence with the discovery that its receptor is a GFRAL-RET heterodimer of which GFRAL is expressed solely in the hindbrain. Activation of this receptor results in reduced food intake and loss of body weight and is perceived and recalled by animals as aversive. This information encourages a revised interpretation of the large body of previous research on the protein. GDF15 can be secreted by a wide variety of cell types in response to a broad range of stressors. We propose that central sensing of GDF15 via GFRAL-RET activation results in behaviors that facilitate the reduction of exposure to a noxious stimulus. The human trophoblast appears to have hijacked this signal, producing large amounts of GDF15 from early pregnancy. We speculate that this encourages avoidance of potential teratogens in pregnancy. Circulating GDF15 levels are elevated in a range of human disease states, including various forms of cachexia, and GDF15-GFRAL antagonism is emerging as a therapeutic strategy for anorexia/cachexia syndromes. Metformin elevates circulating GDF15 chronically in humans and the weight loss caused by this drug appears to be dependent on the rise in GDF15. This supports the concept that chronic activation of the GDF15-GFRAL axis has efficacy as an antiobesity agent. In this review, we examine the science of GDF15 since its identification in 1997 with our interpretation of this body of work now being assisted by a clear understanding of its highly selective central site of action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M Lockhart
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Vladimir Saudek
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephen O’Rahilly
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Sarkar S, Legere S, Haidl I, Marshall J, MacLeod JB, Aguiar C, Lutchmedial S, Hassan A, Brunt KR, Kienesberger P, Pulinilkunnil T, Légaré JF. Serum GDF15, a Promising Biomarker in Obese Patients Undergoing Heart Surgery. Front Cardiovasc Med 2020; 7:103. [PMID: 32671100 PMCID: PMC7327098 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Obesity is a risk factor that negatively impacts outcomes in patients undergoing heart surgery by mechanisms that are not well-defined nor predicated on BMI alone. This knowledge gap has fuelled a search for biomarkers associated with cardiovascular diseases that could provide clinical insight to surgeons. One such biomarker is growth differentiation factor15(GDF15), associated with inflammation, metabolism, and heart failure outcomes but not yet examined in the context of obesity and cardiac surgery outcomes. Methods: Patients undergoing open-heart surgery were consented and enrolled for blood and tissue (atria) sampling at the time of surgery. Biomarker analysis was carried out using ELISA and western blot/qPCR, respectively. Biomarker screening was classified by inflammation(NLR, GDF15, Galectin3, ST2, TNFR2), heart failure(HF)/remodeling(NT-proBNP) and metabolism(glycemia, lipid profile). Patients were categorized based on BMI: obese group (BMI ≥30.0) and non-obese group(BMI 20.0–29.9). Subsequent stratification of GDF15 high patients was conservatively set as being in the 75th percentile. Results: A total of 80 patients undergoing any open-heart surgical interventions were included in the study. Obese (mean BMI = 35.8, n = 38) and non-obese (mean BMI = 25.7, n = 42) groups had no significant differences in age, sex, or co-morbidities. Compared to other biomarkers, plasma GDF15 (mean 1,736 vs. 1,207 ng/l, p < 0.001) was significantly higher in obese patients compared to non-obese. Plasma GDF15 also displayed a significant linear correlation with BMI (R2 = 0.097; p = 0.0049). Atria tissue was shown to be a significant source of GDF15 protein and tissue levels significantly correlated with plasma GDF15 (R2 = 0.4, p = 0.0004). Obesity was not associated with early/late mortality at median follow-up >2years. However, patients with high GDF15 (>1,580 ng/l) had reduced survival (65%) compared to the remaining patients with lower GDF15 levels (95%) by Kaplan Meier Analysis (median >2 years; p = 0.007). Conclusions: Circulating GDF15 is a salient biomarker likely sourced from heart tissue that appears to predict higher risk obese patients for adverse outcomes. More importantly, elevated GDF15 accounted for more sensitive outcome association than BMI at 2 years post-cardiac surgery, suggesting it heralds links to pathogenicity and should be actively studied prospectively and dynamically in a post-operative follow-up. Trial number: NCT03248921.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shreya Sarkar
- New Brunswick Heart Centre, Saint John, NB, Canada.,Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Saint John, NB, Canada.,IMPART Investigator Team Canada, Saint John, NB, Canada
| | - Stephanie Legere
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Ian Haidl
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Jean Marshall
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | | | - Christie Aguiar
- New Brunswick Heart Centre, Saint John, NB, Canada.,IMPART Investigator Team Canada, Saint John, NB, Canada
| | - Sohrab Lutchmedial
- New Brunswick Heart Centre, Saint John, NB, Canada.,Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Saint John, NB, Canada.,IMPART Investigator Team Canada, Saint John, NB, Canada
| | - Ansar Hassan
- New Brunswick Heart Centre, Saint John, NB, Canada.,Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Saint John, NB, Canada.,IMPART Investigator Team Canada, Saint John, NB, Canada
| | - Keith R Brunt
- New Brunswick Heart Centre, Saint John, NB, Canada.,Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Saint John, NB, Canada.,IMPART Investigator Team Canada, Saint John, NB, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Petra Kienesberger
- Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Saint John, NB, Canada.,IMPART Investigator Team Canada, Saint John, NB, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Thomas Pulinilkunnil
- Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Saint John, NB, Canada.,IMPART Investigator Team Canada, Saint John, NB, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Jean-François Légaré
- New Brunswick Heart Centre, Saint John, NB, Canada.,Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Saint John, NB, Canada.,IMPART Investigator Team Canada, Saint John, NB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
New Role for Growth/Differentiation Factor 15 in the Survival of Transplanted Brown Adipose Tissues in Cooperation with Interleukin-6. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061365. [PMID: 32492819 PMCID: PMC7349565 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify factors involved in the earliest phase of the differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) into brown adipocytes (BAs), we performed multi-time point microarray analyses. We found that growth/differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) expressions were specifically upregulated within three days of differentiation, when expressions of immature hESC markers were sustained. Although GDF15 expressions continued to increase in the subsequent differentiation phases, GDF15-deficient hESCs differentiated into mature BAs (Day 10) without apparent abnormalities. In addition, GDF15-deficient mice had normal brown adipose tissue (BAT) and were metabolically healthy. Unexpectedly, we found that interleukin-6 (IL6) expression was significantly lowered in the BAT of GDF15-/- mice. In addition, GDF15-/- hESCs showed abortive IL6 expressions in the later phase (>Day 6) of the differentiation. Interestingly, GDF15 expression was markedly repressed throughout the whole course of the differentiation of IL6-/- hESCs into BAs, indicating IL6 is essential for the induction of GDF15 in the differentiation of hESCs. Finally, intraperitoneally transplanted BAT grafts of GDF15-/- donor mice, but not those of wild-type (WT) mice, failed in the long-term survival (12 weeks) in GDF15-/- recipient mice. Collectively, GDF15 is required for long-term survival of BAT grafts by creating a mutual gene induction loop with IL6.
Collapse
|
48
|
Wischhusen J, Melero I, Fridman WH. Growth/Differentiation Factor-15 (GDF-15): From Biomarker to Novel Targetable Immune Checkpoint. Front Immunol 2020; 11:951. [PMID: 32508832 PMCID: PMC7248355 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth/differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15), also named macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1, is a divergent member of the transforming growth factor β superfamily. While physiological expression is barely detectable in most somatic tissues in humans, GDF-15 is abundant in placenta. Elsewhere, GDF-15 is often induced under stress conditions, seemingly to maintain cell and tissue homeostasis; however, a moderate increase in GDF-15 blood levels is observed with age. Highly elevated GDF-15 levels are mostly linked to pathological conditions including inflammation, myocardial ischemia, and notably cancer. GDF-15 has thus been widely explored as a biomarker for disease prognosis. Mechanistically, induction of anorexia via the brainstem-restricted GDF-15 receptor GFRAL (glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor [GDNF] family receptor α-like) is well-documented. GDF-15 and GFRAL have thus become attractive targets for metabolic intervention. Still, several GDF-15 mediated effects (including its physiological role in pregnancy) are difficult to explain via the described pathway. Hence, there is a clear need to better understand non-metabolic effects of GDF-15. With particular emphasis on its immunomodulatory potential this review discusses the roles of GDF-15 in pregnancy and in pathological conditions including myocardial infarction, autoimmune disease, and specifically cancer. Importantly, the strong predictive value of GDF-15 as biomarker may plausibly be linked to its immune-regulatory function. The described associations and mechanistic data support the hypothesis that GDF-15 acts as immune checkpoint and is thus an emerging target for cancer immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Wischhusen
- Experimental Tumor Immunology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Würzburg Medical School, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ignacio Melero
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer, CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Unit, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Wolf Herman Fridman
- INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université Team Cancer, Immune Control and Escape, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Kim Y, Kang B, Kim JC, Park TJ, Kang HY. Senescent Fibroblast-Derived GDF15 Induces Skin Pigmentation. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 140:2478-2486.e4. [PMID: 32416083 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Senescent fibroblasts play a role in aging pigmentation. In this study, we found that GDF15 expression levels are increased in UV-irradiated senescent fibroblasts and photoaged hyperpigmented skin. To investigate the effects of GDF15 on melanogenesis, normal human melanocytes were cocultured with fibroblasts infected with the GDF15 lentivirus or GDF15 short hairpin RNA. It was found that GDF15 stimulates melanogenesis in melanocytes through MITF/tyrosinase upregulation via β-catenin signaling. The stimulatory action of GDF15 during pigmentation was further confirmed in ex vivo cultured skin and in a reconstituted human skin sample. These results suggest that senescent fibroblast-derived GDF15 stimulates skin pigmentation and may play a role in aging-associated pigmentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yeongeun Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea; Department of Biomedical Science, The Graduate School, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Bogyeong Kang
- Department of Dermatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea; Department of Biomedical Science, The Graduate School, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jin Cheol Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Tae Jun Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, The Graduate School, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea; Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Hee Young Kang
- Department of Dermatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea; Department of Biomedical Science, The Graduate School, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Díaz M, Campderrós L, Guimaraes MP, López-Bermejo A, de Zegher F, Villarroya F, Ibáñez L. Circulating growth-and-differentiation factor-15 in early life: relation to prenatal and postnatal growth and adiposity measurements. Pediatr Res 2020; 87:897-902. [PMID: 31645058 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-019-0633-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growth-and-differentiation-factor-15 (GDF15) is a regulator of energy homeostasis. To determine the relationship between circulating GDF15 and parameters of metabolic health, we assessed longitudinally GDF15 concentrations in infants born either appropriate- (AGA) or small-for-gestational-age (SGA), the latter population known to be at risk for metabolic alterations, particularly after a rapid postnatal catch-up in weight. METHODS The study cohort consisted of 103 infants (70 AGA and 33 SGA). Assessments included body length, weight, and ponderal index (PI); fasting glucose, insulin, IGF-I, high-molecular-weight adiponectin, GDF15; and body composition (by absorptiometry) at birth, and at age 4, 12 and 24 months. RESULTS GDF15 levels at birth were significantly higher than those at each subsequent time point and were similar in AGA and SGA subjects. GDF15 concentrations dropped at age 4 months, more substantially in SGA infants, and continued to decline in both subgroups reaching adult concentrations by age 24 months. GDF15 levels correlated inversely with the changes in PI, IGF-I and body fat throughout follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Early life is associated with supra-adult concentrations of GDF15. The lower levels of GDF15 in SGA subjects may be an adaptive mechanism to promote catch-up in weight and might increase the risk for obesity later in life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Díaz
- Pediatric Research Institute Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, 08950, Esplugues, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Campderrós
- Pediatric Research Institute Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, 08950, Esplugues, Barcelona, Spain.,Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine Department, Biomedicine Institute, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Network Biomedical Research Center of Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Health Institute Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariana P Guimaraes
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine Department, Biomedicine Institute, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Abel López-Bermejo
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. Josep Trueta Hospital, 17007, Girona, Spain.,Girona Institute for Biomedical Research, Dr. Josep Trueta Hospital, 17007, Girona, Spain
| | - Francis de Zegher
- Pediatric & Adolescent Endocrinology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Development & Regeneration, University of Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Francesc Villarroya
- Pediatric Research Institute Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, 08950, Esplugues, Barcelona, Spain.,Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine Department, Biomedicine Institute, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Network Biomedical Research Center of Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Health Institute Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lourdes Ibáñez
- Pediatric Research Institute Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, 08950, Esplugues, Barcelona, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|