1
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Xie R, Jiang B, Cao W, Wang S, Guo M. The dual-specificity kinase MoLKH1-mediated cell cycle, autophagy, and suppression of plant immunity is critical for development and pathogenicity of Magnaporthe oryzae. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 214:108879. [PMID: 38964088 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Cell cycle progression, autophagic cell death during appressorium development, and ROS degradation at the infection site are important for the development of rice blast disease. However, the association of cell cycle, autophagy and ROS detoxification remains largely unknown in M. oryzae. Here, we identify the dual-specificity kinase MoLKH1, which serves as an important cell cycle regulator required for appressorium formation by regulating cytokinesis and cytoskeleton in M. oryzae. MoLKH1 is transcriptionally activated by H2O2 and required for H2O2-induced autophagic cell death and suppression of ROS-activated plant defense during plant invasion of M. oryzae. In addition, the Molkh1 mutant also showed several phenotypic defects, including delayed growth, abnormal conidiation, damaged cell wall integrity, impaired glycogen and lipid transport, reduced secretion of extracellular enzymes and effectors, and attenuated virulence of M. oryzae. Nuclear localization of MoLKH1 requires the nuclear localization sequence, Lammer motif, as well as the kinase active site and ATP-binding site in this protein. Site-directed mutagenesis showed that each of them plays crucial roles in fungal growth and pathogenicity of M. oryzae. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that MoLKH1-mediated cell cycle, autophagy, and suppression of plant immunity play crucial roles in development and pathogenicity of M. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Xie
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei, 230036, PR China; College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, PR China
| | - Bingxin Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei, 230036, PR China; College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, PR China
| | - Wei Cao
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei, 230036, PR China; College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, PR China
| | - Shuaishuai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei, 230036, PR China; College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, PR China
| | - Min Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei, 230036, PR China; College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, PR China.
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2
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Zhang Z, Wang S, Guo M. The CHY-type zinc finger protein MoChy1 is involved in polarized growth, conidiation, autophagy and pathogenicity of Magnaporthe oryzae. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 268:131867. [PMID: 38670181 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Polarized growth is critical for the development of filamentous phytopathogens, and the CHY-type zinc finger protein Chy1 regulates microtubule assembly to influence polarized growth and thereby affect plant infections. However, the biological role of a Chy1 homolog MoChy1 remains unknown in Magnaporthe oryzae. We found here that the MoChy1-GFP was distributed in the cytoplasm outside the vacuole in hyphae and localized mainly to the vacuole compartments as the appressorium matured. The Mochy1 mutants showed an extremely slow growth rate, curved and branched mycelium, reduced conidiation, and a smaller size in the appressorium. Meanwhile, the Mochy1 mutants showed increased sensitivity to benomyl, damaged microtubule cytoskeleton, and mislocalized polarisome protein MoSpa2 and chitin synthase MoChs6 in hyphae. Compared to Guy11, the Mochy1 mutants exhibited increased sensitivity to H2O2, impaired ability to eliminate host-derived ROS and reduced penetration into host plants, resulting in a strong reduction in pathogenicity of Mochy1 mutants. Furthermore, the Mochy1 mutants also exhibited defects in chitin distribution, osmotic stress tolerance, and septin ring organization during appressorium differentiation and fungal development. Nonselective autophagy was negatively regulated in Mochy1 mutants compared to Guy11. In summary, MoChy1 plays multiple roles in fungal polar growth and full virulence of M. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaodi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei 230036, PR China; College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, PR China
| | - Shuaishuai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei 230036, PR China; College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, PR China.
| | - Min Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei 230036, PR China; College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, PR China.
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3
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Ren Z, Dong X, Guan L, Yang L, Liu C, Cai X, Hu H, Lv Z, Liu H, Zheng L, Huang J, Wilson RA, Chen XL. Sirt5-mediated lysine desuccinylation regulates oxidative stress adaptation in Magnaporthe oryzae during host intracellular infection. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:1257-1274. [PMID: 38481385 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Plant pathogenic fungi elaborate numerous detoxification strategies to suppress host reactive oxygen species (ROS), but their coordination is not well-understood. Here, we show that Sirt5-mediated protein desuccinylation in Magnaporthe oryzae is central to host ROS detoxification. SIRT5 encodes a desuccinylase important for virulence via adaptation to host oxidative stress. Quantitative proteomics analysis identified a large number of succinylated proteins targeted by Sirt5, most of which were mitochondrial proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation, TCA cycle, and fatty acid oxidation. Deletion of SIRT5 resulted in hypersuccinylation of detoxification-related enzymes, and significant reduction in NADPH : NADP+ and GSH : GSSG ratios, disrupting redox balance and impeding invasive growth. Sirt5 desuccinylated thioredoxin Trx2 and glutathione peroxidase Hyr1 to activate their enzyme activity, likely by affecting proper folding. Altogether, this work demonstrates the importance of Sirt5-mediated desuccinylation in controlling fungal process required for detoxifying host ROS during M. oryzae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Lun Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Lei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Caiyun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xuan Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ziwei Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Lu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Junbin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Richard A Wilson
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Xiao-Lin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
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4
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Baudin M, Le Naour‐Vernet M, Gladieux P, Tharreau D, Lebrun M, Lambou K, Leys M, Fournier E, Césari S, Kroj T. Pyricularia oryzae: Lab star and field scourge. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13449. [PMID: 38619508 PMCID: PMC11018116 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Pyricularia oryzae (syn. Magnaporthe oryzae), is a filamentous ascomycete that causes a major disease called blast on cereal crops, as well as on a wide variety of wild and cultivated grasses. Blast diseases have a tremendous impact worldwide particularly on rice and on wheat, where the disease emerged in South America in the 1980s, before spreading to Asia and Africa. Its economic importance, coupled with its amenability to molecular and genetic manipulation, have inspired extensive research efforts aiming at understanding its biology and evolution. In the past 40 years, this plant-pathogenic fungus has emerged as a major model in molecular plant-microbe interactions. In this review, we focus on the clarification of the taxonomy and genetic structure of the species and its host range determinants. We also discuss recent molecular studies deciphering its lifecycle. TAXONOMY Kingdom: Fungi, phylum: Ascomycota, sub-phylum: Pezizomycotina, class: Sordariomycetes, order: Magnaporthales, family: Pyriculariaceae, genus: Pyricularia. HOST RANGE P. oryzae has the ability to infect a wide range of Poaceae. It is structured into different host-specialized lineages that are each associated with a few host plant genera. The fungus is best known to cause tremendous damage to rice crops, but it can also attack other economically important crops such as wheat, maize, barley, and finger millet. DISEASE SYMPTOMS P. oryzae can cause necrotic lesions or bleaching on all aerial parts of its host plants, including leaf blades, sheaths, and inflorescences (panicles, spikes, and seeds). Characteristic symptoms on leaves are diamond-shaped silver lesions that often have a brown margin and whose appearance is influenced by numerous factors such as the plant genotype and environmental conditions. USEFUL WEBSITES Resources URL Genomic data repositories http://genome.jouy.inra.fr/gemo/ Genomic data repositories http://openriceblast.org/ Genomic data repositories http://openwheatblast.net/ Genome browser for fungi (including P. oryzae) http://fungi.ensembl.org/index.html Comparative genomics database https://mycocosm.jgi.doe.gov/mycocosm/home T-DNA mutant database http://atmt.snu.kr/ T-DNA mutant database http://www.phi-base.org/ SNP and expression data https://fungidb.org/fungidb/app/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maël Baudin
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRDMontpellierFrance
- Present address:
Université Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAVAngersFrance
| | - Marie Le Naour‐Vernet
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRDMontpellierFrance
| | - Pierre Gladieux
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRDMontpellierFrance
| | - Didier Tharreau
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRDMontpellierFrance
- CIRAD, UMR PHIMMontpellierFrance
| | - Marc‐Henri Lebrun
- UMR 1290 BIOGER – Campus Agro Paris‐Saclay – INRAE‐AgroParisTechPalaiseauFrance
| | - Karine Lambou
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRDMontpellierFrance
| | - Marie Leys
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRDMontpellierFrance
| | - Elisabeth Fournier
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRDMontpellierFrance
| | - Stella Césari
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRDMontpellierFrance
| | - Thomas Kroj
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRDMontpellierFrance
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Liu C, Wang Y, Du Y, Kang Z, Guo J, Guo J. Glycine-serine-rich effector PstGSRE4 in Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici targets and stabilizes TaGAPDH2 that promotes stripe rust disease. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:947-960. [PMID: 38105492 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) secretes effector proteins that enter plant cells and manipulate host processes. In a previous study, we identified a glycine-serine-rich effector PstGSRE4, which was proven to regulate the reactive oxygen species (ROS) pathway by interacting with TaCZSOD2. In this study, we further demonstrated that PstGSRE4 interacts with wheat glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase TaGAPDH2, which is related to ROS signalling. In wheat, silencing of TaGAPDH2 by virus-induced gene silencing increased the accumulation of ROS induced by the Pst virulent race CYR31. Overexpression of TaGAPDH2 decreased the accumulation of ROS induced by the avirulent Pst race CYR23. In addition, TaGAPDH2 suppressed Pst candidate elicitor Pst322-triggered cell death by decreasing ROS accumulation in Nicotiana benthamiana. Knocking down TaGAPDH2 expression attenuated Pst infection, whereas overexpression of TaGAPDH2 promoted Pst infection, indicating that TaGAPDH2 is a negative regulator of plant defence. In N. benthamiana, PstGSRE4 stabilized TaGAPDH2 through inhibition of the 26S proteasome-mediated destabilization. Overall, these results suggest that TaGAPDH2 is hijacked by the Pst effector as a negative regulator of plant immunity to promote Pst infection in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yanfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuanyuan Du
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jia Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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6
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Jin BJ, Chun HJ, Choi CW, Lee SH, Cho HM, Park MS, Baek D, Park SY, Lee YH, Kim MC. Host-induced gene silencing is a promising biological tool to characterize the pathogenicity of Magnaporthe oryzae and control fungal disease in rice. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:319-336. [PMID: 37700662 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
The rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae is a devastating plant pathogen that threatens rice production worldwide. Host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) has been effectively applied to study pathogenic gene function during host-microbe interactions and control fungal diseases in various crops. In this study, the HIGS system of M. oryzae was established using transgenic fungus expressing green fluorescence protein (GFP), KJ201::eGFP and 35S::dsRNAi plants, which produce small interfering RNAs targeting fungal genes. Through this system, we verified the HIGS of rice blast fungus quantitatively and qualitatively in both Arabidopsis and rice. Then, we showed that the HIGS of M. oryzae's pathogenic genes, including RGS1, MgAPT2 and LHS1, significantly alter its virulence. Both 35S::dsRNAi_MgAPT2 and 35S::dsRNAi_LHS1 plants showed a considerably enhanced fungal resistance, characterized by the formation of H2 O2 -containing defensive granules and induction of rice pathogenesis-related (PR) genes. In addition, the enhanced susceptibility of 35S::dsRNAi_RGS1 plants to blast fungus suggested a novel mode of action of this gene during fungal infection. Overall, the results of this study demonstrate that HIGS is a very effective and efficient biological tool not only to accurately characterize the functions of fungal pathogenic genes during rice-M. oryzae interactions, but also to control fungal disease and ensure a successful rice production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Jun Jin
- Institute of Agriculture & Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Hyun Jin Chun
- Institute of Agriculture & Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Cheol Woo Choi
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Su Hyeon Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Hyun Min Cho
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Mi Suk Park
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Dongwon Baek
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Sook-Young Park
- Department of Plant Medicine, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Korea
| | - Yong-Hwan Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min Chul Kim
- Institute of Agriculture & Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
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7
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Yoon J, Kim Y, Kim S, Jeong H, Park J, Jeong MH, Park S, Jo M, An S, Park J, Jang SH, Goh J, Park SY. Agrobacterium tumefaciens-Mediated Transformation of the Aquatic Fungus Phialemonium inflatum FBCC-F1546. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1158. [PMID: 38132759 PMCID: PMC10744869 DOI: 10.3390/jof9121158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Phialemonium inflatum is a useful fungus known for its ability to mineralise lignin during primary metabolism and decompose polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). However, no functional genetic analysis techniques have been developed yet for this fungus, specifically in terms of transformation. In this study, we applied an Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (ATMT) system to P. inflatum for a functional gene analysis. We generated 3689 transformants using the binary vector pSK1044, which carried either the hygromycin B phosphotransferase (hph) gene or the enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) gene to label the transformants. A Southern blot analysis showed that the probability of a single copy of T-DNA insertion was approximately 50% when the co-cultivation of fungal spores and Agrobacterium tumefaciens cells was performed at 24-36 h, whereas at 48 h, it was approximately 35.5%. Therefore, when performing gene knockout using the ATMT system, the co-cultivation time was reduced to ≤36 h. The resulting transformants were mitotically stable, and a PCR analysis confirmed the genes' integration into the transformant genome. Additionally, hph and eGFP gene expressions were confirmed via PCR amplification and fluorescence microscopy. This optimised transformation system will enable functional gene analyses to study genes of interest in P. inflatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonghan Yoon
- Department of Plant Medicine, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea; (J.Y.); (Y.K.); (S.K.); (H.J.); (J.P.); (M.-H.J.); (M.J.); (S.A.); (J.P.); (S.-H.J.)
| | - Youngjun Kim
- Department of Plant Medicine, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea; (J.Y.); (Y.K.); (S.K.); (H.J.); (J.P.); (M.-H.J.); (M.J.); (S.A.); (J.P.); (S.-H.J.)
| | - Seoyeon Kim
- Department of Plant Medicine, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea; (J.Y.); (Y.K.); (S.K.); (H.J.); (J.P.); (M.-H.J.); (M.J.); (S.A.); (J.P.); (S.-H.J.)
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System (BK21 Plus), Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Haejun Jeong
- Department of Plant Medicine, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea; (J.Y.); (Y.K.); (S.K.); (H.J.); (J.P.); (M.-H.J.); (M.J.); (S.A.); (J.P.); (S.-H.J.)
| | - Jiyoon Park
- Department of Plant Medicine, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea; (J.Y.); (Y.K.); (S.K.); (H.J.); (J.P.); (M.-H.J.); (M.J.); (S.A.); (J.P.); (S.-H.J.)
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System (BK21 Plus), Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Hye Jeong
- Department of Plant Medicine, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea; (J.Y.); (Y.K.); (S.K.); (H.J.); (J.P.); (M.-H.J.); (M.J.); (S.A.); (J.P.); (S.-H.J.)
| | - Sangkyu Park
- Fungi Research Team, Microbial Research Department, Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources, Donam 2-gil 137, Sangju 37242, Republic of Korea;
| | - Miju Jo
- Department of Plant Medicine, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea; (J.Y.); (Y.K.); (S.K.); (H.J.); (J.P.); (M.-H.J.); (M.J.); (S.A.); (J.P.); (S.-H.J.)
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System (BK21 Plus), Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunmin An
- Department of Plant Medicine, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea; (J.Y.); (Y.K.); (S.K.); (H.J.); (J.P.); (M.-H.J.); (M.J.); (S.A.); (J.P.); (S.-H.J.)
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System (BK21 Plus), Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Park
- Department of Plant Medicine, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea; (J.Y.); (Y.K.); (S.K.); (H.J.); (J.P.); (M.-H.J.); (M.J.); (S.A.); (J.P.); (S.-H.J.)
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System (BK21 Plus), Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Seol-Hwa Jang
- Department of Plant Medicine, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea; (J.Y.); (Y.K.); (S.K.); (H.J.); (J.P.); (M.-H.J.); (M.J.); (S.A.); (J.P.); (S.-H.J.)
| | - Jaeduk Goh
- Fungi Research Team, Microbial Research Department, Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources, Donam 2-gil 137, Sangju 37242, Republic of Korea;
| | - Sook-Young Park
- Department of Plant Medicine, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea; (J.Y.); (Y.K.); (S.K.); (H.J.); (J.P.); (M.-H.J.); (M.J.); (S.A.); (J.P.); (S.-H.J.)
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System (BK21 Plus), Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
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8
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Wang J, Chen T, Tang Y, Zhang S, Xu M, Liu M, Zhang J, Loake GJ, Jiang J. The Biological Roles of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici Effectors during Infection of Wheat. Biomolecules 2023; 13:889. [PMID: 37371469 DOI: 10.3390/biom13060889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) is the causative agent of wheat stripe rust, which can lead to a significant loss in annual wheat yields. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a deeper comprehension of the basic mechanisms underlying Pst infection. Effectors are known as the agents that plant pathogens deliver into host tissues to promote infection, typically by interfering with plant physiology and biochemistry. Insights into effector activity can significantly aid the development of future strategies to generate disease-resistant crops. However, the functional analysis of Pst effectors is still in its infancy, which hinders our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of the interaction between Pst and wheat. In this review, we summarize the potential roles of validated and proposed Pst effectors during wheat infection, including proteinaceous effectors, non-coding RNAs (sRNA effectors), and secondary metabolites (SMs effectors). Further, we suggest specific countermeasures against Pst pathogenesis and future research directions, which may promote our understanding of Pst effector functions during wheat immunity attempts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjuan Wang
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Tongtong Chen
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Yawen Tang
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Sihan Zhang
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Mengyao Xu
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Meiyan Liu
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Gary J Loake
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JH, UK
| | - Jihong Jiang
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
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9
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Liu S, Gong X, Ma J, Wang S, Guo M. MoMih1 is indispensable for asexual development, cell wall integrity, and pathogenicity of Magnaporthe oryzae. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1146915. [PMID: 36998683 PMCID: PMC10044144 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1146915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Asexual spore serves as essential inoculum of rice blast during the disease cycle, and differentiation of young conidium from conidiophore is intimately regulated by cell cycle. Mih1 encodes a dual-specificity phosphatase that involved in the G2/M transition of the mitotic cell cycle by regulating the Cdk1 activity in eukaryotes. Till now, the roles of Mih1 homologue, however, remain unclear in Magnaporthe oryzae. We here functionally characterized the Mih1 homologue MoMih1 in M. oryzae. MoMih1 is localized to both the cytoplasm and nucleus and can physically interact with the CDK protein MoCdc28 in vivo. Loss of MoMih1 led to delayed nucleus division and a high level of Tyr15 phosphorylation of MoCdc28. The MoMih1 mutants showed retarded mycelial growth with a defective polar growth, less fungal biomass, and shorter distance between diaphragms, compared with the KU80. Asexual reproduction altered in MoMih1 mutants, with both abnormal conidial morphogenesis and decreased conidiation. The MoMih1 mutants severely attenuated the virulence to host plants due to the impaired ability of penetration and biotrophic growth. The incapability of scavenging of host-derived reactive oxygen species, which was possibly ascribed to the severely decreased extracellular enzymes activities, were partially associated with deficiency of pathogenicity. Besides, the MoMih1 mutants displayed also improper localization of retromer protein MoVps26 and polarisome component MoSpa2, and defects of cell wall integrity (CWI), melanin pigmentation, chitin synthesis, and hydrophobicity. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that MoMih1 plays pleiotropic roles during fungal development and plant infection of M. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xinli Gong
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Ji Ma
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Shuaishuai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Min Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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10
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Yang L, Liu X, Wang J, Li L, Feng W, Ji Z. Pyridoxine biosynthesis protein MoPdx1 affects the development and pathogenicity of Magnaporthe oryzae. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1099967. [PMID: 36824685 PMCID: PMC9941553 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1099967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
B vitamins are essential micro-organic compounds for the development of humans and animals. Vitamin B6 comprises a group of components including pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine. In addition, vitamin B6 acts as the coenzymes in amino acid biosynthesis, decarboxylation, racemic reactions, and other biological processes. In this study, we found that the expressions of a gene encoding pyridoxine biosynthesis protein (PDX1) were significantly upregulated in the early infectious stages in M. oryzae. Furthermore, deletion of MoPDX1 slowed vegetative growth on different media, especially on MM media, and the growth defect was rescued when MoPdx1-protein was expressed in mutants strains and when commercial VB6 (pyridoxine) was added exogenously. However, VB6 content in different strains cultured in CM media has no significant difference, suggested that MoPdx1 was involved in de novo VB6 biosynthesis not in uptake process, and VB6 regulates the vegetative growth of M. oryzae. The ΔMopdx1 mutants presented abnormal appressorium turgor, slowed invasive growth and reduced virulence on rice seedlings and sheath cells. MoPdx1 was located in the cytoplasm and present in spore and germ tubes at 14 hours post inoculation (hpi) and then transferred into the appressorium at 24 hpi. Addition of VB6 in the conidial suspentions could rescue the defects of appressorium turgor pressure at 14 hpi or 24 hpi, invasive growth and pathogenicity of the MoPDX1 deletion mutants. Indicated that MoPdx1 affected the appressorium turgor pressure, invasive growth and virulence mainly depended on de novo VB6, and VB6 was biosynthesized in conidia, then transported into the appressorium, which play important roles in substances transportation from conidia to appressorium thus to regulate the appressorium turgor pressure. However, deletion of MoPDX1 did not affect the ability that scavenge ROS produced by rice cells, and the mutant strains were unable to activate host defense responses. In addition, co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assays investigating potential MoPdx1-interacting proteins suggested that MoPdx1 might take part in multiple pathways, especially in the ribosome and in biosynthesis of some substances. These results indicate that vitamins are involved in the development and pathogenicity of M. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lianwei Li
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wanzhen Feng
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya, China
| | - Zhaolin Ji
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China,*Correspondence: Zhaolin Ji,
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11
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Li S, Liu S, Zhang Q, Cui M, Zhao M, Li N, Wang S, Wu R, Zhang L, Cao Y, Wang L. The interaction of ABA and ROS in plant growth and stress resistances. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1050132. [PMID: 36507454 PMCID: PMC9729957 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1050132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormone ABA (abscisic acid) plays an extremely important role in plant growth and adaptive stress, including but are not limited to seed germination, stomatal closure, pathogen infection, drought and cold stresses. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are response molecules widely produced by plant cells under biotic and abiotic stress conditions. The production of apoplast ROS is induced and regulated by ABA, and participates in the ABA signaling pathway and its regulated plant immune system. In this review, we summarize ABA and ROS in apoplast ROS production, plant response to biotic and abiotic stresses, plant growth regulation, ABA signal transduction, and the regulatory relationship between ABA and other plant hormones. In addition, we also discuss the effects of protein post-translational modifications on ABA and ROS related factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenghui Li
- School of Landscape and Ecological Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| | - Sha Liu
- School of Landscape and Ecological Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| | - Qiong Zhang
- Institute of Pomology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tai’an, China
| | - Meixiang Cui
- School of Landscape and Ecological Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| | - Min Zhao
- School of Landscape and Ecological Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| | - Nanyang Li
- School of Landscape and Ecological Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| | - Suna Wang
- School of Landscape and Ecological Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| | - Ruigang Wu
- School of Landscape and Ecological Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Yunpeng Cao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Lihu Wang
- School of Landscape and Ecological Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
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12
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Liang M, Dong L, Deng YZ. Circadian Redox Rhythm in Plant-Fungal Pathogen Interactions. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 37:726-738. [PMID: 35044223 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Circadian-controlled cellular growth, differentiation, and metabolism are mainly achieved by a classical transcriptional-translational feedback loop (TTFL), as revealed by investigations in animals, plants, and fungi. Recent Advances: Recently, reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been reported as part of a cellular network synchronizing nontranscriptional oscillators with established TTFL components, adding complexity to regulatory mechanisms of circadian rhythm. Both circadian rhythm and ROS homeostasis have a great impact on plant immunity as well as fungal pathogenicity, therefore interconnections of these two factors are implicit in plant-fungus interactions. Critical Issues: In this review, we aim to summarize the recent advances in circadian-controlled ROS homeostasis, or ROS-modulated circadian clock, in plant-fungus pathosystems, particularly using the rice (Oryza sativa) blast fungus (Magnaporthe oryzae) pathosystem as an example. Understanding of such bidirectional interaction between the circadian timekeeping machinery and ROS homeostasis/signaling would provide a theoretical basis for developing disease control strategies for important plants/crops. Future Directions: Questions remain unanswered about the detailed mechanisms underlying circadian regulation of redox homeostasis in M. oryzae, and the consequent fungal differentiation and death in a time-of-day manner. We believe that the rice-M. oryzae pathobiosystem would provide an excellent platform for investigating such issues in circadian-ROS interconnections in a plant-fungus interaction context. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 37, 726-738.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Liang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lihong Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Zhen Deng
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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13
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Chen Y, Wang J, Nguyen NK, Hwang BK, Jwa NS. The NIN-Like Protein OsNLP2 Negatively Regulates Ferroptotic Cell Death and Immune Responses to Magnaporthe oryzae in Rice. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11091795. [PMID: 36139868 PMCID: PMC9495739 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11091795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Nodule inception (NIN)-like proteins (NLPs) have a central role in nitrate signaling to mediate plant growth and development. Here, we report that OsNLP2 negatively regulates ferroptotic cell death and immune responses in rice during Magnaporthe oryzae infection. OsNLP2 was localized to the plant cell nucleus, suggesting that it acts as a transcription factor. OsNLP2 expression was involved in susceptible disease development. ΔOsnlp2 knockout mutants exhibited reactive oxygen species (ROS) and iron-dependent ferroptotic hypersensitive response (HR) cell death in response to M. oryzae. Treatments with the iron chelator deferoxamine, lipid-ROS scavenger ferrostatin-1, actin polymerization inhibitor cytochalasin A, and NADPH oxidase inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium suppressed the accumulation of ROS and ferric ions, lipid peroxidation, and HR cell death, which ultimately led to successful M. oryzae colonization in ΔOsnlp2 mutants. The loss-of-function of OsNLP2 triggered the expression of defense-related genes including OsPBZ1, OsPIP-3A, OsWRKY104, and OsRbohB in ΔOsnlp2 mutants. ΔOsnlp2 mutants exhibited broad-spectrum, nonspecific resistance to diverse M. oryzae strains. These combined results suggest that OsNLP2 acts as a negative regulator of ferroptotic HR cell death and defense responses in rice, and may be a valuable gene source for molecular breeding of rice with broad-spectrum resistance to blast disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Chen
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea
| | - Nam Khoa Nguyen
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea
| | - Byung Kook Hwang
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 06213, Korea
| | - Nam Soo Jwa
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea
- Correspondence:
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14
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Wan C, Liu Y, Tian S, Guo J, Bai X, Zhu H, Kang Z, Guo J. A serine-rich effector from the stripe rust pathogen targets a Raf-like kinase to suppress host immunity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:762-778. [PMID: 35567492 PMCID: PMC9434189 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) is an important obligate pathogen in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and secretes effectors into plant cells to promote infection. Identifying host targets of effector proteins and clarifying their roles in pathogen infection is essential for understanding pathogen virulence. In this study, we identified a serine-rich effector, Pst27791, from Pst that suppresses cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana. Stable overexpression of Pst27791 in wheat suppressed reactive oxygen species accumulation and the salicylic acid-dependent defense response. Transgenic wheat expressing the RNA interference construct of Pst27791 exhibited high resistance to Pst virulent isolate CYR31, indicating its importance in pathogenesis. Pst27791 interacting with wheat rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma (Raf)-like kinase TaRaf46 in yeast and in planta. Knocking down TaRaf46 expression in wheat attenuated Pst infection and increased wheat immunity. The overexpression of TaRaf46 decreased wheat resistance to Pst and repressed MAPK activation in wheat. Pst27791 may stabilize TaRaf46 through the inhibition of proteasome-mediated degradation in N. benthamiana. The ability of Pst27791 to enhance Pst colonization was compromised when TaRaf46 was silenced, suggesting that the virulence of Pst27791 is mediated by TaRaf46. Overall, these results indicate that Raf-like kinase TaRaf46 is exploited by the Pst effector as a negative regulator of plant immunity to promote infection in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiping Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shuxin Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jia Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xingxuan Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Haochuan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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15
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Small GTPase FoSec4-Mediated Protein Secretion Is Important for Polarized Growth, Reproduction and Pathogenicity in the Banana Fusarium Wilt Fungus Fusarium odoratissimum. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8080880. [PMID: 36012867 PMCID: PMC9410047 DOI: 10.3390/jof8080880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Apical secretion at hyphal tips is important for the growth and development of filamentous fungi. In this study, we analyzed the role of the Rab GTPases FoSec4 involved in the secretion of the banana wilt fungal pathogen Fusarium odoratissimum. We found that the deletion of FoSEC4 affects the activity of extracellular hydrolases and protein secretion, indicating that FoSec4 plays an important role in the regulation of protein secretion in F. odoratissimum. As a typical Rab GTPase, Sec4 participates in the Rab cycle through the conversion between the active GTP-bound state and the inactive GDP-bound state, which is regulated by guanine nucleate exchange factors (GEFs) and GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs). We further found that FoSec2 can interact with dominant-negative FoSec4 (GDP-bound and nucleotide-free form, FoSec4DN), and that FoGyp5 can interact with dominant active FoSec4 (GTP-bound and constitutively active form, FoSec4CA). We evaluated the biofunctions of FoSec4, FoSec2 and FoGyp5, and found that FoSec4 is involved in the regulation of vegetative growth, reproduction, pathogenicity and the environmental stress response of F. odoratissimum, and that FocSec2 and FoGyp5 perform biofunctions consistent with FoSec4, indicating that FoSec2 and FoGyp5 may work as the GEF and the GAP, respectively, of FoSec4 in F. odoratissimum. We further found that the amino-terminal region and Sec2 domain are essential for the biological functions of FoSec2, while the carboxyl-terminal region and Tre-2/Bub2/Cdc16 (TBC) domain are essential for the biological functions of FoGyp5. In addition, FoSec4 mainly accumulated at the hyphal tips and partially colocalized with Spitzenkörper; however, FoGyp5 accumulated at the periphery of Spitzenkörper, suggesting that FoGyp5 may recognize and inactivate FoSec4 at a specific location in hyphal tips.
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16
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Zhu L, Huang J, Lu X, Zhou C. Development of plant systemic resistance by beneficial rhizobacteria: Recognition, initiation, elicitation and regulation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:952397. [PMID: 36017257 PMCID: PMC9396261 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.952397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A plant growing in nature is not an individual, but it holds an intricate community of plants and microbes with relatively stable partnerships. The microbial community has recently been demonstrated to be closely linked with plants since their earliest evolution, to help early land plants adapt to environmental threats. Mounting evidence has indicated that plants can release diverse kinds of signal molecules to attract beneficial bacteria for mediating the activities of their genetics and biochemistry. Several rhizobacterial strains can promote plant growth and enhance the ability of plants to withstand pathogenic attacks causing various diseases and loss in crop productivity. Beneficial rhizobacteria are generally called as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) that induce systemic resistance (ISR) against pathogen infection. These ISR-eliciting microbes can mediate the morphological, physiological and molecular responses of plants. In the last decade, the mechanisms of microbial signals, plant receptors, and hormone signaling pathways involved in the process of PGPR-induced ISR in plants have been well investigated. In this review, plant recognition, microbial elicitors, and the related pathways during plant-microbe interactions are discussed, with highlights on the roles of root hair-specific syntaxins and small RNAs in the regulation of the PGPR-induced ISR in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhu
- Key Lab of Bio-Organic Fertilizer Creation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Anhui Science and Technology University, Bengbu, China
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiameng Huang
- Key Lab of Bio-Organic Fertilizer Creation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Anhui Science and Technology University, Bengbu, China
| | - Xiaoming Lu
- Key Lab of Bio-Organic Fertilizer Creation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Anhui Science and Technology University, Bengbu, China
| | - Cheng Zhou
- Key Lab of Bio-Organic Fertilizer Creation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Anhui Science and Technology University, Bengbu, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-Saving Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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17
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Aron O, Otieno FJ, Tijjani I, Yang Z, Xu H, Weng S, Guo J, Lu S, Wang Z, Tang W. De novo purine nucleotide biosynthesis mediated by MoAde4 is required for conidiation, host colonization and pathogenicity in Magnaporthe oryzae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:5587-5602. [PMID: 35918446 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12100-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Amidophosphoribosyltransferase catalyzes the conversion of 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate into 5-phosphoribosyl-1-amine in the de novo purine biosynthetic pathway. Herein, we identified and characterized the functions of MoAde4, an orthologue of yeast Ade4 in Magnaporthe oryzae. MoAde4 is a 537-amino acid protein containing GATase_6 and pribosyltran domains. MoADE4 transcripts were highly expressed during the conidiation, early-infection, and late-infection stages of the fungus. Disruption of the MoADE4 gene resulted in ΔMoade4 exhibiting adenine, adenosine, and hypoxanthine auxotrophy on minimal medium. Conidia quantification assays showed that sporulation was significantly reduced in the ΔMoade4 mutant. The conidia of ΔMoade4 could still form appressoria but mostly failed to penetrate the rice cuticle. Pathogenicity tests showed that ΔMoade4 was completely nonpathogenic on rice and barley leaves, which was attributed to restricted infectious hyphal growth within the primary cells. The ΔMoade4 mutant was defective in the induction of strong host immunity. Exogenous adenine partially rescued conidiation, infectious hyphal growth, and the pathogenicity defects of the ΔMoade4 mutant on barley and rice leaves. Taken together, our results demonstrated that purine nucleotide biosynthesis orchestrated by MoAde4 is required for fungal development and pathogenicity in M. oryzae. These findings therefore act as a suitable target for antifungal development against recalcitrant plant fungal pathogens. KEY POINTS: • MoAde4 is crucial for de novo purine nucleotide biosynthesis. • MoAde4 is pivotal for conidiogenesis and appressorium development of M. oryzae. • MoAde4 is involoved in the pathogenicity of M. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osakina Aron
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Frankine Jagero Otieno
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Ibrahim Tijjani
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Zifeng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Huxiao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Shuning Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Jiayuan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Songmao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Zonghua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China. .,Marine and Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, 350108, China.
| | - Wei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China. .,Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Fuzhou, 350013, China.
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18
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Yang Q, Yang J, Wang Y, Du J, Zhang J, Luisi BF, Liang W. Broad-spectrum chemicals block ROS detoxification to prevent plant fungal invasion. Curr Biol 2022; 32:3886-3897.e6. [PMID: 35932761 PMCID: PMC7613639 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Plant diseases cause a huge impact on food security and are of global concern. While application of agrochemicals is a common approach in the control of plant diseases currently, growing drug resistance and the impact of off-target effects of these compounds pose major challenges. The identification of pathogenicity-related virulence mechanisms and development of new chemicals that target these processes are urgently needed. One such virulence mechanism is the detoxification of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by host plants upon attack by pathogens. The machinery of ROS detoxification might therefore serve as a drug target for preventing plant diseases, but few anti-ROS-scavenging drugs have been developed. Here, we show that in the model system Botrytis cinerea secretion of the cytochrome c-peroxidase, BcCcp1 removes plant-produced H2O2 and promotes pathogen invasion. The peroxidase secretion is modulated by a Tom1-like protein, BcTol1, through physical interaction. We show that BcTol1 is regulated at different levels to enhance the secretion of BcCcp1 during the early infection stage. Inactivation of either BcTol1 or BcCcp1 leads to dramatically reduced virulence of B. cinerea. We identify two BcTol1-targeting small molecules that not only prevent B. cinerea invasion but also have effective activity against a wide range of plant fungal pathogens without detectable effect on the hosts. These findings reveal a conserved mechanism of ROS detoxification in fungi and provide a class of potential fungicides to control diverse plant diseases. The approach described here has wide implications for further drug discovery in related fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Yang
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Engineering Research Center for Precision Pest Management for Fruits and Vegetables of Qingdao, Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Jinguang Yang
- Tobacco Research Institute of CAAS, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Yameng Wang
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Engineering Research Center for Precision Pest Management for Fruits and Vegetables of Qingdao, Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Juan Du
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Jianan Zhang
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Engineering Research Center for Precision Pest Management for Fruits and Vegetables of Qingdao, Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Ben F Luisi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Wenxing Liang
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Engineering Research Center for Precision Pest Management for Fruits and Vegetables of Qingdao, Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.
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19
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Liu X, Gao Y, Guo Z, Wang N, Wegner A, Wang J, Zou X, Hu J, Liu M, Zhang H, Zheng X, Wang P, Schaffrath U, Zhang Z. MoIug4 is a novel secreted effector promoting rice blast by counteracting host OsAHL1-regulated ethylene gene transcription. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 235:1163-1178. [PMID: 35451078 PMCID: PMC11164540 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Magnaporthe oryzae secretes several effectors that modulate and hijack rice processes to colonize host cells, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We report on a novel cytoplasmic effector MoIug4 that targets the rice ethylene pathway as a transcription repressor to subvert host immunity. We found that MoIug4 binds to the promoter of the host OsEIN2 gene that encodes a central signal transducer in the ethylene-signaling pathway. We also identified a MoIug4 interacting protein, OsAHL1, which acts as an AT-hook motif-containing protein binding to the A/T-rich promoter regions. Our knockout and overexpression studies showed that OsAHL1 positively regulates plant immunity in response to M. oryzae infection. OsAHL1 exhibits transcriptional regulatory activities by binding the OsEIN2 promoter region, similar to MoIug4. Intriguingly, we found that MoIug4 exhibits a higher binding affinity than OsAHL1 to the OsEIN2 promoter, suggesting differential regulatory specificities. These results revealed a counter-defense strategy by which the pathogen effector suppresses the activation of host defense genes by interfering with host transcription activator functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Department of Plant Pathology, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yixin Gao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Department of Plant Pathology, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ziqian Guo
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Department of Plant Pathology, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Nian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Department of Plant Pathology, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Alex Wegner
- Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52056, Germany
| | - Jintao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Department of Plant Pathology, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xi Zou
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Department of Plant Pathology, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jiexiong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Department of Plant Pathology, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Muxing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Department of Plant Pathology, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Department of Plant Pathology, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiaobo Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Department of Plant Pathology, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Ulrich Schaffrath
- Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52056, Germany
| | - Zhengguang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Department of Plant Pathology, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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20
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Elbasuney S, El-Sayyad GS, Attia MS, Abdelaziz AM. Ferric Oxide Colloid: Towards Green Nano-Fertilizer for Tomato Plant with Enhanced Vegetative Growth and Immune Response Against Fusarium Wilt Disease. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2022; 32:4270-4283. [PMID: 35910584 PMCID: PMC9306234 DOI: 10.1007/s10904-022-02442-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Global food crisis due to climate change, pandemic COVID-19 outbreak, and Russia-Ukraine conflict leads to catastrophic consequences; almost 10 percent of the world’s population go to bed hungry daily. Narrative solution for green agriculture with high vegetation and crop yield is mandatory; novel nanomaterials can improve plant immunity and restrain plant diseases. Iron is fundamental nutrient element; it plays vital role in enzyme activity and RNA synthesis; furthermore it is involved in photosynthesis electron-transfer chains. This study reports on the facile synthesis of colloidal ferric oxide nanoparticles as novel nano-fertilizer to promote vegetation and to suppress Fusarium wilt disease in tomato plant. Disease index, protection percent, photosynthetic pigments, and metabolic indicators of resistance in plant as response to induction of systemic resistance (SR) were recorded. Results illustrated that Fe2O3 NPs had antifungal activity against F. oxysporum. Fe2O3 NPs (at 20 µg/mL) was the best treatment and reduced percent disease indexes by 15.62 and gave highly protection against disease by 82.15% relative to untreated infected plants. Fe2O3 NPs treatments in either (non-infected or infected) plants showed improvements in photosynthetic pigments, osmolytes, and antioxidant enzymes activity. The beneficial effects of the synthesized Fe2O3 NPs were extended to increase not only photosynthetic pigments, osmolytes contents but also the activities of peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), enzymes of the healthy and infected tomato plants in comparison with control. For, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activities it was found that, application of Fe2O3 NPs (10 µg/mL) on challenged plants offered the best treatments which increased the activities of POD by (34.4%) and PPO by (31.24%). On the other hand, application of Fe2O3 NPs (20 µg/mL) on challenged plants offered the best treatments which increased the activities of CAT by (30.9%), and SOD by (31.33%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif Elbasuney
- Head of Nanotechnology Research Center, Military Technical College (MTC), Cairo, Egypt
- School of Chemical Engineering, Military Technical College (MTC), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Gharieb S. El-Sayyad
- Drug Microbiology Lab, Drug Radiation Research Department, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed S. Attia
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amer M. Abdelaziz
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
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21
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Liu C, Wang Y, Wang Y, Du Y, Song C, Song P, Yang Q, He F, Bai X, Huang L, Guo J, Kang Z, Guo J. Glycine-serine-rich effector PstGSRE4 in Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici inhibits the activity of copper zinc superoxide dismutase to modulate immunity in wheat. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010702. [PMID: 35881621 PMCID: PMC9321418 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) secretes an array of specific effector proteins to manipulate host immunity and promote pathogen colonization. In a previous study, we functionally characterized a glycine-serine-rich effector PstGSRE1 with a glycine-serine-rich motif (m9). However, the mechanisms of glycine-serine-rich effectors (GSREs) remain obscure. Here we report a new glycine-serine-rich effector, PstGSRE4, which has no m9-like motif but inhibits the enzyme activity of wheat copper zinc superoxide dismutase TaCZSOD2, which acts as a positive regulator of wheat resistance to Pst. By inhibiting the enzyme activity of TaCZSOD2, PstGSRE4 reduces H2O2 accumulation and HR areas to facilitate Pst infection. These findings provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of GSREs of rust fungi in regulating plant immunity. Pst secretes numerous effectors to modulate host defense systems. However, the mechanisms of these effectors, especially for glycine-rich or serine-rich effectors, remain obscure. In this study, we identified a new glycine-serine-rich effector, PstGSRE4, which exhibits unusual biochemical properties and is highly induced during early stages of infection. Transgenic expression of PstGSRE4-RNAi constructs in wheat significantly reduced virulence of Pst and increased H2O2 accumulation in wheat. Overexpression of PstGSRE4 in wheat significantly increased virulence of Pst and reduced H2O2 accumulation in wheat. PstGSRE4 was shown to target the ROS-associated regulatory factor TaCZSOD2, which was proved as a positive regulator of wheat immunity in this study. Further study revealed that PstGSRE4 inhibited the enzyme activity of TaCZSOD2 and thus compromises the host immune systems. This work reveals a novel strategy that rust fungi exploit to modulate host defense and facilitate pathogen infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Yunqian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Yanfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Du
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Chao Song
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Ping Song
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Qian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Fuxin He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Xingxuan Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Lili Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Jia Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Jun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China
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22
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Zhang YZ, Li B, Pan YT, Fang YL, Li DW, Huang L. Protein Phosphatase CgPpz1 Regulates Potassium Uptake, Stress Responses, and Plant Infection in Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:820-829. [PMID: 34689611 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-02-21-0051-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Protein phosphatases play important roles in the regulation of various cellular processes in eukaryotes. The ascomycete Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is a causal agent of anthracnose disease on some important crops and trees. In this study, CgPPZ1, a protein phosphate gene and a homolog of yeast PPZ1, was identified in C. gloeosporioides. Targeted gene deletion showed that CgPpz1 was important for vegetative growth and asexual development, conidial germination, and plant infection. Cytological examinations revealed that CgPpz1 was localized to the cytoplasm. The ΔCgppz1 mutant was hypersensitive to osmotic stresses, cell wall stressors, and oxidative stressors. Taken together, our results indicated that CgPpz1 plays an important role in the fungal development and virulence of C. gloeosporioides and the multiple stress responses generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Zhao Zhang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Bing Li
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Yu-Ting Pan
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Yu-Lan Fang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - De-Wei Li
- The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station Valley Laboratory, Windsor, CT 06095, U.S.A
| | - Lin Huang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
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23
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Severn-Ellis AA, Schoeman MH, Bayer PE, Hane JK, Rees DJG, Edwards D, Batley J. Genome Analysis of the Broad Host Range Necrotroph Nalanthamala psidii Highlights Genes Associated With Virulence. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:811152. [PMID: 35283890 PMCID: PMC8914235 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.811152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Guava wilt disease is caused by the fungus Nalanthamala psidii. The wilt disease results in large-scale destruction of orchards in South Africa, Taiwan, and several Southeast Asian countries. De novo assembly, annotation, and in-depth analysis of the N. psidii genome were carried out to facilitate the identification of characteristics associated with pathogenicity and pathogen evolution. The predicted secretome revealed a range of CAZymes, proteases, lipases and peroxidases associated with plant cell wall degradation, nutrient acquisition, and disease development. Further analysis of the N. psidii carbohydrate-active enzyme profile exposed the broad-spectrum necrotrophic lifestyle of the pathogen, which was corroborated by the identification of putative effectors and secondary metabolites with the potential to induce tissue necrosis and cell surface-dependent immune responses. Putative regulatory proteins including transcription factors and kinases were identified in addition to transporters potentially involved in the secretion of secondary metabolites. Transporters identified included important ABC and MFS transporters involved in the efflux of fungicides. Analysis of the repetitive landscape and the detection of mechanisms linked to reproduction such as het and mating genes rendered insights into the biological complexity and evolutionary potential of N. psidii as guava pathogen. Hence, the assembly and annotation of the N. psidii genome provided a valuable platform to explore the pathogenic potential and necrotrophic lifestyle of the guava wilt pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita A. Severn-Ellis
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Aquaculture Research and Development, Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre, Watermans Bay, WA, Australia
| | - Maritha H. Schoeman
- Institute for Tropical and Subtropical Crops, Agricultural Research Council, Nelspruit, South Africa
| | - Philipp E. Bayer
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - James K. Hane
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - D. Jasper G. Rees
- Agricultural Research Council, Biotechnology Platform, Pretoria, South Africa
- Botswana University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - David Edwards
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Jacqueline Batley
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
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24
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Jiao W, Yu H, Cong J, Xiao K, Zhang X, Liu J, Zhang Y, Pan H. Transcription factor SsFoxE3 activating SsAtg8 is critical for sclerotia, compound appressoria formation, and pathogenicity in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:204-217. [PMID: 34699137 PMCID: PMC8743022 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, the notorious necrotrophic phytopathogenic fungus with wide distribution, is responsible for sclerotium disease in more than 600 plant species, including many economic crops such as soybean, oilseed rape, and sunflower. The compound appressorium is a crucial multicellular infection structure that is a prerequisite for infecting healthy tissues. Previously, the Forkhead-box family transcription factors (FOX TFs) SsFoxE2 and SsFKH1 were shown to play a key regulatory role in the hyphae growth, sexual reproduction, and pathogenicity of S. sclerotiorum. However, little is known about the roles of SsFoxE3 regulating growth and development and pathogenicity. Here, we report SsFoxE3 contributes to sclerotium formation and deletion of SsFoxE3 leads to reduced formation of compound appressoria and developmental delays. Transcripts of SsFoxE3 were greatly increased during the initial stage of infection and SsFoxE3 deficiency reduced virulence on the host, while stabbing inoculation could partially restore pathogenicity. The SsFoxE3 mutant showed sensitivity to H2 O2 , and the expression of reactive oxygen species detoxification and autophagy-related genes were reduced. Moreover, expression of SsAtg8 was also decreased during the infection process of the SsFoxE3 mutant. Yeast 1-hybrid tests suggested that SsFoxE3 interacted with the promoter of SsAtg8. Disruption of SsAtg8 resulted in a phenotype similar to that of the SsFoxE3 mutant. Comparative analysis of the level of autophagy in the wild type and SsFoxE3 mutant showed that N starvation-induced autophagy was reduced in the SsFoxE3 mutant. Taken together, our findings indicate that SsFoxE3 plays an important role in compound appressorium formation and is involved in transcriptional activation of SsAtg8 during infection by S. sclerotiorum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Jiao
- College of Plant SciencesJilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Huilin Yu
- College of Plant SciencesJilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Jie Cong
- College of Plant SciencesJilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Kunqin Xiao
- College of Plant SciencesJilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | | | - Jinliang Liu
- College of Plant SciencesJilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Yanhua Zhang
- College of Plant SciencesJilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Hongyu Pan
- College of Plant SciencesJilin UniversityChangchunChina
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25
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Yang C, Zheng B, Wang R, Chang H, Liu P, Li B, Norvienyeku J, Chen Q. A Putative P-Type ATPase Regulates the Secretion of Hydrolytic Enzymes, Phospholipid Transport, Morphogenesis, and Pathogenesis in Phytophthora capsici. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:852500. [PMID: 35620687 PMCID: PMC9127794 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.852500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora capsici is an important plant pathogenic oomycete with multiple hosts. The P4-ATPases, aminophospholipid translocases (APTs), play essential roles in the growth and pathogenesis of fungal pathogens. However, the function of P4-ATPase in P. capsici remains unclear. This study identified and characterized PcApt1, a P4-ATPase Drs2 homolog, in P. capsici. Deletion of PcAPT1 by CRISPR/Cas9 knock-out strategy impaired hyphal growth, extracellular laccase activity. Cytological analyses have shown that PcApt1 participates in phosphatidylserine (PS) transport across the plasma membrane. Also, we showed that targeted deletion of PcAPT1 triggered a significant reduction in the virulence of P. capsici. Secretome analyses have demonstrated that secretion of hydrolytic enzymes decreased considerably in the PcAPT1 gene deletion strains compared to the wild-type. Overall, our results showed that PcApt1 plays a pivotal role in promoting morphological development, phospholipid transport, secretion of hydrolytic enzymes, and the pathogenicity of the polycyclic phytopathogenic oomycete P. capsici. This study underscores the need for comprehensive evaluation of subsequent members of the P-type ATPase family to provide enhanced insights into the dynamic contributions to the pathogenesis of P. capsici and their possible deployment in the formulation of effective control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengdong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya, China
| | - Bowen Zheng
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Rongbo Wang
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hongyang Chang
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Peiqing Liu
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Benjin Li
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Justice Norvienyeku
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya, China
- Justice Norvienyeku,
| | - Qinghe Chen
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Qinghe Chen,
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26
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Host-Induced Gene Silencing of a G Protein α Subunit Gene CsGpa1 Involved in Pathogen Appressoria Formation and Virulence Improves Tobacco Resistance to Ciboria shiraiana. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7121053. [PMID: 34947035 PMCID: PMC8709418 DOI: 10.3390/jof7121053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophy sorosis scleroteniosis caused by Ciboria shiraiana is the most devastating disease of mulberry fruit. However, few mulberry lines show any resistance to C. shiraiana. An increasing amount of research has shown that host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) is an effective strategy for enhancing plant tolerance to pathogens by silencing genes required for their pathogenicity. In this study, two G protein α subunit genes, CsGPA1 and CsGPA2, were identified from C. shiraiana. Silencing CsGPA1 and CsGPA2 had no effect on hyphal growth but reduced the number of sclerotia and increased the single sclerotium weight. Moreover, silencing CsGpa1 resulted in increased fungal resistance to osmotic and oxidative stresses. Compared with wild-type and empty vector strains, the number of appressoria was clearly lower in CsGPA1-silenced strains. Importantly, infection assays revealed that the virulence of CsGPA1-silenced strains was significantly reduced, which was accompanied by formation of fewer appressoria and decreased expression of several cAMP/PKA- or mitogen-activated protein-kinase-related genes. Additionally, transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana expressing double-stranded RNA targeted to CsGpa1 through the HIGS method significantly improved resistance to C. shiraiana. Our results indicate that CsGpa1 is an important regulator in appressoria formation and the pathogenicity of C. shiraiana. CsGpa1 is an efficient target to improve tolerance to C. shiraiana using HIGS technology.
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Zu G, Chen J, Song B, Hu D. Synthesis, Anti-Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus Activities, and Interaction Mechanisms of Novel Dithioacetal Derivatives Containing a 4(3 H)-Quinazolinone Pyrimidine Ring. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:14459-14466. [PMID: 34807587 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c03555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A series of unreported novel dithioacetal derivatives containing a 4(3H)-quinazolinone pyrimidine ring were synthesized, and their antiviral activities were evaluated against tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV). A three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) analysis was established, and compound D32 was designed and synthesized according to the analysis results of the CoMFA and CoMSIA models. The bioassay results showed that compound D32 exhibited excellent inactivation activity against TSWV, with EC50 values of 144 μg/mL, which was better than those of ningnanmycin (149 μg/mL) and the lead compound xiangcaoliusuobingmi (525 μg/mL). The binding ability of compound D32 to TSWV CP was tested by microscale thermophoresis (MST), and the binding constant value was 4.4 μM, which was better than those of ningnanmycin (6.2 μM) and xiangcaoliusuobingmi (59.1 μM). Therefore, this study indicates that novel dithioacetal derivatives containing a 4(3H)-quinazolinone pyrimidine ring may be applied as new antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangcheng Zu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, P. R. China
| | - Jixiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, P. R. China
| | - Baoan Song
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, P. R. China
| | - Deyu Hu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, P. R. China
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Lee S, Völz R, Song H, Harris W, Lee YH. Characterization of the MYB Genes Reveals Insights Into Their Evolutionary Conservation, Structural Diversity, and Functional Roles in Magnaporthe oryzae. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:721530. [PMID: 34899620 PMCID: PMC8660761 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.721530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The myeloblastosis (MYB) transcription factor family is evolutionarily conserved among plants, animals, and fungi, and contributes to their growth and development. We identified and analyzed 10 putative MYB genes in Magnaporthe oryzae (MoMYB) and determined their phylogenetic relationships, revealing high divergence and variability. Although MYB domains are generally defined by three tandem repeats, MoMYBs contain one or two weakly conserved repeats embedded in extensive disordered regions. We characterized the secondary domain organization, disordered segments, and functional contributions of each MoMYB. During infection, MoMYBs are distinctively expressed and can be subdivided into two clades of being either up- or down-regulated. Among these, MoMYB1 and MoMYB8 are up-regulated during infection and vegetative growth, respectively. We found MoMYB1 localized predominantly to the cytosol during the formation of infection structures. ΔMomyb1 exhibited reduced virulence on intact rice leaves corresponding to the diminished ability to form hypha-driven appressorium (HDA). We discovered that MoMYB1 regulates HDA formation on hard, hydrophobic surfaces, whereas host surfaces partially restored HDA formation in ΔMomyb1. Lipid droplet accumulation in hyphal tips and expression of HDA-associated genes were strongly perturbed in ΔMomyb1 indicating genetic interaction of MoMYB1 with downstream components critical to HDA formation. We also found that MoMYB8 is necessary for fungal growth, dark-induced melanization of hyphae, and involved in higher abiotic stress tolerance. Taken together, we revealed a multifaceted picture of the MoMYB family, wherein a low degree of conservation has led to the development of distinct structures and functions, ranging from fungal growth to virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehee Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ronny Völz
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyeunjeong Song
- Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural Genomics, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - William Harris
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong-Hwan Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural Genomics, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Center for Fungal Genetic Resources, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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Li W, Li P, Zhou X, Situ J, Lin Y, Qiu J, Yuan Y, Xi P, Jiang Z, Kong G. A Cytochrome B 5-Like Heme/Steroid Binding Domain Protein, PlCB5L1, Regulates Mycelial Growth, Pathogenicity and Oxidative Stress Tolerance in Peronophythora litchii. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:783438. [PMID: 34899811 PMCID: PMC8655872 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.783438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
As an electron transport component, cytochrome b5 is an essential component of the Class II cytochrome P450 monooxygenation system and widely present in animals, plants, and fungi. However, the roles of Cyt-b5 domain proteins in pathogenic oomycetes remain unknown. Peronophythora litchii is an oomycete pathogen that causes litchi downy blight, the most destructive disease of litchi. In this study, we identified a gene, designated PlCB5L1, that encodes a Cyt-b5 domain protein in P. litchii, and characterized its function. PlCB5L1 is highly expressed in the zoospores, cysts, germinated cysts, and during early stages of infection. PlCB5L1 knockout mutants showed reduced growth rate and β-sitosterol utilization. Importantly, we also found that PlCB5L1 is required for the full pathogenicity of P. litchii. Compared with the wild-type strain, the PlCB5L1 mutants exhibited significantly higher tolerance to SDS and sorbitol, but impaired tolerance to cell wall stress, osmotic stress, and oxidative stress. Further, the expression of genes involved in oxidative stress tolerance, including peroxidase, cytochrome P450, and laccase genes, were down-regulated in PlCB5L1 mutants under oxidative stress. This is the first report that a Cyt-b5 domain protein contributes to the development, stress response, and pathogenicity in plant pathogenic oomycetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Department of Plant Pathology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Department of Plant Pathology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofan Zhou
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Department of Plant Pathology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junjian Situ
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Department of Plant Pathology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiming Lin
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Department of Plant Pathology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiahui Qiu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Department of Plant Pathology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuling Yuan
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Department of Plant Pathology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pinggen Xi
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Department of Plant Pathology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zide Jiang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Department of Plant Pathology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guanghui Kong
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Department of Plant Pathology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Luo X, Tian T, Bonnave M, Tan X, Huang X, Li Z, Ren M. The Molecular Mechanisms of Phytophthora infestans in Response to Reactive Oxygen Species Stress. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 111:2067-2079. [PMID: 33787286 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-08-20-0321-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROSs) are critical for the growth, development, proliferation, and pathogenicity of microbial pathogens; however, excessive levels of ROSs are toxic. Little is known about the signaling cascades in response to ROS stress in oomycetes such as Phytophthora infestans, the causal agent of potato late blight. Here, P. infestans was used as a model system to investigate the mechanism underlying the response to ROS stress in oomycete pathogens. Results showed severe defects in sporangium germination, mycelium growth, appressorium formation, and virulence of P. infestans in response to H2O2 stress. Importantly, these phenotypes mimic those of P. infestans treated with rapamycin, the inhibitor of target of rapamycin (TOR, 1-phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase). Strong synergism occurred when P. infestans was treated with a combination of H2O2 and rapamycin, suggesting that a crosstalk exists between ROS stress and the TOR signaling pathway. Comprehensive analysis of transcriptome, proteome, and phosphorylation omics showed that H2O2 stress significantly induced the operation of the TOR-mediated autophagy pathway. Monodansylcadaverine staining showed that in the presence of H2O2 and rapamycin, the autophagosome level increased in a dosage-dependent manner. Furthermore, transgenic potatoes containing double-stranded RNA of TOR in P. infestans (PiTOR) displayed high resistance to P. infestans. Therefore, TOR is involved in the ROS response and is a potential target for control of oomycete diseases, because host-mediated silencing of PiTOR increases potato resistance to late blight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiumei Luo
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610000, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Tingting Tian
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Maxime Bonnave
- Centre for Agriculture and Agro-Industry of Hainaut Province, Ath 7800, Belgium
| | - Xue Tan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Xiaoqing Huang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Zhengguo Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Maozhi Ren
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610000, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
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31
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Zheng C, Zhang W, Zhang S, Yang G, Tan L, Guo M. Class I myosin mediated endocytosis and polarization growth is essential for pathogenicity of Magnaporthe oryzae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:7395-7410. [PMID: 34536105 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11573-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In eukaryotes, myosin provides the necessary impetus for a series of physiological processes, including organelle movement, cytoplasmic flow, cell division, and mitosis. Previously, three members of myosin were identified in Magnaporthe oryzae, with class II and class V myosins playing important roles in intracellular transport, fungal growth, and pathogenicity. However, limited is known about the biological function of the class I myosin protein in the rice blast fungus. Here, we found that Momyo1 is highly expressed during conidiation and infection. Functional characterization of this gene via RNA interference (RNAi) revealed that Momyo1 is required for vegetative growth, conidiation, melanin pigmentation, and pathogenicity of M. oryzae. The Momyo1 knockdown mutant is defective in formation of appressorium-like structures (ALS) at the hyphal tips. In addition, Momyo1 also displays defects on cell wall integrity, hyphal hydrophobicity, extracellular enzyme activities, endocytosis, and formation of the Spitzenkörper. Furthermore, Momyo1 was identified to physically interact with the MoShe4, a She4p/Dim1p orthologue potentially involved in endocytosis, polarization of the actin cytoskeleton. Overall, our findings provide a novel insight into the regulatory mechanism of Momyo1 that is involved in fungal growth, cell wall integrity, endocytosis, and virulence of M. oryzae. KEY POINTS: • Momyo1 is required for vegetative growth and pigmentation of M. oryzae. • Momyo1 is essential for cell wall integrity and endocytosis of M. oryzae. • Momyo1 is involved in hyphal surface hydrophobicity of M. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West of Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, China
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West of Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West of Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, China
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West of Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Shulin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West of Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, China
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West of Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Guogen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West of Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, China
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West of Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Leyong Tan
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West of Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, China
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West of Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Min Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West of Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, China.
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West of Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, China.
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Singh Y, Nair AM, Verma PK. Surviving the odds: From perception to survival of fungal phytopathogens under host-generated oxidative burst. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2021; 2:100142. [PMID: 34027389 PMCID: PMC8132124 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2021.100142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Fungal phytopathogens pose a serious threat to global crop production. Only a handful of strategies are available to combat these fungal infections, and the increasing incidence of fungicide resistance is making the situation worse. Hence, the molecular understanding of plant-fungus interactions remains a primary focus of plant pathology. One of the hallmarks of host-pathogen interactions is the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as a plant defense mechanism, collectively termed the oxidative burst. In general, high accumulation of ROS restricts the growth of pathogenic organisms by causing localized cell death around the site of infection. To survive the oxidative burst and achieve successful host colonization, fungal phytopathogens employ intricate mechanisms for ROS perception, ROS neutralization, and protection from ROS-mediated damage. Together, these countermeasures maintain the physiological redox homeostasis that is essential for cell viability. In addition to intracellular antioxidant systems, phytopathogenic fungi also deploy interesting effector-mediated mechanisms for extracellular ROS modulation. This aspect of plant-pathogen interactions is significantly under-studied and provides enormous scope for future research. These adaptive responses, broadly categorized into "escape" and "exploitation" mechanisms, are poorly understood. In this review, we discuss the oxidative stress response of filamentous fungi, their perception signaling, and recent insights that provide a comprehensive understanding of the distinct survival mechanisms of fungal pathogens in response to the host-generated oxidative burst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeshveer Singh
- Plant Immunity Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Athira Mohandas Nair
- Plant Immunity Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Praveen Kumar Verma
- Plant Immunity Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
- Corresponding author
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33
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Távora FTPK, Bevitori R, Mello RN, Cintra MMDF, Oliveira-Neto OB, Fontes W, Castro MS, Sousa MV, Franco OL, Mehta A. Shotgun proteomics coupled to transient-inducible gene silencing reveal rice susceptibility genes as new sources for blast disease resistance. J Proteomics 2021; 241:104223. [PMID: 33845181 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2021.104223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A comparative proteomic analysis between two near-isogenic rice lines, displaying a resistant and susceptible phenotype upon infection with Magnaporthe oryzae was performed. We identified and validated factors associated with rice disease susceptibility, representing a flourishing source toward a more resolute rice-blast resistance. Proteome profiles were remarkably different during early infection (12 h post-inoculation), revealing several proteins with increased abundance in the compatible interaction. Potential players of rice susceptibility were selected and gene expression was evaluated by RT-qPCR. Gene Ontology analysis disclosed susceptibility gene-encoded proteins claimed to be involved in fungus sustenance and suppression of plant immunity, such as sucrose synthase 4-like, serpin-ZXA-like, nudix hydrolase15, and DjA2 chaperone protein. Two other candidate genes, picked from a previous transcriptome study, were added into our downstream analysis including pyrabactin resistant-like 5 (OsPYL5), and rice ethylene-responsive factor 104 (OsERF104). Further, we validated their role in susceptibility by Transient-Induced Gene Silencing (TIGS) using short antisense oligodeoxyribonucleotides that resulted in a remarkable reduction of foliar disease symptoms in the compatible interaction. Therefore, we successfully employed shotgun proteomics and antisense-based gene silencing to prospect and functionally validate rice potential susceptibility factors, which could be further explored to build rice-blast resistance. SIGNIFICANCE: R gene-mediated disease resistance is race-specific and often not durable in the field. More recently, advancements in new breeding techniques (NBTs) have made plant disease susceptibility genes (S-genes) a new target to build a broad spectrum and more durable resistance, hence an alternative source to R-genes in breeding programs. We successfully coupled shotgun proteomics and gene silencing tools to prospect and validate new rice-bast susceptibility genes that can be further exploited toward a more resolute blast disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Raquel N Mello
- Embrapa Arroz e Feijão, Santo Antônio de Goiás, GO, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Octávio L Franco
- S-Inova Biotech/Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil; Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Pós-graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Angela Mehta
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
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Sadat MA, Han JH, Kim S, Lee YH, Kim KS, Choi J. The Membrane-Bound Protein, MoAfo1, Is Involved in Sensing Diverse Signals from Different Surfaces in the Rice Blast Fungus. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2021; 37:87-98. [PMID: 33866752 PMCID: PMC8053852 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.oa.08.2020.0154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To establish an infection, fungal pathogens must recognize diverse signals from host surfaces. The rice blast fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae, is one of the best models studying host-pathogen interactions. This fungus recognizes physical or chemical signals from the host surfaces and initiates the development of an infection structure called appressorium. Here, we found that protein MoAfo1(appressorium formation, MGG_10422) was involved in sensing signal molecules such as cutin monomers and long chain primary alcohols required for appressorium formation. The knockout mutant (ΔMoafo1) formed a few abnormal appressoria on the onion and rice sheath surfaces. However, it produced normal appressoria on the surface of rice leaves. MoAfo1 localized to the membranes of the cytoplasm and vacuole-like organelles in conidia and appressoria. Additionally, the ΔMoafo1 mutant showed defects in appressorium morphology, appressorium penetration, invasive growth, and pathogenicity. These multiple defects might be partially due to failure to respond properly to oxidative stress. These findings broaden our understanding of the fungal mechanisms at play in the recognition of the host surface during rice blast infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Abu Sadat
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012,
Korea
| | - Joon-Hee Han
- Division of Bioresource Sciences, Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341,
Korea
| | - Seongbeom Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Fungal Genetic Resources, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826,
Korea
| | - Yong-Hwan Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Fungal Genetic Resources, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826,
Korea
| | - Kyoung Su Kim
- Division of Bioresource Sciences, Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341,
Korea
| | - Jaehyuk Choi
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012,
Korea
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Liu M, Hu J, Zhang A, Dai Y, Chen W, He Y, Zhang H, Zheng X, Zhang Z. Auxilin-like protein MoSwa2 promotes effector secretion and virulence as a clathrin uncoating factor in the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:720-736. [PMID: 33423301 PMCID: PMC8048681 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogens exploit the extracellular matrix (ECM) to inhibit host immunity during their interactions with the host. The formation of ECM involves a series of continuous steps of vesicular transport events. To understand how such vesicle trafficking impacts ECM and virulence in the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, we characterised MoSwa2, a previously identified actin-regulating kinase MoArk1 interacting protein, as an orthologue of the auxilin-like clathrin uncoating factor Swa2 of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We found that MoSwa2 functions as an uncoating factor of the coat protein complex II (COPII) via an interaction with the COPII subunit MoSec24-2. Loss of MoSwa2 led to a deficiency in the secretion of extracellular proteins, resulting in both restricted growth of invasive hyphae and reduced inhibition of host immunity. Additionally, extracellular fluid (ECF) proteome analysis revealed that MoSwa2-regulated extracellular proteins include many redox proteins such as the berberine bridge enzyme-like (BBE-like) protein MoSef1. We further found that MoSef1 functions as an apoplastic virulent factor that inhibits the host immune response. Our studies revealed a novel function of a COPII uncoating factor in vesicular transport that is critical in the suppression of host immunity and pathogenicity of M. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muxing Liu
- Department of Plant PathologyCollege of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityKey Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and PestsMinistry of EducationNanjing210095China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing210095China
| | - Jiexiong Hu
- Department of Plant PathologyCollege of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityKey Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and PestsMinistry of EducationNanjing210095China
| | - Ao Zhang
- Department of Plant PathologyCollege of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityKey Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and PestsMinistry of EducationNanjing210095China
| | - Ying Dai
- Department of Plant PathologyCollege of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityKey Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and PestsMinistry of EducationNanjing210095China
| | - Weizhong Chen
- Department of Plant PathologyCollege of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityKey Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and PestsMinistry of EducationNanjing210095China
| | - Yanglan He
- Department of Plant PathologyCollege of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityKey Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and PestsMinistry of EducationNanjing210095China
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- Department of Plant PathologyCollege of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityKey Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and PestsMinistry of EducationNanjing210095China
| | - Xiaobo Zheng
- Department of Plant PathologyCollege of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityKey Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and PestsMinistry of EducationNanjing210095China
| | - Zhengguang Zhang
- Department of Plant PathologyCollege of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityKey Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and PestsMinistry of EducationNanjing210095China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing210095China
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Wang S, Li G, Wei Y, Wang G, Dang Y, Zhang P, Zhang SH. Involvement of the Mitochondrial Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase PTPM1 in the Promotion of Conidiation, Development, and Pathogenicity in Colletotrichum graminicola. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:605738. [PMID: 33519752 PMCID: PMC7841309 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.605738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The phosphorylation status of proteins, which is determined by protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) and protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs), governs many cellular actions. In fungal pathogens, phosphorylation-mediated signal transduction has been considered to be one of the most important mechanisms in pathogenicity. Colletotrichum graminicola is an economically important corn pathogen. However, whether phosphorylation is involved in its pathogenicity is unknown. A mitochondrial protein tyrosine phosphatase gene, designated CgPTPM1, was deduced in C. graminicola through the use of bioinformatics and confirmed by enzyme activity assays and observation of its subcellular localization. We then created a CgPTPM1 deletion mutant (ΔCgPTPM1) to analyze its biological function. The results indicated that the loss of CgPTPM1 dramatically affected the formation of conidia and the development and differentiation into appressoria. However, the colony growth and conidial morphology of the ΔCgPTPM1 strains were unaffected. Importantly, the ΔCgPTPM1 mutant strains exhibited an obvious reduction of virulence, and the delayed infected hyphae failed to expand in the host cells. In comparison with the wild-type, ΔCgPTPM1 accumulated a larger amount of H2O2 and was sensitive to exogenous H2O2. Interestingly, the host cells infected by the mutant also exhibited an increased accumulation of H2O2 around the infection sites. Since the expression of the CgHYR1, CgGST1, CgGLR1, CgGSH1 and CgPAP1 genes was upregulated with the H2O2 treatment, our results suggest that the mitochondrial protein tyrosine phosphatase PTPM1 plays an essential role in promoting the pathogenicity of C. graminicola by regulating the excessive in vivo and in vitro production of H2O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaowei Wang
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Guihua Li
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yi Wei
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Gang Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yuejia Dang
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Penghui Zhang
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shi-Hong Zhang
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
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Sarkar A, Roy-Barman S. Spray-Induced Silencing of Pathogenicity Gene MoDES1 via Exogenous Double-Stranded RNA Can Confer Partial Resistance Against Fungal Blast in Rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:733129. [PMID: 34899771 PMCID: PMC8662628 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.733129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Over the past years, RNA interference (RNAi) has been used as a promising combat strategy against a wide range of pests and pathogens in ensuring global food security. It involves the induction of highly specific posttranscriptional regulation of target essential genes from an organism, via the application of precursor long, non-coding double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecules that share sequence-complementarity with the mRNAs of the targets. Fungal blast disease caused by Magnaporthe oryzae is one of the most deadly diseases of rice and wheat incurring huge losses in global crop yield. To date, the host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) and virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) aspects of RNAi have been successfully exploited in developing resistance against M. oryzae in rice. Spray-induced gene silencing (SIGS) is a current, potential, non-transformative, and environment-friendly pest and pathogen management strategy, where naked or nanomaterial-bound dsRNA are sprayed on leaves to cause selective knockdown of pathogenicity genes. Although it relies on the ability of fungal pathogens to uptake sprayed RNA, its efficiency varies largely across phytopathogens and their genes, targeted for silencing. Here, we report a transient dsRNA supplementation system for the targeted knockdown of MoDES1, a host-defense suppressor pathogenicity gene from M. oryzae. We validate the feasibility of in vivo SIGS and post-uptake transfer of RNA signals to distal plant parts in rice-M. oryzae pathosystem through a GFP-based reporter system. A protocol for efficient silencing via direct foliar spray of naked dsRNA was optimized. As proof-of-concept, we demonstrate the phenotypic impacts of in vitro dsDES1 treatment on growth, conidiation, ROS-scavenging ability, and pathogenic potential of M. oryzae. Furthermore, our extrapolatory dsDES1 spray experiments on wounded leaves and whole rice plants indicate resultant silencing of MoDES1 that conferred significant resistance against the fungal blast disease. The evaluation of primary and secondary host defense responses provides evidence supporting the notion that spray of sequence-specific dsRNA on wounded leaf tissue can cause systemic and sustained silencing of a M. oryzae target gene. For the first time, we establish a transgene-free SIGS approach as a promising crop protection strategy against the notorious rice-blast fungus.
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Fabre F, Urbach S, Roche S, Langin T, Bonhomme L. Proteomics-Based Data Integration of Wheat Cultivars Facing Fusarium graminearum Strains Revealed a Core-Responsive Pattern Controlling Fusarium Head Blight. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:644810. [PMID: 34135919 PMCID: PMC8201412 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.644810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB), mainly occurring upon Fusarium graminearum infection in a wide variety of small-grain cereals, is supposed to be controlled by a range of processes diverted by the fungal pathogen, the so-called susceptibility factors. As a mean to provide relevant information about the molecular events involved in FHB susceptibility in bread wheat, we studied an extensive proteome of more than 7,900 identified wheat proteins in three cultivars of contrasting susceptibilities during their interaction with three F. graminearum strains of different aggressiveness. No cultivar-specific proteins discriminated the three wheat genotypes, demonstrating the establishment of a core proteome regardless of unequivocal FHB susceptibility differences. Quantitative protein analysis revealed that most of the FHB-induced molecular adjustments were shared by wheat cultivars and occurred independently of the F. graminearum strain aggressiveness. Although subtle abundance changes evidenced genotype-dependent responses to FHB, cultivar distinction was found to be mainly due to basal abundance differences, especially regarding the chloroplast functions. Integrating these data with previous proteome mapping of the three F. graminearum strains facing the three same wheat cultivars, we demonstrated strong correlations between the wheat protein abundance changes and the adjustments of fungal proteins supposed to interfere with host molecular functions. Together, these results provide a resourceful dataset that expands our understanding of the specific molecular events taking place during the wheat-F. graminearum interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Fabre
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UMR 1095 Génétique Diversité Ecophysiologie des Céréales, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Serge Urbach
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Sylvie Roche
- INRAE, Unité Experimentale 1375, Phénotypage au Champ des Céréales (PHACC), Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Thierry Langin
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UMR 1095 Génétique Diversité Ecophysiologie des Céréales, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Ludovic Bonhomme
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UMR 1095 Génétique Diversité Ecophysiologie des Céréales, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- *Correspondence: Ludovic Bonhomme,
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Wang M, Ren X, Wang L, Lu X, Han L, Zhang X, Feng J. A functional analysis of mitochondrial respiratory chain cytochrome bc 1 complex in Gaeumannomyces tritici by RNA silencing as a possible target of carabrone. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:1529-1544. [PMID: 32997435 PMCID: PMC7694678 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Gaeumannomyces tritici, an ascomycete soilborne fungus, causes a devastating root disease in wheat. Carabrone, a botanical bicyclic sesquiterpenic lactone, is a promising fungicidal agent that can effectively control G. tritici. However, the mechanism of action of carabrone against G. tritici remains largely unclear. Here, we used immunogold for subcellular localization of carabrone and the results showed that carabrone is subcellularly localized in the mitochondria of G. tritici. We then explored the functional analysis of genes GtCytc1 , GtCytb, and GtIsp of the mitochondrial respiratory chain cytochrome bc1 complex in G. tritici by RNA silencing as a possible target of carabrone. The results showed that the silenced mutant ∆GtIsp is less sensitive to carabrone compared to ∆GtCytc1 and ∆GtCytb. Compared with the control, the activities of complex III in all the strains, except ∆GtIsp and carabrone-resistant isolate 24-HN-1, were significantly decreased following treatment with carabrone at EC20 and EC80 in vitro (40%-50% and 70%-80%, respectively). The activities of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex III and the mitochondrial respiration oxygen consumption rates in all the strains, except ∆GtIsp and 24-HN-1, were higher with respect to the control when treated with carabrone at EC20 in vivo. The rates of mitochondrial respiration of all strains, except ∆GtIsp, were significantly inhibited following treatment with carabrone at EC80 (ranging from 57% to 81%). This study reveals that the targeting of the iron-sulphur protein encoded by GtIsp is highly sensitive to carabrone and provides a direction for the research of carabrone's target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Wang
- Engineering and Research Center of Biological Pesticide of Shaanxi ProvinceNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
- College of Life SciencesYulin UniversityYulinChina
| | - Xingyu Ren
- Engineering and Research Center of Biological Pesticide of Shaanxi ProvinceNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Lanying Wang
- Engineering and Research Center of Biological Pesticide of Shaanxi ProvinceNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and PestsMinistry of EducationHainan UniversityHaikouChina
| | - Xiang Lu
- Engineering and Research Center of Biological Pesticide of Shaanxi ProvinceNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Lirong Han
- Engineering and Research Center of Biological Pesticide of Shaanxi ProvinceNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Xing Zhang
- Engineering and Research Center of Biological Pesticide of Shaanxi ProvinceNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Juntao Feng
- Engineering and Research Center of Biological Pesticide of Shaanxi ProvinceNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
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40
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Kostyuk AI, Panova AS, Kokova AD, Kotova DA, Maltsev DI, Podgorny OV, Belousov VV, Bilan DS. In Vivo Imaging with Genetically Encoded Redox Biosensors. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8164. [PMID: 33142884 PMCID: PMC7662651 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Redox reactions are of high fundamental and practical interest since they are involved in both normal physiology and the pathogenesis of various diseases. However, this area of research has always been a relatively problematic field in the context of analytical approaches, mostly because of the unstable nature of the compounds that are measured. Genetically encoded sensors allow for the registration of highly reactive molecules in real-time mode and, therefore, they began a new era in redox biology. Their strongest points manifest most brightly in in vivo experiments and pave the way for the non-invasive investigation of biochemical pathways that proceed in organisms from different systematic groups. In the first part of the review, we briefly describe the redox sensors that were used in vivo as well as summarize the model systems to which they were applied. Next, we thoroughly discuss the biological results obtained in these studies in regard to animals, plants, as well as unicellular eukaryotes and prokaryotes. We hope that this work reflects the amazing power of this technology and can serve as a useful guide for biologists and chemists who work in the field of redox processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander I. Kostyuk
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.I.K.); (A.S.P.); (A.D.K.); (D.A.K.); (D.I.M.); (O.V.P.); (V.V.B.)
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasiya S. Panova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.I.K.); (A.S.P.); (A.D.K.); (D.A.K.); (D.I.M.); (O.V.P.); (V.V.B.)
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksandra D. Kokova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.I.K.); (A.S.P.); (A.D.K.); (D.A.K.); (D.I.M.); (O.V.P.); (V.V.B.)
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Daria A. Kotova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.I.K.); (A.S.P.); (A.D.K.); (D.A.K.); (D.I.M.); (O.V.P.); (V.V.B.)
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry I. Maltsev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.I.K.); (A.S.P.); (A.D.K.); (D.A.K.); (D.I.M.); (O.V.P.); (V.V.B.)
- Federal Center for Cerebrovascular Pathology and Stroke, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Oleg V. Podgorny
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.I.K.); (A.S.P.); (A.D.K.); (D.A.K.); (D.I.M.); (O.V.P.); (V.V.B.)
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vsevolod V. Belousov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.I.K.); (A.S.P.); (A.D.K.); (D.A.K.); (D.I.M.); (O.V.P.); (V.V.B.)
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Federal Center for Cerebrovascular Pathology and Stroke, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Georg August University Göttingen, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dmitry S. Bilan
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.I.K.); (A.S.P.); (A.D.K.); (D.A.K.); (D.I.M.); (O.V.P.); (V.V.B.)
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
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41
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Rocha RO, Wilson RA. Magnaporthe oryzae nucleoside diphosphate kinase is required for metabolic homeostasis and redox-mediated host innate immunity suppression. Mol Microbiol 2020; 114:789-807. [PMID: 32936940 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The fungus Magnaporthe oryzae causes blast, the most devastating disease of cultivated rice. After penetrating the leaf cuticle, M. oryzae grows as a biotroph in intimate contact with living rice epidermal cells before necrotic lesions develop. Biotrophic growth requires maintaining metabolic homeostasis while suppressing plant defenses, but the metabolic connections and requirements involved are largely unknown. Here, we characterized the M. oryzae nucleoside diphosphate kinase-encoding gene NDK1 and discovered it was essential for facilitating biotrophic growth by suppressing the host oxidative burst-the first line of plant defense. NDK enzymes reversibly transfer phosphate groups from tri- to diphosphate nucleosides. Correspondingly, intracellular nucleotide pools were perturbed in M. oryzae strains lacking NDK1 through targeted gene deletion, compared to WT. This affected metabolic homeostasis: TCA, purine and pyrimidine intermediates, and oxidized NADP+ , accumulated in Δndk1. cAMP and glutathione were depleted. ROS accumulated in Δndk1 hyphae. Functional appressoria developed on rice leaf sheath surfaces, but Δndk1 invasive hyphal growth was restricted and redox homeostasis was perturbed, resulting in unsuppressed host oxidative bursts that triggered immunity. We conclude Ndk1 modulates intracellular nucleotide pools to maintain redox balance via metabolic homeostasis, thus quenching the host oxidative burst and suppressing rice innate immunity during biotrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel O Rocha
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Richard A Wilson
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
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42
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Shen Q, Liang M, Yang F, Deng YZ, Naqvi NI. Ferroptosis contributes to developmental cell death in rice blast. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 227:1831-1846. [PMID: 32367535 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ferroptosis, an iron-dependent cell death process, was found to occur in Magnaporthe oryzae, and plays a key role in infection-related development therein. Ferroptosis in the rice-blast fungus was confirmed based on five basic criteria. We confirmed the dependence of ferroptosis on ferric ions, and optimized ratio-fluorescence imaging of C11-BODIPY581/591 as a precise sensor for lipid peroxides that mediate ferroptosis in M. oryzae. We uncovered an important regulatory function for reduced glutathione and NADPH oxidases in modulating the superoxide moieties required for ferroptotic cell death. We found ferroptosis to be necessary for the developmental cell death of conidia during appressorium maturation in rice blast. Such ferroptotic cell death initiated first in the terminal cell and progressed sequentially to the entire conidium. Iron chelation or chemical inhibition of ferroptosis caused conidial cells to remain viable, and led to strong defects in host invasion by M. oryzae. Ferroptosis induction exclusively in the host severely constrained the invasive growth of M. oryzae. We found inter-reliant and independent roles for ferroptosis and autophagy in controlling such precise cell death in M. oryzae during pathogenic differentiation. Our study provides significant molecular insights into the role of developmental cell death and iron homeostasis in fungal pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Shen
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, and Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 1 Research Link, Singapore, 117604, Republic of Singapore
| | - Meiling Liang
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, and Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 1 Research Link, Singapore, 117604, Republic of Singapore
| | - Yi Zhen Deng
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Naweed I Naqvi
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, and Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 1 Research Link, Singapore, 117604, Republic of Singapore
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Li G, Qi X, Sun G, Rocha RO, Segal LM, Downey KS, Wright JD, Wilson RA. Terminating rice innate immunity induction requires a network of antagonistic and redox-responsive E3 ubiquitin ligases targeting a fungal sirtuin. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 226:523-540. [PMID: 31828801 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Fungal phytopathogens can suppress plant immune mechanisms in order to colonize living host cells. Identifying all the molecular components involved is critical for elaborating a detailed systems-level model of plant infection probing pathogen weaknesses; yet, the hierarchy of molecular events controlling fungal responses to the plant cell is not clear. Here we show how, in the blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, terminating rice innate immunity requires a dynamic network of redox-responsive E3 ubiquitin ligases targeting fungal sirtuin 2 (Sir2), an antioxidation regulator required for suppressing the host oxidative burst. Immunoblotting, immunopurification, mass spectrometry and gene functional analyses showed that Sir2 levels responded to oxidative stress via a mechanism involving ubiquitination and three antagonistic E3 ubiquitin ligases: Grr1 and Ptr1 maintained basal Sir2 levels in the absence of oxidative stress; Upl3 facilitated Sir2 accumulation in response to oxidative stress. Grr1 and Upl3 interacted directly with Sir2 in a manner that decreased and scaled with oxidative stress, respectively. Deleting UPL3 depleted Sir2 during growth in rice cells, triggering host immunity and preventing infection. Overexpressing SIR2 in the Δupl3 mutant remediated pathogenicity. Our work reveals how redox-responsive E3 ubiquitin ligases in M. oryzae mediate Sir2 accumulation-dependent antioxidation to modulate plant innate immunity and host susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Xiaobo Qi
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Guangchao Sun
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Raquel O Rocha
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Lauren M Segal
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Katherine S Downey
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Janet D Wright
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Richard A Wilson
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
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Heng T, Kaga A, Chen X, Somta P. Two tightly linked genes coding for NAD-dependent malic enzyme and dynamin-related protein are associated with resistance to Cercospora leaf spot disease in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.). TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2020; 133:395-407. [PMID: 31691838 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-019-03470-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cercospora leaf spot (CLS) caused by Cercospora canescens is an important disease of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata). A previous study using an F2 population [CSR12906 (susceptible) × IT90K-59-120 (resistant)] identified a major QTL qCLS9.1 for resistance to CLS. In this study, we finely mapped and identified candidate genes of qCLS9.1 using an F3:4 population of 699 individuals derived from two F2:3 individuals segregating at qCLS9.1 from the original population. Fine mapping narrowed down the qCLS9.1 for the resistance to a 60.6-Kb region on cowpea chromosome 10. There were two annotated genes in the 60.6-Kb region; Vigun10g019300 coding for NAD-dependent malic enzyme 1 (NAD-ME1) and Vigun10g019400 coding for dynamin-related protein 1C (DRP1C). DNA sequence analysis revealed 12 and 2 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the coding sequence (CDS) and the 5' untranslated region and TATA boxes of Vigun10g019300 and Vigun10g019400, respectively. Three SNPs caused amino acid changes in NAD-ME1 in CSR12906, N299S, S488N and S544N. Protein prediction analysis suggested that S488N of CSR12906 may have a deleterious effect on the function of NAD-ME1. Gene expression analysis demonstrated that IT90K-59-120 and CSR12906 challenged with C. canescens showed different expression in both Vigun10g019300 and Vigun10g019400. Taken together, these results indicated that Vigun10g019300 and Vigun10g019400 are the candidate genes for CLS resistance in the cowpea IT90K-59-120. Two derived cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence markers were developed to detect the resistance alleles at Vigun10g019300 and Vigun10g019400 in IT90K-59-120.
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Affiliation(s)
- Titnarong Heng
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen, Nakhon Pathom, 73140, Thailand
| | - Akito Kaga
- Soybean and Field Crop Applied Genomics Research Unit, Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2-1-2, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan
| | - Xin Chen
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China
| | - Prakit Somta
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen, Nakhon Pathom, 73140, Thailand.
- Center of Excellence on Agricultural Biotechnology: (AG-BIO/PERDO-CHE), Bangkok, 10900, Thailand.
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Adnan M, Islam W, Noman A, Hussain A, Anwar M, Khan MU, Akram W, Ashraf MF, Raza MF. Q-SNARE protein FgSyn8 plays important role in growth, DON production and pathogenicity of Fusarium graminearum. Microb Pathog 2019; 140:103948. [PMID: 31874229 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
SNAREs (Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors) help intracellular vesicle trafficking and membrane fusion among eukaryotes. They are vital for growth and development of phyto-pathogenic fungi such as Fusarium graminearum which causes Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) of wheat and barley. The SNARE protein Syn8 and its homologues play many roles among different organisms. Here, we have characterized FgSyn8 in F. graminearum as a homologue of Syn8. We have integrated biochemical, microbiological and molecular genetic approaches to investigate the roles of this protein. Our results reveal that FgSyn8 is indispensable for normal vegetative growth, conidiation, conidial morphology and pathogenicity of F. graminearum. Deoxynivalenol (DON) biochemical assay reveals active participation of this protein in DON production of F. graminearum. This has further been confirmed by the production of bulbous structures among the intercalary hyphae. FgSyn8 mutant strain produced defects in perithecia formation which portrays its role in sexual reproduction. In summary, our results support that the SNARE protein FgSyn8 is required for vegetative growth, sexual reproduction, DON production and pathogenicity of F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Adnan
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Biopesticides and Chemical Biology of Education Ministry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
| | - Waqar Islam
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Geography, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ali Noman
- Department of Botany, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ansar Hussain
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Anwar
- Guangdong Technology Research Centre for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Muhammad Umar Khan
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecology Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Waheed Akram
- Guangdong Agriculture Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Muhammad Fahad Raza
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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46
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Qi T, Guo J, Liu P, He F, Wan C, Islam MA, Tyler BM, Kang Z, Guo J. Stripe Rust Effector PstGSRE1 Disrupts Nuclear Localization of ROS-Promoting Transcription Factor TaLOL2 to Defeat ROS-Induced Defense in Wheat. MOLECULAR PLANT 2019; 12:1624-1638. [PMID: 31606466 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2019.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), a biotrophic plant pathogen, secretes numerous effectors to modulate host defense systems. Understanding the molecular mechanisms by which Pst effectors regulate wheat immunity is of great importance for the development of novel strategies for durable control of stripe rust. In this study, we identified a glycine-serine-rich effector gene, PstGSRE1, which is highly induced during early infection. Transgenic expression of PstGSRE1 RNAi constructs in wheat significantly reduced virulence of Pst and increased H2O2 accumulation in wheat. PstGSRE1 was shown to target the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-associated transcription factor TaLOL2, a positive regulator of wheat immunity. PstGSRE1 disrupted nuclear localization of TaLOL2 and suppressed ROS-mediated cell death induced by TaLOL2, thus compromising host immunity. This work reveals a previously unrecognized strategy whereby rust fungi exploit the PstGSRE1 effector to defeat ROS-associated plant defense by modulating the subcellular compartment of a host immune regulator and facilitate pathogen infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuo Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Jia Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Peng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Fuxin He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Cuiping Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Md Ashraful Islam
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Brett M Tyler
- Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, P. R. China.
| | - Jun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, P. R. China.
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Kanda Y, Nakagawa H, Nishizawa Y, Kamakura T, Mori M. Broad-Spectrum Disease Resistance Conferred by the Overexpression of Rice RLCK BSR1 Results from an Enhanced Immune Response to Multiple MAMPs. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225523. [PMID: 31698708 PMCID: PMC6888047 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants activate their immune system through intracellular signaling pathways after perceiving microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs). Receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases mediate the intracellular signaling downstream of pattern-recognition receptors. BROAD-SPECTRUM RESISTANCE 1 (BSR1), a rice (Oryza sativa) receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase subfamily-VII protein, contributes to chitin-triggered immune responses. It is valuable for agriculture because its overexpression confers strong disease resistance to fungal and bacterial pathogens. However, it remains unclear how overexpressed BSR1 reinforces plant immunity. Here we analyzed immune responses using rice suspension-cultured cells and sliced leaf blades overexpressing BSR1. BSR1 overexpression enhances MAMP-triggered production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and transcriptional activation of the defense-related gene in cultured cells and leaf strips. Furthermore, the co-cultivation of leaves with conidia of the blast fungus revealed that BSR1 overexpression allowed host plants to produce detectable oxidative bursts against compatible pathogens. BSR1 was also involved in the immune responses triggered by peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharide. Thus, we concluded that the hyperactivation of MAMP-triggered immune responses confers BSR1-mediated robust resistance to broad-spectrum pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasukazu Kanda
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, NARO (NIAS), Tsukuba 305-8602, Japan; (Y.K.); (H.N.); (Y.N.)
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda 278-8510, Japan;
| | - Hitoshi Nakagawa
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, NARO (NIAS), Tsukuba 305-8602, Japan; (Y.K.); (H.N.); (Y.N.)
| | - Yoko Nishizawa
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, NARO (NIAS), Tsukuba 305-8602, Japan; (Y.K.); (H.N.); (Y.N.)
| | - Takashi Kamakura
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda 278-8510, Japan;
| | - Masaki Mori
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, NARO (NIAS), Tsukuba 305-8602, Japan; (Y.K.); (H.N.); (Y.N.)
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda 278-8510, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-29-838-7008
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48
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Dubey A, Lee J, Kwon S, Lee Y, Jeon J. A MYST family histone acetyltransferase, MoSAS3, is required for development and pathogenicity in the rice blast fungus. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2019; 20:1491-1505. [PMID: 31364260 PMCID: PMC6804344 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Histone acetylation has been established as a principal epigenetic regulatory mechanism in eukaryotes. Sas3, a histone acetyltransferase belonging to the largest family of acetyltransferase, MYST, is the catalytic subunit of a conserved histone acetyltransferase complex. To date, the functions of Sas3 and its orthologues have been extensively studied in yeast, humans and flies in relation to global acetylation and transcriptional regulation. However, its precise impact on development and pathogenicity in fungal plant pathogens has yet to be elucidated. Considering the importance of Sas3 in H3K14 acetylation, here we investigate the roles of its orthologue in the rice blast fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae (Pyricularia oryzae). Unlike a previously reported Sas3 deletion in yeast, which led to no remarkable phenotypic changes, we found that MoSAS3 deletion alone had a profound effect on fungal growth and development, including asexual reproduction, germination and appressorium formation in M. oryzae. Such defects in pre-penetration development resulted in complete loss of pathogenicity in the deletion mutant. Furthermore, genetic analysis of MoSAS3 and MoGCN5 encoding a Gcn5-related N-acetyltransferase family histone acetyltransferase suggested that two conserved components of histone acetylation are integrated differently into epigenetic regulatory mechanisms in the yeast and a filamentous fungus. RNA-seq analysis of ΔMosas3 showed two general trends: many DNA repair and DNA damage response genes are up-regulated, while carbon and nitrogen metabolism genes are down-regulated in ΔMosas3. Our work demonstrates the importance of MYST family histone acetyltransferase as a developmental regulator and illuminates a degree of functional variation in conserved catalytic subunits among different fungal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Dubey
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life and Applied SciencesYeungnam UniversityGyeongsanGyeongbuk38541Korea
| | - Jongjune Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life and Applied SciencesYeungnam UniversityGyeongsanGyeongbuk38541Korea
| | - Seomun Kwon
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life SciencesSeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Korea
- Present address:
Heinrich‐Heine University Düsseldorf, Institute for Microbiology, Cluster of Excellence on Plant SciencesDüsseldorf40204Germany
| | - Yong‐Hwan Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life SciencesSeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Korea
- Center for Fungal Genetic ResourcesSeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Korea
- Plant Immunity Research CenterSeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Korea
| | - Junhyun Jeon
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life and Applied SciencesYeungnam UniversityGyeongsanGyeongbuk38541Korea
- Plant Immunity Research CenterSeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Korea
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49
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R-SNARE FgSec22 is essential for growth, pathogenicity and DON production of Fusarium graminearum. Curr Genet 2019; 66:421-435. [DOI: 10.1007/s00294-019-01037-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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50
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Wang L, Cai X, Xing J, Liu C, Hendy A, Chen XL. URM1-Mediated Ubiquitin-Like Modification Is Required for Oxidative Stress Adaptation During Infection of the Rice Blast Fungus. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2039. [PMID: 31551975 PMCID: PMC6746893 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin is a small modifier protein which is usually conjugated to substrate proteins for degradation. In recent years, a number of ubiquitin-like proteins have been identified; however, their roles in eukaryotes are largely unknown. Here, we describe a ubiquitin-like protein URM1, and found it plays important roles in the development and infection process of the rice blast fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae. Targeted deletion of URM1 in M. oryzae resulted in slight reduction in vegetative growth and significant decrease in conidiation. More importantly, the Δurm1 mutant also showed evident reduction in virulence to host plants. Infection process observation demonstrated that the mutant was arrested in invasive growth and resulted in accumulation of massive host reactive oxygen species (ROS). Further, we found the Δurm1 mutant was sensitive to the cell wall disturbing reagents, thiol oxidizing agent diamide and rapamycin. We also showed that URM1-mediated modification was responsive to oxidative stresses, and the thioredoxin peroxidase Ahp1 was one of the important urmylation targets. These results suggested that URM1-mediated urmylation plays important roles in detoxification of host oxidative stress to facilitate invasive growth in M. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyang Wang
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuan Cai
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Junjie Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hunan Hybrid Rice Research Center, Changsha, China
| | - Caiyun Liu
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ahmed Hendy
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Xiao-Lin Chen
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hunan Hybrid Rice Research Center, Changsha, China
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