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Li WT, Huang XF, Deng C, Zhang BH, Qian K, He M, Sun TL. Olanzapine Induces Inflammation and Immune Response via Activating ER Stress in the Rat Prefrontal Cortex. Curr Med Sci 2021; 41:788-802. [PMID: 34403105 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-021-2401-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Antipsychotics, in particular olanzapine, are first-line medications for schizophrenia. The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is an important region for antipsychotics' therapeutic effects. The PFC inflammatory and immune pathways are associated with schizophrenia pathogenesis. However, the effect of antipsychotics on the inflammatory and immune pathways in the PFC remains unclear. We aimed to examined the time-dependent effect of olanzapine on inflammatory and immune markers in the PFC of rats. Since the inflammatory and immune pathways are related to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, we further investigated whether or not olanzapine-induced inflammation and immune responses were related to ER stress. METHODS Expression of pro-inflammatory markers including IkappaB kinase β (IKKβ), nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-1β, and immune-related proteins including inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14) were examined by Western blotting. RESULTS Olanzapine treatments for 1, 8 and 36 days significantly activated the inflammatory IKKβ/NFκB signaling, and increased the expression of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β and immune-related proteins such as iNOS, TLR4 and CD14. Olanzapine treatment for 1 day, 8 and 36 days also induced ER stress in the PFC. Co-treatment with an ER stress inhibitor, 4-phenylbutyrate, inhibited olanzapine-induced inflammation and the immune response in the PFC. CONCLUSION These results suggested olanzapine exposure could be a factor that induces central inflammation and immunological abnormities in schizophrenia subjects. Olanzapine induces PFC inflammation and immune response, possibly via activating ER stress signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ting Li
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xu-Feng Huang
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute and Centre for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Chao Deng
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute and Centre for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Bao-Hua Zhang
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital & the Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Kun Qian
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Meng He
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Tao-Lei Sun
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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Fehrenbach DJ, Abais-Battad JM, Dasinger JH, Lund H, Keppel T, Zemaj J, Cherian-Shaw M, Gundry RL, Geurts AM, Dwinell MR, Mattson DL. Sexual Dimorphic Role of CD14 (Cluster of Differentiation 14) in Salt-Sensitive Hypertension and Renal Injury. Hypertension 2020; 77:228-240. [PMID: 33249861 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.14928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Genomic sequence and gene expression association studies in animals and humans have identified genes that may be integral in the pathogenesis of various diseases. CD14 (cluster of differentiation 14)-a cell surface protein involved in innate immune system activation-is one such gene associated with cardiovascular and hypertensive disease. We previously showed that this gene is upregulated in renal macrophages of Dahl salt-sensitive animals fed a high-salt diet; here we test the hypothesis that CD14 contributes to the elevated pressure and renal injury observed in salt-sensitive hypertension. Using CRISPR/Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat-associated 9), we created a targeted mutation in the CD14 gene on the Dahl SS (SS/JrHSDMcwi) background and validated the absence of CD14 peptides via mass spectrometry. Radiotelemetry was used to monitor blood pressure in wild-type and CD14-/- animals challenged with high salt and identified infiltrating renal immune cells via flow cytometry. Germline knockout of CD14 exacerbated salt-sensitive hypertension and renal injury in female animals but not males. CD14-/- females demonstrated increased infiltrating macrophages but no difference in infiltrating lymphocytes. Transplant of CD14+/+ or CD14-/- bone marrow was used to isolate the effects of CD14 knockout to hematopoietic cells and confirmed that the differential phenotype observed was due to knockout of CD14 in hematopoietic cells. Ovariectomy was used to remove the influence of female sex hormones, which completely abrogated the effect of CD14 knockout. These studies provide a novel treatment target and evidence of a new dichotomy in immune activation between sexes within the context of hypertensive disease where CD14 regulates immune cell activation and renal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Fehrenbach
- Department of Physiology (D.J.F., H.L., J.Z., A.M.G., M.R.D.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Wauwatosa, WI.,Department of Physiology, Augusta University and the Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA (D.J.F., J.M.A.-B., J.H.D., M.C.-S., D.L.M.)
| | - Justine M Abais-Battad
- Department of Physiology, Augusta University and the Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA (D.J.F., J.M.A.-B., J.H.D., M.C.-S., D.L.M.)
| | - John Henry Dasinger
- Department of Physiology, Augusta University and the Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA (D.J.F., J.M.A.-B., J.H.D., M.C.-S., D.L.M.)
| | - Hayley Lund
- Department of Physiology (D.J.F., H.L., J.Z., A.M.G., M.R.D.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Wauwatosa, WI
| | - Theodore Keppel
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry Research (T.K., R.L.G.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Wauwatosa, WI
| | - Jeylan Zemaj
- Department of Physiology (D.J.F., H.L., J.Z., A.M.G., M.R.D.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Wauwatosa, WI
| | - Mary Cherian-Shaw
- Department of Physiology, Augusta University and the Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA (D.J.F., J.M.A.-B., J.H.D., M.C.-S., D.L.M.)
| | - Rebekah L Gundry
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry Research (T.K., R.L.G.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Wauwatosa, WI.,CardiOmics Program, Center for Heart and Vascular Research (R.L.G.), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (R.L.G.), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE.,Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology (R.L.G.), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Aron M Geurts
- Department of Physiology (D.J.F., H.L., J.Z., A.M.G., M.R.D.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Wauwatosa, WI.,Genomic Sciences and Precision Medicine Center (A.M.G., M.R.D.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Wauwatosa, WI
| | - Melinda R Dwinell
- Department of Physiology (D.J.F., H.L., J.Z., A.M.G., M.R.D.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Wauwatosa, WI.,Genomic Sciences and Precision Medicine Center (A.M.G., M.R.D.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Wauwatosa, WI
| | - David L Mattson
- Department of Physiology, Augusta University and the Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA (D.J.F., J.M.A.-B., J.H.D., M.C.-S., D.L.M.)
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3
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Guibinga GH, Sahay B, Brown H, Cooch N, Chen J, Yan J, Reed C, Mishra M, Yung B, Pugh H, Schultheis K, Esquivel RN, Weiner DB, Humeau LH, Broderick KE, Smith TR. Protection against Borreliella burgdorferi infection mediated by a synthetically engineered DNA vaccine. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2020; 16:2114-2122. [PMID: 32783701 PMCID: PMC7553707 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1789408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lyme disease is the most common vector-borne disease in North America. The etiological agent is the spirochete Borreliella burgdorferi, transmitted to mammalian hosts by the Ixodes tick. In recent years there has been an increase in the number of cases of Lyme disease. Currently, there is no vaccine on the market for human use. We describe the development of a novel synthetically engineered DNA vaccine, pLD1 targeting the outer-surface protein A (OspA) of Borreliella burgdorferi. Immunization of C3 H/HeN mice with pLD1 elicits robust humoral and cellular immune responses that confer complete protection against a live Borreliella burgdorferi bacterial challenge. We also assessed intradermal (ID) delivery of pLD1 in Hartley guinea pigs, demonstrating the induction of robust and durable humoral immunity that lasts at least 1 year. We provide evidence of the potency of pLD1 by showing that antibodies targeting the OspA epitopes which have been associated with protection are prominently raised in the immunized guinea pigs. The described study provides the basis for the advancement of pDL1 as a potential vaccine for Lyme disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghiabe H. Guibinga
- Department of Research and Development, Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Plymouth Meeting, PA, USA
| | - Bikash Sahay
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Heather Brown
- Department of Research and Development, Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Plymouth Meeting, PA, USA
| | - Neil Cooch
- Department of Research and Development, Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Plymouth Meeting, PA, USA
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Research and Development, Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Plymouth Meeting, PA, USA
| | - Jian Yan
- Department of Research and Development, Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Plymouth Meeting, PA, USA
| | - Charles Reed
- Department of Research and Development, Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Plymouth Meeting, PA, USA
| | - Meerambika Mishra
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Bryan Yung
- Department of Research and Development, Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Plymouth Meeting, PA, USA
| | - Holly Pugh
- Department of Research and Development, Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Plymouth Meeting, PA, USA
| | - Katherine Schultheis
- Department of Research and Development, Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Plymouth Meeting, PA, USA
| | - Rianne N. Esquivel
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David B. Weiner
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Laurent H. Humeau
- Department of Research and Development, Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Plymouth Meeting, PA, USA
| | - Kate E. Broderick
- Department of Research and Development, Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Plymouth Meeting, PA, USA
| | - Trevor R.F. Smith
- Department of Research and Development, Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Plymouth Meeting, PA, USA,CONTACT Trevor R.F. Smith Inovio Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, CA92121
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Duncan SA, Sahu R, Dixit S, Singh SR, Dennis VA. Suppressors of Cytokine Signaling (SOCS)1 and SOCS3 Proteins Are Mediators of Interleukin-10 Modulation of Inflammatory Responses Induced by Chlamydia muridarum and Its Major Outer Membrane Protein (MOMP) in Mouse J774 Macrophages. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:7461742. [PMID: 32684836 PMCID: PMC7333066 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7461742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunopathology of chlamydial diseases is exacerbated by a broad-spectrum of inflammatory mediators, which we reported are inhibited by IL-10 in macrophages. However, the chlamydial protein moiety that induces the inflammatory mediators and the mechanisms by which IL-10 inhibits them are unknown. We hypothesized that Chlamydia major outer membrane protein (MOMP) mediates its disease pathogenesis, and the suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)1 and SOCS3 proteins are mediators of the IL-10 inhibitory actions. Our hypothesis was tested by exposing mouse J774 macrophages to chlamydial stimulants (live Chlamydia muridarum and MOMP) with and without IL-10. MOMP significantly induced several inflammatory mediators (IL-6, IL-12p40, CCL5, CXCL10), which were dose-dependently inhibited by IL-10. Chlamydial stimulants induced the mRNA gene transcripts and protein expression of SOCS1 and SOCS3, with more SOCS3 expression. Notably, IL-10 reciprocally regulated their expression by reducing SOCS1 and increasing SOCS3. Specific inhibitions of MAPK pathways revealed that p38, JNK, and MEK1/2 are required for inducing inflammatory mediators as well as SOCS1 and SOCS3. Chlamydial stimulants triggered an M1 pro-inflammatory phenotype evidently by an enhanced nos2 (M1 marker) expression, which was skewed by IL-10 towards a more M2 anti-inflammatory phenotype by the increased expression of mrc1 and arg1 (M2 markers) and the reduced SOCS1/SOCS3 ratios. Neutralization of endogenously produced IL-10 augmented the secretion of inflammatory mediators, reduced SOCS3 expression, and skewed the chlamydial M1 to an M2 phenotype. Inhibition of proteasome degradation increased TNF but decreased IL-10, CCL5, and CXCL10 secretion by suppressing SOCS1 and SOCS3 expressions and dysregulating their STAT1 and STAT3 transcription factors. Our data show that SOCS1 and SOCS3 are regulators of IL-10 inhibitory actions, and underscore SOCS proteins as therapeutic targets for IL-10 control of inflammation for Chlamydia and other bacterial inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skyla A. Duncan
- Center for NanoBiotechnology Research (CNBR), Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, 1627 Harris Way, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA
| | - Rajnish Sahu
- Center for NanoBiotechnology Research (CNBR), Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, 1627 Harris Way, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA
| | - Saurabh Dixit
- Center for NanoBiotechnology Research (CNBR), Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, 1627 Harris Way, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA
| | - Shree R. Singh
- Center for NanoBiotechnology Research (CNBR), Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, 1627 Harris Way, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA
| | - Vida A. Dennis
- Center for NanoBiotechnology Research (CNBR), Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, 1627 Harris Way, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA
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Brouwer MAE, van de Schoor FR, Vrijmoeth HD, Netea MG, Joosten LAB. A joint effort: The interplay between the innate and the adaptive immune system in Lyme arthritis. Immunol Rev 2020; 294:63-79. [PMID: 31930745 PMCID: PMC7065069 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Articular joints are a major target of Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme arthritis. Despite antibiotic treatment, recurrent or persistent Lyme arthritis is observed in a significant number of patients. The host immune response plays a crucial role in this chronic arthritic joint complication of Borrelia infections. During the early stages of B. burgdorferi infection, a major hinder in generating a proper host immune response is the lack of induction of a strong adaptive immune response. This may lead to a delayed hyperinflammatory reaction later in the disease. Several mechanisms have been suggested that might be pivotal for the development of Lyme arthritis and will be highlighted in this review, from molecular mimicry of matrix metallopeptidases and glycosaminoglycans, to autoimmune responses to live bacteria, or remnants of Borrelia spirochetes in joints. Murine studies have suggested that the inflammatory responses are initiated by innate immune cells, but this does not exclude the involvement of the adaptive immune system in this dysregulated immune profile. Genetic predisposition, via human leukocyte antigen-DR isotype and microRNA expression, has been associated with the development of antibiotic-refractory Lyme arthritis. Yet the ultimate cause for (antibiotic-refractory) Lyme arthritis remains unknown. Complex processes of different immune cells and signaling cascades are involved in the development of Lyme arthritis. When these various mechanisms are fully been unraveled, new treatment strategies can be developed to target (antibiotic-refractory) Lyme arthritis more effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A. E. Brouwer
- Department of Internal MedicineRadboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI)Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS)Radboud Institute of Health Sciences (RIHS)Radboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Freek R. van de Schoor
- Department of Internal MedicineRadboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI)Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS)Radboud Institute of Health Sciences (RIHS)Radboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Hedwig D. Vrijmoeth
- Department of Internal MedicineRadboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI)Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS)Radboud Institute of Health Sciences (RIHS)Radboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Mihai G. Netea
- Department of Internal MedicineRadboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI)Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS)Radboud Institute of Health Sciences (RIHS)Radboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
- Department for Genomics & ImmunoregulationLife and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES)University of BonnBonnGermany
| | - Leo A. B. Joosten
- Department of Internal MedicineRadboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI)Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS)Radboud Institute of Health Sciences (RIHS)Radboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
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6
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Pase MP, Himali JJ, Beiser AS, DeCarli C, McGrath ER, Satizabal CL, Aparicio HJ, Adams HHH, Reiner AP, Longstreth WT, Fornage M, Tracy RP, Lopez O, Psaty BM, Levy D, Seshadri S, Bis JC. Association of CD14 with incident dementia and markers of brain aging and injury. Neurology 2020; 94:e254-e266. [PMID: 31818907 PMCID: PMC7108812 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000008682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that the inflammatory marker plasma soluble CD14 (sCD14) associates with incident dementia and related endophenotypes in 2 community-based cohorts. METHODS Our samples included the prospective community-based Framingham Heart Study (FHS) and Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) cohorts. Plasma sCD14 was measured at baseline and related to the incidence of dementia, domains of cognitive function, and MRI-defined brain volumes. Follow-up for dementia occurred over a mean of 10 years (SD 4) in the FHS and a mean of 6 years (SD 3) in the CHS. RESULTS We studied 1,588 participants from the FHS (mean age 69 ± 6 years, 47% male, 131 incident events) and 3,129 participants from the CHS (mean age 72 ± 5 years, 41% male, 724 incident events) for the risk of incident dementia. Meta-analysis across the 2 cohorts showed that each SD unit increase in sCD14 was associated with a 12% increase in the risk of incident dementia (95% confidence interval 1.03-1.23; p = 0.01) following adjustments for age, sex, APOE ε4 status, and vascular risk factors. Higher levels of sCD14 were associated with various cognitive and MRI markers of accelerated brain aging in both cohorts and with a greater progression of brain atrophy and a decline in executive function in the FHS. CONCLUSION sCD14 is an inflammatory marker related to brain atrophy, cognitive decline, and incident dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P Pase
- From the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (M.P.P.), Boston; Department of Neurology (J.J.H., A.S.B., C.L.S., H.J.A., S.S.), Boston University School of Medicine; Framingham Heart Study (M.P.P., J.J.H., A.S.B., C.D., E.R.M., C.L.S., H.J.A., D.L., S.S.), MA; Centre for Human Psychopharmacology (M.P.P.), Swinburne University of Technology; Melbourne Dementia Research Centre (M.P.P.), The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health & The University of Melbourne, Australia; Department of Biostatistics (J.J.H., A.S.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Neurology (C.D.), School of Medicine & Imaging of Dementia and Aging Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience, University of California Davis, Sacramento; Departments of Epidemiology (H.H.H.A.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (H.H.H.A.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology (A.P.R., W.T.L., B.M.P.), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (A.P.R.), Department of Neurology (W.T.L.), Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine (B.M.P., J.C.B.), and Department of Health Services (B.M.P.), University of Washington, Seattle; Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology (M.F.), Human Genetics & Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health (M.F.), and The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Research Center for Human Genetics (M.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston; Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (R.P.T.) and Biochemistry (R.P.T.), Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington; Department of Neurology (O.L.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (B.M.P.), Seattle; The Population Sciences Branch of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (D.L.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (S.S.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio; Department of Neurology (E.R.M.), Brigham & Women's Hospital; and Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), Boston, MA
| | - Jayandra J Himali
- From the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (M.P.P.), Boston; Department of Neurology (J.J.H., A.S.B., C.L.S., H.J.A., S.S.), Boston University School of Medicine; Framingham Heart Study (M.P.P., J.J.H., A.S.B., C.D., E.R.M., C.L.S., H.J.A., D.L., S.S.), MA; Centre for Human Psychopharmacology (M.P.P.), Swinburne University of Technology; Melbourne Dementia Research Centre (M.P.P.), The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health & The University of Melbourne, Australia; Department of Biostatistics (J.J.H., A.S.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Neurology (C.D.), School of Medicine & Imaging of Dementia and Aging Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience, University of California Davis, Sacramento; Departments of Epidemiology (H.H.H.A.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (H.H.H.A.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology (A.P.R., W.T.L., B.M.P.), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (A.P.R.), Department of Neurology (W.T.L.), Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine (B.M.P., J.C.B.), and Department of Health Services (B.M.P.), University of Washington, Seattle; Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology (M.F.), Human Genetics & Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health (M.F.), and The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Research Center for Human Genetics (M.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston; Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (R.P.T.) and Biochemistry (R.P.T.), Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington; Department of Neurology (O.L.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (B.M.P.), Seattle; The Population Sciences Branch of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (D.L.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (S.S.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio; Department of Neurology (E.R.M.), Brigham & Women's Hospital; and Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), Boston, MA
| | - Alexa S Beiser
- From the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (M.P.P.), Boston; Department of Neurology (J.J.H., A.S.B., C.L.S., H.J.A., S.S.), Boston University School of Medicine; Framingham Heart Study (M.P.P., J.J.H., A.S.B., C.D., E.R.M., C.L.S., H.J.A., D.L., S.S.), MA; Centre for Human Psychopharmacology (M.P.P.), Swinburne University of Technology; Melbourne Dementia Research Centre (M.P.P.), The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health & The University of Melbourne, Australia; Department of Biostatistics (J.J.H., A.S.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Neurology (C.D.), School of Medicine & Imaging of Dementia and Aging Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience, University of California Davis, Sacramento; Departments of Epidemiology (H.H.H.A.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (H.H.H.A.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology (A.P.R., W.T.L., B.M.P.), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (A.P.R.), Department of Neurology (W.T.L.), Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine (B.M.P., J.C.B.), and Department of Health Services (B.M.P.), University of Washington, Seattle; Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology (M.F.), Human Genetics & Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health (M.F.), and The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Research Center for Human Genetics (M.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston; Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (R.P.T.) and Biochemistry (R.P.T.), Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington; Department of Neurology (O.L.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (B.M.P.), Seattle; The Population Sciences Branch of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (D.L.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (S.S.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio; Department of Neurology (E.R.M.), Brigham & Women's Hospital; and Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), Boston, MA
| | - Charles DeCarli
- From the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (M.P.P.), Boston; Department of Neurology (J.J.H., A.S.B., C.L.S., H.J.A., S.S.), Boston University School of Medicine; Framingham Heart Study (M.P.P., J.J.H., A.S.B., C.D., E.R.M., C.L.S., H.J.A., D.L., S.S.), MA; Centre for Human Psychopharmacology (M.P.P.), Swinburne University of Technology; Melbourne Dementia Research Centre (M.P.P.), The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health & The University of Melbourne, Australia; Department of Biostatistics (J.J.H., A.S.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Neurology (C.D.), School of Medicine & Imaging of Dementia and Aging Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience, University of California Davis, Sacramento; Departments of Epidemiology (H.H.H.A.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (H.H.H.A.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology (A.P.R., W.T.L., B.M.P.), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (A.P.R.), Department of Neurology (W.T.L.), Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine (B.M.P., J.C.B.), and Department of Health Services (B.M.P.), University of Washington, Seattle; Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology (M.F.), Human Genetics & Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health (M.F.), and The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Research Center for Human Genetics (M.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston; Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (R.P.T.) and Biochemistry (R.P.T.), Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington; Department of Neurology (O.L.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (B.M.P.), Seattle; The Population Sciences Branch of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (D.L.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (S.S.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio; Department of Neurology (E.R.M.), Brigham & Women's Hospital; and Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), Boston, MA
| | - Emer R McGrath
- From the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (M.P.P.), Boston; Department of Neurology (J.J.H., A.S.B., C.L.S., H.J.A., S.S.), Boston University School of Medicine; Framingham Heart Study (M.P.P., J.J.H., A.S.B., C.D., E.R.M., C.L.S., H.J.A., D.L., S.S.), MA; Centre for Human Psychopharmacology (M.P.P.), Swinburne University of Technology; Melbourne Dementia Research Centre (M.P.P.), The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health & The University of Melbourne, Australia; Department of Biostatistics (J.J.H., A.S.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Neurology (C.D.), School of Medicine & Imaging of Dementia and Aging Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience, University of California Davis, Sacramento; Departments of Epidemiology (H.H.H.A.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (H.H.H.A.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology (A.P.R., W.T.L., B.M.P.), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (A.P.R.), Department of Neurology (W.T.L.), Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine (B.M.P., J.C.B.), and Department of Health Services (B.M.P.), University of Washington, Seattle; Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology (M.F.), Human Genetics & Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health (M.F.), and The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Research Center for Human Genetics (M.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston; Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (R.P.T.) and Biochemistry (R.P.T.), Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington; Department of Neurology (O.L.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (B.M.P.), Seattle; The Population Sciences Branch of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (D.L.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (S.S.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio; Department of Neurology (E.R.M.), Brigham & Women's Hospital; and Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), Boston, MA
| | - Claudia L Satizabal
- From the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (M.P.P.), Boston; Department of Neurology (J.J.H., A.S.B., C.L.S., H.J.A., S.S.), Boston University School of Medicine; Framingham Heart Study (M.P.P., J.J.H., A.S.B., C.D., E.R.M., C.L.S., H.J.A., D.L., S.S.), MA; Centre for Human Psychopharmacology (M.P.P.), Swinburne University of Technology; Melbourne Dementia Research Centre (M.P.P.), The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health & The University of Melbourne, Australia; Department of Biostatistics (J.J.H., A.S.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Neurology (C.D.), School of Medicine & Imaging of Dementia and Aging Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience, University of California Davis, Sacramento; Departments of Epidemiology (H.H.H.A.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (H.H.H.A.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology (A.P.R., W.T.L., B.M.P.), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (A.P.R.), Department of Neurology (W.T.L.), Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine (B.M.P., J.C.B.), and Department of Health Services (B.M.P.), University of Washington, Seattle; Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology (M.F.), Human Genetics & Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health (M.F.), and The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Research Center for Human Genetics (M.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston; Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (R.P.T.) and Biochemistry (R.P.T.), Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington; Department of Neurology (O.L.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (B.M.P.), Seattle; The Population Sciences Branch of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (D.L.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (S.S.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio; Department of Neurology (E.R.M.), Brigham & Women's Hospital; and Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), Boston, MA
| | - Hugo J Aparicio
- From the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (M.P.P.), Boston; Department of Neurology (J.J.H., A.S.B., C.L.S., H.J.A., S.S.), Boston University School of Medicine; Framingham Heart Study (M.P.P., J.J.H., A.S.B., C.D., E.R.M., C.L.S., H.J.A., D.L., S.S.), MA; Centre for Human Psychopharmacology (M.P.P.), Swinburne University of Technology; Melbourne Dementia Research Centre (M.P.P.), The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health & The University of Melbourne, Australia; Department of Biostatistics (J.J.H., A.S.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Neurology (C.D.), School of Medicine & Imaging of Dementia and Aging Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience, University of California Davis, Sacramento; Departments of Epidemiology (H.H.H.A.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (H.H.H.A.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology (A.P.R., W.T.L., B.M.P.), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (A.P.R.), Department of Neurology (W.T.L.), Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine (B.M.P., J.C.B.), and Department of Health Services (B.M.P.), University of Washington, Seattle; Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology (M.F.), Human Genetics & Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health (M.F.), and The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Research Center for Human Genetics (M.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston; Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (R.P.T.) and Biochemistry (R.P.T.), Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington; Department of Neurology (O.L.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (B.M.P.), Seattle; The Population Sciences Branch of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (D.L.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (S.S.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio; Department of Neurology (E.R.M.), Brigham & Women's Hospital; and Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), Boston, MA
| | - Hieab H H Adams
- From the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (M.P.P.), Boston; Department of Neurology (J.J.H., A.S.B., C.L.S., H.J.A., S.S.), Boston University School of Medicine; Framingham Heart Study (M.P.P., J.J.H., A.S.B., C.D., E.R.M., C.L.S., H.J.A., D.L., S.S.), MA; Centre for Human Psychopharmacology (M.P.P.), Swinburne University of Technology; Melbourne Dementia Research Centre (M.P.P.), The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health & The University of Melbourne, Australia; Department of Biostatistics (J.J.H., A.S.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Neurology (C.D.), School of Medicine & Imaging of Dementia and Aging Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience, University of California Davis, Sacramento; Departments of Epidemiology (H.H.H.A.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (H.H.H.A.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology (A.P.R., W.T.L., B.M.P.), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (A.P.R.), Department of Neurology (W.T.L.), Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine (B.M.P., J.C.B.), and Department of Health Services (B.M.P.), University of Washington, Seattle; Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology (M.F.), Human Genetics & Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health (M.F.), and The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Research Center for Human Genetics (M.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston; Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (R.P.T.) and Biochemistry (R.P.T.), Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington; Department of Neurology (O.L.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (B.M.P.), Seattle; The Population Sciences Branch of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (D.L.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (S.S.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio; Department of Neurology (E.R.M.), Brigham & Women's Hospital; and Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), Boston, MA
| | - Alexander P Reiner
- From the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (M.P.P.), Boston; Department of Neurology (J.J.H., A.S.B., C.L.S., H.J.A., S.S.), Boston University School of Medicine; Framingham Heart Study (M.P.P., J.J.H., A.S.B., C.D., E.R.M., C.L.S., H.J.A., D.L., S.S.), MA; Centre for Human Psychopharmacology (M.P.P.), Swinburne University of Technology; Melbourne Dementia Research Centre (M.P.P.), The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health & The University of Melbourne, Australia; Department of Biostatistics (J.J.H., A.S.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Neurology (C.D.), School of Medicine & Imaging of Dementia and Aging Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience, University of California Davis, Sacramento; Departments of Epidemiology (H.H.H.A.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (H.H.H.A.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology (A.P.R., W.T.L., B.M.P.), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (A.P.R.), Department of Neurology (W.T.L.), Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine (B.M.P., J.C.B.), and Department of Health Services (B.M.P.), University of Washington, Seattle; Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology (M.F.), Human Genetics & Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health (M.F.), and The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Research Center for Human Genetics (M.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston; Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (R.P.T.) and Biochemistry (R.P.T.), Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington; Department of Neurology (O.L.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (B.M.P.), Seattle; The Population Sciences Branch of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (D.L.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (S.S.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio; Department of Neurology (E.R.M.), Brigham & Women's Hospital; and Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), Boston, MA
| | - W T Longstreth
- From the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (M.P.P.), Boston; Department of Neurology (J.J.H., A.S.B., C.L.S., H.J.A., S.S.), Boston University School of Medicine; Framingham Heart Study (M.P.P., J.J.H., A.S.B., C.D., E.R.M., C.L.S., H.J.A., D.L., S.S.), MA; Centre for Human Psychopharmacology (M.P.P.), Swinburne University of Technology; Melbourne Dementia Research Centre (M.P.P.), The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health & The University of Melbourne, Australia; Department of Biostatistics (J.J.H., A.S.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Neurology (C.D.), School of Medicine & Imaging of Dementia and Aging Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience, University of California Davis, Sacramento; Departments of Epidemiology (H.H.H.A.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (H.H.H.A.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology (A.P.R., W.T.L., B.M.P.), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (A.P.R.), Department of Neurology (W.T.L.), Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine (B.M.P., J.C.B.), and Department of Health Services (B.M.P.), University of Washington, Seattle; Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology (M.F.), Human Genetics & Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health (M.F.), and The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Research Center for Human Genetics (M.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston; Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (R.P.T.) and Biochemistry (R.P.T.), Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington; Department of Neurology (O.L.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (B.M.P.), Seattle; The Population Sciences Branch of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (D.L.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (S.S.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio; Department of Neurology (E.R.M.), Brigham & Women's Hospital; and Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), Boston, MA
| | - Myriam Fornage
- From the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (M.P.P.), Boston; Department of Neurology (J.J.H., A.S.B., C.L.S., H.J.A., S.S.), Boston University School of Medicine; Framingham Heart Study (M.P.P., J.J.H., A.S.B., C.D., E.R.M., C.L.S., H.J.A., D.L., S.S.), MA; Centre for Human Psychopharmacology (M.P.P.), Swinburne University of Technology; Melbourne Dementia Research Centre (M.P.P.), The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health & The University of Melbourne, Australia; Department of Biostatistics (J.J.H., A.S.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Neurology (C.D.), School of Medicine & Imaging of Dementia and Aging Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience, University of California Davis, Sacramento; Departments of Epidemiology (H.H.H.A.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (H.H.H.A.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology (A.P.R., W.T.L., B.M.P.), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (A.P.R.), Department of Neurology (W.T.L.), Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine (B.M.P., J.C.B.), and Department of Health Services (B.M.P.), University of Washington, Seattle; Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology (M.F.), Human Genetics & Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health (M.F.), and The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Research Center for Human Genetics (M.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston; Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (R.P.T.) and Biochemistry (R.P.T.), Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington; Department of Neurology (O.L.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (B.M.P.), Seattle; The Population Sciences Branch of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (D.L.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (S.S.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio; Department of Neurology (E.R.M.), Brigham & Women's Hospital; and Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), Boston, MA
| | - Russell P Tracy
- From the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (M.P.P.), Boston; Department of Neurology (J.J.H., A.S.B., C.L.S., H.J.A., S.S.), Boston University School of Medicine; Framingham Heart Study (M.P.P., J.J.H., A.S.B., C.D., E.R.M., C.L.S., H.J.A., D.L., S.S.), MA; Centre for Human Psychopharmacology (M.P.P.), Swinburne University of Technology; Melbourne Dementia Research Centre (M.P.P.), The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health & The University of Melbourne, Australia; Department of Biostatistics (J.J.H., A.S.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Neurology (C.D.), School of Medicine & Imaging of Dementia and Aging Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience, University of California Davis, Sacramento; Departments of Epidemiology (H.H.H.A.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (H.H.H.A.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology (A.P.R., W.T.L., B.M.P.), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (A.P.R.), Department of Neurology (W.T.L.), Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine (B.M.P., J.C.B.), and Department of Health Services (B.M.P.), University of Washington, Seattle; Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology (M.F.), Human Genetics & Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health (M.F.), and The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Research Center for Human Genetics (M.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston; Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (R.P.T.) and Biochemistry (R.P.T.), Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington; Department of Neurology (O.L.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (B.M.P.), Seattle; The Population Sciences Branch of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (D.L.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (S.S.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio; Department of Neurology (E.R.M.), Brigham & Women's Hospital; and Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), Boston, MA
| | - Oscar Lopez
- From the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (M.P.P.), Boston; Department of Neurology (J.J.H., A.S.B., C.L.S., H.J.A., S.S.), Boston University School of Medicine; Framingham Heart Study (M.P.P., J.J.H., A.S.B., C.D., E.R.M., C.L.S., H.J.A., D.L., S.S.), MA; Centre for Human Psychopharmacology (M.P.P.), Swinburne University of Technology; Melbourne Dementia Research Centre (M.P.P.), The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health & The University of Melbourne, Australia; Department of Biostatistics (J.J.H., A.S.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Neurology (C.D.), School of Medicine & Imaging of Dementia and Aging Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience, University of California Davis, Sacramento; Departments of Epidemiology (H.H.H.A.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (H.H.H.A.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology (A.P.R., W.T.L., B.M.P.), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (A.P.R.), Department of Neurology (W.T.L.), Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine (B.M.P., J.C.B.), and Department of Health Services (B.M.P.), University of Washington, Seattle; Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology (M.F.), Human Genetics & Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health (M.F.), and The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Research Center for Human Genetics (M.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston; Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (R.P.T.) and Biochemistry (R.P.T.), Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington; Department of Neurology (O.L.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (B.M.P.), Seattle; The Population Sciences Branch of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (D.L.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (S.S.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio; Department of Neurology (E.R.M.), Brigham & Women's Hospital; and Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), Boston, MA
| | - Bruce M Psaty
- From the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (M.P.P.), Boston; Department of Neurology (J.J.H., A.S.B., C.L.S., H.J.A., S.S.), Boston University School of Medicine; Framingham Heart Study (M.P.P., J.J.H., A.S.B., C.D., E.R.M., C.L.S., H.J.A., D.L., S.S.), MA; Centre for Human Psychopharmacology (M.P.P.), Swinburne University of Technology; Melbourne Dementia Research Centre (M.P.P.), The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health & The University of Melbourne, Australia; Department of Biostatistics (J.J.H., A.S.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Neurology (C.D.), School of Medicine & Imaging of Dementia and Aging Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience, University of California Davis, Sacramento; Departments of Epidemiology (H.H.H.A.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (H.H.H.A.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology (A.P.R., W.T.L., B.M.P.), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (A.P.R.), Department of Neurology (W.T.L.), Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine (B.M.P., J.C.B.), and Department of Health Services (B.M.P.), University of Washington, Seattle; Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology (M.F.), Human Genetics & Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health (M.F.), and The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Research Center for Human Genetics (M.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston; Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (R.P.T.) and Biochemistry (R.P.T.), Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington; Department of Neurology (O.L.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (B.M.P.), Seattle; The Population Sciences Branch of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (D.L.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (S.S.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio; Department of Neurology (E.R.M.), Brigham & Women's Hospital; and Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), Boston, MA
| | - Daniel Levy
- From the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (M.P.P.), Boston; Department of Neurology (J.J.H., A.S.B., C.L.S., H.J.A., S.S.), Boston University School of Medicine; Framingham Heart Study (M.P.P., J.J.H., A.S.B., C.D., E.R.M., C.L.S., H.J.A., D.L., S.S.), MA; Centre for Human Psychopharmacology (M.P.P.), Swinburne University of Technology; Melbourne Dementia Research Centre (M.P.P.), The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health & The University of Melbourne, Australia; Department of Biostatistics (J.J.H., A.S.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Neurology (C.D.), School of Medicine & Imaging of Dementia and Aging Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience, University of California Davis, Sacramento; Departments of Epidemiology (H.H.H.A.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (H.H.H.A.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology (A.P.R., W.T.L., B.M.P.), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (A.P.R.), Department of Neurology (W.T.L.), Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine (B.M.P., J.C.B.), and Department of Health Services (B.M.P.), University of Washington, Seattle; Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology (M.F.), Human Genetics & Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health (M.F.), and The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Research Center for Human Genetics (M.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston; Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (R.P.T.) and Biochemistry (R.P.T.), Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington; Department of Neurology (O.L.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (B.M.P.), Seattle; The Population Sciences Branch of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (D.L.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (S.S.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio; Department of Neurology (E.R.M.), Brigham & Women's Hospital; and Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), Boston, MA
| | - Sudha Seshadri
- From the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (M.P.P.), Boston; Department of Neurology (J.J.H., A.S.B., C.L.S., H.J.A., S.S.), Boston University School of Medicine; Framingham Heart Study (M.P.P., J.J.H., A.S.B., C.D., E.R.M., C.L.S., H.J.A., D.L., S.S.), MA; Centre for Human Psychopharmacology (M.P.P.), Swinburne University of Technology; Melbourne Dementia Research Centre (M.P.P.), The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health & The University of Melbourne, Australia; Department of Biostatistics (J.J.H., A.S.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Neurology (C.D.), School of Medicine & Imaging of Dementia and Aging Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience, University of California Davis, Sacramento; Departments of Epidemiology (H.H.H.A.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (H.H.H.A.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology (A.P.R., W.T.L., B.M.P.), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (A.P.R.), Department of Neurology (W.T.L.), Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine (B.M.P., J.C.B.), and Department of Health Services (B.M.P.), University of Washington, Seattle; Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology (M.F.), Human Genetics & Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health (M.F.), and The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Research Center for Human Genetics (M.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston; Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (R.P.T.) and Biochemistry (R.P.T.), Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington; Department of Neurology (O.L.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (B.M.P.), Seattle; The Population Sciences Branch of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (D.L.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (S.S.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio; Department of Neurology (E.R.M.), Brigham & Women's Hospital; and Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), Boston, MA.
| | - Joshua C Bis
- From the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (M.P.P.), Boston; Department of Neurology (J.J.H., A.S.B., C.L.S., H.J.A., S.S.), Boston University School of Medicine; Framingham Heart Study (M.P.P., J.J.H., A.S.B., C.D., E.R.M., C.L.S., H.J.A., D.L., S.S.), MA; Centre for Human Psychopharmacology (M.P.P.), Swinburne University of Technology; Melbourne Dementia Research Centre (M.P.P.), The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health & The University of Melbourne, Australia; Department of Biostatistics (J.J.H., A.S.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Neurology (C.D.), School of Medicine & Imaging of Dementia and Aging Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience, University of California Davis, Sacramento; Departments of Epidemiology (H.H.H.A.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (H.H.H.A.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology (A.P.R., W.T.L., B.M.P.), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (A.P.R.), Department of Neurology (W.T.L.), Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine (B.M.P., J.C.B.), and Department of Health Services (B.M.P.), University of Washington, Seattle; Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology (M.F.), Human Genetics & Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health (M.F.), and The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Research Center for Human Genetics (M.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston; Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (R.P.T.) and Biochemistry (R.P.T.), Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington; Department of Neurology (O.L.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (B.M.P.), Seattle; The Population Sciences Branch of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (D.L.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (S.S.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio; Department of Neurology (E.R.M.), Brigham & Women's Hospital; and Harvard Medical School (E.R.M.), Boston, MA
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7
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Sun QY, Ding LW, Johnson K, Zhou S, Tyner JW, Yang H, Doan NB, Said JW, Xiao JF, Loh XY, Ran XB, Venkatachalam N, Lao Z, Chen Y, Xu L, Fan LF, Chien W, Lin DC, Koeffler HP. SOX7 regulates MAPK/ERK-BIM mediated apoptosis in cancer cells. Oncogene 2019; 38:6196-6210. [DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-0865-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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8
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Guo J, Han S, Lu X, Guo Z, Zeng S, Zheng X, Zheng B. κ-Carrageenan hexamer have significant anti-inflammatory activity and protect RAW264.7 Macrophages by inhibiting CD14. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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9
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Chen L, Chen P, Liu J, Hu C, Yang S, He D, Yu P, Wu M, Zhang X. Sargassum Fusiforme Polysaccharide SFP-F2 Activates the NF-κB Signaling Pathway via CD14/IKK and P38 Axes in RAW264.7 Cells. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:E264. [PMID: 30071655 PMCID: PMC6117693 DOI: 10.3390/md16080264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sargassum fusifrome is considered a "longevity vegetable" in Asia. Sargassum fusifrome polysaccharides exhibit numerous biological activities, specially, the modulation of immune response via the NF-κB signaling pathway. However, the precise mechanisms by which these polysaccharides modulate the immune response through the NF-κB signaling pathway have not been elucidated. In this study, we purified and characterized a novel fraction of Sargassum fusifrome polysaccharide and named it SFP-F2. SFP-F2 significantly upregulated the production of the cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in RAW264.7 cells. It also activated the NF-κB signaling pathway. Data obtained from experiments carried out with specific inhibitors (PDTC, BAY 11-7082, IKK16 and SB203580) suggested that SFP-F2 activated the NF-κB signaling pathway via CD14/IKK and P38 axes. SFP-F2 could therefore potentially exert an immune-enhancement effect through inducing the CD14/IKK/NF-κB and P38/NF-κB signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liujun Chen
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
- Natural Resources and Environmental Studies Program, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC V2N 4Z9, Canada.
| | - Peichao Chen
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
| | - Jian Liu
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
| | - Chenxi Hu
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
| | - Shanshan Yang
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
| | - Dan He
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
| | - Ping Yu
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
| | - Mingjiang Wu
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
| | - Xu Zhang
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
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10
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Sun J, Pan X, Christiansen LI, Yuan XL, Skovgaard K, Chatterton DEW, Kaalund SS, Gao F, Sangild PT, Pankratova S. Necrotizing enterocolitis is associated with acute brain responses in preterm pigs. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:180. [PMID: 29885660 PMCID: PMC5994241 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1201-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is an acute gut inflammatory disorder that occurs in preterm infants in the first weeks after birth. Infants surviving NEC often show impaired neurodevelopment. The mechanisms linking NEC lesions with later neurodevelopment are poorly understood but may include proinflammatory signaling in the immature brain. Using preterm pigs as a model for preterm infants, we hypothesized that severe intestinal NEC lesions are associated with acute effects on the developing hippocampus. Methods Cesarean-delivered preterm pigs (n = 117) were reared for 8 days and spontaneously developed variable severity of NEC lesions. Neonatal arousal, physical activity, and in vitro neuritogenic effects of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were investigated in pigs showing NEC lesions in the colon (Co-NEC) or in the small intestine (Si-NEC). Hippocampal transcriptome analysis and qPCR were used to assess gene expressions and their relation to biological processes, including neuroinflammation, and neural plasticity. Microglia activation was quantified by stereology. The neuritogenic response to selected proteins was investigated in primary cultures of hippocampal neurons. Results NEC development rapidly reduced the physical activity of pigs, especially when lesions occurred in the small intestine. Si-NEC and Co-NEC were associated with 27 and 12 hippocampal differentially expressed genes (DEGs), respectively. These included genes related to neuroinflammation (i.e., S100A8, S100A9, IL8, IL6, MMP8, SAA, TAGLN2) and hypoxia (i.e., PDK4, IER3, TXNIP, AGER), and they were all upregulated in Si-NEC pigs. Genes related to protection against oxidative stress (HBB, ALAS2) and oligodendrocytes (OPALIN) were downregulated in Si-NEC pigs. CSF collected from NEC pigs promoted neurite outgrowth in vitro, and the S100A9 and S100A8/S100A9 proteins may mediate the neuritogenic effects of NEC-related CSF on hippocampal neurons. NEC lesions did not affect total microglial cell number but markedly increased the proportion of Iba1-positive amoeboid microglial cells. Conclusions NEC lesions, especially when present in the small intestine, are associated with changes to hippocampal gene expression that potentially mediate neuroinflammation and disturbed neural circuit formation via enhanced neuronal differentiation. Early brain-protective interventions may be critical for preterm infants affected by intestinal NEC lesions to reduce their later neurological dysfunctions. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-018-1201-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Sun
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Xiaoyu Pan
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Line I Christiansen
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Xiao-Long Yuan
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Kerstin Skovgaard
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Dereck E W Chatterton
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.,Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Sanne S Kaalund
- Research Laboratory for Stereology and Neuroscience, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospitals, DK-2400, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Fei Gao
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 518000, Shenzhen, China
| | - Per T Sangild
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark. .,Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Stanislava Pankratova
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Laboratory of Neural Plasticity, Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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11
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Guo J, Chen J, Lu X, Guo Z, Huang Z, Zeng S, Zhang Y, Zheng B. Proteomic Analysis Reveals Inflammation Modulation of κ/ι-Carrageenan Hexaoses in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced RAW264.7 Macrophages. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:4758-4767. [PMID: 29683320 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b01144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
κ/ι-Carrageenan hexaoses (κ/ι-neocarrahexaoses, KCO-4) are a type of carrageenan oligosaccharide that have a broad spectrum of bioactivities due to the presence of sulfate groups. However, the anti-inflammatory capacity of purified carrageenan oligosaccharides and the underlying mechanism has not been completely elucidated. The present study aimed to investigate inflammatory signaling modulation of KCO-4 in LPS-induced macrophages using a quantitative proteomic strategy. KCO-4 inhibited the oversecretion of inflammatory mediators (i.e., NO, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-8, iNOS, and COX-2). KCO-4 treatment altered proteome profile, and metabolic processes in mitochondria were significantly disrupted. The IPA network analysis proposed that KCO-4 triggered the NF-κB signaling pathway-dependent anti-inflammation process through the inhibition of CD14/Rel@p50 in LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages. These data improve our understanding of the anti-inflammatory mechanism and contribute to exposure biomarker screening of κ-carrageenan oligosaccharides.
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12
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Induction of Interleukin 10 by Borrelia burgdorferi Is Regulated by the Action of CD14-Dependent p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase and cAMP-Mediated Chromatin Remodeling. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00781-17. [PMID: 29311239 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00781-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Host genotype influences the severity of murine Lyme borreliosis, caused by the spirochetal bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi C57BL/6 (B6) mice develop mild Lyme arthritis, whereas C3H/HeN (C3H) mice develop severe Lyme arthritis. Differential expression of interleukin 10 (IL-10) has long been associated with mouse strain differences in Lyme pathogenesis; however, the underlying mechanism(s) of this genotype-specific IL-10 regulation remained elusive. Herein we reveal a cAMP-mediated mechanism of IL-10 regulation in B6 macrophages that is substantially diminished in C3H macrophages. Under cAMP and CD14-p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, B6 macrophages stimulated with B. burgdorferi produce increased amounts of IL-10 and decreased levels of arthritogenic cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF). cAMP relaxes chromatin, while p38 increases binding of the transcription factors signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and specific protein 1 (SP1) to the IL-10 promoter, leading to increased IL-10 production in B6 bone marrow-derived monocytes (BMDMs). Conversely, macrophages derived from arthritis-susceptible C3H mice possess significantly less endogenous cAMP, produce less IL-10, and thus are ill equipped to mitigate the damaging consequences of B. burgdorferi-induced TNF. Intriguingly, an altered balance between anti-inflammatory and proinflammatory cytokines and CD14-dependent regulatory mechanisms also is operative in primary human peripheral blood-derived monocytes, providing potential insight into the clinical spectrum of human Lyme disease. In line with this notion, we have demonstrated that cAMP-enhancing drugs increase IL-10 production in myeloid cells, thus curtailing inflammation associated with murine Lyme borreliosis. Discovery of novel treatments or repurposing of FDA-approved cAMP-modulating medications may be a promising avenue for treatment of patients with adverse clinical outcomes, including certain post-Lyme complications, in whom dysregulated immune responses may play a role.
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13
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Duncan SA, Baganizi DR, Sahu R, Singh SR, Dennis VA. SOCS Proteins as Regulators of Inflammatory Responses Induced by Bacterial Infections: A Review. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2431. [PMID: 29312162 PMCID: PMC5733031 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe bacterial infections can lead to both acute and chronic inflammatory conditions. Innate immunity is the first defense mechanism employed against invading bacterial pathogens through the recognition of conserved molecular patterns on bacteria by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), especially the toll-like receptors (TLRs). TLRs recognize distinct pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that play a critical role in innate immune responses by inducing the expression of several inflammatory genes. Thus, activation of immune cells is regulated by cytokines that use the Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling pathway and microbial recognition by TLRs. This system is tightly controlled by various endogenous molecules to allow for an appropriately regulated and safe host immune response to infections. Suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) family of proteins is one of the central regulators of microbial pathogen-induced signaling of cytokines, principally through the inhibition of the activation of JAK/STAT signaling cascades. This review provides recent knowledge regarding the role of SOCS proteins during bacterial infections, with an emphasis on the mechanisms involved in their induction and regulation of antibacterial immune responses. Furthermore, the implication of SOCS proteins in diverse processes of bacteria to escape host defenses and in the outcome of bacterial infections are discussed, as well as the possibilities offered by these proteins for future targeted antimicrobial therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skyla A Duncan
- Center for NanoBiotechnology Research, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, United States
| | - Dieudonné R Baganizi
- Center for NanoBiotechnology Research, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, United States
| | - Rajnish Sahu
- Center for NanoBiotechnology Research, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, United States
| | - Shree R Singh
- Center for NanoBiotechnology Research, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, United States
| | - Vida A Dennis
- Center for NanoBiotechnology Research, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, United States
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14
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Phagocytic Receptors Activate Syk and Src Signaling during Borrelia burgdorferi Phagocytosis. Infect Immun 2017; 85:IAI.00004-17. [PMID: 28717031 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00004-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis of the Lyme disease-causing pathogen Borrelia burgdorferi has been shown to be important for generating an inflammatory response to the pathogen. As a result, understanding the mechanisms of phagocytosis has been an area of great interest in the field of Lyme disease. Several cell surface receptors that participate in B. burgdorferi phagocytosis have been reported, including the scavenger receptor MARCO and integrin α3β1. We sought to define the mechanisms by which these receptors mediate phagocytosis and to identify signaling pathways activated downstream of these receptors upon contact with B. burgdorferi We identified both Syk and Src signaling pathways as ones that participate in B. burgdorferi phagocytosis and the resulting cytokine activation. In our studies, we found that both MARCO and integrin β1 play a role in the activation of the Src kinase pathway. However, only integrin β1 participates in the activation of Syk. Interestingly, the integrin activates Syk without the help of the signaling adaptor Dap12 or FcRγ. Thus, we report that multiple pathways participate in B. burgdorferi internalization and that different cell surface receptors act simultaneously in cooperation and independently to mediate phagocytosis.
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15
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Raza A, Crothers JW, McGill MM, Mawe GM, Teuscher C, Krementsov DN. Anti-inflammatory roles of p38α MAPK in macrophages are context dependent and require IL-10. J Leukoc Biol 2017; 102:1219-1227. [PMID: 28877953 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.2ab0116-009rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The p38 MAPK pathway was originally identified as a master regulator of proinflammatory cytokine production by myeloid cells. Numerous drugs targeting this kinase showed promise in preclinical models of inflammatory disease, but so far, none have shown efficacy in clinical trials. The reasons behind this are unclear, but may, in part, be explained by emerging anti-inflammatory functions of this kinase or overly refined selectivity of second-generation pharmacologic inhibitors. Here, we show that p38α signaling in macrophages plays pro- and anti-inflammatory functions in vivo and in vitro, with the outcome depending on the stimulus, output, kinetics, or mode of kinase inhibition (genetic vs. pharmacologic). Different pharmacologic inhibitors of p38 exhibit opposing effects, with second-generation inhibitors acting more specifically but inhibiting anti-inflammatory functions. Functionally, we show that the anti-inflammatory functions of p38α in macrophages are critically dependent on production of IL-10. Accordingly, in the absence of IL-10, inhibition of p38α signaling in macrophages is protective in a spontaneous model of colitis. Taken together, our results shed light on the limited clinical efficacy of drugs targeting p38 and suggest that their therapeutic efficacy can be significantly enhanced by simultaneous modulation of p38-dependent anti-inflammatory mediators, such as IL-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Raza
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Jessica W Crothers
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA; and
| | - Mahalia M McGill
- Department of Medical Laboratory and Radiation Sciences, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Gary M Mawe
- Department of Neurological Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Cory Teuscher
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA; and
| | - Dimitry N Krementsov
- Department of Medical Laboratory and Radiation Sciences, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
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16
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Buchheister S, Buettner M, Basic M, Noack A, Breves G, Buchen B, Keubler LM, Becker C, Bleich A. CD14 Plays a Protective Role in Experimental Inflammatory Bowel Disease by Enhancing Intestinal Barrier Function. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 187:1106-1120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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17
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Abstract
Lyme borreliosis is a tick-borne disease that predominantly occurs in temperate regions of the northern hemisphere and is primarily caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi in North America and Borrelia afzelii or Borrelia garinii in Europe and Asia. Infection usually begins with an expanding skin lesion, known as erythema migrans (referred to as stage 1), which, if untreated, can be followed by early disseminated infection, particularly neurological abnormalities (stage 2), and by late infection, especially arthritis in North America or acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans in Europe (stage 3). However, the disease can present with any of these manifestations. During infection, the bacteria migrate through the host tissues, adhere to certain cells and can evade immune clearance. Yet, these organisms are eventually killed by both innate and adaptive immune responses and most inflammatory manifestations of the infection resolve. Except for patients with erythema migrans, Lyme borreliosis is diagnosed based on a characteristic clinical constellation of signs and symptoms with serological confirmation of infection. All manifestations of the infection can usually be treated with appropriate antibiotic regimens, but the disease can be followed by post-infectious sequelae in some patients. Prevention of Lyme borreliosis primarily involves the avoidance of tick bites by personal protective measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen C Steere
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Franc Strle
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gary P Wormser
- Division of Infectious Diseases, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | - Linden T Hu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John A Branda
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joppe W R Hovius
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Xin Li
- Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Paul S Mead
- Bacterial Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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18
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Zlotnikov N, Javid A, Ahmed M, Eshghi A, Tang TT, Arya A, Bansal A, Matar F, Parikh M, Ebady R, Koh A, Gupta N, Song P, Zhang Y, Newbigging S, Wormser GP, Schwartz I, Inman R, Glogauer M, Moriarty TJ. Infection with the Lyme disease pathogen suppresses innate immunity in mice with diet-induced obesity. Cell Microbiol 2016; 19. [PMID: 27794208 PMCID: PMC5383418 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Revised: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a major global public health concern. Immune responses implicated in obesity also control certain infections. We investigated the effects of high‐fat diet‐induced obesity (DIO) on infection with the Lyme disease bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi in mice. DIO was associated with systemic suppression of neutrophil‐ and macrophage‐based innate immune responses. These included bacterial uptake and cytokine production, and systemic, progressive impairment of bacterial clearance, and increased carditis severity. B. burgdorferi‐infected mice fed normal diet also gained weight at the same rate as uninfected mice fed high‐fat diet, toll‐like receptor 4 deficiency rescued bacterial clearance defects, which greater in female than male mice, and killing of an unrelated bacterium (Escherichia coli) by bone marrow‐derived macrophages from obese, B. burgdorferi‐infected mice was also affected. Importantly, innate immune suppression increased with infection duration and depended on cooperative and synergistic interactions between DIO and B. burgdorferi infection. Thus, obesity and B. burgdorferi infection cooperatively and progressively suppressed innate immunity in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataliya Zlotnikov
- Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ashkan Javid
- Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mijhgan Ahmed
- Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Azad Eshghi
- Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tian Tian Tang
- Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anoop Arya
- Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anil Bansal
- Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fatima Matar
- Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maitry Parikh
- Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rhodaba Ebady
- Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adeline Koh
- Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nupur Gupta
- Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peng Song
- Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yang Zhang
- Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Susan Newbigging
- Mount Sinai Hospital Research Institute/Toronto Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gary P Wormser
- Division of Infectious Diseases, New York Medical College, New York, USA
| | - Ira Schwartz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, New York, USA
| | - Robert Inman
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto Hospital-Western Division, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Glogauer
- Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tara J Moriarty
- Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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19
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Tahar R, Albergaria C, Zeghidour N, Ngane VF, Basco LK, Roussilhon C. Plasma levels of eight different mediators and their potential as biomarkers of various clinical malaria conditions in African children. Malar J 2016; 15:337. [PMID: 27357958 PMCID: PMC4928328 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1378-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasmodium falciparum infection can lead to several clinical manifestations ranging from asymptomatic infections (AM) and uncomplicated malaria (UM) to potentially fatal severe malaria (SM), including cerebral malaria (CM). Factors implicated in the progression towards severe disease are not fully understood. METHODS In the present study, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method was used to investigate the plasma content of several biomarkers of the immune response, namely Neopterin, sCD163, suPAR, Pentraxin 3 (PTX3), sCD14, Fractalkine (CX3CL1), sTREM-1 and MIG (CXCL9), in patients with distinct clinical manifestations of malaria. The goal of this study was to determine the relative involvement of these inflammatory mediators in the pathogenesis of malaria and test their relevance as biomarkers of disease severity. RESULTS ROC curve analysis show that children with AM were characterized by high levels of Fractalkine and sCD163 whereas children with UM were distinguishable by the presence of PTX3 in their plasma. Furthermore, principal component analysis indicated that the combination of Fractalkine, MIG, and Neopterin was the best predictor of AM condition, while suPAR, PTX3 and sTREM-1 combination was the best indicator of UM when compared to AM. The association of Neopterin, suPAR and Fractalkine was strongly predictive of SM or CM compared to UM. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that the simultaneous evaluation of these bioactive molecules as quantifiable blood parameters may be helpful to get a better insight into the clinical syndromes in children with malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachida Tahar
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR 216 Mère et Enfant Face aux Infections Tropicales, Université Paris-Descartes, Près Sorbonne Paris-Cité, 4, Avenue de l'Observatoire, 75270, Paris, France. .,Faculté de Pharmacie, Près Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris-Descartes, 75270, Paris, France. .,Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, B. P. 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Catarina Albergaria
- Unité de Génétique fonctionnelle des maladies infectieuses, Départment Génomes et Génétique, Institut Pasteur, 28 Rue du Docteur Roux, et CNRS, Unité de recherche associée 3012, 75015, Paris, France.,Champalimaud Neuroscience Programme, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, 1400038, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Neil Zeghidour
- Ecole Centrale de Paris, Université Paris-Saclay, UniverSud Paris, Grande Voie des Vignes, 92295, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Vincent Foumane Ngane
- Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, B. P. 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Leonardo K Basco
- Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, B. P. 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR 198 Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, Faculté de Médecine La Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, 13385, Marseille, France
| | - Christian Roussilhon
- Unité de Génétique fonctionnelle des maladies infectieuses, Départment Génomes et Génétique, Institut Pasteur, 28 Rue du Docteur Roux, et CNRS, Unité de recherche associée 3012, 75015, Paris, France
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20
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Borrelia burgdorferi induces a type I interferon response during early stages of disseminated infection in mice. BMC Microbiol 2016; 16:29. [PMID: 26957120 PMCID: PMC4784397 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-016-0644-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lyme borrelia genotypes differ in their capacity to cause disseminated disease. Gene array analysis was employed to profile the host transcriptome induced by Borrelia burgdorferi strains with different capacities for causing disseminated disease in the blood of C3H/HeJ mice during early infection. RESULTS B. burgdorferi B515, a clinical isolate that causes disseminated infection in mice, differentially regulated 236 transcripts (P < 0.05 by ANOVA, with fold change of at least 2). The 216 significantly induced transcripts included interferon (IFN)-responsive genes and genes involved in immunity and inflammation. In contrast, B. burgdorferi B331, a clinical isolate that causes transient skin infection but does not disseminate in C3H/HeJ mice, stimulated changes in only a few genes (1 induced, 4 repressed). Transcriptional regulation of type I IFN and IFN-related genes was measured by quantitative RT-PCR in mouse skin biopsies collected from the site of infection 24 h after inoculation with B. burgdorferi. The mean values for transcripts of Ifnb, Cxcl10, Gbp1, Ifit1, Ifit3, Irf7, Mx1, and Stat2 were found to be significantly increased in B. burgdorferi strain B515-infected mice relative to the control group. In contrast, transcription of these genes was not significantly changed in response to B. burgdorferi strain B331 or B31-4, a mutant that is unable to disseminate. CONCLUSIONS These results establish a positive association between the disseminating capacity of B. burgdorferi and early type I IFN induction in a murine model of Lyme disease.
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21
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Janova H, Böttcher C, Holtman IR, Regen T, van Rossum D, Götz A, Ernst AS, Fritsche C, Gertig U, Saiepour N, Gronke K, Wrzos C, Ribes S, Rolfes S, Weinstein J, Ehrenreich H, Pukrop T, Kopatz J, Stadelmann C, Salinas-Riester G, Weber MS, Prinz M, Brück W, Eggen BJ, Boddeke HW, Priller J, Hanisch UK. CD14 is a key organizer of microglial responses to CNS infection and injury. Glia 2015; 64:635-49. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.22955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hana Janova
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Göttingen; Göttingen 37075 Germany
| | - Chotima Böttcher
- Department of Neuropsychiatry and Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry; Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin 10117 Germany
| | - Inge R. Holtman
- Department of Neuroscience; Section Medical Physiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen; Groningen 9713AW The Netherlands
| | - Tommy Regen
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Göttingen; Göttingen 37075 Germany
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Mainz; Mainz 55131 Germany
| | - Denise van Rossum
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Göttingen; Göttingen 37075 Germany
- Sartorius-Stedim Biotech GmbH; Göttingen 37079 Germany
| | - Alexander Götz
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Göttingen; Göttingen 37075 Germany
| | - Anne-Sophie Ernst
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Göttingen; Göttingen 37075 Germany
| | - Christin Fritsche
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Göttingen; Göttingen 37075 Germany
| | - Ulla Gertig
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Göttingen; Göttingen 37075 Germany
| | - Nasrin Saiepour
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Göttingen; Göttingen 37075 Germany
| | - Konrad Gronke
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Göttingen; Göttingen 37075 Germany
| | - Claudia Wrzos
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Göttingen; Göttingen 37075 Germany
| | - Sandra Ribes
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Göttingen; Göttingen 37075 Germany
| | - Simone Rolfes
- Department of Neuropsychiatry and Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry; Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin 10117 Germany
| | | | - Hannelore Ehrenreich
- Clinical Neuroscience; Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine; Göttingen 37075
| | - Tobias Pukrop
- Department of Oncology and Hematology; University of Göttingen; Göttingen 37075 Germany
| | - Jens Kopatz
- Department of Neural Regeneration; Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn; Bonn 53127 Germany
| | | | | | - Martin S. Weber
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Göttingen; Göttingen 37075 Germany
| | - Marco Prinz
- Institute of Neuropathology and BIOSS Center for Biological Signaling, University of Freiburg; Freiburg 79106 Germany
| | - Wolfgang Brück
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Göttingen; Göttingen 37075 Germany
| | - Bart J.L. Eggen
- Department of Neuroscience; Section Medical Physiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen; Groningen 9713AW The Netherlands
| | - Hendrikus W.G.M. Boddeke
- Department of Neuroscience; Section Medical Physiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen; Groningen 9713AW The Netherlands
| | - Josef Priller
- Department of Neuropsychiatry and Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry; Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin 10117 Germany
| | - Uwe-Karsten Hanisch
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Göttingen; Göttingen 37075 Germany
- Paul-Flechsig-Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig; Leipzig 04103 Germany
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22
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Han KH, Gonzalez-Quintial R, Peng Y, Baccala R, Theofilopoulos AN, Lerner RA. An agonist antibody that blocks autoimmunity by inducing anti-inflammatory macrophages. FASEB J 2015; 30:738-47. [PMID: 26481307 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-281329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We have devised a method of using intracellular combinatorial libraries to select antibodies that control cell fates. Many agonist antibodies have been selected with this method, and the process appears to be limited only by the availability of a phenotypic selection system. We demonstrate the utility of this approach to discover agonist antibodies that engage an unanticipated target and regulate macrophage polarization by selective induction of anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages. This antibody was used therapeutically to block autoimmunity in a classic mouse model of spontaneous systemic lupus erythematosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Ho Han
- *Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Rosana Gonzalez-Quintial
- *Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Yingjie Peng
- *Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Roberto Baccala
- *Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Argyrios N Theofilopoulos
- *Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Richard A Lerner
- *Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
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23
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Petnicki-Ocwieja T, Kern A, Killpack TL, Bunnell SC, Hu LT. Adaptor Protein-3-Mediated Trafficking of TLR2 Ligands Controls Specificity of Inflammatory Responses but Not Adaptor Complex Assembly. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:4331-40. [PMID: 26423153 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Innate immune engagement results in the activation of host defenses that produce microbe-specific inflammatory responses. A long-standing interest in the field of innate immunity is to understand how varied host responses are generated through the signaling of just a limited number of receptors. Recently, intracellular trafficking and compartmental partitioning have been identified as mechanisms that provide signaling specificity for receptors by regulating signaling platform assembly. We show that cytokine activation as a result of TLR2 stimulation occurs at different intracellular locations and is mediated by the phagosomal trafficking molecule adaptor protein-3 (AP-3). AP-3 is required for trafficking TLR2 purified ligands or the Lyme disease causing bacterium, Borrelia burgdorferi, to LAMP-1 lysosomal compartments. The presence of AP-3 is necessary for the activation of cytokines such as IL-6 but not TNF-α or type I IFNs, suggesting induction of these cytokines occurs from a different compartment. Lack of AP-3 does not interfere with the recruitment of TLR signaling adaptors TRAM and MyD88 to the phagosome, indicating that the TLR-MyD88 signaling complex is assembled at a prelysosomal stage and that IL-6 activation depends on proper localization of signaling molecules downstream of MyD88. Finally, infection of AP-3-deficient mice with B. burgdorferi resulted in altered joint inflammation during murine Lyme arthritis. Our studies further elucidate the effects of phagosomal trafficking on tailoring immune responses in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Petnicki-Ocwieja
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111; and
| | - Aurelie Kern
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111; and
| | - Tess L Killpack
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111; and
| | - Stephen C Bunnell
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111
| | - Linden T Hu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111; and
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24
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Klein DCG, Skjesol A, Kers-Rebel ED, Sherstova T, Sporsheim B, Egeberg KW, Stokke BT, Espevik T, Husebye H. CD14, TLR4 and TRAM Show Different Trafficking Dynamics During LPS Stimulation. Traffic 2015; 16:677-90. [PMID: 25707286 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is responsible for the immediate response to Gram-negative bacteria and signals via two main pathways by recruitment of distinct pairs of adaptor proteins. Mal-MyD88 [Mal (MyD88-adaptor-like) - MYD88 (Myeloid differentiation primary response gene (88))] is recruited to the plasma membrane to initiate the signaling cascade leading to production of pro-inflammatory cytokines while TRAM-TRIF [TRAM (TRIF-related adaptor molecule)-TRIF (TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β)] is recruited to early endosomes to initiate the subsequent production of type I interferons. We have investigated the dynamics of TLR4 and TRAM during lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. We found that LPS induced a CD14-dependent immobile fraction of TLR4 in the plasma membrane. Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRF) revealed that LPS stimulation induced clustering of TLR4 into small punctate structures in the plasma membrane containing CD14/LPS and clathrin, both in HEK293 cells and the macrophage model cell line U373-CD14. These results suggest that laterally immobilized TLR4 receptor complexes are being formed and prepared for endocytosis. RAB11A was found to be involved in localizing TRAM to the endocytic recycling compartment (ERC) and to early sorting endosomes. Moreover, CD14/LPS but not TRAM was immobilized on RAB11A-positive endosomes, which indicates that TRAM and CD14/LPS can independently be recruited to endosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dionne C G Klein
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Astrid Skjesol
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Esther D Kers-Rebel
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Present address: Radboud university medical center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tatyana Sherstova
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bjørnar Sporsheim
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kjartan W Egeberg
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bjørn T Stokke
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Terje Espevik
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Harald Husebye
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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25
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Mancilla-Herrera I, Alvarado-Moreno JA, Cérbulo-Vázquez A, Prieto-Chávez JL, Ferat-Osorio E, López-Macías C, Estrada-Parra S, Isibasi A, Arriaga-Pizano L. Activated endothelial cells limit inflammatory response, but increase chemoattractant potential and bacterial clearance by human monocytes. Cell Biol Int 2015; 39:721-32. [PMID: 25598193 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is the normal immune response of vascularized tissues to damage and bacterial products, for which leukocyte transendothelial migration (TEM) is critical. The effects of cell-to-cell contact seen in both leukocyte and endothelial cells include cytoskeleton rearrangement, and dynamic expression of adhesion molecules and metalloproteinases. TEM induces expression of anti-apoptotic molecules, costimulatory molecules associated with antigen presentation, and pattern recognition receptors (PRR), such as TLR-4, in monocytes. However, little is known about how TLR-4 increment operates in monocytes during an inflammatory response. To understand it better, we used an in vitro model in which monocytes crossed a layer of IL-1β stimulated Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVEC). After TEM, monocytes were tested for the secretion of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, their phenotype (CD14, CD16, TLR-4 expression), and TLR-4 canonical [Nuclear Factor kappa B, (NF-κB) pathway] and non-canonical [p38, extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) 1/2 pathway] signal transduction induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Phagocytosis and bacterial clearance were also measured. There was diminished secretion of LPS-induced inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) and higher secretion of chemokines (CXCL8/IL-8 and CCL2/MCP-1) in supernatant of TEM monocytes. These changes were accompanied by increases in TLR-4, CD14 (surfaces expression), p38, and ERK1/2 phosphorylated cytoplasmic forms, without affecting NF-κB activation. It also increased bacterial clearance after TEM by an O2 -independent mechanism. The data suggest that interaction between endothelial cells and monocytes fine-tunes the inflammatory response and promotes bacterial elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismael Mancilla-Herrera
- Graduate Program on Immunology, ENCB-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico.,Medical Research Unit on Immunochemistry, Specialties Hospital of the National Medical Centre "Siglo XXI" Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Antonio Alvarado-Moreno
- Medical Research Unit in Thrombosis, Hemostasis and Atherogenesis, Regional General Hospital Dr. Carlos MacGregor Sánchez Navarro, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Jessica L Prieto-Chávez
- Medical Research Unit on Immunochemistry, Specialties Hospital of the National Medical Centre "Siglo XXI" Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico.,Graduate Program on Chemical and Biological Sciences, ENCB-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Ferat-Osorio
- Gastrointestinal Surgery Service, Specialties Hospital of the National Medical Centre "Siglo XXI", IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Constantino López-Macías
- Medical Research Unit on Immunochemistry, Specialties Hospital of the National Medical Centre "Siglo XXI" Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sergio Estrada-Parra
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Immunology Department, ENCB-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Armando Isibasi
- Medical Research Unit on Immunochemistry, Specialties Hospital of the National Medical Centre "Siglo XXI" Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Lourdes Arriaga-Pizano
- Medical Research Unit on Immunochemistry, Specialties Hospital of the National Medical Centre "Siglo XXI" Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
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26
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Bajo M, Madamba SG, Roberto M, Blednov YA, Sagi VN, Roberts E, Rice KC, Harris RA, Siggins GR. Innate immune factors modulate ethanol interaction with GABAergic transmission in mouse central amygdala. Brain Behav Immun 2014; 40:191-202. [PMID: 24675033 PMCID: PMC4126651 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive ethanol drinking in rodent models may involve activation of the innate immune system, especially toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathways. We used intracellular recording of evoked GABAergic inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (eIPSPs) in central amygdala (CeA) neurons to examine the role of TLR4 activation by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and deletion of its adapter protein CD14 in acute ethanol effects on the GABAergic system. Ethanol (44, 66 or 100mM) and LPS (25 and 50μg/ml) both augmented eIPSPs in CeA of wild type (WT) mice. Ethanol (44mM) decreased paired-pulse facilitation (PPF), suggesting a presynaptic mechanism of action. Acute LPS (25μg/ml) had no effect on PPF and significantly increased the mean miniature IPSC amplitude, indicating a postsynaptic mechanism of action. Acute LPS pre-treatment potentiated ethanol (44mM) effects on eIPSPs in WT mice and restored ethanol's augmenting effects on the eIPSP amplitude in CD14 knockout (CD14 KO) mice. Both the LPS and ethanol (44-66mM) augmentation of eIPSPs was diminished significantly in most CeA neurons of CD14 KO mice; however, ethanol at the highest concentration tested (100mM) still increased eIPSP amplitudes. By contrast, ethanol pre-treatment occluded LPS augmentation of eIPSPs in WT mice and had no significant effect in CD14 KO mice. Furthermore, (+)-naloxone, a TLR4-MD-2 complex inhibitor, blocked LPS effects on eIPSPs in WT mice and delayed the ethanol-induced potentiation of GABAergic transmission. In CeA neurons of CD14 KO mice, (+)-naloxone alone diminished eIPSPs, and subsequent co-application of 100mM ethanol restored the eIPSPs to baseline levels. In summary, our results indicate that TLR4 and CD14 signaling play an important role in the acute ethanol effects on GABAergic transmission in the CeA and support the idea that CD14 and TLR4 may be therapeutic targets for treatment of alcohol abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Bajo
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Samuel G. Madamba
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Marisa Roberto
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yuri A. Blednov
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Vasudeva N. Sagi
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Edward Roberts
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kenner C. Rice
- Chemical Biology Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - R. Adron Harris
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - George R. Siggins
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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27
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Oosting M, Buffen K, van der Meer JWM, Netea MG, Joosten LAB. Innate immunity networks during infection with Borrelia burgdorferi. Crit Rev Microbiol 2014; 42:233-44. [PMID: 24963691 DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2014.929563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The recognition of Borrelia species represents a complex process in which multiple components of the immune system are involved. In this review, we summarize the interplay between the host innate system and Borrelia spp., from the recognition by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to the induction of a complex network of proinflammatory mediators. Several PRR families are crucial for recognition of Borrelia spp., including Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and Nucleotide Oligomerization Domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs). TLR-2 is crucial for the recognition of outer surface protein (Osp)A from Borrelia spp. and together with TLR8 mediates phagocytosis of the microorganism and production of type I interferons. Intracellular receptors such as TLR7, TLR8 and TLR9 on the one hand and the NLR receptor NOD2 on the other hand, represent the second major recognition system of Borrelia. PRR-dependent signals induce the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 and T-helper-derived cytokines, which are thought to mediate the inflammation during Lyme disease. Understanding the regulation of host defense mechanisms against Borrelia has the potential to lead to the discovery of novel immunotherapeutic targets to improve the therapy against Lyme disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marije Oosting
- a Department of Internal Medicine , and.,b Nijmegen Institute of Infection, Inflammation and Immunity (N4i), Radboud University Medical Centre , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - Kathrin Buffen
- a Department of Internal Medicine , and.,b Nijmegen Institute of Infection, Inflammation and Immunity (N4i), Radboud University Medical Centre , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - Jos W M van der Meer
- a Department of Internal Medicine , and.,b Nijmegen Institute of Infection, Inflammation and Immunity (N4i), Radboud University Medical Centre , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - Mihai G Netea
- a Department of Internal Medicine , and.,b Nijmegen Institute of Infection, Inflammation and Immunity (N4i), Radboud University Medical Centre , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - Leo A B Joosten
- a Department of Internal Medicine , and.,b Nijmegen Institute of Infection, Inflammation and Immunity (N4i), Radboud University Medical Centre , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
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Cervantes JL, Hawley KL, Benjamin SJ, Weinerman B, Luu SM, Salazar JC. Phagosomal TLR signaling upon Borrelia burgdorferi infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2014; 4:55. [PMID: 24904837 PMCID: PMC4033037 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2014.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Internalization and degradation of live Bb within phagosomal compartments of monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs), allows for the release of lipoproteins, nucleic acids and other microbial products, triggering a broad and robust inflammatory response. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key players in the recognition of spirochetal ligands from whole viable organisms (i.e., vita-PAMPs). Herein we will review the role of endosomal TLRs in the response to the Lyme disease spirochete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge L Cervantes
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut Health Center Farmington, CT, USA ; Division of Infectious Diseases, Connecticut Children's Medical Center Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Kelly L Hawley
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut Health Center Farmington, CT, USA ; Division of Infectious Diseases, Connecticut Children's Medical Center Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Sarah J Benjamin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut Health Center Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Bennett Weinerman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut Health Center Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Stephanie M Luu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Juan C Salazar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut Health Center Farmington, CT, USA ; Division of Infectious Diseases, Connecticut Children's Medical Center Hartford, CT, USA ; Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center Farmington, CT, USA
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Hawley KL, Martín-Ruiz I, Iglesias-Pedraz JM, Berwin B, Anguita J. CD14 targets complement receptor 3 to lipid rafts during phagocytosis of Borrelia burgdorferi. Int J Biol Sci 2013; 9:803-10. [PMID: 23983613 PMCID: PMC3753444 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.7136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis of Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease, is mediated partly by the interaction of the spirochete with Complement Receptor (CR) 3. CR3 requires the GPI-anchored protein, CD14, in order to efficiently internalize CR3-B. burgdorferi complexes. GPI-anchored proteins reside in cholesterol-rich membrane microdomains, and through its interaction with partner proteins, help initiate signaling cascades. Here, we investigated the role of CD14 on the internalization of B. burgdorferi mediated by CR3. We show that CR3 partly colocalizes with CD14 in lipid rafts. The use of the cholesterol-sequestering compound methyl-β-cyclodextran completely prevents the internalization of the spirochete in CHO cells that co-express CD14 and CR3, while no effect was observed in CD11b-deficient macrophages. These results show that lipid rafts are required for CR3-dependent, but not independent, phagocytosis of B. burgdorferi. Our results also suggest that CD14 interacts with the C-lectin domain of CR3, favoring the formation of multi-complexes that allow their internalization, and the use of β-glucan, a known ligand for the C-lectin domain of CR3, can compensate for the lack of CD14 in CHO cells that express CR3. These results provide evidence to understand the mechanisms that govern the interaction between CR3 and CD14 during the phagocytosis of B. burgdorferi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L Hawley
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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TRIF mediates Toll-like receptor 2-dependent inflammatory responses to Borrelia burgdorferi. Infect Immun 2012; 81:402-10. [PMID: 23166161 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00890-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
TRIF is an adaptor molecule important in transducing signals from intracellularly signaling Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) and TLR4. Recently, TLR2 was found to signal from intracellular compartments. Using a synthetic ligand for TLR2/1 heterodimers, as well as Borrelia burgdorferi, which is a strong activator of TLR2/1, we found that TLR2 signaling can utilize TRIF. Unlike TRIF signaling by other TLRs, TLR2-mediated TRIF signaling is dependent on the presence of another adaptor molecule, MyD88. However, unlike MyD88 deficiency, TRIF deficiency does not result in diminished control of infection with B. burgdorferi in a murine model of disease. This appears to be due to the effects of MyD88 on phagocytosis via scavenger receptors, such as MARCO, which are not affected by the loss of TRIF. In mice, TRIF deficiency did have an effect on the production of inflammatory cytokines, suggesting that regulation of inflammatory cytokines and control of bacterial growth may be uncoupled, in part through transduction of TLR2 signaling through TRIF.
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Yeh YT, Lee CI, Lim SH, Chen LJ, Wang WL, Chuang YJ, Chiu JJ. Convergence of physical and chemical signaling in the modulation of vascular smooth muscle cell cycle and proliferation by fibrillar collagen-regulated P66Shc. Biomaterials 2012; 33:6728-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Gautam A, Dixit S, Embers M, Gautam R, Philipp MT, Singh SR, Morici L, Dennis VA. Different patterns of expression and of IL-10 modulation of inflammatory mediators from macrophages of Lyme disease-resistant and -susceptible mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43860. [PMID: 23024745 PMCID: PMC3443101 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
C57BL/6J (C57) mice develop mild arthritis (Lyme disease-resistant) whereas C3H/HeN (C3H) mice develop severe arthritis (Lyme disease-susceptible) after infection with the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi. We hypothesized that susceptibility and resistance to Lyme disease, as modeled in mice, is associated with early induction and regulation of inflammatory mediators by innate immune cells after their exposure to live B. burgdorferi spirochetes. Here, we employed multiplex ELISA and qRT-PCR to investigate quantitative differences in the levels of cytokines and chemokines produced by bone marrow-derived macrophages from C57 and C3H mice after these cells were exposed ex vivo to live spirochetes or spirochetal lipoprotein. Upon stimulation, the production of both cytokines and chemokines was up-regulated in macrophages from both mouse strains. Interestingly, however, our results uncovered two distinct patterns of spirochete- and lipoprotein-inducible inflammatory mediators displayed by mouse macrophages, such that the magnitude of the chemokine up-regulation was larger in C57 cells than it was in C3H cells, for most chemokines. Conversely, cytokine up-regulation was more intense in C3H cells. Gene transcript analyses showed that the displayed patterns of inflammatory mediators were associated with a TLR2/TLR1 transcript imbalance: C3H macrophages expressed higher TLR2 transcript levels as compared to those expressed by C57 macrophages. Exogenous IL-10 dampened production of inflammatory mediators, especially those elicited by lipoprotein stimulation. Neutralization of endogenously produced IL-10 increased production of inflammatory mediators, notably by macrophages of C57 mice, which also displayed more IL-10 than C3H macrophages. The distinct patterns of pro-inflammatory mediator production, along with TLR2/TLR1 expression, and regulation in macrophages from Lyme disease-resistant and -susceptible mice suggests itself as a blueprint to further investigate differential pathogenesis of Lyme disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Gautam
- Division of Bacteriology and Parasitology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Saurabh Dixit
- Division of Bacteriology and Parasitology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
- Center for Nanobiotechnology Research, Alabama State University, Montgomery, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Monica Embers
- Division of Bacteriology and Parasitology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Rajeev Gautam
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Mario T. Philipp
- Division of Bacteriology and Parasitology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Shree R. Singh
- Center for Nanobiotechnology Research, Alabama State University, Montgomery, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Lisa Morici
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Vida A. Dennis
- Division of Bacteriology and Parasitology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
- Center for Nanobiotechnology Research, Alabama State University, Montgomery, Alabama, United States of America
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Sellati TJ, Sahay B, Wormser GP. The Toll of a TLR1 polymorphism in lyme disease: a tale of mice and men. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 64:1311-5. [PMID: 22246662 DOI: 10.1002/art.34386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Strle K, Shin JJ, Glickstein LJ, Steere AC. Association of a Toll-like receptor 1 polymorphism with heightened Th1 inflammatory responses and antibiotic-refractory Lyme arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 64:1497-507. [PMID: 22246581 DOI: 10.1002/art.34383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that alter immune function, inflammatory responses, and disease susceptibility have been identified in several genes encoding Toll-like receptors (TLRs). The TLR SNPs with the best evidence of an effect on immune function are those in TLR1 (1805GG), TLR2 (2258GA), and TLR5 (1174CT). This study was undertaken to assess the frequency and functional outcomes of these polymorphisms in patients with Lyme disease. METHODS SNP frequencies and functional outcomes were assessed in 248 patients with Lyme disease. Cytokine and chemokine levels were determined using multiplex assays in the serum of patients with erythema migrans (EM), joint fluid of patients with Lyme arthritis, and supernatants of Borrelia burgdorferi-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients with Lyme arthritis. RESULTS The frequency of the TLR1-1805GG polymorphism was greater in patients with antibiotic-refractory arthritis compared with patients with EM or those with antibiotic-responsive arthritis. Early in the illness, patients with EM carrying 1805GG, primarily those infected with B burgdorferi 16S-23S ribosomal spacer RNA intergenic type 1 (RST1) strains, had higher serum levels of interferon-γ (IFNγ), CXCL9, and CXCL10 and had more severe infection than EM patients carrying the 1805TG/TT polymorphism. These inflammatory responses were amplified in patients with Lyme arthritis, and the highest responses were observed in patients with 1805GG in the antibiotic-refractory group who had been infected with RST1 strains. When PBMCs from patients with Lyme arthritis were stimulated with a B burgdorferi RST1 strain, the 1805GG group had a significantly larger fold increase in the levels of IFNγ, CCL2, CXCL9, and CXCL10 compared to the 1805TG/TT group. In contrast, the TLR2 and TLR5 polymorphisms did not vary in frequency or function among the groups. CONCLUSION The TLR1-1805GG polymorphism in B burgdorferi RST1-infected patients was associated with stronger Th1-like inflammatory responses, an environment that may set the stage for antibiotic-refractory arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klemen Strle
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Peng Q, O’Loughlin JL, Humphrey MB. DOK3 negatively regulates LPS responses and endotoxin tolerance. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39967. [PMID: 22761938 PMCID: PMC3384629 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immune activation via Toll-like receptors (TLRs), although critical for host defense against infection, must be regulated to prevent sustained cell activation that can lead to cell death. Cells repeatedly stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) develop endotoxin tolerance making the cells hypo-responsive to additional TLR stimulation. We show here that DOK3 is a negative regulator of TLR signaling by limiting LPS-induced ERK activation and cytokine responses in macrophages. LPS induces ubiquitin-mediated degradation of DOK3 leading to SOS1 degradation and inhibition of ERK activation. DOK3 mice are hypersensitive to sublethal doses of LPS and have altered cytokine responses in vivo. During endotoxin tolerance, DOK3 expression remains stable, and it negatively regulates the expression of SHIP1, IRAK-M, SOCS1, and SOS1. As such, DOK3-deficient macrophages are more sensitive to LPS-induced tolerance becoming tolerant at lower levels of LPS than wild type cells. Taken together, the absence of DOK3 increases LPS signaling, contributing to LPS-induced tolerance. Thus, DOK3 plays a role in TLR signaling during both naïve and endotoxin-induced tolerant conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qisheng Peng
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jason L. O’Loughlin
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Mary Beth Humphrey
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Perdiguero E, Kharraz Y, Serrano AL, Muñoz-Cánoves P. MKP-1 coordinates ordered macrophage-phenotype transitions essential for stem cell-dependent tissue repair. Cell Cycle 2012; 11:877-86. [PMID: 22361726 DOI: 10.4161/cc.11.5.19374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Re-establishing tissue homoeostasis in response to injury requires infiltration of inflammatory cells and activation of resident stem cells. However, full tissue recovery also requires that the inflammation is resolved. While it is known that disturbing the interactions between inflammatory cells and tissue resident cells prevents successful healing, the molecular mechanisms underlying the paracrine interactions between these cell types are practically unknown. Here, and in a recent study, we provide mechanistic evidence that macrophages control stem cell-dependent tissue repair. In particular, we found that the temporal spacing of the pro- to anti-inflammatory macrophage polarization switch is controlled by the balance of p38 MAPK (termed here p38) and the MAPK phosphatase MKP-1 during the muscle healing process. Moreover, we demonstrate a new function for MKP-1-regulated p38 signaling in deactivating macrophages during inflammation resolution after injury. Specifically, at advanced stages of regeneration, MKP-1 loss caused an unscheduled "exhaustion-like" state in muscle macrophages, in which neither pro- nor anti-inflammatory cytokines are expressed despite persistent tissue damage, leading to dysregulated reparation by the tissue stem cells. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that p38 and MKP-1 control the AKT pathway through a miR-21-dependent PTEN regulation. Importantly, both genetic and pharmacological interference with the individual components of this pathway restored inflammation-dependent tissue homeostasis in MKP-1-deficient mice and delayed inflammation resolution and tissue repair dysregulation in wild-type mice. Because the process of tolerance to bacterial infection involves a progressive attenuation of pro-inflammatory gene expression, we discuss here the potential similarities between the mechanisms underlying inflammation resolution during tissue repair and those controlling endotoxin tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eusebio Perdiguero
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), CIBER on Neurodegenerative diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain.
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Cidea is an essential transcriptional coactivator regulating mammary gland secretion of milk lipids. Nat Med 2012; 18:235-43. [PMID: 22245780 DOI: 10.1038/nm.2614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Adequate lipid secretion by mammary glands during lactation is essential for the survival of mammalian offspring. However, the mechanism governing this process is poorly understood. Here we show that Cidea is expressed at high levels in lactating mammary glands and its deficiency leads to premature pup death as a result of severely reduced milk lipids. Furthermore, the expression of xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR), an essential factor for milk lipid secretion, is markedly lower in Cidea-deficient mammary glands. Conversely, ectopic Cidea expression induces the expression of XOR and enhances lipid secretion in vivo. Unexpectedly, as Cidea has heretofore been thought of as a cytoplasmic protein, we detected it in the nucleus and found it to physically interact with transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β (C/EBPβ) in mammary epithelial cells. We also observed that Cidea induces XOR expression by promoting the association of C/EBPβ onto, and the dissociation of HDAC1 from, the promoter of the Xdh gene encoding XOR. Finally, we found that Fsp27, another CIDE family protein, is detected in the nucleus and interacts with C/EBPβ to regulate expression of a subset of C/EBPβ downstream genes in adipocytes. Thus, Cidea acts as a previously unknown transcriptional coactivator of C/EBPβ in mammary glands to control lipid secretion and pup survival.
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CD14 cooperates with complement receptor 3 to mediate MyD88-independent phagocytosis of Borrelia burgdorferi. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:1228-32. [PMID: 22232682 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1112078109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis of Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease, is a poorly understood process, despite its importance during the host immune response to infection. B. burgdorferi has been shown to bind to different receptors on the surface of phagocytic cells, including the β(2) integrin, complement receptor 3 (CR3). However, whether these receptors mediate the phagocytosis of the spirochete remains unknown. We now demonstrate that CR3 mediates the phagocytosis of the spirochete by murine macrophages and human monocytes. Interaction of B. burgdorferi with the integrin is not sufficient, however, to internalize the spirochete; phagocytosis requires the interaction of CR3 with the GPI-anchored protein, CD14, independently of TLR/MyD88-induced or inside-out signals. Interestingly, the absence of CR3 leads to marked increases in the production of TNF in vitro and in vivo, despite reduced spirochetal uptake. Furthermore, the absence of CR3 during infection with B. burgdorferi results in the inefficient control of bacterial burdens in the heart and increased Lyme carditis. Overall, our data identify CR3 as a MyD88-independent phagocytic receptor for B. burgdorferi that also participates in the modulation of the proinflammatory output of macrophages. These data also establish a unique mechanism of CR3-mediated phagocytosis that requires the direct cooperation of GPI-anchored proteins.
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Interleukin-10 alters effector functions of multiple genes induced by Borrelia burgdorferi in macrophages to regulate Lyme disease inflammation. Infect Immun 2011; 79:4876-92. [PMID: 21947773 DOI: 10.1128/iai.05451-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-10 (IL-10) modulates inflammatory responses elicited in vitro and in vivo by Borrelia burgdorferi, the Lyme disease spirochete. How IL-10 modulates these inflammatory responses still remains elusive. We hypothesize that IL-10 inhibits effector functions of multiple genes induced by B. burgdorferi in macrophages to control concomitantly elicited inflammation. Because macrophages are essential in the initiation of inflammation, we used mouse J774 macrophages and live B. burgdorferi spirochetes as the model target cell and stimulant, respectively. First, we employed transcriptome profiling to identify genes that were induced by stimulation of cells with live spirochetes and that were perturbed by addition of IL-10 to spirochete cultures. Spirochetes significantly induced upregulation of 347 genes at both the 4-h and 24-h time points. IL-10 inhibited the expression levels, respectively, of 53 and 65 of the 4-h and 24-h genes, and potentiated, respectively, at 4 h and 24 h, 65 and 50 genes. Prominent among the novel identified IL-10-inhibited genes also validated by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) were Toll-like receptor 1 (TLR1), TLR2, IRAK3, TRAF1, IRG1, PTGS2, MMP9, IFI44, IFIT1, and CD40. Proteome analysis using a multiplex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) revealed the IL-10 modulation/and or potentiation of RANTES/CCL5, macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP-2)/CXCL2, IP-10/CXCL10, MIP-1α/CCL3, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)/CSF3, CXCL1, CXCL5, CCL2, CCL4, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), IL-1α, IL-1β, gamma interferon (IFN-γ), and IL-9. Similar results were obtained using sonicated spirochetes or lipoprotein as stimulants. Our data show that IL-10 alters effectors induced by B. burgdorferi in macrophages to control concomitantly elicited inflammatory responses. Moreover, for the first time, this study provides global insight into potential mechanisms used by IL-10 to control Lyme disease inflammation.
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa suppresses interferon response to rhinovirus infection in cystic fibrosis but not in normal bronchial epithelial cells. Infect Immun 2011; 79:4131-45. [PMID: 21825067 DOI: 10.1128/iai.05120-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite increased morbidity associated with secondary respiratory viral infections in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients with chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection, the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Here, we investigated the effect of P. aeruginosa infection on the innate immune responses of bronchial epithelial cells to rhinovirus (RV) infection. CF cells sequentially infected with mucoid P. aeruginosa (MPA) and RV showed lower levels of interferons (IFNs) and higher viral loads than those of RV-infected cells. Unlike results for CF cells, normal bronchial epithelial cells coinfected with MPA/RV showed higher IFN expression than RV-infected cells. In both CF and normal cells, the RV-stimulated IFN response requires phosphorylation of Akt and interferon response factor 3 (IRF3). Preinfection with MPA inhibited RV-stimulated Akt phosphorylation and decreased IRF3 phosphorylation in CF cells but not in normal cells. Compared to normal, unstimulated CF cells or normal cells treated with CFTR inhibitor showed increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Treatment of CF cells with antioxidants prior to MPA infection partially reversed the suppressive effect of MPA on the RV-stimulated IFN response. Together, these results suggest that MPA preinfection inhibits viral clearance by suppressing the antiviral response particularly in CF cells but not in normal cells. Further, increased oxidative stress in CF cells appears to modulate the innate immune responses to coinfection.
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Periasamy S, Singh A, Sahay B, Rahman T, Feustel PJ, Pham GH, Gosselin EJ, Sellati TJ. Development of tolerogenic dendritic cells and regulatory T cells favors exponential bacterial growth and survival during early respiratory tularemia. J Leukoc Biol 2011; 90:493-507. [PMID: 21724804 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0411197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tularemia is a vector-borne zoonosis caused by Ft, a Gram-negative, facultative intracellular bacterium. Ft exists in two clinically relevant forms, the European biovar B (holarctica), which produces acute, although mild, self-limiting infections, and the more virulent United States biovar A (tularensis), which is often associated with pneumonic tularemia and more severe disease. In a mouse model of tularemia, respiratory infection with the virulence-attenuated Type B (LVS) or highly virulent Type A (SchuS4) strain engenders peribronchiolar and perivascular inflammation. Paradoxically, despite an intense neutrophilic infiltrate and high bacterial burden, T(h)1-type proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-12) are absent within the first ∼72 h of pulmonary infection. It has been suggested that the bacterium has the capacity to actively suppress or block NF-κB signaling, thus causing an initial delay in up-regulation of inflammatory mediators. However, our previously published findings and those presented herein contradict this paradigm and instead, strongly support an alternative hypothesis. Rather than blocking NF-κB, Ft actually triggers TLR2-dependent NF-κB signaling, resulting in the development and activation of tDCs and the release of anti-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-10 and TGF-β). In turn, these cytokines stimulate development and proliferation of T(regs) that may restrain T(h)1-type proinflammatory cytokine release early during tularemic infection. The highly regulated and overall anti-inflammatory milieu established in the lung is permissive for unfettered growth and survival of Ft. The capacity of Ft to evoke such a response represents an important immune-evasive strategy.
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Type I interferon production induced by Streptococcus pyogenes-derived nucleic acids is required for host protection. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1001345. [PMID: 21625574 PMCID: PMC3098218 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes is a Gram-positive human pathogen that is recognized by yet unknown pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Engagement of these receptor molecules during infection with S. pyogenes, a largely extracellular bacterium with limited capacity for intracellular survival, causes innate immune cells to produce inflammatory mediators such as TNF, but also type I interferon (IFN). Here we show that signaling elicited by type I IFNs is required for successful defense of mice against lethal subcutaneous cellulitis caused by S. pyogenes. Type I IFN signaling was accompanied with reduced neutrophil recruitment to the site of infection. Mechanistic analysis revealed that macrophages and conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) employ different signaling pathways leading to IFN-beta production. Macrophages required IRF3, STING, TBK1 and partially MyD88, whereas in cDCs the IFN-beta production was fully dependent on IRF5 and MyD88. Furthermore, IFN-beta production by macrophages was dependent on the endosomal delivery of streptococcal DNA, while in cDCs streptococcal RNA was identified as the IFN-beta inducer. Despite a role of MyD88 in both cell types, the known IFN-inducing TLRs were individually not required for generation of the IFN-beta response. These results demonstrate that the innate immune system employs several strategies to efficiently recognize S. pyogenes, a pathogenic bacterium that succeeded in avoiding recognition by the standard arsenal of TLRs. Streptococcus pyogenes is an important human pathogen that causes a broad range of diseases. The bacterium colonizes the throat and the skin where it can evoke usually mild illness such as strep throat or scarlet fever. Systemic infections with S. pyogenes are less frequent but can develop into life-threatening diseases such as necrotizing fasciitis and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. The immune system launches a usually successful response that is initiated by a so far not understood recognition of this pathogen by the cells of the innate immune system. These cells produce upon infection a variety of cytokines that orchestrate a full blown protective response. Among these cytokines, type I interferons play a critical role as demonstrated by our study. We further show that IFN-beta, the key type I interferon, is produced only after macrophages and dendritic cells have taken up the pathogen and liberated the bacterial nucleic acids for recognition in the intracellular vesicles. Importantly, macrophages and dendritic cells recognize different nucleic acids and employ different signaling pathways to respond. Our data suggest that the innate immune system employs several strategies to efficiently recognize S. pyogenes, a pathogenic bacterium that succeeded in avoiding recognition by the standard recognition mechanisms.
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Sorci G, Giovannini G, Riuzzi F, Bonifazi P, Zelante T, Zagarella S, Bistoni F, Donato R, Romani L. The danger signal S100B integrates pathogen- and danger-sensing pathways to restrain inflammation. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1001315. [PMID: 21423669 PMCID: PMC3053348 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans inhale hundreds of Aspergillus conidia without adverse consequences. Powerful protective mechanisms may ensure prompt control of the pathogen and inflammation. Here we reveal a previously unknown mechanism by which the danger molecule S100B integrates pathogen– and danger–sensing pathways to restrain inflammation. Upon forming complexes with TLR2 ligands, S100B inhibited TLR2 via RAGE, through a paracrine epithelial cells/neutrophil circuit that restrained pathogen-induced inflammation. However, upon binding to nucleic acids, S100B activated intracellular TLRs eventually resolve danger-induced inflammation via transcriptional inhibition of S100B. Thus, the spatiotemporal regulation of TLRs and RAGE by S100B provides evidence for an evolving braking circuit in infection whereby an endogenous danger protects against pathogen–induced inflammation and a pathogen–sensing mechanism resolves danger–induced inflammation. Inflammation results from recognition of invading microorganisms through pathogen–associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and from reaction to tissue damage–associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Despite the identification of specific signaling pathways negatively regulating responses to PAMPs or DAMPs, the unexpected convergence of molecular pathways responsible for recognition of either one raised the question of whether and how the host discriminates between the two distinct molecular patterns. Here we reveal a previously unknown mechanism by which the danger molecule S100B integrates pathogen– and danger–sensing pathways to restrain inflammation in Aspergillus fumigatus infection. By disclosing protective mechanisms that ensure prompt control of the pathogen and inflammation, our results may help to explain why humans inhale hundreds of Aspergillus conidia without adverse consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guglielmo Sorci
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Gloria Giovannini
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesca Riuzzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Bonifazi
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Teresa Zelante
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Silvia Zagarella
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesco Bistoni
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Rosario Donato
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Luigina Romani
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Petnicki-Ocwieja T, DeFrancesco AS, Chung E, Darcy CT, Bronson RT, Kobayashi KS, Hu LT. Nod2 suppresses Borrelia burgdorferi mediated murine Lyme arthritis and carditis through the induction of tolerance. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17414. [PMID: 21387014 PMCID: PMC3046161 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The internalization of Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease, by phagocytes is essential for an effective activation of the immune response to this pathogen. The intracellular, cytosolic receptor Nod2 has been shown to play varying roles in either enhancing or attenuating inflammation in response to different infectious agents. We examined the role of Nod2 in responses to B. burgdorferi. In vitro stimulation of Nod2 deficient bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDM) resulted in decreased induction of multiple cytokines, interferons and interferon regulated genes compared with wild-type cells. However, B. burgdorferi infection of Nod2 deficient mice resulted in increased rather than decreased arthritis and carditis compared to control mice. We explored multiple potential mechanisms for the paradoxical response in in vivo versus in vitro systems and found that prolonged stimulation with a Nod2 ligand, muramyl dipeptide (MDP), resulted in tolerance to stimulation by B. burgdorferi. This tolerance was lost with stimulation of Nod2 deficient cells that cannot respond to MDP. Cytokine patterns in the tolerance model closely paralleled cytokine profiles in infected Nod2 deficient mice. We propose a model where Nod2 has an enhancing role in activating inflammation in early infection, but moderates inflammation after prolonged exposure to the organism through induction of tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Petnicki-Ocwieja
- Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Alicia S. DeFrancesco
- Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Erin Chung
- Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Courtney T. Darcy
- Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Roderick T. Bronson
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Koichi S. Kobayashi
- Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Linden T. Hu
- Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Deletion of CD14 attenuates Alzheimer's disease pathology by influencing the brain's inflammatory milieu. J Neurosci 2010; 30:15369-73. [PMID: 21084593 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2637-10.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the deposition of β-amyloid (Aβ)-containing plaques within the brain that is accompanied by a robust microglial-mediated inflammatory response. This inflammatory response is reliant upon engagement of innate immune signaling pathways involving the toll-like receptors (TLRs). Studies assessing the roles of TLRs in AD pathogenesis have yielded conflicting results. We have assessed the roles of the TLRs through genetic inactivation of the TLR2/4 coreceptor, CD14, in a transgenic murine model of AD. Transgenic mice lacking CD14 exhibited reduced insoluble, but not soluble, levels of Aβ at 7 months of age. This corresponded with decreased plaque burden resulting from a reduction in number and size of both diffuse and thioflavin S-positive plaques and an overall reduction in the number of microglia. These findings are inconsistent with the established actions of these receptors. Moreover, loss of CD14 expression was associated with increased expression of genes encoding the proinflammatory cytokines Tnfα and Ifnγ, decreased levels of the microglial/macrophage alternative activation markers Fizz1 and Ym1, and increased expression of the anti-inflammatory gene Il-10. Thus, the loss of CD14 resulted in a significant change in the inflammatory environment of the brain, likely reflecting a more heterogeneous population of microglia within the brains of the animals. The reduction in plaque burden was not a result of changes in the expression of various Aβ degrading enzymes or proteins associated with Aβ clearance. These data suggest that CD14 is a critical regulator of the microglial inflammatory response that acts to modulate Aβ deposition.
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Stolfi C, Caruso R, Franzè E, Sarra M, De Nitto D, Rizzo A, Pallone F, Monteleone G. Interleukin-25 fails to activate STAT6 and induce alternatively activated macrophages. Immunology 2010; 132:66-77. [PMID: 20840631 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2010.03340.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-25 (IL-25), a T helper type 2 (Th2) -related factor, inhibits the production of inflammatory cytokines by monocytes/macrophages. Since Th2 cytokines antagonize classically activated monocytes/macrophages by inducing alternatively activated macrophages (AAMs), we here assessed the effect of IL-25 on the alternative activation of human monocytes/macrophages. The interleukins IL-25, IL-4 and IL-13 were effective in reducing the expression of inflammatory chemokines in monocytes. This effect was paralleled by induction of AAMs in cultures added with IL-4 or IL-13 but not with IL-25, regardless of whether cells were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide or interferon-γ. Moreover, pre-incubation of cells with IL-25 did not alter the ability of both IL-4 and IL-13 to induce AAMs. Both IL-4 and IL-13 activated signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6), and silencing of this transcription factor markedly reduced the IL-4/IL-13-driven induction of AAMs. In contrast, IL-25 failed to trigger STAT6 activation. Among Th2 cytokines, only IL-25 and IL-10 were able to activate p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. These results collectively indicate that IL-25 fails to induce AAMs and that Th2-type cytokines suppress inflammatory responses in human monocytes by activating different intracellular signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmine Stolfi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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