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Mukhtar MU, Mahmood MA, Fayyaz Z, Klinpakdee K, Abdullah M. Opening the Black Box of Host Range, Vectorial Diversity, and Genetic Variants of Genus Anaplasma: The Contributing Factors Toward Its Zoonosis. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2024; 24:265-273. [PMID: 38227393 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2023.0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Genus Anaplasma of the family Anaplasmataceae possesses bacteria of hematopoietic origin, which are obligate intracellular Gram-negative bacteria transmitted mainly by tick vectors. The members of this group of infectious agents are not new as etiological agents of animal diseases worldwide. However, now, reports of their zoonotic potential have gained currency to study these pathogens. The emergence of new species of Anaplasma and the spread of existing species to new areas and hosts highlight the importance of monitoring and improving diagnostic and treatment options for zoonotic diseases caused by Anaplasma. Conclusion: This review focuses on the general and distinctive characteristics of Anaplasma spp., with particular emphasis on the novel species and their diverse spectrum of hosts as potential risk factors impacting its emerging zoonosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Uzair Mukhtar
- Department of Medical Entomology and Parasitology, Institute of Public Health, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asif Mahmood
- Department of Medical Entomology and Parasitology, Institute of Public Health, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Zahra Fayyaz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Public Health, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Kanoknaphat Klinpakdee
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Rajamangala University of Technology Tawan-Ok, Chonburi, Thailand
| | - Muhammad Abdullah
- Department of Paramedical Education, Institute of Public Health, Lahore, Pakistan
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2
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Londoño AF, Scorpio DG, Dumler JS. Innate immunity in rickettsial infections. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1187267. [PMID: 37228668 PMCID: PMC10203653 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1187267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Rickettsial agents are a diverse group of alpha-proteobacteria within the order Rickettsiales, which possesses two families with human pathogens, Rickettsiaceae and Anaplasmataceae. These obligate intracellular bacteria are most frequently transmitted by arthropod vectors, a first step in the pathogens' avoidance of host cell defenses. Considerable study of the immune responses to infection and those that result in protective immunity have been conducted. Less study has focused on the initial events and mechanism by which these bacteria avoid the innate immune responses of the hosts to survive within and propagate from host cells. By evaluating the major mechanisms of evading innate immunity, a range of similarities among these bacteria become apparent, including mechanisms to escape initial destruction in phagolysosomes of professional phagocytes, those that dampen the responses of innate immune cells or subvert signaling and recognition pathways related to apoptosis, autophagy, proinflammatory responses, and mechanisms by which these microbes attach to and enter cells or those molecules that trigger the host responses. To illustrate these principles, this review will focus on two common rickettsial agents that occur globally, Rickettsia species and Anaplasma phagocytophilum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés F. Londoño
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for Advancement in Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Diana G. Scorpio
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - J. Stephen Dumler
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
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3
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Mohamed AR, Ochsenkühn MA, Kazlak AM, Moustafa A, Amin SA. The coral microbiome: towards an understanding of the molecular mechanisms of coral-microbiota interactions. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2023; 47:fuad005. [PMID: 36882224 PMCID: PMC10045912 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuad005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Corals live in a complex, multipartite symbiosis with diverse microbes across kingdoms, some of which are implicated in vital functions, such as those related to resilience against climate change. However, knowledge gaps and technical challenges limit our understanding of the nature and functional significance of complex symbiotic relationships within corals. Here, we provide an overview of the complexity of the coral microbiome focusing on taxonomic diversity and functions of well-studied and cryptic microbes. Mining the coral literature indicate that while corals collectively harbour a third of all marine bacterial phyla, known bacterial symbionts and antagonists of corals represent a minute fraction of this diversity and that these taxa cluster into select genera, suggesting selective evolutionary mechanisms enabled these bacteria to gain a niche within the holobiont. Recent advances in coral microbiome research aimed at leveraging microbiome manipulation to increase coral's fitness to help mitigate heat stress-related mortality are discussed. Then, insights into the potential mechanisms through which microbiota can communicate with and modify host responses are examined by describing known recognition patterns, potential microbially derived coral epigenome effector proteins and coral gene regulation. Finally, the power of omics tools used to study corals are highlighted with emphasis on an integrated host-microbiota multiomics framework to understand the underlying mechanisms during symbiosis and climate change-driven dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin R Mohamed
- Biology Program, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi 129188, United Arab Emirates
| | - Michael A Ochsenkühn
- Biology Program, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi 129188, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ahmed M Kazlak
- Systems Genomics Laboratory, American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
- Biotechnology Graduate Program, American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Moustafa
- Systems Genomics Laboratory, American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
- Biotechnology Graduate Program, American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
- Department of Biology, American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Shady A Amin
- Biology Program, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi 129188, United Arab Emirates
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology (CGSB), New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi 129188, United Arab Emirates
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4
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Rana VS, Kitsou C, Dumler JS, Pal U. Immune evasion strategies of major tick-transmitted bacterial pathogens. Trends Microbiol 2023; 31:62-75. [PMID: 36055896 PMCID: PMC9772108 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Tick-transmitted bacterial pathogens thrive in enzootic infection cycles, colonizing disparate vertebrate and arthropod tissues, often establishing persistent infections. Therefore, the evolution of robust immune evasion strategies is central to their successful persistence or transmission between hosts. To survive in nature, these pathogens must counteract a broad range of microbicidal host responses that can be localized, tissue-specific, or systemic, including a mix of these responses at the host-vector interface. Herein, we review microbial immune evasion strategies focusing on Lyme disease spirochetes and rickettsial or tularemia agents as models for extracellular and intracellular tick-borne pathogens, respectively. A better understanding of these adaptive strategies could enrich our knowledge of the infection biology of relevant tick-borne diseases, contributing to the development of future preventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipin Singh Rana
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Chrysoula Kitsou
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - J Stephen Dumler
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Utpal Pal
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
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5
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Rickettsial pathogen inhibits tick cell death through tryptophan metabolite mediated activation of p38 MAP kinase. iScience 2022; 26:105730. [PMID: 36582833 PMCID: PMC9792911 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplasma phagocytophilum modulates various cell signaling pathways in mammalian cells for its survival. In this study, we report that A. phagocytophilum modulates tick tryptophan pathway to activate arthropod p38 MAP kinase for the survival of both this bacterium and its vector host. Increased level of tryptophan metabolite, xanthurenic acid (XA), was evident in A. phagocytophilum-infected ticks and tick cells. Lower levels of cell death markers and increased levels of total and phosphorylated p38 MAPK was noted in A. phagocytophilum-infected ticks and tick cells. Treatment with XA increased phosphorylated p38 MAPK levels and reduced cell death in A. phagocytophilum-infected tick cells. Furthermore, treatment with p38 MAPK inhibitor affected bacterial replication, decreased phosphorylated p38 MAPK levels and increased tick cell death. However, XA reversed these effects. Taken together, we provide evidence that rickettsial pathogen modulates arthropod tryptophan and p38 MAPK pathways to inhibit cell death for its survival in ticks.
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Herbel SM, Moyon L, Christ M, Elsayed EM, Caffrey BE, Malmsheimer S, Grin I, Hoffmann K, Surmann K, Blankenburg S, Jung AL, Herkt CE, Borsò M, Bozdag B, Imhof A, Becker A, Wagner S, Bange G, Völker U, Bertrams W, Marsico A, Schmeck B. Screening for eukaryotic motifs in Legionella pneumophila reveals Smh1 as bacterial deacetylase of host histones. Virulence 2022; 13:2042-2058. [PMID: 36411449 PMCID: PMC9704406 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2149973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Legionella pneumophila (L.p.) is a bacterial pathogen which is a common causative agent of pneumonia. In humans, it infects alveolar macrophages and transfers hundreds of virulence factors that interfere with cellular signalling pathways and the transcriptomic landscape to sustain its own replication. By this interaction, it has acquired eukaryote-like protein motifs by gene transfer events that partake in the pathogenicity of Legionella. In a computational screening approach for eukaryotic motifs in the transcriptome of Legionella, we identified the L.p. strain Corby protein ABQ55614 as putative histone-deacetylase and named it "suppressing modifier of histones 1" (Smh1). During infection, Smh1 is translocated from the Legionella vacuole into the host cytosol. When expressed in human macrophage THP-1 cells, Smh1 was localized predominantly in the nucleus, leading to broad histone H3 and H4 deacetylation, blunted expression of a large number of genes (e.g. IL-1β and IL-8), and fostered intracellular bacterial replication. L.p. with a Smh1 knockdown grew normally in media but showed a slight growth defect inside the host cell. Furthermore, Smh1 showed a very potent histone deacetylation activity in vitro, e.g. at H3K14, that could be inhibited by targeted mutation of the putative catalytic center inferred by analogy with eukaryotic HDAC8, and with the deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A. In summary, Smh1 displays functional homology with class I/II type HDACs. We identified Smh1 as a new Legionella virulence factor with a eukaryote-like histone-deacetylase activity that moderates host gene expression and might pave the way for further histone modifications.IMPORTANCELegionella pneumophila (L.p.) is a prominent bacterial pathogen, which is a common causative agent of pneumonia. In order to survive inside the host cell, the human macrophage, it profoundly interacts with host cell processes to advance its own replication. In this study, we identify a bacterial factor, Smh1, with yet unknown function as a host histone deacetylase. The activity of this factor in the host cell leads to attenuated gene expression and increased intracellular bacterial replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie M. Herbel
- Institute for Lung Research, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Lambert Moyon
- Computational Health Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Marvin Christ
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany,Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Eslam M. Elsayed
- Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany,Department of Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Brian E. Caffrey
- Computational Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Silke Malmsheimer
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine (IMIT), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Iwan Grin
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine (IMIT), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Hoffmann
- Institute for Lung Research, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Kristin Surmann
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sascha Blankenburg
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Anna Lena Jung
- Institute for Lung Research, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Christina E. Herkt
- Institute for Lung Research, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Marco Borsò
- Zentrallabor für Proteinanalytik, BioMedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Planegg-Martinsried
| | - Beyza Bozdag
- Zentrallabor für Proteinanalytik, BioMedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Planegg-Martinsried
| | - Axel Imhof
- Zentrallabor für Proteinanalytik, BioMedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Planegg-Martinsried
| | - Anke Becker
- Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany,Department of Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Samuel Wagner
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine (IMIT), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner-site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gert Bange
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany,Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany,Max-Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Uwe Völker
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Bertrams
- Institute for Lung Research, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Annalisa Marsico
- Computational Health Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Bernd Schmeck
- Institute for Lung Research, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany,Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany,Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University Medical Center Giessen and Marburg, Philipps-University, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Marburg, Germany,Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany,Member of the German Center for Infectious Disease Research (DZIF), Marburg, Germany,CONTACT Bernd Schmeck
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7
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Oliveira IH, Kjeldsen F, Melo-Braga MN, Verano-Braga T, de Andrade HM. Assessing the effects of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum and L. (L.) amazonensis infections in macrophages using a quantitative proteome approach. Exp Parasitol 2022; 243:108413. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2022.108413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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8
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Moreira JD, Iakhiaev A, Vankayalapati R, Jung BG, Samten B. Histone Deacetylase-2 Controls IL-1β Production through the Regulation of NLRP3 Expression and Activation in Tuberculosis Infection. iScience 2022; 25:104799. [PMID: 35982796 PMCID: PMC9379586 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are critical immune regulators. However, their roles in interleukin-1β (IL-1β) production remain unclear. By screening 11 zinc-dependent HDACs with chemical inhibitors, we found that HDAC1 inhibitor, 4-(dimethylamino)-N-[6-(hydroxyamino)-6-oxohexyl]-benzamide (DHOB), enhanced IL-1β production by macrophage and dendritic cells upon TLR4 stimulation or Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection through IL-1β maturation via elevated NLRP3 expression, increased cleaved caspase-1, and enhanced ASC oligomerization. DHOB rescued defective IL-1β production by dendritic cells infected with M. tuberculosis with ESAT-6 deletion, a virulence factor shown to activate NLRP3 inflammasome. DHOB increased IL-1β production and NLRP3 expression in a tuberculosis mouse model. Although DHOB inhibited HDAC activities of both HDAC1 and HDAC2 by direct binding, knockdown of HDAC2, but not HDAC1, increased IL-1β production and NLRP3 expression in M. tuberculosis-infected macrophages. These data suggest that HDAC2, but not HDAC1, controls IL-1β production through NLRP3 inflammasome activation, a mechanism with a significance in chronic inflammatory diseases including tuberculosis. HDAC1 inhibitor, DHOB, increased IL-1β production via NLRP3 inflammasome activation DHOB suppressed deacetylase activities of both HDAC1 and HDAC2 by direct interaction Deletion of HDAC2, but not HDAC1, increased IL-β production by increased NLRP3 expression DHOB increased IL-1β and NLRP3 expression in a mouse model of TB infection
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Affiliation(s)
- Jôsimar Dornelas Moreira
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX, USA
| | - Alexei Iakhiaev
- Division of Natural & Computational Sciences, Texas College, 2404 North Grand Avenue, Tyler, TX 75702, USA
| | - Ramakrishna Vankayalapati
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX, USA
| | - Bock-Gie Jung
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX, USA
| | - Buka Samten
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX, USA
- Corresponding author
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Kim Y, Wang J, Clemens EG, Grab DJ, Dumler JS. Anaplasma phagocytophilum Ankyrin A Protein (AnkA) Enters the Nucleus Using an Importin-β-, RanGTP-Dependent Mechanism. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:828605. [PMID: 35719343 PMCID: PMC9204287 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.828605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplasma phagocytophilum, a tick-borne obligately intracellular bacterium of neutrophils, causes human granulocytic anaplasmosis. Ankyrin A (AnkA), an effector protein with multiple ankyrin repeats (AR) is injected via type IV-secretion into the host neutrophil to gain access to the nucleus where it modifies the epigenome to promote microbial fitness and propagation. AR proteins transported into the host cell nucleus must use at least one of two known eukaryotic pathways, the classical importin β-dependent pathway, and/or the RanGDP- and AR (ankyrin-repeat)-dependent importin β-independent (RaDAR) pathway. Truncation of the first four AnkA N-terminal ARs (AR1-4), but not other regions, prevents AnkA nuclear accumulation. To investigate the mechanism of nuclear import, we created point mutations of AnkA N-terminal ARs, predicted to interfere with RaDAR protein import, and used importazole, a specific inhibitor of the importin α/β, RanGTP-dependent pathway. Nuclear colocalization analysis shows that nuclear localization of AnkA is unaffected by single AR1-4 mutations but is significantly reduced by single mutations in consecutive ARs suggesting RaDAR protein nuclear import. However, AnkA nuclear localization was also decreased with importazole, and with GTPγS. Furthermore, A. phagocytophilum growth in HL-60 cells was completely suppressed with importazole, indicating that A. phagocytophilum propagation requires a β-importin-dependent pathway. A typical classical NLS overlapping AR4 was subsequently identified suggesting the primacy of the importin-α/β system in AnkA nuclear localization. Whether the mutational studies of putative key residues support RaDAR NLS function or simply reflect structural changes that diminish engagement of an AR-NLS-importin pathway needs to be resolved through careful structure-function studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Kim
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jianyang Wang
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Emily G. Clemens
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Dennis J. Grab
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - J. Stephen Dumler
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States,*Correspondence: J. Stephen Dumler,
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Brar HK, Roy G, Kanojia A, Madan E, Madhubala R, Muthuswami R. Chromatin-Remodeling Factor BRG1 Is a Negative Modulator of L. donovani in IFNγ Stimulated and Infected THP-1 Cells. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:860058. [PMID: 35433496 PMCID: PMC9011159 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.860058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular pathogens manipulate the host cell for their own survival by contributing to modifications of host epigenome, and thus, altering expression of genes involved in the pathogenesis. Both ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complex and histone modifications has been shown to be involved in the activation of IFNγ responsive genes. Leishmania donovani is an intracellular pathogen that causes visceral leishmaniasis. The strategies employed by Leishmania donovani to modulate the host epigenome in order to overcome the host defense for their persistence has been worked out in this study. We show that L. donovani negatively affects BRG1, a catalytic subunit of mammalian SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex, to alter IFNγ induced host responses. We observed that L. donovani infection downregulates BRG1 expression both at transcript and protein levels in cells stimulated with IFNγ. We also observed a significant decrease in IFNγ responsive gene, Class II transactivator (CIITA), as well as its downstream genes, MHC-II (HLA-DR and HLA-DM). Also, the occupancy of BRG1 at CIITA promoters I and IV was disrupted. A reversal in CIITA expression and decreased parasite load was observed with BRG1 overexpression, thus, suggesting BRG1 is a potential negative regulator for the survival of intracellular parasites in an early phase of infection. We also observed a decrease in H3 acetylation at the promoters of CIITA, post parasite infection. Silencing of HDAC1, resulted in increased CIITA expression, and further decreased parasite load. Taken together, we suggest that intracellular parasites in an early phase of infection negatively regulates BRG1 by using host HDAC1 for its survival inside the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsimran Kaur Brar
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Gargi Roy
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Akanksha Kanojia
- Chromatin Remodeling Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Evanka Madan
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Rentala Madhubala
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
- *Correspondence: Rentala Madhubala, ; Rohini Muthuswami,
| | - Rohini Muthuswami
- Chromatin Remodeling Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
- *Correspondence: Rentala Madhubala, ; Rohini Muthuswami,
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11
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Barone S, Cassese E, Alfano AI, Brindisi M, Summa V. Chasing a Breath of Fresh Air in Cystic Fibrosis (CF): Therapeutic Potential of Selective HDAC6 Inhibitors to Tackle Multiple Pathways in CF Pathophysiology. J Med Chem 2022; 65:3080-3097. [PMID: 35148101 PMCID: PMC8883472 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c02067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Compelling new support
has been provided for histone deacetylase
isoform 6 (HDAC6) as a common thread in the generation of the dysregulated
proinflammatory and fibrotic phenotype in cystic fibrosis (CF). HDAC6
also plays a crucial role in bacterial clearance or killing as a direct
consequence of its effects on CF immune responses. Inhibiting HDAC6
functions thus eventually represents an innovative and effective strategy
to tackle multiple aspects of CF-associated lung disease. In this
Perspective, we not only showcase the latest evidence linking HDAC(6)
activity and expression with CF phenotype but also track the new dawn
of HDAC(6) modulators in CF and explore potentialities and future
perspectives in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Barone
- Department of Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Emilia Cassese
- Department of Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonella Ilenia Alfano
- Department of Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Margherita Brindisi
- Department of Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Summa
- Department of Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, I-80131 Naples, Italy
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12
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Singh S, Senapati P, Kundu TK. Metabolic Regulation of Lysine Acetylation: Implications in Cancer. Subcell Biochem 2022; 100:393-426. [PMID: 36301501 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-07634-3_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Lysine acetylation is the second most well-studied post-translational modification after phosphorylation. While phosphorylation regulates signaling cascades, one of the most significant roles of acetylation is regulation of chromatin structure. Acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) serves as the acetyl group donor for acetylation reactions mediated by lysine acetyltransferases (KATs). On the other hand, NAD+ serves as the cofactor for lysine deacetylases (KDACs). Both acetyl-CoA and NAD+ are metabolites integral to energy metabolism, and therefore, their metabolic flux can regulate the activity of KATs and KDACs impacting the epigenome. In this chapter, we review our current understanding of how metabolic pathways regulate lysine acetylation in normal and cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Singh
- Transcription and Disease Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Parijat Senapati
- Transcription and Disease Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
- Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Tapas K Kundu
- Transcription and Disease Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
- Division of Cancer Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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13
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Undercover Agents of Infection: The Stealth Strategies of T4SS-Equipped Bacterial Pathogens. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13100713. [PMID: 34679006 PMCID: PMC8539587 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13100713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular bacterial pathogens establish their replicative niches within membrane-encompassed compartments, called vacuoles. A subset of these bacteria uses a nanochannel called the type 4 secretion system (T4SS) to inject effector proteins that subvert the host cell machinery and drive the biogenesis of these compartments. These bacteria have also developed sophisticated ways of altering the innate immune sensing and response of their host cells, which allow them to cause long-lasting infections and chronic diseases. This review covers the mechanisms employed by intravacuolar pathogens to escape innate immune sensing and how Type 4-secreted bacterial effectors manipulate host cell mechanisms to allow the persistence of bacteria.
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14
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Barno AR, Villela HDM, Aranda M, Thomas T, Peixoto RS. Host under epigenetic control: A novel perspective on the interaction between microorganisms and corals. Bioessays 2021; 43:e2100068. [PMID: 34463364 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202100068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Coral reefs have been challenged by the current rate and severity of environmental change that might outpace their ability to adapt and survive. Current research focuses on understanding how microbial communities and epigenetic changes separately affect phenotypes and gene expression of corals. Here, we provide the hypothesis that coral-associated microorganisms may directly or indirectly affect the coral's phenotypic response through the modulation of its epigenome. Homologs of ankyrin-repeat protein A and internalin B, which indirectly cause histone modifications in humans, as well as Rv1988 histone methyltransferase, and the DNA methyltransferases Rv2966c, Mhy1, Mhy2, and Mhy3 found in coral-associated bacteria indicate that there are potential host epigenome-modifying proteins in the coral microbiome. With the ideas presented here, we suggest that microbiome manipulation may be a means to alter a coral's epigenome, which could aid the current efforts to protect coral reefs. Also see the video abstract here: https://youtu.be/CW9GbChjKM4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam R Barno
- Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Saudi Arabia
| | - Helena D M Villela
- Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Saudi Arabia
| | - Manuel Aranda
- Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Saudi Arabia
| | - Torsten Thomas
- Centre for Marine Science and Innovation, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Australia
| | - Raquel S Peixoto
- Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Saudi Arabia.,Institute of Microbiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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15
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Rodríguez-Carlos A, Jacobo-Delgado YM, Santos-Mena AO, Rivas-Santiago B. Modulation of cathelicidin and defensins by histone deacetylase inhibitors: A potential treatment for multi-drug resistant infectious diseases. Peptides 2021; 140:170527. [PMID: 33744370 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases are an important growing public health problem, which perspective has worsened due to the increasing number of drug-resistant strains in the last few years. Although diverse solutions have been proposed, one viable solution could be the use of immune system modulators. The induction of the immune response can be increased by histone deacetylase inhibitors (iHDAC), which in turn modulate the chromatin and increase the activation of different cellular pathways and nuclear factors such as STAT3, HIF-1α NF-kB, C/EBPα and, AP-1. These pathways are capable to promote several immune response-related molecules including those with antimicrobial properties such as antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) that lead to the elimination of pathogens including multi drug-resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Rodríguez-Carlos
- Medical Research Unit-Zacatecas, Mexican Institute for Social Security-IMSS, Zacatecas, Mexico
| | | | - Alan O Santos-Mena
- Medical Research Unit-Zacatecas, Mexican Institute for Social Security-IMSS, Zacatecas, Mexico
| | - Bruno Rivas-Santiago
- Medical Research Unit-Zacatecas, Mexican Institute for Social Security-IMSS, Zacatecas, Mexico.
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16
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Bierne H, Hamon M. Targeting host epigenetic machinery: The Listeria paradigm. Cell Microbiol 2021; 22:e13169. [PMID: 32185898 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
By modifying the host cell transcription programme, pathogenic bacteria disrupt a wide range of cellular processes and take control of the host's immune system. Conversely, by mobilising a network of defence genes, the host cells trigger various responses that allow them to tolerate or eliminate invaders. The study of the molecular basis of this crosstalk is crucial to the understanding of infectious diseases. Although research has long focused on the targeting of eukaryotic DNA-binding transcription factors, more recently, another powerful way by which bacteria modify the expression of host genes has emerged: chromatin modifications in the cell nucleus. One of the most prolific bacterial models in this area has been Listeria monocytogenes, a facultative intracellular bacterium responsible for serious food-borne infections. Here, we aim to highlight the contribution of this model to the field of bacteria-mediated chromatin modifications. We will first recall the general principles of epigenetic regulation and then illustrate five mechanisms that mobilise the epigenetic machinery in response to Listeria factors, either through bacterial molecular patterns, a toxin, an invasion protein, or nucleomodulins. Strategies used by Listeria to control the expression of host genes at the chromatin level, by activation of cytosolic signalling pathways or direct targeting of epifactors in the nucleus, have contributed to the emergence of a new discipline combining cellular microbiology and epigenetics: "patho-epigenetics."
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Bierne
- Université Paris Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Epigenetics and Cellular Microbiology Team, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Mélanie Hamon
- G5 Chromatin and Infection, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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17
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Salje J. Cells within cells: Rickettsiales and the obligate intracellular bacterial lifestyle. Nat Rev Microbiol 2021; 19:375-390. [PMID: 33564174 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-020-00507-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The Rickettsiales are a group of obligate intracellular vector-borne Gram-negative bacteria that include many organisms of clinical and agricultural importance, including Anaplasma spp., Ehrlichia chaffeensis, Wolbachia, Rickettsia spp. and Orientia tsutsugamushi. This Review provides an overview of the current state of knowledge of the biology of these bacteria and their interactions with host cells, with a focus on pathogenic species or those that are otherwise important for human health. This includes a description of rickettsial genomics, bacterial cell biology, the intracellular lifestyles of Rickettsiales and the mechanisms by which they induce and evade the innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne Salje
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. .,Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. .,Public Health Research Institute, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA.
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18
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Dumler JS, Lichay M, Chen WH, Rennoll-Bankert KE, Park JH. Anaplasma phagocytophilum Activates NF-κB Signaling via Redundant Pathways. Front Public Health 2020; 8:558283. [PMID: 33194960 PMCID: PMC7661751 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.558283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplasma phagocytophilum subverts neutrophil function permitting intracellular survival, propagation and transmission. Sustained pro-inflammatory response, recruitment of new host cells for population expansion, and delayed apoptosis are associated with prolonged nuclear presence of NF-κB. We investigated NF-κB signaling and transcriptional activity with A. phagocytophilum infection using inhibitors of NF-κB signaling pathways, and through silencing of signaling pathway genes. How inhibitors or silencing affected A. phagocytophilum growth, inflammatory response (transcription of the κB-enhanced genes CXCL8 and MMP9), and NF-κB signaling pathway gene expression were tested. Among A. phagocytophilum-infected HL-60 cells, nuclear NF-κB p50, p65, and p52 were detected by immunoblots or iTRAQ proteomics. A. phagocytophilum growth was affected most by the IKKαβ inhibitor wedelolactone (reductions of 96 to 99%) as compared with SC-514 that selectively inhibits IKKβ, illustrating a role for the non-canonical pathway. Wedelolactone inhibited transcription of both CXCL8 (p = 0.001) and MMP9 (p = 0.002) in infected cells. Compared to uninfected THP-1 cells, A. phagocytophilum infection led to >2-fold down regulation of 64 of 92 NF-κB signaling pathway genes, and >2-fold increased expression in only 4. Wedelolactone and SC-514 reversed downregulation in all 64 and 45, respectively, of the genes down-regulated by infection, but decreased expression in 1 gene with SC-514 only. Silencing of 20 NF-κB signal pathway genes increased bacterial growth in 12 (IRAK1, MAP3K1, NFKB1B, MAP3K7, TICAM2, TLR3, TRADD, TRAF3, CHUK, IRAK2, LTBR, and MALT1). Most findings support canonical pathway activation; however, the presence of NFKB2 in infected cell nuclei, selective non-canonical pathway inhibitors that dampen CXCL8 and MMP9 transcription with infection, upregulation of non-canonical pathway target genes CCL13 and CCL19, enhanced bacterial growth with TRAF3 and LTBR silencing provide evidence for non-canonical pathway signaling. Whether this impacts distinct inflammatory processes that underlie disease, and whether and how A. phagocytophilum subverts NF-κB signaling via these pathways, need to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Stephen Dumler
- Department of Pathology, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University for the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Marguerite Lichay
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Wan-Hsin Chen
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Kristen E Rennoll-Bankert
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jin-Ho Park
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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19
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Peignier A, Parker D. Trained immunity and host-pathogen interactions. Cell Microbiol 2020; 22:e13261. [PMID: 32902895 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases are a leading cause of death worldwide with over 8 million fatalities accounted for in 2016. Solicitation of host immune defenses by vaccination is the treatment of choice to prevent these infections. It has long been thought that vaccine immunity was solely mediated by the adaptive immune system. However, over the past decade, numerous studies have shown that innate immune cells can also retain memory of these encounters. This process, called innate immune memory, is mediated by metabolic and epigenetic changes that make cells either hyperresponsive (trained immunity) or hyporesponsive (tolerance) to subsequent challenges. In this review, we discuss the concepts of trained immunity and tolerance in the context of host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Peignier
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Dane Parker
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
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20
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Bhaskar A, Kumar S, Khan MZ, Singh A, Dwivedi VP, Nandicoori VK. Host sirtuin 2 as an immunotherapeutic target against tuberculosis. eLife 2020; 9:55415. [PMID: 32697192 PMCID: PMC7398663 DOI: 10.7554/elife.55415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) employs plethora of mechanisms to hijack the host defence machinery for its successful survival, proliferation and persistence. Here, we show that Mtb upregulates one of the key epigenetic modulators, NAD+ dependent histone deacetylase Sirtuin 2 (SIRT2), which upon infection translocate to the nucleus and deacetylates histone H3K18, thus modulating the host transcriptome leading to enhanced macrophage activation. Furthermore, in Mtb specific T cells, SIRT2 deacetylates NFκB-p65 at K310 to modulate T helper cell differentiation. Pharmacological inhibition of SIRT2 restricts the intracellular growth of both drug-sensitive and resistant strains of Mtb and enhances the efficacy of front line anti-TB drug Isoniazid in the murine model of infection. SIRT2 inhibitor-treated mice display reduced bacillary load, decreased disease pathology and increased Mtb-specific protective immune responses. Overall, this study provides a link between Mtb infection, epigenetics and host immune response, which can be exploited to achieve therapeutic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashima Bhaskar
- Signal Transduction Laboratory 1, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Immunobiology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Mehak Zahoor Khan
- Signal Transduction Laboratory 1, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Amit Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Ved Prakash Dwivedi
- Immunobiology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Vinay Kumar Nandicoori
- Signal Transduction Laboratory 1, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
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21
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Fol M, Włodarczyk M, Druszczyńska M. Host Epigenetics in Intracellular Pathogen Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21134573. [PMID: 32605029 PMCID: PMC7369821 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Some intracellular pathogens are able to avoid the defense mechanisms contributing to host epigenetic modifications. These changes trigger alterations tothe chromatin structure and on the transcriptional level of genes involved in the pathogenesis of many bacterial diseases. In this way, pathogens manipulate the host cell for their own survival. The better understanding of epigenetic consequences in bacterial infection may open the door for designing new vaccine approaches and therapeutic implications. This article characterizes selected intracellular bacterial pathogens, including Mycobacterium spp., Listeria spp., Chlamydia spp., Mycoplasma spp., Rickettsia spp., Legionella spp. and Yersinia spp., which can modulate and reprogram of defense genes in host innate immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Fol
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-42-635-44-72
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22
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Fitak RR, Antonides JD, Baitchman EJ, Bonaccorso E, Braun J, Kubiski S, Chiu E, Fagre AC, Gagne RB, Lee JS, Malmberg JL, Stenglein MD, Dusek RJ, Forgacs D, Fountain-Jones NM, Gilbertson MLJ, Worsley-Tonks KEL, Funk WC, Trumbo DR, Ghersi BM, Grimaldi W, Heisel SE, Jardine CM, Kamath PL, Karmacharya D, Kozakiewicz CP, Kraberger S, Loisel DA, McDonald C, Miller S, O'Rourke D, Ott-Conn CN, Páez-Vacas M, Peel AJ, Turner WC, VanAcker MC, VandeWoude S, Pecon-Slattery J. The Expectations and Challenges of Wildlife Disease Research in the Era of Genomics: Forecasting with a Horizon Scan-like Exercise. J Hered 2020; 110:261-274. [PMID: 31067326 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esz001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The outbreak and transmission of disease-causing pathogens are contributing to the unprecedented rate of biodiversity decline. Recent advances in genomics have coalesced into powerful tools to monitor, detect, and reconstruct the role of pathogens impacting wildlife populations. Wildlife researchers are thus uniquely positioned to merge ecological and evolutionary studies with genomic technologies to exploit unprecedented "Big Data" tools in disease research; however, many researchers lack the training and expertise required to use these computationally intensive methodologies. To address this disparity, the inaugural "Genomics of Disease in Wildlife" workshop assembled early to mid-career professionals with expertise across scientific disciplines (e.g., genomics, wildlife biology, veterinary sciences, and conservation management) for training in the application of genomic tools to wildlife disease research. A horizon scanning-like exercise, an activity to identify forthcoming trends and challenges, performed by the workshop participants identified and discussed 5 themes considered to be the most pressing to the application of genomics in wildlife disease research: 1) "Improving communication," 2) "Methodological and analytical advancements," 3) "Translation into practice," 4) "Integrating landscape ecology and genomics," and 5) "Emerging new questions." Wide-ranging solutions from the horizon scan were international in scope, itemized both deficiencies and strengths in wildlife genomic initiatives, promoted the use of genomic technologies to unite wildlife and human disease research, and advocated best practices for optimal use of genomic tools in wildlife disease projects. The results offer a glimpse of the potential revolution in human and wildlife disease research possible through multi-disciplinary collaborations at local, regional, and global scales.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer D Antonides
- Department of Forestry & Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Eric J Baitchman
- The Zoo New England Division of Animal Health and Conservation, Boston, MA
| | - Elisa Bonaccorso
- The Instituto BIOSFERA and Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, vía Interoceánica y Diego de Robles, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Josephine Braun
- The Institute for Conservation Research, San Diego Zoo Global, Escondido, CA
| | - Steven Kubiski
- The Institute for Conservation Research, San Diego Zoo Global, Escondido, CA
| | - Elliott Chiu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Anna C Fagre
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Roderick B Gagne
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Justin S Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Jennifer L Malmberg
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Mark D Stenglein
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Robert J Dusek
- The U. S. Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, WI
| | - David Forgacs
- The Interdisciplinary Graduate Program of Genetics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | | | - Marie L J Gilbertson
- The Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
| | | | - W Chris Funk
- The Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Daryl R Trumbo
- The Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | | | | | - Sara E Heisel
- The Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Claire M Jardine
- The Department of Pathobiology, Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pauline L Kamath
- The School of Food and Agriculture, University of Maine, Orono, ME
| | | | | | - Simona Kraberger
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ
| | - Dagan A Loisel
- The Department of Biology, Saint Michael's College, Colchester, VT
| | - Cait McDonald
- The Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (McDonald)
| | - Steven Miller
- The Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Caitlin N Ott-Conn
- The Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Wildlife Disease Laboratory, Lansing, MI
| | - Mónica Páez-Vacas
- The Centro de Investigación de la Biodiversidad y Cambio Climático (BioCamb), Facultad de Ciencias de Medio Ambiente, Universidad Tecnológica Indoamérica, Machala y Sabanilla, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Alison J Peel
- The Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - Wendy C Turner
- The Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY
| | - Meredith C VanAcker
- The Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Sue VandeWoude
- The College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Jill Pecon-Slattery
- The Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute-National Zoological Park, Front Royal, VA
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23
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Bannister S, Messina NL, Novakovic B, Curtis N. The emerging role of epigenetics in the immune response to vaccination and infection: a systematic review. Epigenetics 2020; 15:555-593. [PMID: 31914857 PMCID: PMC7574386 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2020.1712814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive research has highlighted the role of infection-induced epigenetic events in the development of cancer. More recently, attention has focused on the ability of non-carcinogenic infections, as well as vaccines, to modify the human epigenome and modulate the immune response. This review explores this rapidly evolving area of investigation and outlines the many and varied ways in which vaccination and natural infection can influence the human epigenome from modulation of the innate and adaptive immune response, to biological ageing and modification of disease risk. The implications of these epigenetic changes on immune regulation and their potential application to the diagnosis and treatment of chronic infection and vaccine development are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Bannister
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Infectious Diseases Research Group, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Nicole L. Messina
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Infectious Diseases Research Group, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
| | - Boris Novakovic
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Epigenetics Research Group, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
| | - Nigel Curtis
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Infectious Diseases Research Group, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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24
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Denzer L, Schroten H, Schwerk C. From Gene to Protein-How Bacterial Virulence Factors Manipulate Host Gene Expression During Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103730. [PMID: 32466312 PMCID: PMC7279228 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria evolved many strategies to survive and persist within host cells. Secretion of bacterial effectors enables bacteria not only to enter the host cell but also to manipulate host gene expression to circumvent clearance by the host immune response. Some effectors were also shown to evade the nucleus to manipulate epigenetic processes as well as transcription and mRNA procession and are therefore classified as nucleomodulins. Others were shown to interfere downstream with gene expression at the level of mRNA stability, favoring either mRNA stabilization or mRNA degradation, translation or protein stability, including mechanisms of protein activation and degradation. Finally, manipulation of innate immune signaling and nutrient supply creates a replicative niche that enables bacterial intracellular persistence and survival. In this review, we want to highlight the divergent strategies applied by intracellular bacteria to evade host immune responses through subversion of host gene expression via bacterial effectors. Since these virulence proteins mimic host cell enzymes or own novel enzymatic functions, characterizing their properties could help to understand the complex interactions between host and pathogen during infections. Additionally, these insights could propose potential targets for medical therapy.
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25
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Roy G, Brar HK, Muthuswami R, Madhubala R. Epigenetic regulation of defense genes by histone deacetylase1 in human cell line-derived macrophages promotes intracellular survival of Leishmania donovani. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008167. [PMID: 32275661 PMCID: PMC7176143 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania donovani, an intracellular protozoan parasite upon infection, encounters a range of antimicrobial factors within the host cells. Consequently, the parasite has evolved mechanisms to evade this hostile defense system through inhibition of macrophage activation that, in turn, enables parasite replication and survival. There is growing evidence that epigenetic down-regulation of the host genome by intracellular pathogens leads to acute infection. Epigenetic modification is mediated by chromatin remodeling, histone modifications, or DNA methylation. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) removes acetyl groups from lysine residues on histones, thereby leading to chromatin remodeling and gene silencing. Here, using L. donovani infected macrophages differentiated from THP-1 human monocytic cells, we report a link between host chromatin modifications, transcription of defense genes and intracellular infection with L. donovani. Infection with L. donovani led to the silencing of host defense gene expression. Histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) transcript levels, protein expression, and enzyme activity showed a significant increase upon infection. HDAC1 occupancy at the promoters of the defense genes significantly increased upon infection, which in turn resulted in decreased histone H3 acetylation in infected cells, resulting in the down-regulation of mRNA expression of host defense genes. Small molecule mediated inhibition and siRNA mediated down-regulation of HDAC1 increased the expression levels of host defense genes. Interestingly, in this study, we demonstrate that the silencing of HDAC1 by both siRNA and pharmacological inhibitors resulted in decreased intracellular parasite survival. The present data not only demonstrate that up-regulation of HDAC1 and epigenetic silencing of host cell defense genes is essential for L. donovani infection but also provides novel therapeutic strategies against leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gargi Roy
- MolecularParasitology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Harsimran Kaur Brar
- MolecularParasitology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Rohini Muthuswami
- Chromatin Remodeling Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
- * E-mail: (RMu); (RMa)
| | - Rentala Madhubala
- MolecularParasitology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
- * E-mail: (RMu); (RMa)
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Identification of a Neisseria gonorrhoeae Histone Deacetylase: Epigenetic Impact on Host Gene Expression. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9020132. [PMID: 32085531 PMCID: PMC7168274 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9020132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic reprogramming in macrophages is termed trained innate immunity, which regulates immune tolerance and limits tissue damage during infection. Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a strict human pathogen that causes the sexually transmitted infection termed gonorrhea. Here, we report that this pathogen harbors a gene that encodes a histone deacetylase-like enzyme (Gc-HDAC) that shares high 3D-homology to human HDAC1, HDAC2 and HDAC8. A Gc-HDAC null mutant was constructed to determine the biologic significance of this gene. The results showed that WT gonococci reduced the expression of host defense peptides LL-37, HBD-1 and SLPI in macrophages when compared to its Gc-HDAC-deficient isogenic strain. The enrichment of epigenetic marks in histone tails control gene expression and are known to change during bacterial infections. To investigate whether gonococci exert epigenetic modifications on host chromatin, the enrichment of acetylated lysine 9 in histone 3 (H3K9ac) was investigated using the TLR-focused ChIP array system. The data showed that infection with WT gonococci led to higher H3K9ac enrichment at the promoters of pro-inflammatory mediators' genes, many TLRs, adaptor proteins and transcription factors, suggesting gene activation when compared to infection with the Gc-HDAC-deficient mutant. Taken together, the data suggest that gonococci can exert epigenetic modifications on host cells to modulate certain macrophage defense genes, leading to a maladaptive state of trained immunity.
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Abstract
Bacteria participate in a wide diversity of symbiotic associations with eukaryotic hosts that require precise interactions for bacterial recognition and persistence. Most commonly, host-associated bacteria interfere with host gene expression to modulate the immune response to the infection. However, many of these bacteria also interfere with host cellular differentiation pathways to create a hospitable niche, resulting in the formation of novel cell types, tissues, and organs. In both of these situations, bacterial symbionts must interact with eukaryotic regulatory pathways. Here, we detail what is known about how bacterial symbionts, from pathogens to mutualists, control host cellular differentiation across the central dogma, from epigenetic chromatin modifications, to transcription and mRNA processing, to translation and protein modifications. We identify four main trends from this survey. First, mechanisms for controlling host gene expression appear to evolve from symbionts co-opting cross-talk between host signaling pathways. Second, symbiont regulatory capacity is constrained by the processes that drive reductive genome evolution in host-associated bacteria. Third, the regulatory mechanisms symbionts exhibit correlate with the cost/benefit nature of the association. And, fourth, symbiont mechanisms for interacting with host genetic regulatory elements are not bound by native bacterial capabilities. Using this knowledge, we explore how the ubiquitous intracellular Wolbachia symbiont of arthropods and nematodes may modulate host cellular differentiation to manipulate host reproduction. Our survey of the literature on how infection alters gene expression in Wolbachia and its hosts revealed that, despite their intermediate-sized genomes, different strains appear capable of a wide diversity of regulatory manipulations. Given this and Wolbachia's diversity of phenotypes and eukaryotic-like proteins, we expect that many symbiont-induced host differentiation mechanisms will be discovered in this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelbi L Russell
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA.
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28
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Lagosz KB, Bysiek A, Macina JM, Bereta GP, Kantorowicz M, Lipska W, Sochalska M, Gawron K, Kaczmarzyk T, Chomyszyn-Gajewska M, Fossati G, Potempa J, Grabiec AM. HDAC3 Regulates Gingival Fibroblast Inflammatory Responses in Periodontitis. J Dent Res 2019; 99:98-106. [PMID: 31693860 PMCID: PMC6927072 DOI: 10.1177/0022034519885088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are important regulators of gene expression that are aberrantly regulated in several inflammatory and infectious diseases. HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) suppress inflammatory activation of various cell types through epigenetic and non-epigenetic mechanisms, and ameliorate pathology in a mouse model of periodontitis. Activation of gingival fibroblasts (GFs) significantly contributes to the development of periodontitis and the anaerobic bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis plays a key role in driving chronic inflammation. Here, we analyzed the role of HDACs in inflammatory responses of GFs. Pan-HDACi suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) and/or ITF2357 (givinostat) significantly reduced TNFα- and P. gingivalis–inducible expression and/or production of a cluster of inflammatory mediators in healthy donor GFs (IL1B, CCL2, CCL5, CXCL10, COX2, and MMP3) without affecting cell viability. Selective inhibition of HDAC3/6, but not specific HDAC1, HDAC6, or HDAC8 inhibition, reproduced the suppressive effects of pan-HDACi on the inflammatory gene expression profile induced by TNFα and P. gingivalis, suggesting a critical role for HDAC3 in GF inflammatory activation. Consistently, silencing of HDAC3 expression with siRNA largely recapitulated the effects of HDAC3/6i on mRNA levels of inflammatory mediators in P. gingivalis–infected GFs. In contrast, P. gingivalis internalization and intracellular survival in GFs remained unaffected by HDACi. Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and NFκB signaling was unaffected by global or HDAC3/6-selective HDACi, and new protein synthesis was not required for gene suppression by HDACi. Finally, pan-HDACi and HDAC3/6i suppressed P. gingivalis–induced expression of IL1B, CCL2, CCL5, CXCL10, MMP1, and MMP3 in GFs from patients with periodontitis. Our results identify HDAC3 as an important regulator of inflammatory gene expression in GFs and suggest that therapeutic targeting of HDAC activity, in particular HDAC3, may be clinically beneficial in suppressing inflammation in periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- K B Lagosz
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - A Bysiek
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - J M Macina
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - G P Bereta
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - M Kantorowicz
- Department of Periodontology and Clinical Oral Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - W Lipska
- Department of Periodontology and Clinical Oral Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - M Sochalska
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - K Gawron
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - T Kaczmarzyk
- Department of Periodontology and Clinical Oral Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland.,Department of Oral Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - M Chomyszyn-Gajewska
- Department of Periodontology and Clinical Oral Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - G Fossati
- Italfarmaco, Cinisello Balsamo, Milan, Italy
| | - J Potempa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.,Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - A M Grabiec
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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29
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Hernandez EP, Talactac MR, Fujisaki K, Tanaka T. The case for oxidative stress molecule involvement in the tick-pathogen interactions -an omics approach. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 100:103409. [PMID: 31200008 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The blood-feeding behavior of ticks has resulted in them becoming one of the most important vectors of disease-causing pathogens. Ticks possess a well-developed innate immune system to counter invading pathogens. However, the coevolution of ticks with tick-borne pathogens has adapted these pathogens to the tick's physiology and immune response through several mechanisms including transcriptional regulation. The recent development in tick and tick-borne disease research greatly involved the "omics" approach. The omics approach takes a look en masse at the different genes, proteins, metabolomes, and the microbiome of the ticks that could be differentiated during pathogen infection. Data from this approach revealed that oxidative stress-related molecules in ticks are differentiated and possibly being exploited by the pathogens to evade the tick's immune response. In this study, we review and discuss transcriptomic and proteomic data for some oxidative stress molecules differentially expressed during pathogen infection. We also discuss metabolomics and microbiome data as well as functional genomics in order to provide insight into the tick-pathogen interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Pacia Hernandez
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0056, Japan; Department of Pathological and Preventive Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan
| | - Melbourne Rio Talactac
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0056, Japan; Department of Clinical and Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Cavite State University, Cavite, 4122, Philippines
| | - Kozo Fujisaki
- National Agricultural and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Tanaka
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0056, Japan; Department of Pathological and Preventive Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan.
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30
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Zhu J, He M, Xu W, Li Y, Huang R, Wu S, Niu H. Development of TEM-1 β-lactamase based protein translocation assay for identification of Anaplasma phagocytophilum type IV secretion system effector proteins. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4235. [PMID: 30862835 PMCID: PMC6414681 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40682-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplasma phagocytophilum, the aetiologic agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA) is an obligate intracellular Gram-negative bacterium with the genome size of 1.47 megabases. The intracellular life style and small size of genome suggest that A. phagocytophilum has to modulate a multitude of host cell physiological processes to facilitate its replication. One strategy employed by A. phagocytophilum is through its type IV secretion system (T4SS), which translocates bacterial effectors into target cells to disrupt normal cellular activities. In this study we developed a TEM-1 β-lactamase based protein translocation assay and applied this assay for identification of A. phagocytophilum T4SS effectors. An A. phagocytophilum hypothetical protein, APH0215 is identified as a T4SS effector protein and found interacting with trans-Golgi network in transfected cells. Hereby, this protein translocation assay developed in this study will facilitate the identification of A. phagocytophilum T4SS effectors and elucidation of HGA pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiafeng Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215123, China
| | - Meiling He
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215123, China
| | - Wenting Xu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215123, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215123, China
| | - Rui Huang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215123, China
| | - Shuyan Wu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215123, China
| | - Hua Niu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215123, China.
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31
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López V, Alberdi P, Fuente JDL. Common Strategies, Different Mechanisms to Infect the Host: Anaplasma and Mycobacterium. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2018. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.71535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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32
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Calegari-Silva TC, Vivarini ÁC, Pereira RDMS, Dias-Teixeira KL, Rath CT, Pacheco ASS, Silva GBL, Pinto CAS, Dos Santos JV, Saliba AM, Corbett CEP, de Castro Gomes CM, Fasel N, Lopes UG. Leishmania amazonensis downregulates macrophage iNOS expression via Histone Deacetylase 1 (HDAC1): a novel parasite evasion mechanism. Eur J Immunol 2018; 48:1188-1198. [PMID: 29645094 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201747257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The induced expression of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) controls the intracellular growth of Leishmania in infected macrophages. Histones deacetylases (HDACs) negatively regulate gene expression through the formation of complexes containing transcription factors such as NF-κB p50/50. Herein, we demonstrated the occupancy of p50/p50_HDAC1 to iNOS promoter associated with reduced levels of H3K9Ac. Remarkably, we found increased levels of HDAC1 in L. amazonensis-infected macrophages. HDAC1 upregulation was not found in L. major-infected macrophages. The parasite intracellular load was reduced in HDAC1 knocked-down macrophages, which presented increased nitric oxide levels. HDAC1 silencing led to the occupancy of CBP/p300 to iNOS promoter and the rise of H3K9Ac modification. Importantly, the immunostaining of skin samples from hiporeactive cutaneous leishmaniasis patients infected with L. amazonensis, revealed high levels of HDAC1. In brief, L. amazonensis induces HDAC1 in infected macrophages, which contribute to parasite survival and is associated to hiporeactive stage found in L. amazonensis infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa C Calegari-Silva
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, CCS, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Áislan C Vivarini
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, CCS, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Renata de M S Pereira
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, CCS, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Karina L Dias-Teixeira
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, CCS, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carolina T Rath
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, CCS, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Amanda S S Pacheco
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, CCS, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gabrielle B L Silva
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, CCS, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Charlene A S Pinto
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, CCS, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - José V Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, CCS, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Alessandra M Saliba
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos E P Corbett
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Nicolas Fasel
- Departamento of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Ulisses G Lopes
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, CCS, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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33
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Espinosa PJ, Alberdi P, Villar M, Cabezas-Cruz A, de la Fuente J. Heat Shock Proteins in Vector-pathogen Interactions: The Anaplasma phagocytophilum Model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-73377-7_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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34
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Dumler JS, Sinclair SH, Shetty AC. Alternative Splicing of Differentiated Myeloid Cell Transcripts after Infection by Anaplasma phagocytophilum Impacts a Selective Group of Cellular Programs. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:14. [PMID: 29456968 PMCID: PMC5801399 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic proteome diversity exceeds that encoded within individual genes, and results in part from alternative splicing events of pre-messenger RNA. The diversity of these splicing events can shape the outcome in development and differentiation of normal tissues, and is important in pathogenic circumstances such as cancer and some heritable conditions. A role for alternative splicing of eukaryotic genes in response to viral and intracellular bacterial infections has only recently been recognized, and plays an important role in providing fitness for microbial survival, while potentially enhancing pathogenicity. Anaplasma phagocytophilum survives within mammalian neutrophils by reshaping transcriptional programs that govern cellular functions. We applied next generation RNAseq to ATRA-differentiated HL-60 cells established to possess transcriptional and functional responses similar to A. phagocytophilum-infected human neutrophils. This demonstrated an increase in transcripts with infection and high proportion of alternatively spliced transcript events (ASEs) for which predicted gene ontology processes were in part distinct from those identified by evaluation of single transcripts or gene-level analyses alone. The alternative isoforms are not on average shorter, and no alternative splicing in genes encoding spliceosome components is noted. Although not evident at gene-level analyses, individual spliceosome transcripts that impact nearly all spliceosome components were significantly upregulated. How the distinct GO processes predicted by ASEs are regulated by infection and whether they are relevant to fitness or pathogenicity of A. phagocytophilum should be addressed in more detailed studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Stephen Dumler
- Department of Pathology, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | | | - Amol C Shetty
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, United States
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35
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Scott NE, Hartland EL. Post-translational Mechanisms of Host Subversion by Bacterial Effectors. Trends Mol Med 2017; 23:1088-1102. [PMID: 29150361 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial effector proteins are a specialized class of secreted proteins that are translocated directly into the host cytoplasm by bacterial pathogens. Effector proteins have diverse activities and targets, and many mediate post-translational modifications of host proteins. Effector proteins offer potential in novel biotechnological and medical applications as enzymes that may modify human proteins. Here, we discuss the mechanisms used by effectors to subvert the human host through blocking, blunting, or subverting immune mechanisms. This capacity allows bacteria to control host cell function to support pathogen survival, replication and dissemination to other hosts. In addition, we highlight that knowledge of effector protein activity may be used to develop chemical inhibitors as a new approach to treat bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichollas E Scott
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne 3000, Australia
| | - Elizabeth L Hartland
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton 3168, Australia; Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton 3168, Australia.
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36
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Grabiec AM, Potempa J. Epigenetic regulation in bacterial infections: targeting histone deacetylases. Crit Rev Microbiol 2017; 44:336-350. [PMID: 28971711 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2017.1373063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Pathogens have developed sophisticated strategies to evade the immune response, among which manipulation of host cellular epigenetic mechanisms plays a prominent role. In the last decade, modulation of histone acetylation in host cells has emerged as an efficient strategy of bacterial immune evasion. Virulence factors and metabolic products of pathogenic microorganisms alter expression and activity of histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs) to suppress transcription of host defense genes through epigenetic changes in histone acetylation marks. This new avenue of pathogen-host interactions is particularly important in light of introduction of HDAC inhibitors into clinical practice. Considerable effort is currently being applied to better understand the effects of HDAC inhibitors on the quality of immune responses to pathogens and to characterize the therapeutic potential of these compounds in microbial infections. In this review, we will discuss the recently discovered mechanisms utilized by bacteria to facilitate their survival within infected hosts through subversion of the host acetylation system and the effects of acetylation modulators, including HDAC inhibitors and bromodomain-containing BET protein inhibitors, on innate immune responses against microbial pathogens. Integration of these two lines of experimental evidence provides critical information on the perspectives of epigenetic therapies targeting protein acetylation in infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksander M Grabiec
- a Department of Microbiology , Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University , Kraków , Poland
| | - Jan Potempa
- a Department of Microbiology , Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University , Kraków , Poland.,b Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases , University of Louisville School of Dentistry , Louisville , KY , USA
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37
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Genome-wide DNA methylation and transcriptome analyses reveal genes involved in immune responses of pig peripheral blood mononuclear cells to poly I:C. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9709. [PMID: 28852164 PMCID: PMC5575306 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10648-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation changes play essential roles in regulating the activities of genes involved in immune responses. Understanding of variable DNA methylation linked to immune responses may contribute to identifying biologically promising epigenetic markers for pathogenesis of diseases. Here, we generated genome-wide DNA methylation and transcriptomic profiles of six pairs of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid-treated pig peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) samples and corresponding controls using methylated DNA immunoprecipitation sequencing and RNA sequencing. Comparative methylome analyses identified 5,827 differentially methylated regions and 615 genes showing differential expression between the two groups. Integrative analyses revealed inverse associations between DNA methylation around transcriptional start site and gene expression levels. Furthermore, 70 differentially methylated and expressed genes were identified such as TNFRSF9, IDO1 and EBI3. Functional annotation revealed the enriched categories including positive regulation of immune system process and regulation of leukocyte activation. These findings demonstrated DNA methylation changes occurring in immune responses of PBMCs to poly I:C stimulation and a subset of genes potentially regulated by DNA methylation in the immune responses. The PBMC DNA methylome provides an epigenetic overview of this physiological system in response to viral infection, and we expect it to constitute a valuable resource for future epigenetic epidemiology studies in pigs.
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38
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Gussmann K, Kirschnek S, von Loewenich FD. Interferon-γ-dependent control of Anaplasma phagocytophilum by murine neutrophil granulocytes. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:329. [PMID: 28697801 PMCID: PMC5506630 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2274-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Anaplasma phagocytophilum is a Gram-negative obligate intracellular bacterium that is transmitted by ticks of the Ixodes ricinus complex. It replicates in neutrophils and elicits febrile disease in humans and animals. Because of its striking tropism for neutrophils, A. phagocytophilum has been used as a model organism to study the immune response against obligate intracellular pathogens. In mice, the control of A. phagocytophilum in the early phase of infection is dependent on natural killer cell-derived interferon-γ (IFN-γ). In contrast, the final elimination strictly requires CD4+ T-cells. It is a matter of debate, whether neutrophils serve only as host cells or as killer cells as well. Results To study this, we used in vitro generated murine neutrophils with defects in major antimicrobial molecules such as NADPH-oxidase (gp91phox−/−), myeloperoxidase (MPO−/−) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS−/−). However, bacterial growth in gene-deficient neutrophils was comparable to that in wild-type cells. Whereas gp91phox and MPO expression remained unchanged, the infection led to an induction of iNOS. In neutrophils stimulated with IFN-γ, bacterial growth was significantly impaired, and iNOS was induced. However, the antibacterial effect of IFN-γ was still seen in iNOS−/− neutrophils. Conclusion Thus, murine in vitro generated neutrophils stimulated with IFN-γ seem to act as killer cells by an iNOS-independent mechanism. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-017-2274-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Gussmann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Strasse 11, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Kirschnek
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Strasse 11, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Friederike D von Loewenich
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Mainz, Obere Zahlbacherstrasse 67, D-55131, Mainz, Germany.
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Latrasse D, Jégu T, Li H, de Zelicourt A, Raynaud C, Legras S, Gust A, Samajova O, Veluchamy A, Rayapuram N, Ramirez-Prado JS, Kulikova O, Colcombet J, Bigeard J, Genot B, Bisseling T, Benhamed M, Hirt H. MAPK-triggered chromatin reprogramming by histone deacetylase in plant innate immunity. Genome Biol 2017; 18:131. [PMID: 28683804 PMCID: PMC5501531 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-017-1261-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Microbial-associated molecular patterns activate several MAP kinases, which are major regulators of the innate immune response in Arabidopsis thaliana that induce large-scale changes in gene expression. Here, we determine whether microbial-associated molecular pattern-triggered gene expression involves modifications at the chromatin level. Results Histone acetylation and deacetylation are major regulators of microbial-associated molecular pattern-triggered gene expression and implicate the histone deacetylase HD2B in the reprogramming of defence gene expression and innate immunity. The MAP kinase MPK3 directly interacts with and phosphorylates HD2B, thereby regulating the intra-nuclear compartmentalization and function of the histone deacetylase. Conclusions By studying a number of gene loci that undergo microbial-associated molecular pattern-dependent activation or repression, our data reveal a mechanistic model for how protein kinase signaling directly impacts chromatin reprogramming in plant defense. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13059-017-1261-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Latrasse
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, University Paris-Sud, University of Evry, University Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cite, University of Paris-Saclay, Batiment 630, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Teddy Jégu
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, University Paris-Sud, University of Evry, University Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cite, University of Paris-Saclay, Batiment 630, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Huchen Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Axel de Zelicourt
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Cécile Raynaud
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, University Paris-Sud, University of Evry, University Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cite, University of Paris-Saclay, Batiment 630, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Stéphanie Legras
- Plateforme Biopuces et séquençage, IGBMC, 1 rue Laurent Fries Parc d'Innovation, 67400, Illkirch, France
| | - Andrea Gust
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Olga Samajova
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Alaguraj Veluchamy
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naganand Rayapuram
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Juan Sebastian Ramirez-Prado
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Olga Kulikova
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jean Colcombet
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, University Paris-Sud, University of Evry, University Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cite, University of Paris-Saclay, Batiment 630, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Jean Bigeard
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, University Paris-Sud, University of Evry, University Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cite, University of Paris-Saclay, Batiment 630, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Baptiste Genot
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, University Paris-Sud, University of Evry, University Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cite, University of Paris-Saclay, Batiment 630, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Ton Bisseling
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Moussa Benhamed
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, University Paris-Sud, University of Evry, University Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cite, University of Paris-Saclay, Batiment 630, 91405, Orsay, France.,Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Heribert Hirt
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, University Paris-Sud, University of Evry, University Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cite, University of Paris-Saclay, Batiment 630, 91405, Orsay, France. .,Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
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Silaghi C, Santos AS, Gomes J, Christova I, Matei IA, Walder G, Domingos A, Bell-Sakyi L, Sprong H, von Loewenich FD, Oteo JA, de la Fuente J, Dumler JS. Guidelines for the Direct Detection of Anaplasma spp. in Diagnosis and Epidemiological Studies. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2017; 17:12-22. [PMID: 28055579 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2016.1960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Anaplasma (Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae) comprises obligate intracellular Gram-negative bacteria that are mainly transmitted by ticks, and currently includes six species: Anaplasma bovis, Anaplasma centrale, Anaplasma marginale, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Anaplasma platys, and Anaplasma ovis. These have long been known as etiological agents of veterinary diseases that affect domestic and wild animals worldwide. A zoonotic role has been recognized for A. phagocytophilum, but other species can also be pathogenic for humans. Anaplasma infections are usually challenging to diagnose, clinically presenting with nonspecific symptoms that vary greatly depending on the agent involved, the affected host, and other factors such as immune status and coinfections. The substantial economic impact associated with livestock infection and the growing number of human cases along with the risk of transfusion-transmitted infections, determines the need for accurate laboratory tests. Because hosts are usually seronegative in the initial phase of infection and serological cross-reactions with several Anaplasma species are observed after seroconversion, direct tests are the best approach for both case definition and epidemiological studies. Blood samples are routinely used for Anaplasma spp. screening, but in persistently infected animals with intermittent or low-level bacteremia, other tissues might be useful. These guidelines have been developed as a direct outcome of the COST action TD1303 EURNEGVEC ("European Network of Neglected Vectors and Vector-Borne Diseases"). They review the direct laboratory tests (microscopy, nucleic acid-based detection and in vitro isolation) currently used for Anaplasma detection in ticks and vertebrates and their application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Silaghi
- 1 National Center for Vector Entomology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich , Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ana Sofia Santos
- 2 Center for Vector and Infectious Diseases Research, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge , Águas de Moura, Portugal
| | - Jacinto Gomes
- 3 Animal Health and Production Unit, National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinary Research , Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Iva Christova
- 4 Department of Microbiology, National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases , Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ioana Adriana Matei
- 5 Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca , Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Gernot Walder
- 6 Department of Hygiene, Medical Microbiology and Social Medicine, Innsbruck Medical University , Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ana Domingos
- 7 Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa , Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Lesley Bell-Sakyi
- 8 The Pirbright Institute , Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Hein Sprong
- 9 Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) , Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | | | - José A Oteo
- 11 Infectious Diseases Department, Center of Rickettsioses and Arthropod-Borne Diseases , Hospital San Pedro- CIBIR, Logroño, Spain
| | - José de la Fuente
- 12 SaBio. Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain .,13 Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University , Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - J Stephen Dumler
- 14 Departments of Pathology and Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland , School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,15 Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University for the Health Sciences "America's Medical School," Bethesda, Maryland
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42
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de la Fuente J, Antunes S, Bonnet S, Cabezas-Cruz A, Domingos AG, Estrada-Peña A, Johnson N, Kocan KM, Mansfield KL, Nijhof AM, Papa A, Rudenko N, Villar M, Alberdi P, Torina A, Ayllón N, Vancova M, Golovchenko M, Grubhoffer L, Caracappa S, Fooks AR, Gortazar C, Rego ROM. Tick-Pathogen Interactions and Vector Competence: Identification of Molecular Drivers for Tick-Borne Diseases. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:114. [PMID: 28439499 PMCID: PMC5383669 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Ticks and the pathogens they transmit constitute a growing burden for human and animal health worldwide. Vector competence is a component of vectorial capacity and depends on genetic determinants affecting the ability of a vector to transmit a pathogen. These determinants affect traits such as tick-host-pathogen and susceptibility to pathogen infection. Therefore, the elucidation of the mechanisms involved in tick-pathogen interactions that affect vector competence is essential for the identification of molecular drivers for tick-borne diseases. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of tick-pathogen molecular interactions for bacteria, viruses, and protozoa affecting human and animal health. Additionally, the impact of tick microbiome on these interactions was considered. Results show that different pathogens evolved similar strategies such as manipulation of the immune response to infect vectors and facilitate multiplication and transmission. Furthermore, some of these strategies may be used by pathogens to infect both tick and mammalian hosts. Identification of interactions that promote tick survival, spread, and pathogen transmission provides the opportunity to disrupt these interactions and lead to a reduction in tick burden and the prevalence of tick-borne diseases. Targeting some of the similar mechanisms used by the pathogens for infection and transmission by ticks may assist in development of preventative strategies against multiple tick-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- José de la Fuente
- SaBio. Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos CSIC-UCLM-JCCMCiudad Real, Spain.,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State UniversityStillwater, OK, USA
| | - Sandra Antunes
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de LisboaLisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Alejandro Cabezas-Cruz
- UMR BIPAR INRA-ANSES-ENVAMaisons-Alfort, France.,Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of ParasitologyCeske Budejovice, Czechia.,Faculty of Science, University of South BohemiaČeské Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Ana G Domingos
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de LisboaLisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Nicholas Johnson
- Animal and Plant Health AgencySurrey, UK.,Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of SurreyGuildford, UK
| | - Katherine M Kocan
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State UniversityStillwater, OK, USA
| | - Karen L Mansfield
- Animal and Plant Health AgencySurrey, UK.,Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of LiverpoolLiverpool, UK
| | - Ard M Nijhof
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität BerlinBerlin, Germany
| | - Anna Papa
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, Aristotle University of ThessalonikiThessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nataliia Rudenko
- Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of ParasitologyCeske Budejovice, Czechia
| | - Margarita Villar
- SaBio. Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos CSIC-UCLM-JCCMCiudad Real, Spain
| | - Pilar Alberdi
- SaBio. Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos CSIC-UCLM-JCCMCiudad Real, Spain
| | - Alessandra Torina
- National Center of Reference for Anaplasma, Babesia, Rickettsia and Theileria, Intituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della SiciliaSicily, Italy
| | - Nieves Ayllón
- SaBio. Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos CSIC-UCLM-JCCMCiudad Real, Spain
| | - Marie Vancova
- Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of ParasitologyCeske Budejovice, Czechia
| | - Maryna Golovchenko
- Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of ParasitologyCeske Budejovice, Czechia
| | - Libor Grubhoffer
- Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of ParasitologyCeske Budejovice, Czechia.,Faculty of Science, University of South BohemiaČeské Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Santo Caracappa
- National Center of Reference for Anaplasma, Babesia, Rickettsia and Theileria, Intituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della SiciliaSicily, Italy
| | - Anthony R Fooks
- Animal and Plant Health AgencySurrey, UK.,Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of LiverpoolLiverpool, UK
| | - Christian Gortazar
- SaBio. Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos CSIC-UCLM-JCCMCiudad Real, Spain
| | - Ryan O M Rego
- Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of ParasitologyCeske Budejovice, Czechia.,Faculty of Science, University of South BohemiaČeské Budějovice, Czechia
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Cabezas-Cruz A, Estrada-Peña A, Rego ROM, De la Fuente J. Tick-Pathogen Ensembles: Do Molecular Interactions Lead Ecological Innovation? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:74. [PMID: 28348982 PMCID: PMC5346557 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Cabezas-Cruz
- UMR BIPAR, Animal Health Laboratory, ANSES, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, ENVAMaisons Alfort, France; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of South BohemiaČeské Budějovice, Czechia; Biology Center, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of SciencesČeské Budějovice, Czechia
| | | | - Ryan O M Rego
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of South BohemiaČeské Budějovice, Czechia; Biology Center, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of SciencesČeské Budějovice, Czechia
| | - José De la Fuente
- SaBio. Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM)Ciudad Real, Spain; Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State UniversityStillwater, OK, USA
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44
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Cole J, Morris P, Dickman MJ, Dockrell DH. The therapeutic potential of epigenetic manipulation during infectious diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 167:85-99. [PMID: 27519803 PMCID: PMC5109899 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic modifications are increasingly recognized as playing an important role in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases. They represent a critical mechanism regulating transcriptional profiles in the immune system that contributes to the cell-type and stimulus specificity of the transcriptional response. Recent data highlight how epigenetic changes impact macrophage functional responses and polarization, influencing the innate immune system through macrophage tolerance and training. In this review we will explore how post-translational modifications of histone tails influence immune function to specific infectious diseases. We will describe how these may influence outcome, highlighting examples derived from responses to acute bacterial pathogens, models of sepsis, maintenance of viral latency and HIV infection. We will discuss how emerging classes of pharmacological agents, developed for use in oncology and other settings, have been applied to models of infectious diseases and their potential to modulate key aspects of the immune response to bacterial infection and HIV therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joby Cole
- Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield Medical School, UK; Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, UK; Chemical and Biologic Engineering, University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Paul Morris
- Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield Medical School, UK; Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, UK
| | - Mark J Dickman
- Chemical and Biologic Engineering, University of Sheffield, UK
| | - David H Dockrell
- Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield Medical School, UK; Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, UK.
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45
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A quorum-sensing signal promotes host tolerance training through HDAC1-mediated epigenetic reprogramming. Nat Microbiol 2016; 1:16174. [PMID: 27694949 PMCID: PMC5066596 DOI: 10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which pathogens evade elimination without affecting host fitness are not well understood. For the pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa, this evasion appears to be triggered by excretion of the quorum sensing (QS) molecule 2-aminoacetophenone (2-AA), which dampens host immune responses and modulates host metabolism, thereby enabling the bacteria to persist at a high burden level. Here, we examined how 2-AA trains host tissues to become tolerant to a high bacterial burden, without compromising host fitness. We found that 2-AA regulates histone deacetylase1 (HDAC1) expression and activity, resulting in hypoacetylation of lysine 18 of histone H3 (H3K18) at pro-inflammatory cytokine loci. Specifically, 2-AA induced reprogramming of immune cells occurs via alterations in histone acetylation of immune cytokines in vivo and in vitro. This host epigenetic reprograming, which was maintained for up to 7 days, dampened host responses to subsequent exposure to 2-AA or other pathogen-associated molecules. The process was found to involve a distinct molecular mechanism of host chromatin regulation. Inhibition of HDAC1 prevented the immunomodulatory effects of 2-AA. These observations provide the first mechanistic example of a QS molecule regulating a host epigenome to enable tolerance of infection. These insights have enormous potential for developing preventive treatments against bacterial infections.
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Dumler JS, Sinclair SH, Pappas-Brown V, Shetty AC. Genome-Wide Anaplasma phagocytophilum AnkA-DNA Interactions Are Enriched in Intergenic Regions and Gene Promoters and Correlate with Infection-Induced Differential Gene Expression. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:97. [PMID: 27703927 PMCID: PMC5028410 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplasma phagocytophilum, an obligate intracellular prokaryote, infects neutrophils, and alters cardinal functions via reprogrammed transcription. Large contiguous regions of neutrophil chromosomes are differentially expressed during infection. Secreted A. phagocytophilum effector AnkA transits into the neutrophil or granulocyte nucleus to complex with DNA in heterochromatin across all chromosomes. AnkA binds to gene promoters to dampen cis-transcription and also has features of matrix attachment region (MAR)-binding proteins that regulate three-dimensional chromatin architecture and coordinate transcriptional programs encoded in topologically-associated chromatin domains. We hypothesize that identification of additional AnkA binding sites will better delineate how A. phagocytophilum infection results in reprogramming of the neutrophil genome. Using AnkA-binding ChIP-seq, we showed that AnkA binds broadly throughout all chromosomes in a reproducible pattern, especially at: (i) intergenic regions predicted to be MARs; (ii) within predicted lamina-associated domains; and (iii) at promoters ≤ 3000 bp upstream of transcriptional start sites. These findings provide genome-wide support for AnkA as a regulator of cis-gene transcription. Moreover, the dominant mark of AnkA in distal intergenic regions known to be AT-enriched, coupled with frequent enrichment in the nuclear lamina, provides strong support for its role as a MAR-binding protein and genome “re-organizer.” AnkA must be considered a prime candidate to promote neutrophil reprogramming and subsequent functional changes that belie improved microbial fitness and pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Stephen Dumler
- Department of Pathology, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Valeria Pappas-Brown
- Department of Pathology, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Amol C Shetty
- Informatics Resource Center, Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore, MD, USA
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47
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Basharat Z, Qazi SR, Yasmin A, Ali SA, Baig DN. Prediction of post translation modifications at the contact site between Anaplasma phagocytophilum and human host during autophagosome induction using a bioinformatic approach. Mol Cell Probes 2016; 31:76-84. [PMID: 27618775 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is crucial for maintaining physiological homeostasis, but its role in infectious diseases is not yet adequately understood. The binding of Anaplasma translocated substrate-1 (ATS1) to the human Beclin1 (BECN1) protein is responsible for the modulation of autophagy pathway. ATS1-BECN1 is a novel type of interaction that facilitates Anaplasma phagocytophilum proliferation, leading to intracellular infection via autophagosome induction and segregation from the lysosome. Currently, there is no report of post translational modifications (PTMs) of BECN1 or cross-talk required for ATS-BECN1 complex formation. Prediction/modeling of the cross-talk between phosphorylation and other PTMs (O-β-glycosylation, sumoylation, methylation and palmitoylation) has been attempted in this study, which might be responsible for regulating function after the interaction of ATS1 with BECN1. PTMs were predicted computationally and mapped onto the interface of the docked ATS1-BECN1 complex. Results show that BECN1 phosphorylation at five residues (Thr91, Ser93, Ser96, Thr141 and Ser234), the interplay with O-β-glycosylation at three sites (Thr91, Ser93 and Ser96) with ATS1 may be crucial for attachment and, hence, infection. No other PTM site at the BECN1 interface was predicted to associate with ATS1. These findings may have significant clinical implications for understanding the etiology of Anaplasma infection and for therapeutic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zarrin Basharat
- Microbiology & Biotechnology Research Lab, Department of Environmental Sciences, Fatima Jinnah Women University, 46000 Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
| | - Sarah Rizwan Qazi
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, 75270 Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Azra Yasmin
- Microbiology & Biotechnology Research Lab, Department of Environmental Sciences, Fatima Jinnah Women University, 46000 Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Syed Aoun Ali
- Department of Biological Sciences, Forman Christian College (A Chartered University), 54600 Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Deeba Noreen Baig
- Department of Biological Sciences, Forman Christian College (A Chartered University), 54600 Lahore, Pakistan
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Ehrlichia chaffeensis TRP32 is a Nucleomodulin that Directly Regulates Expression of Host Genes Governing Differentiation and Proliferation. Infect Immun 2016; 84:3182-3194. [PMID: 27572329 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00657-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ehrlichia chaffeensis is an obligately intracellular bacterium that reprograms the mononuclear phagocyte through diverse effector-host interactions to modulate numerous host cell processes, including transcription. In a previous study, we reported that E. chaffeensis TRP32, a type 1 secreted effector, interacts with multiple host nucleus-associated proteins and also auto-activates reporter gene expression in yeast. In this study, we demonstrate that TRP32 is a nucleomodulin that binds host DNA and alters host gene transcription. TRP32 enters the host cell nucleus via a noncanonical translocation mechanism that involves phosphorylation of Y179 located in a C-terminal tri-tyrosine motif. Both genistein and mutation of Y179 inhibited TRP32 nuclear entry. An electromobility shift assay (EMSA) demonstrated TRP32 host DNA binding via its tandem repeat domain. TRP32 DNA binding and motif preference were further confirmed by supershift assays, as well as competition and mutant probe analyses. Using ChIP-Seq, we determined that TRP32 binds a G-rich motif primarily within ±500 bp of the gene transcription start site. An ontology analysis identified genes involved in processes such as immune cell differentiation, chromatin remodeling, and RNA transcription and processing, as primary TRP32 targets. TRP32 bound genes (n=1223) were distributed on all chromosomes and included several global regulators of proliferation and inflammation such as FOS and JUN, AKT3 and NRAS, and non-coding RNA genes, miRNA 21 and miRNA 142. TRP32 target genes were differentially regulated during infection, the majority of which were repressed, and direct repression/activation of these genes by TRP32 was confirmed in vitro with a cellular luciferase reporter assay.
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Morandini AC, Santos CF, Yilmaz Ö. Role of epigenetics in modulation of immune response at the junction of host-pathogen interaction and danger molecule signaling. Pathog Dis 2016; 74:ftw082. [PMID: 27542389 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftw082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms have rapidly and controversially emerged as silent modulators of host defenses that can lead to a more prominent immune response and shape the course of inflammation in the host. Thus, the epigenetics can both drive the production of specific inflammatory mediators and control the magnitude of the host response. The epigenetic actions that are predominantly shown to modulate the host defense against microbial pathogens are DNA methylation, histone modification and the activity of non-coding RNAs. There is also growing evidence that opportunistic chronic pathogens, such as Porphyromonas gingivalis, as a microbial host subversion strategy, can epigenetically interfere with the host DNA machinery for successful colonization. Similarly, the novel involvement of small molecule 'danger signals', which are released by stressed or infected cells, at the center of host-pathogen interplay and epigenetics is developing. In this review, we systematically examine the latest knowledge within the field of epigenetics in the context of host-derived danger molecule and purinergic signaling, with a particular focus on host microbial defenses and infection-driven chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Morandini
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry - University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Pacific, Arthur Dugoni School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA 94103, USA Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Carlos F Santos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry - University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Özlem Yilmaz
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Weber MM, Faris R, McLachlan J, Tellez A, Wright WU, Galvan G, Luo ZQ, Samuel JE. Modulation of the host transcriptome by Coxiella burnetii nuclear effector Cbu1314. Microbes Infect 2016; 18:336-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2015] [Revised: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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