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Flores-Gonzalez J, Chavez-Galan L, Falfán-Valencia R, Roldán IB, Fricke-Galindo I, Veronica-Aguilar A, Martínez-Morales A, Hernández-Zenteno RDJ, Guzmán-Guzmán IP, Pérez-Rubio G. Variant rs4986790 of toll-like receptor 4 affects the signaling and induces cell dysfunction in patients with severe COVID-19. Int J Infect Dis 2024; 138:102-109. [PMID: 38029833 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2023.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We investigated the expression of toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 on the cell surface of innate and adaptive cells from patients with COVID-19 carrying the rs4986790 GG genotype in the TLR4 gene and the functional profile of these cells. METHODS We included 1169 hospitalized patients with COVID-19. The rs4986790 in TLR4 was identified by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated and cultured to evaluate TLR-4 expression on immune cells. Supernatants recovered culture assays were stored, and we measured cytokines and cytotoxic molecules. RESULTS We showed that the rs4986790 (GG) was significantly associated (P = 0.0310) with severe COVID-19. Cells of patients with COVID-19 carrying the GG genotype have increased the frequency of monocytes and activated naïve and non-switched B cells positive to TLR-4 when cells are stimulated with lipopolysaccharide and with spike protein of SARS-CoV-2. Also, cells from patients with GG COVID-19 cannot produce pro-inflammatory cytokines after lipopolysaccharide stimulus, but they are high producers of cytotoxic molecules at baseline. CONCLUSIONS The rs4986790 GG genotype of the TLR4 is associated with the risk of COVID-19 and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients carrying the rs4986790 (TLR4) GG genotype had a limited delivery of pro-inflammatory cytokines compared to the AA and AG genotypes in which TLR-4 stimulation induces IL-10, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and Fas ligand production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Flores-Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Integrative Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Leslie Chavez-Galan
- Laboratory of Integrative Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ramcés Falfán-Valencia
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ivette Buendía Roldán
- Translational Research Laboratory on Aging and Pulmonary Fibrosis, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ingrid Fricke-Galindo
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Abigail Veronica-Aguilar
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alfonso Martínez-Morales
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Iris Paola Guzmán-Guzmán
- Faculty of Chemical-Biological Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Gloria Pérez-Rubio
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Magri C, Marchina E, Sansone E, D'Adamo AP, Cappellani S, Bonfanti C, Terlenghi L, Biasiotto G, Zanella I, Sala E, Caruso A, Lombardo M, Gasparini P, De Palma G, Gennarelli M. Genome-wide association studies of response and side effects to the BNT162b2 vaccine in Italian healthcare workers: Increased antibody levels and side effects in carriers of the HLA-A*03:01 allele. HLA 2023; 102:707-719. [PMID: 37469131 DOI: 10.1111/tan.15157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
The remarkable variability of response to vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 is apparent. The present study aims to estimate the extent to which the host genetic background contributes to this variability in terms of immune response and side effects following the administration of the BNT162b2 vaccine. We carried out a genome wide association study (GWAS) by genotyping 873 Italian healthcare workers who underwent anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination with the BNT162b2 vaccine and for whom information about anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike antibodies titers and vaccine side effects were available. The GWAS revealed a significant association between the HLA locus and the anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike antibodies level at 2 months following the first dose of vaccine (SNP: rs1737060; p = 9.80 × 10-11 ). In particular, we observed a positive association between the antibody levels and the presence of the HLA-A*03:01 allele. The same allele was found associated with a 2-2.4-fold increased risk of experiencing specific side effects such as fever, chills and myalgia and a 1.5-1.8-fold increased risk of joint pain, nausea, fatigue, headache and asthenia, independently of age and sex. This study confirms that the heterogeneity in the immune response to the BNT162b2 vaccine and in its side effects are at least partially influenced by genetic variants. This information, integrated with individual biological and lifestyle-related correlates, could be of use in the definition of algorithms aimed at the identification of subjects in which the administration of additional vaccine doses would be particularly beneficial to maintain immunity against the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Magri
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Eleonora Marchina
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Emanuele Sansone
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, Unit of Occupational Health and Industrial Hygiene, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Adamo Pio D'Adamo
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Stefania Cappellani
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Carlo Bonfanti
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Laboratory of Microbiology, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Giorgio Biasiotto
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Highly Specialized Laboratory, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Isabella Zanella
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, Section of Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Emma Sala
- Unit of Occupational Health, Hygiene, Toxicology and Prevention, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Arnaldo Caruso
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Laboratory of Microbiology, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Massimo Lombardo
- Chief Executive Office, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Paolo Gasparini
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Giuseppe De Palma
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, Unit of Occupational Health and Industrial Hygiene, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Unit of Occupational Health, Hygiene, Toxicology and Prevention, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Massimo Gennarelli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Genetics Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni Di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
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Aflouk Y, Inoubli O, Kenz A, Yacoub S, Zaafrane F, Gaha L, Bel Hadj Jrad B. Association between polymorphisms of TLR2-1-6 and bipolar disorder in a tunisian population. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:8877-8888. [PMID: 37688680 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08758-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bipolar disorder (BD) is a complex neuropsychiatric disease that has been strongly linked to immune dysregulation. In particular, an abnormal inflammatory response mediated by toll-like receptor 2 - 1/6 (TLR2-1/6) was described in BD. Nevertheless, genetic factors' contribution is still unknown. Thus, we suggested that functional polymorphisms of TLR2, 1 and 6 could be involved in BD predisposition. METHODS AND RESULTS TLR2, 1 and 6 polymorphisms were genotyped by PCR-RFLP in 292 controls and 131 patients from a Tunisian population. Polymorphisms and haplotype associations were explored in BD and binary logistic regression analysis was performed for more powerful associations. In dominant model, we found a significantly higher genotype and minor allele frequencies in healthy females compared to patients for TLR2-196-174Ins/Del (p = 0.04; OR = 0.3, p = 0.04; OR = 0.3, respectively) and for TLR6-S249P only with minor allele (p = 0.03; OR = 0.2). In contrast, TLR2-R677W CT + TT and T allele frequencies were significantly higher in BD (padjusted<10- 4; ORadjusted =46.6, p < 10- 4; OR = 6.3, respectively), specifically in females (CT + TT: 100%). Similarly, TLR1-R80T showed significantly increased GC + CC and C allele frequencies in patients compared to controls (padjusted=0.04; ORadjusted=4, p = 0.009; OR = 4.3, respectively). Moreover, haplotype investigation demonstrated that InsGTCGT (p < 10- 4, OR = 275) and delGCCGT (p = 0.03, OR = 18.5) were significantly overrepresented in BD patients compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that TLR2-196-174Ins/Del and TLR6-S249P could be protective factors of females against BD. However, TLR2-R677W and TLR1-R80T could be strongly associated with higher risk of BD. Interestingly, TLR2-R677W could be a genetic marker for BD in females. However, further studies with larger groups are needed to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef Aflouk
- Laboratory of Genetics, Biodiversity, and Valorization of Bioresources GBVB (LR11ES41), Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir (ISBM), University of Monastir, Monastir, 5000, Tunisia.
| | - Oumaima Inoubli
- Laboratory of Genetics, Biodiversity, and Valorization of Bioresources GBVB (LR11ES41), Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir (ISBM), University of Monastir, Monastir, 5000, Tunisia
| | - Amira Kenz
- Laboratory of Genetics, Biodiversity, and Valorization of Bioresources GBVB (LR11ES41), Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir (ISBM), University of Monastir, Monastir, 5000, Tunisia
| | - Saloua Yacoub
- Regional Center of Blood Transfusion, University Hospital Farhat Hached, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Ferid Zaafrane
- Department of Psychiatry and Vulnerability to Psychoses Laboratory-CHU Fattouma Bourguiba Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Lotfi Gaha
- Department of Psychiatry and Vulnerability to Psychoses Laboratory-CHU Fattouma Bourguiba Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Besma Bel Hadj Jrad
- Laboratory of Genetics, Biodiversity, and Valorization of Bioresources GBVB (LR11ES41), Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir (ISBM), University of Monastir, Monastir, 5000, Tunisia
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Mhmoud NA. Association of Toll-like Receptors 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 9 and 10 Genes Polymorphisms and Susceptibility to Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Sudanese Patients. Immunotargets Ther 2023; 12:47-75. [PMID: 37051380 PMCID: PMC10085002 DOI: 10.2147/itt.s404915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Genetic factors are important contributors to the development of a wide range of complex disease. Polymorphisms in genes encoding for toll-like receptors (TLRs) usually influence the efficiency of the immune response to infection and are associated with disease susceptibility and progression. Therefore, we aim to describe the first association between TLR1, TLR2, TLR4 TLR6, TLR8, TLR9 and TLR10 genes polymorphisms and susceptibility to pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in Sudanese patients. Methodology Here we performed a case study which included 160 tuberculosis patients and 220 healthy matched controls from Sudan. In the study population, we evaluated the possible association between 86 markers in TLR1, TLR2, TLR4 TLR6, TLR8, TLR9 and TLR10 genes polymorphisms and susceptibility to PTB disease in Sudanese population using polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Results From our results it appeared that in the PTB population the TLR1 (rs5743557, rs4833095, rs5743596), TLR2 (rs5743704, rs5743708, rs3804099), TLR4 (rs4986790, rs4986791), TLR6 (rs5743810), TLR8 (rs3764879, rs3764880), TLR9 (rs352165, rs352167, rs187084) and TLR10 (rs4129009) were significantly more often encountered (p<0.0001) than in the control population and were associated with PTB in the Sudanese population. For the other polymorphisms tested, no association with PTB was found in the population tested. Conclusion The work describes novel mutations in TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR6, TLR8, TLR9 and TLR10 genes and their association with PTB infection in Sudanese population. These results will enhance our ability to determine the risk of developing the disease by targeting specific TLR pathways to reduce the severity of the disease. Future studies are needed in a larger sample to replicate our findings and understand the mechanism of association of TLR polymorphism in PTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najwa A Mhmoud
- Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
- Correspondence: Najwa A Mhmoud, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology University of Khartoum, P.O. Box 102, Khartoum, Sudan, Fax +249-83-383590, Email
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Subsequent AS01-adjuvanted vaccinations induce similar transcriptional responses in populations with different disease statuses. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276505. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional responses to adjuvanted vaccines can vary substantially among populations. Interindividual diversity in levels of pathogen exposure, and thus of cell-mediated immunological memory at baseline, may be an important determinant of population differences in vaccine responses. Adjuvant System AS01 is used in licensed or candidate vaccines for several diseases and populations, yet the impact of pre-existing immunity on its adjuvanticity remains to be elucidated. In this exploratory post-hoc analysis of clinical trial samples (clinicalTrials.gov: NCT01424501), we compared gene expression patterns elicited by two immunizations with the candidate tuberculosis (TB) vaccine M72/AS01, between three groups of individuals with different levels of memory responses to TB antigens before vaccination. Analyzed were one group of TB-disease-treated individuals, and two groups of TB-disease-naïve individuals who were (based on purified protein derivative [PPD] skin-test results) stratified into PPD-positive and PPD-negative groups. Although TB-disease-treated individuals displayed slightly stronger transcriptional responses after each vaccine dose, functional gene signatures were overall not distinctly different between groups. Considering the similarities with the signatures found previously for other AS01-adjuvanted vaccines, many features of the response appeared to be adjuvant-driven. Across groups, cell proliferation-related signals at 7 days post-dose 1 were associated with increased anti-M72 antibody response magnitudes. These early signals were stronger in the TB-disease-treated group as compared to both TB-disease-naïve groups. Interindividual homogeneity in gene expression levels was also higher for TB-disease-treated individuals post-dose 1, but increased in all groups post-dose 2 to attain similar levels between the three groups. Altogether, strong cell-mediated memory responses at baseline accelerated and amplified transcriptional responses to a single dose of this AS01-adjuvanted vaccine, resulting in more homogenous gene expression levels among the highly-primed individuals as compared to the disease-naïve individuals. However, after a second vaccination, response heterogeneity decreased and was similar across groups, irrespective of the degree of immune memory acquired at baseline. This information can support the design and analysis of future clinical trials evaluating AS01-adjuvanted vaccines.
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Varzari A, Deyneko IV, Bruun GH, Dembic M, Hofmann W, Cebotari VM, Ginda SS, Andresen BS, Illig T. Candidate genes and sequence variants for susceptibility to mycobacterial infection identified by whole-exome sequencing. Front Genet 2022; 13:969895. [PMID: 36338958 PMCID: PMC9632272 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.969895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inborn errors of immunity are known to influence susceptibility to mycobacterial infections. The aim of this study was to characterize the genetic profile of nine patients with mycobacterial infections (eight with BCGitis and one with disseminated tuberculosis) from the Republic of Moldova using whole-exome sequencing. In total, 12 variants in eight genes known to be associated with Mendelian Susceptibility to Mycobacterial Disease (MSMD) were detected in six out of nine patients examined. In particular, a novel splice site mutation c.373–2A>C in STAT1 gene was found and functionally confirmed in a patient with disseminated tuberculosis. Trio analysis was possible for seven out of nine patients, and resulted in 23 candidate variants in 15 novel genes. Four of these genes - GBP2, HEATR3, PPP1R9B and KDM6A were further prioritized, considering their elevated expression in immune-related tissues. Compound heterozygosity was found in GBP2 in a single patient, comprising a maternally inherited missense variant c.412G>A/p.(Ala138Thr) predicted to be deleterious and a paternally inherited intronic mutation c.1149+14T>C. Functional studies demonstrated that the intronic mutation affects splicing and the level of transcript. Finally, we analyzed pathogenicity of variant combinations in gene pairs and identified five patients with putative oligogenic inheritance. In summary, our study expands the spectrum of genetic variation contributing to susceptibility to mycobacterial infections in children and provides insight into the complex/oligogenic disease-causing mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Varzari
- Laboratory of Human Genetics, Chiril Draganiuc Institute of Phthisiopneumology, Kishinev, Moldova
- Hannover Unified Biobank, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- *Correspondence: Alexander Varzari,
| | - Igor V. Deyneko
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics, Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Gitte Hoffmann Bruun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
- The Villum Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Maja Dembic
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
- The Villum Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Winfried Hofmann
- Department of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Victor M. Cebotari
- Municipal Hospital of Phthisiopneumology, Department of Pediatrics, Kishinev, Moldova
| | - Sergei S. Ginda
- Laboratory of Immunology and Allergology, Chiril Draganiuc Institute of Phthisiopneumology, Kishinev, Moldova
| | - Brage S. Andresen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
- The Villum Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Thomas Illig
- Hannover Unified Biobank, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Masin PS, Visentin HA, Elpidio LNS, Sell AM, Visentainer L, Lima Neto QAD, Zacarias JMV, Couceiro P, Higa Shinzato A, Santos Rosa M, Rodrigues-Santos P, Visentainer JEL. Genetic polymorphisms of toll-like receptors in leprosy patients from southern Brazil. Front Genet 2022; 13:952219. [PMID: 36313452 PMCID: PMC9596761 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.952219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Leprosy is a chronic disease and also a global health issue, with a high number of new cases per year. Toll-like receptors can respond to mycobacterial molecules in the early stage of infection. As important components of the innate immune response, alterations in genes coding for these receptors may contribute to susceptibility/protection against diseases. In this context, we used a case-control study model (183 leprosy cases vs. 185 controls) to investigate whether leprosy patients and the control group, in southern Brazil, have different frequencies in TLR1 (TLR1 G>T; rs5743618), TLR2 (TLR2 T>C, rs1816702 and rs4696483), and TLR4 (TLR4 A>G, rs1927911) polymorphisms. Analysis of the TLR1 1805G>T polymorphism presented the G/G genotype more frequently in the control group. TLR2 T>C rs1816702 and TLR2 T>C rs4696483, the T/T and C/T genotype, respectively, were more frequent in the control group than in leprosy patients, suggesting protection from leprosy when the T allele is present (rs4696483). Haplotype analyses between TLR1 (rs5743618) and TLR2 (rs1816702 and rs4696483) polymorphisms suggest risk for the presence of the TCC haplotype and protection in the presence of the TCT haplotype. This study suggests that polymorphisms in TLR1 and TLR2 are factors that may contribute to development/resistance of leprosy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Saamara Masin
- Immunology Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Basic Health Sciences, Post-Graduation Program in Biosciences and Phisiophatology, Maringá State University, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Hugo Alves Visentin
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Basic Health Sciences, Post-Graduation Program in Biosciences and Phisiophatology, Maringá State University, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Laíse Nayana Sala Elpidio
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Basic Health Sciences, Post-Graduation Program in Biosciences and Phisiophatology, Maringá State University, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Sell
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Basic Health Sciences, Post-Graduation Program in Biosciences and Phisiophatology, Maringá State University, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Lorena Visentainer
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Science, Campinas State University, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Quirino Alves De Lima Neto
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Basic Health Sciences, Post-Graduation Program in Biosciences and Phisiophatology, Maringá State University, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Joana Maira Valentini Zacarias
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Basic Health Sciences, Post-Graduation Program in Biosciences and Phisiophatology, Maringá State University, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Couceiro
- Immunology and Oncology Laboratory, Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center of Investigation in Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovation in Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Centre of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Andressa Higa Shinzato
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Basic Health Sciences, Post-Graduation Program in Biosciences and Phisiophatology, Maringá State University, Maringá, PR, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Jeane Eliete Laguila Visentainer, ; Jeane E. L. Visentainer, ; Andressa Higa Shinzato,
| | - Manuel Santos Rosa
- Immunology Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center of Investigation in Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovation in Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Centre of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paulo Rodrigues-Santos
- Immunology Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Immunology and Oncology Laboratory, Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center of Investigation in Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovation in Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Centre of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Jeane Eliete Laguila Visentainer
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Basic Health Sciences, Post-Graduation Program in Biosciences and Phisiophatology, Maringá State University, Maringá, PR, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Jeane Eliete Laguila Visentainer, ; Jeane E. L. Visentainer, ; Andressa Higa Shinzato,
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Xu Q, Dong Y, Niu W, Zheng X, Li R, Zhang M, Wang Z, Qiu X. TLR10 genotypes affect long-term graft function in tacrolimus-treated solid organ transplant recipients. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 111:109160. [PMID: 35994854 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to investigate the relationship between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in TLR10 and the clinical outcomes of renal transplant patients who took tacrolimus (TAC) as an immunosuppressant, and further confirmed the results in liver transplant patients. A total of 172 renal transplant patients and 145 pairs of liver transplant recipients and donors were included. Nineteen SNPs of TLR10 gene were detected by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). The associations of recipient SNPs with TAC-related clinical outcomes were explored in renal transplant recipients. The relationship between recipient and donor SNPs and the clinical outcomes of liver transplant patients were investigated to confirm the results. Three SNPs (rs28393318, rs11466655 and rs11096957) in renal transplant recipients were found to influence the graft function after transplantation (P = 0.00003, 0.001 and 0.000003, respectively). The recipient rs11096957 was also found to affect the TBil, and DBil levels in liver transplant recipients (P = 0.001 and 0.002). In this study, we identified significant association signals from TLR10 polymorphisms with clinical outcomes in TAC-treated transplant patients in a Chinese Han-based sample. We provide some evidence for the effect between rs11096957 in TLR10 gene on the graft functions in both renal and liver transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinxia Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Pharmacy, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Urumqi Road, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Yue Dong
- Department of Pharmacy, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Urumqi Road, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Wanjie Niu
- Department of Pharmacy, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Urumqi Road, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Xinyi Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Urumqi Road, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Ruidong Li
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Urumqi Road, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Urumqi Road, Shanghai 200040, China.
| | - Zhengxin Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Urumqi Road, Shanghai 200040, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Qiu
- Department of Pharmacy, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Urumqi Road, Shanghai 200040, China.
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9
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Wujcicka WI, Kacerovsky M, Krygier A, Krekora M, Kaczmarek P, Grzesiak M. Association of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms from Angiogenesis-Related Genes, ANGPT2, TLR2 and TLR9, with Spontaneous Preterm Labor. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:2939-2955. [PMID: 35877427 PMCID: PMC9322696 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44070203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we hypothesized that the changes localized at angiopoietin-2 (ANGPT2), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF2), fms-related tyrosine kinase 1 (FLT1) and toll-like receptor (TLR) 2, TLR6 and TLR9 genes were associated with spontaneous preterm labor (PTL), as well as with possible genetic alterations on PTL-related coagulation. This case-control genetic association study aimed to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for the aforementioned genes, which are correlated with genetic risk or protection against PTL in Polish women. The study was conducted in 320 patients treated between 2016 and 2020, including 160 women with PTL and 160 term controls in labor. We found that ANGPT2 rs3020221 AA homozygotes were significantly less common in PTL cases than in controls, especially after adjusting for activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and platelet (PLT) parameters. TC heterozygotes for TLR2 rs3804099 were associated with PTL after correcting for anemia, vaginal bleeding, and history of threatened miscarriage or PTL. TC and CC genotypes in TLR9 rs187084 were significantly less common in women with PTL, compared to the controls, after adjusting for bleeding and gestational diabetes. For the first time, it was shown that three polymorphisms-ANGPT2 rs3020221, TLR2 rs3804099 and TLR9 rs187084 -were significantly associated with PTL, adjusted by pregnancy development influencing factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wioletta Izabela Wujcicka
- Scientific Laboratory of the Center of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics and Screening, Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital-Research Institute, 93-338 Lodz, Poland
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +48-42-271-15-20; Fax: +48-42-271-15-10
| | - Marian Kacerovsky
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Charles University, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic;
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Adrian Krygier
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Pharmacogenomics, Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, 90-151 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Michał Krekora
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital-Research Institute, 93-338 Lodz, Poland;
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Medical University of Lodz, 93-338 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Piotr Kaczmarek
- Department of Gynecology, Reproduction and Fetal Therapy, and Diagnostics and Treatment of Infertility, Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital-Research Institute, 93-338 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Mariusz Grzesiak
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Medical University of Lodz, 93-338 Lodz, Poland;
- Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital-Research Institute, 93-338 Lodz, Poland
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10
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da Silva H, Oliveira TMP, Sabino EC, Alonso DP, Sallum MAM. Bacterial diversity in Haemagogus leucocelaenus (Diptera: Culicidae) from Vale do Ribeira, São Paulo, Brazil. BMC Microbiol 2022; 22:161. [PMID: 35733096 PMCID: PMC9215073 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02571-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) are vectors that transmit numerous pathogens to humans and other vertebrates. Haemagogus leucocelaenus is a mosquito associated with transmission of yellow fever virus. The insect gut harbors a variety of microorganisms that can live and multiply within it, thus contributing to digestion, nutrition, and development of its host. The composition of bacterial communities in mosquitoes can be influenced by both biotic and abiotic factors. The goal of this study was to investigate the bacterial diversity of Hg. leucocelaenus and verify the differences between the bacterial communities in Hg. leucocelaenus from three different locations in the Atlantic tropical rain forest and southeastern state of São Paulo State, Brazil. RESULTS The phylum Proteobacteria was found in mosquitoes collected from the three selected study sites. More than 50% of the contigs belong to Wolbachia, followed by 5% Swaminathania, and 3% Acinetobacter. The genus Serratia was found in samples from two locations. CONCLUSIONS Wolbachia was reported for the first time in this species and may indicates that the vector competence of the populations of the species can vary along its geographical distribution area. The presence of Serratia might facilitate viral invasion caused by the disruption of the midgut barrier via action of the SmEnhancin protein, which digests the mucins present in the intestinal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herculano da Silva
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 715, São Paulo, SP 01246-904 Brazil
| | - Tatiane M. P. Oliveira
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 715, São Paulo, SP 01246-904 Brazil
| | - Ester C. Sabino
- Departamento de Moléstias Infecciosas e Parasitarias, Instituto de Medicina Tropical da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho 470, 1º andar, São Paulo, 05403-000 Brazil
| | - Diego Peres Alonso
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 715, São Paulo, SP 01246-904 Brazil
- Biotechnology Institute and Bioscience Institute, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, 18618-689 Brazil
| | - Maria Anice M. Sallum
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 715, São Paulo, SP 01246-904 Brazil
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11
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Varshney D, Singh S, Sinha E, Mohanty KK, Kumar S, Kumar Barik S, Patil SA, Katara P. Systematic review and meta-analysis of human Toll-like receptors genetic polymorphisms for susceptibility to tuberculosis infection. Cytokine 2022; 152:155791. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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12
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Shah JA, Warr AJ, Graustein AD, Saha A, Dunstan SJ, Thuong NTT, Thwaites GE, Caws M, Thai PVK, Bang ND, Chau TTH, Khor CC, Li Z, Hibberd M, Chang X, Nguyen FK, Hernandez CA, Jones MA, Sassetti CM, Fitzgerald KA, Musvosvi M, Gela A, Hanekom WA, Hatherill M, Scriba TJ, Hawn TR. REL and BHLHE40 Variants Are Associated with IL-12 and IL-10 Responses and Tuberculosis Risk. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:1352-1361. [PMID: 35217585 PMCID: PMC8917052 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The major human genes regulating Mycobacterium tuberculosis-induced immune responses and tuberculosis (TB) susceptibility are poorly understood. Although IL-12 and IL-10 are critical for TB pathogenesis, the genetic factors that regulate their expression in humans are unknown. CNBP, REL, and BHLHE40 are master regulators of IL-12 and IL-10 signaling. We hypothesized that common variants in CNBP, REL, and BHLHE40 were associated with IL-12 and IL-10 production from dendritic cells, and that these variants also influence adaptive immune responses to bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination and TB susceptibility. We characterized the association between common variants in CNBP, REL, and BHLHE40, innate immune responses in dendritic cells and monocyte-derived macrophages, BCG-specific T cell responses, and susceptibility to pediatric and adult TB in human populations. BHLHE40 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs4496464 was associated with increased BHLHE40 expression in monocyte-derived macrophages and increased IL-10 from peripheral blood dendritic cells and monocyte-derived macrophages after LPS and TB whole-cell lysate stimulation. SNP BHLHE40 rs11130215, in linkage disequilibrium with rs4496464, was associated with increased BCG-specific IL-2+CD4+ T cell responses and decreased risk for pediatric TB in South Africa. SNPs REL rs842634 and rs842618 were associated with increased IL-12 production from dendritic cells, and SNP REL rs842618 was associated with increased risk for TB meningitis. In summary, we found that genetic variations in REL and BHLHE40 are associated with IL-12 and IL-10 cytokine responses and TB clinical outcomes. Common human genetic regulation of well-defined intermediate cellular traits provides insights into mechanisms of TB pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javeed A Shah
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA;
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Andrew D Graustein
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA
| | | | | | - Nguyen T T Thuong
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Guy E Thwaites
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Maxine Caws
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Zheng Li
- Genome Institute of Singapore, A-STAR, Singapore
| | - Martin Hibberd
- London School of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, London, United Kingdom
| | - Xuling Chang
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Anele Gela
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Willem A Hanekom
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mark Hatherill
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Thomas J Scriba
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Cape Town, South Africa
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13
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Moysi E, Paris RM, Le Grand R, Koup RA, Petrovas C. Human lymph node immune dynamics as driver of vaccine efficacy: an understudied aspect of immune responses. Expert Rev Vaccines 2022; 21:633-644. [PMID: 35193447 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2022.2045198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION During the last century, changes in hygiene, sanitation, and the advent of childhood vaccination have resulted in profound reductions in mortality from infectious diseases. Despite this success, infectious diseases remain an enigmatic public health threat, where effective vaccines for influenza, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), tuberculosis, and malaria, among others remain elusive. AREA COVERED In addition to the immune evasion tactics employed by complex pathogens, our understanding of immunopathogenesis and the development of effective vaccines is also complexified by the inherent variability of human immune responses. Lymph nodes (LNs) are the anatomical sites where B cell responses develop. An important, but understudied component of immune response complexity is variation in LN immune dynamics and in particular variation in germinal center follicular helper T cells (Tfh) and B cells which can be impacted by genetic variation, aging, the microbiome and chronic infection. EXPERT OPINION This review describes the contribution of genetic variation, aging, microbiome and chronic infection on LN immune dynamics and associated Tfh responses and offers perspective on how inclusion of LN immune subset and cytoarchitecture analyses, along with peripheral blood biomarkers can supplement systems vaccinology or immunology approaches for the development of vaccines or other interventions to prevent infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Moysi
- Tissue Analysis Core, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Roger Le Grand
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Richard A Koup
- Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Constantinos Petrovas
- Tissue Analysis Core, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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14
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Setiabudiawan TP, Reurink RK, Hill PC, Netea MG, van Crevel R, Koeken VACM. Protection against tuberculosis by Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination: A historical perspective. MED 2022; 3:6-24. [PMID: 35590145 DOI: 10.1016/j.medj.2021.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) was developed exactly 100 years ago, and it is still the only licensed tuberculosis (TB) vaccine and the most frequently administered of all vaccines worldwide. Despite universal vaccination policies in TB-endemic settings, the burden of TB remains high. Although BCG protects against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and TB disease, the level of protection varies greatly between age groups and settings. In this review, we present a historical perspective and describe the evidence for BCG's ability to protect against TB as well as the factors that influence protection. We also present the immunological mechanisms through which BCG vaccination induces protection, focusing on T cell, B cell, and innate immunity. Finally, we discuss several possibilities to boost BCG's efficacy, including alternative vaccination routes, BCG revaccination, and use of recombinant BCG vaccines, and describe the knowledge gaps that exist with respect to BCG's protection against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todia P Setiabudiawan
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Gelderland 6525 GA, the Netherlands
| | - Remi K Reurink
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Gelderland 6525 GA, the Netherlands
| | - Philip C Hill
- Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, North Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Gelderland 6525 GA, the Netherlands; Human Genomics Laboratory, Craiova University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Craiova, Județul Dolj 200349, Romania
| | - Reinout van Crevel
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Gelderland 6525 GA, the Netherlands; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Valerie A C M Koeken
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Gelderland 6525 GA, the Netherlands; Department of Computational Biology for Individualised Infection Medicine, Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine (CiiM), a joint venture between the Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and the Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover 30625, Germany; TWINCORE, a joint venture between the Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and the Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover 30625, Germany.
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15
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Varzari A, Deyneko IV, Tudor E, Grallert H, Illig T. Synergistic effect of genetic polymorphisms in TLR6 and TLR10 genes on the risk of pulmonary tuberculosis in a Moldavian population. Innate Immun 2021; 27:365-376. [PMID: 34275341 PMCID: PMC8419295 DOI: 10.1177/17534259211029996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymorphisms in genes that control immune function and regulation may influence susceptibility to pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). In this study, 14 polymorphisms in 12 key genes involved in the immune response (VDR, MR1, TLR1, TLR2, TLR10, SLC11A1, IL1B, IL10, IFNG, TNF, IRAK1, and FOXP3) were tested for their association with pulmonary TB in 271 patients with TB and 251 community-matched controls from the Republic of Moldova. In addition, gene-gene interactions involved in TB susceptibility were analyzed for a total of 43 genetic loci. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis revealed a nominal association between TNF rs1800629 and pulmonary TB (Fisher exact test P = 0.01843). In the pairwise interaction analysis, the combination of the genotypes TLR6 rs5743810 GA and TLR10 rs11096957 GT was significantly associated with an increased genetic risk of pulmonary TB (OR = 2.48, 95% CI = 1.62-3.85; Fisher exact test P value = 1.5 × 10-5, significant after Bonferroni correction). In conclusion, the TLR6 rs5743810 and TLR10 rs11096957 two-locus interaction confers a significantly higher risk for pulmonary TB; due to its high frequency in the population, this SNP combination may serve as a novel biomarker for predicting TB susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Varzari
- Laboratory of Human Genetics, Chiril Draganiuc Institute of Phthisiopneumology, Republic of Moldova.,Hannover Unified Biobank, 9177Hannover Medical School, Hannover Medical School, Germany
| | - Igor V Deyneko
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics, Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
| | - Elena Tudor
- Laboratory of Human Genetics, Chiril Draganiuc Institute of Phthisiopneumology, Republic of Moldova
| | - Harald Grallert
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München Research Center for Environmental Health, Germany
| | - Thomas Illig
- Hannover Unified Biobank, 9177Hannover Medical School, Hannover Medical School, Germany.,Department of Human Genetics, 9177Hannover Medical School, Hannover Medical School, Germany
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16
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Angelidou A, Diray-Arce J, Conti MG, Netea MG, Blok BA, Liu M, Sanchez-Schmitz G, Ozonoff A, van Haren SD, Levy O. Human Newborn Monocytes Demonstrate Distinct BCG-Induced Primary and Trained Innate Cytokine Production and Metabolic Activation In Vitro. Front Immunol 2021; 12:674334. [PMID: 34326836 PMCID: PMC8315003 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.674334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Newborns exhibit distinct immune responses and are at high risk of infection. Neonatal immunization with BCG, the live attenuated vaccine against tuberculosis (TB), is associated with broad protection against a range of unrelated pathogens, possibly reflecting vaccine-induced training of innate immune cells ("innate memory"). However, little is known regarding the impact of age on BCG-induced innate responses. Objective Establish an age-specific human monocyte in vitro training platform to characterize and compare BCG-induced primary and memory cytokine responses and immunometabolic shifts. Design/Methods Human neonatal and adult CD33-selected monocytes were stimulated for 24h with RPMI (control) or BCG (Danish strain) in 10% autologous serum, washed and cultured for 5 additional days, prior to re-stimulation with the TLR4 agonist LPS for another 24h. Supernatants were collected at Day 1 (D1) to measure primary innate responses and at Day 7 (D7) to assess memory innate responses by ELISA and multiplex cytokine and chemokine assays. Lactate, a signature metabolite increased during trained immunity, was measured by colorimetric assay. Results Cytokine production by human monocytes differed significantly by age at D1 (primary, BCG 1:750 and 1:100 vol/vol, p<0.0001) and D7 (innate memory response, BCG 1:100 vol/vol, p<0.05). Compared to RPMI control, newborn monocytes demonstrated greater TNF (1:100, 1:10 vol/vol, p<0.01) and IL-12p40 (1:100 vol/vol, p<0.05) production than adult monocytes (1:100, p<0.05). At D7, while BCG-trained adult monocytes, as previously reported, demonstrated enhanced LPS-induced TNF production, BCG-trained newborn monocytes demonstrated tolerization, as evidenced by significantly diminished subsequent LPS-induced TNF (RPMI vs. BCG 1:10, p <0.01), IL-10 and CCL5 production (p<0.05). With the exception of IL-1RA production by newborn monocytes, BCG-induced monocyte production of D1 cytokines/chemokines was inversely correlated with D7 LPS-induced TNF in both age groups (p<0.0001). Compared to BCG-trained adult monocytes, newborn monocytes demonstrated markedly impaired BCG-induced production of lactate, a metabolite implicated in immune training in adults. Conclusions BCG-induced human monocyte primary- and memory-innate cytokine responses were age-dependent and accompanied by distinct immunometabolic shifts that impact both glycolysis and training. Our results suggest that immune ontogeny may shape innate responses to live attenuated vaccines, suggesting age-specific approaches to leverage innate training for broad protection against infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asimenia Angelidou
- Department of Neonatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Joann Diray-Arce
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Maria-Giulia Conti
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Mihai G. Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department for Genomics & Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Bastiaan A. Blok
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Mark Liu
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Guzman Sanchez-Schmitz
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Al Ozonoff
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Simon D. van Haren
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ofer Levy
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Broad Institute of MIT & Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
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17
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Genome-Wide Linkage Analysis of the Risk of Contracting a Bloodstream Infection in 47 Pedigrees Followed for 23 Years Assembled From a Population-Based Cohort (the HUNT Study). Crit Care Med 2021; 48:1580-1586. [PMID: 32885941 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000004520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Bloodstream infection is an important cause of death worldwide. The main objective of this study was to identify genetic loci linked to risk of contracting a bloodstream infection. DESIGN Genome-wide linkage analysis. SETTING Population-based, Norwegian cohort, followed between 1995 and 2017. SUBJECTS Among 69,423 genotyped subjects, there were 47 families with two or more second-degree relatives with bloodstream infection in the follow-up period. There were 365 subjects in these families, of which 110 were affected. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The cohort was genotyped using Illumina HumanCoreExome (Illumina, San Diego, CA) arrays. Before linkage analysis, single-nucleotide polymorphisms were pruned and clumped. In nonparametric linkage analysis using an exponential model, we found three loci with a suggestive linkage to bloodstream infection, all on chromosome 4, at 46.6 centimorgan (logarithm of odds, 2.3), 57.7 centimorgan (logarithm of odds, 3.2), and 70.0 centimorgan (logarithm of odds, 2.1). At the peak of the lead region are three genes: TLR10, TLR1, and TLR6. CONCLUSIONS Variations in the TLR10/1/6 locus appear to be linked with the risk of contracting a bloodstream infection.
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TLRs in Mycobacterial Pathogenesis: Black and White or Shades of Gray. Curr Microbiol 2021; 78:2183-2193. [PMID: 33844035 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-021-02488-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play critical role in the innate recognition of pathogens besides orchestrating innate and adaptive immune responses. These receptors exhibit exquisite specificity for different pathogens or their products and, through a complex network of signalling, generate appropriate immune responses. TLRs induce both pro- and anti-inflammatory signals depending on interactions with the adapter molecules thereby impacting the outcome of infection. Hence, TLR signalling ought to be stringently regulated to avoid harmful effects on the host. Mycobacteria express antigens which are sensed by TLRs leading to activation of various signalling molecules important for initiating the death of infected cells and containment of pathogens. Conversely, it also utilizes TLRs for immune evasion and persistence. Due to the enormous diversity in the repertoire of virulence traits expressed by mycobacteria, genetic variations in TLRs often impair the host's ability to respond to mycobacterial-stress, affecting health and disease manifestations. Thus, understanding TLR signalling is of great importance for insights into host-mycobacterial interactions and designing effective measures for controlling the spread and persistence of the bacterium.
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19
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Korppi M. The sixty-year story of Finnish Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) osteitis. Acta Paediatr 2021; 110:1119-1124. [PMID: 33073891 DOI: 10.1111/apa.15609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM A review published in 2015 showed that 331 Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) osteitis cases were globally reported in 1976-2012. The 222 Finnish cases from 1960 to 1988 formed two-thirds of all cases. The present narrative review summarises epidemiological, clinical and immunological findings obtained from this Finnish cohort in relation to data from other countries. METHODS Six reports including 93 BCG osteitis cases, which were not included in the 2015 review, were identified from PubMed. RESULTS In all, 424 BCG osteitis cases have been published. Population-based data were available only from Finland and Taiwan. The BCG osteitis incidence in Finnish infants was 6.4/100 000/year in 1960-1988 compared to 3.4/100 000/year in Taiwanese infants in 1998-2012. The incidence in Finland increased to 36.9/100 000 in 1971-1977, and the vaccinations were temporarily discontinued. Over half of lesions were in lower limbs and nearly all were solitary in both cohorts. The outcomes after surgery and chemotherapy were good. Immunology of BCG osteitis was studied only in the Finnish cohort. There were deviations from population data in polymorphisms of genes regulating Toll-like receptors 1, 2 and 6, mannose-binding lectin and interleukin-17A. CONCLUSION BCG osteitis after vaccination is rare. Preliminary findings in innate immunity raise a question of genetic background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matti Korppi
- Center for Child Health Research Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences University of Tampere and University Hospital Tampere Finland
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20
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Next Generation Exome Sequencing of Pediatric Asthma Identifies Rare and Novel Variants in Candidate Genes. DISEASE MARKERS 2021; 2021:8884229. [PMID: 33628342 PMCID: PMC7888305 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8884229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Multiple genes have been implicated to have a role in asthma predisposition by association studies. Pediatric patients often manifest a more extensive form of this disease and a particularly severe disease course. It is likely that genetic predisposition could play a more substantial role in this group. This study is aimed at identifying the spectrum of rare and novel variation in known pediatric asthma susceptibility genes using whole exome sequencing analysis in nine individual cases of childhood onset allergic asthma. DNA samples from the nine children with a history of bronchial asthma diagnosis underwent whole exome sequencing on Ion Proton. For each patient, the entire complement of rare variation within strongly associated candidate genes was catalogued. The analysis showed 21 variants in the subjects, 13 had been previously identified, and 8 were novel. Also, among of which, nineteen were nonsynonymous and 2 were nonsense. With regard to the novel variants, the 2 nonsynonymous variants in the PRKG1 gene (PRKG1: p.C519W and PRKG1: p.G520W) were presented in 4 cases, and a nonsynonymous variant in the MAVS gene (MAVS: p.A45V) was identified in 3 cases. The variants we found in this study will enrich the variant spectrum and build up the database in the Saudi population. Novel eight variants were identified in the study which provides more evidence in the genetic susceptibility in asthma among Saudi children, providing a genetic screening map for the molecular genetic determinants of allergic disease in Saudi children, with the goal of reducing the impact of chronic diseases on the health and the economy. We believe that the advanced specified statistical filtration/annotation programs used in this study succeeded to release such results in a preliminary study, exploring the genetic map of that disease in Saudi children.
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21
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Messina NL, Netea MG, Curtis N. The impact of human single nucleotide polymorphisms on Bacillus Calmette-Guérin responses. Vaccine 2020; 38:6224-6235. [PMID: 32826104 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The influence of genetic variability on human immune responses has major implications for the understanding of disease mechanisms and host-pathogen interactions. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, which is given globally to protect against tuberculosis, has high variability in its protective efficacy against mycobacteria and its beneficial off-target (heterologous) effects. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are major cause of genetic variation and have been strongly associated with susceptibility to tuberculosis and outcomes following BCG immunotherapy for cancer. This review discusses the contribution of SNPs to the variability in mycobacterial-specific and off-target BCG responses, and the implications for this on development of novel TB vaccines and strategies to harness the beneficial off-target effects of BCG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L Messina
- Infectious Diseases & Microbiology Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department for Genomics & Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany; Human Genomics Laboratory, Craiova University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Craiova, Romania
| | - Nigel Curtis
- Infectious Diseases & Microbiology Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Infectious Diseases Unit, The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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22
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Inoue H, Okamoto I. Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors for the Treatment of Unresectable Stage III Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Emerging Mechanisms and Perspectives. LUNG CANCER-TARGETS AND THERAPY 2019; 10:161-170. [PMID: 32099495 PMCID: PMC6997215 DOI: 10.2147/lctt.s184380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
There has been no improvement in outcome for patients with unresectable locally advanced (stage III) non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) for more than 10 years. The standard treatment for these patients is definitive concurrent chemotherapy and radiation (CCRT). Although the goal of treatment in this setting is to achieve a cure, most patients progress and their prognosis is poor, with a 5-year survival rate of 15-30%. There is thus an urgent need for the development of novel anticancer treatments in this patient population. Recent advances in cancer immunotherapy have led to a marked improvement in clinical outcome for advanced NSCLC. Such immunotherapy mainly consists of the administration of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) such as antibodies to cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein-4 (CTLA-4) or to either programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) or its ligand PD-L1. Durvalumab (MEDI4736) is a high-affinity human immunoglobulin G1 monoclonal antibody that blocks the binding of PD-L1 on tumor cells or antigen-presenting cells to PD-1 on T cells. The PACIFIC study recently evaluated consolidation immunotherapy with durvalumab versus placebo administered after concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) in patients with unresectable stage III NSCLC. It revealed a significant improvement in both progression-free and overall survival with durvalumab, and this improvement was associated with a favorable safety profile. This achievement has made durvalumab a standard of care for consolidation after CCRT in patients with unresectable stage III NSCLC, and it has now been approved in this setting by regulatory agencies in the United States, Canada, Japan, Australia, Switzerland, Malaysia, Singapore, India, and the United Arab Emirates. In this review, we briefly summarize the results of the PACIFIC trial, including those of post hoc analysis, and we address possible molecular mechanisms, perspectives, and remaining questions related to combined treatment with CCRT and ICIs in this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Inoue
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Isamu Okamoto
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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23
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Kiravu A, Osawe S, Happel AU, Nundalall T, Wendoh J, Beer S, Dontsa N, Alinde OB, Mohammed S, Datong P, Cameron DW, Rosenthal K, Abimiku A, Jaspan HB, Gray CM. Bacille Calmette-Guérin Vaccine Strain Modulates the Ontogeny of Both Mycobacterial-Specific and Heterologous T Cell Immunity to Vaccination in Infants. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2307. [PMID: 31649662 PMCID: PMC6793433 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Differences in Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) immunogenicity and efficacy have been reported, but various strains of BCG are administered worldwide. Since BCG immunization may also provide protection against off-target antigens, we sought to identify the impact of different BCG strains on the ontogeny of vaccine-specific and heterologous vaccine immunogenicity in the first 9 months of life, utilizing two African birth cohorts. A total of 270 infants were studied: 84 from Jos, Nigeria (vaccinated with BCG-Bulgaria) and 187 from Cape Town, South Africa (154 vaccinated with BCG-Denmark and 33 with BCG-Russia). Infant whole blood was taken at birth, 7, 15, and 36 weeks and short-term stimulated (12 h) in vitro with BCG, Tetanus and Pertussis antigens. Using multiparameter flow cytometry, CD4+ T cell memory subset polyfunctionality was measured by analyzing permutations of TNF-α, IL-2, and IFN-γ expression at each time point. Data was analyzed using FlowJo, SPICE, R, and COMPASS. We found that infants vaccinated with BCG-Denmark mounted significantly higher frequencies of BCG-stimulated CD4+ T cell responses, peaking at week 7 after immunization, and possessed durable polyfunctional CD4+ T cells that were in a more early differentiated memory stage when compared with either BCG-Bulgaria and BCG-Russia strains. The latter responses had lower polyfunctional scores and tended to accumulate in a CD4+ T cell naïve-like state (CD45RA+CD27+). Notably, BCG-Denmark immunization resulted in higher magnitudes and polyfunctional cytokine responses to heterologous vaccine antigens (Tetanus and Pertussis). Collectively, our data show that BCG strain was the strongest determinant of both BCG-stimulated and heterologous vaccine stimulated T cell magnitude and polyfunctionality. These findings have implications for vaccine policy makers, manufacturers and programs worldwide and also suggest that BCG-Denmark, the first vaccine received in many African infants, has both specific and off-target effects in the first few months of life, which may provide an immune priming benefit to other EPI vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agano Kiravu
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sophia Osawe
- Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Anna-Ursula Happel
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Trishana Nundalall
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jerome Wendoh
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sophie Beer
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Nobomi Dontsa
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Olatogni Berenice Alinde
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Pam Datong
- Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - D William Cameron
- Divisions of Infectious Diseases and Respirology, University of Ottawa at the Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Kenneth Rosenthal
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Alash'le Abimiku
- Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria.,Institute of Human Virology, Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Heather B Jaspan
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Paediatrics and Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Clive M Gray
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,National Health Laboratory Services, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
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24
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Raieli S, Trichot C, Korniotis S, Pattarini L, Soumelis V. TLR1/2 orchestrate human plasmacytoid predendritic cell response to gram+ bacteria. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000209. [PMID: 31017904 PMCID: PMC6481764 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gram+ infections are worldwide life-threatening diseases in which the pathological role of type I interferon (IFN) has been highlighted. Plasmacytoid predendritic cells (pDCs) produce high amounts of type I IFN following viral sensing. Despite studies suggesting that pDCs respond to bacteria, the mechanisms underlying bacterial sensing in pDCs are unknown. We show here that human primary pDCs express toll-like receptor 1 (TLR1) and 2 (TLR2) and respond to bacterial lipoproteins. We demonstrated that pDCs differentially respond to gram+ bacteria through the TLR1/2 pathway. Notably, up-regulation of costimulatory molecules and pro-inflammatory cytokines was TLR1 dependent, whereas type I IFN secretion was TLR2 dependent. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that these differences relied on diverse signaling pathways activated by TLR1/2. MAPK and NF-κB pathways were engaged by TLR1, whereas the Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway was activated by TLR2. This dichotomy was reflected in a different role of TLR2 and TLR1 in pDC priming of naïve cluster of differentiation 4+ (CD4+) T cells, and T helper (Th) cell differentiation. This work provides the rationale to explore and target pDCs in bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Raieli
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, PSL Research University, Paris, France
- INSERM U932, Immunity and Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Coline Trichot
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, PSL Research University, Paris, France
- INSERM U932, Immunity and Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Sarantis Korniotis
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, PSL Research University, Paris, France
- INSERM U932, Immunity and Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Lucia Pattarini
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, PSL Research University, Paris, France
- INSERM U932, Immunity and Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Vassili Soumelis
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, PSL Research University, Paris, France
- INSERM U932, Immunity and Cancer, Paris, France
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25
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Abstract
There is substantial variation between individuals in the immune response to vaccination. In this review, we provide an overview of the plethora of studies that have investigated factors that influence humoral and cellular vaccine responses in humans. These include intrinsic host factors (such as age, sex, genetics, and comorbidities), perinatal factors (such as gestational age, birth weight, feeding method, and maternal factors), and extrinsic factors (such as preexisting immunity, microbiota, infections, and antibiotics). Further, environmental factors (such as geographic location, season, family size, and toxins), behavioral factors (such as smoking, alcohol consumption, exercise, and sleep), and nutritional factors (such as body mass index, micronutrients, and enteropathy) also influence how individuals respond to vaccines. Moreover, vaccine factors (such as vaccine type, product, adjuvant, and dose) and administration factors (schedule, site, route, time of vaccination, and coadministered vaccines and other drugs) are also important. An understanding of all these factors and their impacts in the design of vaccine studies and decisions on vaccination schedules offers ways to improve vaccine immunogenicity and efficacy.
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26
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Toll-like receptor chaperone HSP90B1 and the immune response to Mycobacteria. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208940. [PMID: 30550567 PMCID: PMC6294361 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale HSP90B1, also known as gp96, is a chaperone for multiple Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and is necessary for TLR-mediated inflammatory responses in murine myeloid cells. The molecule is also expressed in T-cells though its specific role is unknown. We hypothesized that human HSP90B1 regulates monocyte and T-cell responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and bacilli Calmette-Guerin (BCG) and that its variants are associated with susceptibility to TB disease. Methods We screened 17 haplotype-tagging SNPs in the HSP90B1 gene region for association with BCG-induced T-cell cytokine responses using both an ex-vivo whole blood assay (N = 295) and an intracellular cytokine staining assay (N = 180) on samples collected 10 weeks after birth. Using a case-control study design, we evaluated the same SNPs for association with TB disease in a South African pediatric cohort (N = 217 cases, 604 controls). A subset of these SNPs was evaluated for association with HSP90B1 expression in human monocytes, monocyte-derived dendritic cells, and T-cells using RT-PCR. Lastly, we used CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing to knock down HSP90B1 expression in a human monocyte cell line (U937). Knockdown and control cell lines were tested for TLR surface expression and control of Mtb replication. Results We identified three SNPs, rs10507172, rs10507173 and rs1920413, that were associated with BCG-induced IL-2 secretion (p = 0.017 for rs10507172 and p = 0.03 for rs10507173 and rs1920413, Mann-Whitney, dominant model). SNPs rs10507172 and rs10507173 were associated with TB disease in an unadjusted analysis (p = 0.036 and 0.025, respectively, dominant model) that strengthened with sensitivity analysis of the definite TB cases, which included only those patients with microbiologically confirmed Mtb (p = 0.007 and 0.012, respectively). Knockdowns of HSP90B1 in monocyte cell lines with CRISPR did not alter TLR2 surface expression nor influence Mtb replication relative to controls. Conclusion Among infants, an HSP90B1 gene-region variant is associated with BCG-induced IL-2 production and may be associated with protection from TB disease. HSP90B1 knockdown in human monocyte-like cell lines did not influence TLR2 surface localization nor Mtb replication. Together, these data suggest that HSP90B1 regulates T-cell, but not monocyte, responses to mycobacteria in humans.
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27
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Korppi M, Teräsjärvi J, Vuononvirta J, Liehu-Martiskainen M, Huhtala H, Kröger L, Pöyhönen L, He Q. Toll-like receptor 1, 2 and 6 polymorphisms: no association with 11 serum cytokine concentrations. Acta Paediatr 2018; 107:2217-2218. [PMID: 30028533 DOI: 10.1111/apa.14504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matti Korppi
- Center for Child Health Research; University of Tampere and University Hospital; Tampere Finland
| | - Johanna Teräsjärvi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology; University of Turku; Turku Finland
| | - Juho Vuononvirta
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology; University of Turku; Turku Finland
| | - Milla Liehu-Martiskainen
- Center for Child Health Research; University of Tampere and University Hospital; Tampere Finland
| | - Heini Huhtala
- School of Health Sciences; Faculty of Social Sciences; University of Tampere; Tampere Finland
| | - Liisa Kröger
- Department of Pediatrics; Kuopio University Hospital; Kuopio Finland
| | - Laura Pöyhönen
- Center for Child Health Research; University of Tampere and University Hospital; Tampere Finland
| | - Qiushui He
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology; University of Turku; Turku Finland
- Department of Medical Microbiology; Capital Medical University; Beijing China
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28
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Sanchez-Schmitz G, Stevens CR, Bettencourt IA, Flynn PJ, Schmitz-Abe K, Metser G, Hamm D, Jensen KJ, Benn C, Levy O. Microphysiologic Human Tissue Constructs Reproduce Autologous Age-Specific BCG and HBV Primary Immunization in vitro. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2634. [PMID: 30524426 PMCID: PMC6256288 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Current vaccine development disregards human immune ontogeny, relying on animal models to select vaccine candidates targeting human infants, who are at greatest risk of infection worldwide, and receive the largest number of vaccines. To help accelerate and de-risk development of early-life effective immunization, we engineered a human age-specific microphysiologic vascular-interstitial interphase, suitable for pre-clinical modeling of distinct age-targeted immunity in vitro. Our Tissue Constructs (TCs) enable autonomous extravasation of monocytes that undergo rapid self-directed differentiation into migratory Dendritic Cells (DCs) in response to adjuvants and licensed vaccines such as Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) or Hepatitis B virus Vaccine (HBV). TCs contain a confluent human endothelium grown atop a tri-dimensional human extracellular matrix substrate, employ human age-specific monocytes and autologous non heat-treated plasma, and avoid the use of xenogenic materials and exogenous cytokines. Vaccine-pulsed TCs autonomously generated DCs that induced single-antigen recall responses from autologous naïve and memory CD4+ T lymphocytes, matching study participant immune-status, including BCG responses paralleling donor PPD status, BCG-induced adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity paralleling infant cohorts in vivo, and multi-dose HBV antigen-specific responses as demonstrated by lymphoproliferation and TCR sequencing. Overall, our microphysiologic culture method reproduced age- and antigen-specific recall responses to BCG and HBV immunization, closely resembling those observed after a birth immunization of human cohorts in vivo, offering for the first time a new approach to early pre-clinical selection of effective age-targeted vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guzman Sanchez-Schmitz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Chad R Stevens
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ian A Bettencourt
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Peter J Flynn
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Klaus Schmitz-Abe
- Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States.,Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Gil Metser
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - David Hamm
- Adaptive Biotechnologies, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Kristoffer J Jensen
- Research Center for Vitamins and Vaccines, Bandim Health Project, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Bandim Health Project, Indepth Network, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.,Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Christine Benn
- Research Center for Vitamins and Vaccines, Bandim Health Project, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Bandim Health Project, Indepth Network, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau
| | - Ofer Levy
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, United States
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29
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Nahid P, Jarlsberg LG, Kato-Maeda M, Segal MR, Osmond DH, Gagneux S, Dobos K, Gold M, Hopewell PC, Lewinsohn DM. Interplay of strain and race/ethnicity in the innate immune response to M. tuberculosis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195392. [PMID: 29787561 PMCID: PMC5963792 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The roles of host and pathogen factors in determining innate immune responses to M. tuberculosis are not fully understood. In this study, we examined host macrophage immune responses of 3 race/ethnic groups to 3 genetically and geographically diverse M. tuberculosis lineages. Methods Monocyte-derived macrophages from healthy Filipinos, Chinese and non-Hispanic White study participants (approximately 45 individuals/group) were challenged with M. tuberculosis whole cell lysates of clinical strains Beijing HN878 (lineage 2), Manila T31 (lineage 1), CDC1551 (lineage 4), the reference strain H37Rv (lineage 4), as well as with Toll-like receptor 2 agonist lipoteichoic acid (TLR2/LTA) and TLR4 agonist lipopolysaccharide (TLR4/LPS). Following overnight incubation, multiplex assays for nine cytokines: IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IFNγ, TNFα, and GM-CSF, were batch applied to supernatants. Results Filipino macrophages produced less IL-1, IL-6, and more IL-8, compared to macrophages from Chinese and Whites. Race/ethnicity had only subtle effects or no impact on the levels of IL-10, IL-12p70, TNFα and GM-CSF. In response to the Toll-like receptor 2 agonist lipoteichoic acid (TLR2/LTA), Filipino macrophages again had lower IL-1 and IL-6 responses and a higher IL-8 response, compared to Chinese and Whites. The TLR2/LTA-stimulated Filipino macrophages also produced lower amounts of IL-10, TNFα and GM-CSF. Race/ethnicity had no impact on IL-12p70 levels released in response to TLR2/LTA. The responses to TLR4 agonist lipopolysaccharide (TLR4/LPS) were similar to the TLR2/LTA responses, for IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10. However, TLR4/LPS triggered the release of less IL-12p70 from Filipino macrophages, and less TNFα from White macrophages. Conclusions Both host race/ethnicity and pathogen strain influence the innate immune response. Such variation may have implications for the development of new tools across TB therapeutics, immunodiagnostics and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Nahid
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PN); (DML)
| | - L. G. Jarlsberg
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, United States of America
| | - M. Kato-Maeda
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, United States of America
| | - M. R. Segal
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, United States of America
| | - D. H. Osmond
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, United States of America
| | - S. Gagneux
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - K. Dobos
- Colorado State University, Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - M. Gold
- Department of Research, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care Center, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - P. C. Hopewell
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, United States of America
| | - D. M. Lewinsohn
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon
- Department of Research, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care Center, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PN); (DML)
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30
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Darboe F, Adetifa JU, Reynolds J, Hossin S, Plebanski M, Netea MG, Rowland-Jones SL, Sutherland JS, Flanagan KL. Minimal Sex-Differential Modulation of Reactivity to Pathogens and Toll-Like Receptor Ligands following Infant Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Russia Vaccination. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1092. [PMID: 28951731 PMCID: PMC5599783 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG), the only licensed vaccine against tuberculosis, has been shown to provide heterologous protection against unrelated pathogens and enhance antibody responses to several routine expanded program on immunization (EPI) vaccines. Understanding these heterologous effects is important for the development of optimal vaccination strategies. We set out to assess the effect of vaccination with BCG Russia of 6-week-old infants on in vitro reactivity to a panel of toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists (TLR2, 4, and 7/8) and heat-killed pathogens [Streptococcus pneumoniae, Candida albicans (CA), and Escherichia coli], and antibody responses to other EPI vaccines compared to BCG naïve infants. We observed no effect of BCG vaccination on innate (TNF-α) or Th2 (IL-4) cytokine responses, but found enhanced CA-specific CD8+IFN-γ+ responses in BCG vaccinated males and females 1 week after vaccination and decreased IFN-γ:IL4 ratio to SP in females. By 12 weeks (but not 1 week) of post-vaccination, there was significant downmodulation of Th1 cytokine responses in BCG vaccinated infants; and TLR-stimulated IL-10 and IL-17 responses declined in BCG vaccinated females but not males. Significant changes also occurred in the BCG naïve group, mainly at 18 weeks, including decreased Th1 and increased IL-10 responses. The effects at 18 weeks were most likely a result of immune modulation by the intervening EPI vaccines given at 8, 12, and 16 weeks of age. There was no effect of BCG vaccination on EPI antibody levels at either time point. Taken together, our results support minimal early heterologous immune modulation by BCG Russia vaccination that did not persist 12 weeks after vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - John Reynolds
- Biostatistics Consulting Platform, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Prahran, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Magdalena Plebanski
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Prahran, VIC, Australia.,Monash Institute of Medical Engineering, Monash University, Prahran, VIC, Australia
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Nijmegen University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Sarah L Rowland-Jones
- Vaccines and Immunity Theme, MRC Unit, Fajara, Gambia.,Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Katie L Flanagan
- Vaccines and Immunity Theme, MRC Unit, Fajara, Gambia.,Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Prahran, VIC, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
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31
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Shah JA, Musvosvi M, Shey M, Horne DJ, Wells RD, Peterson GJ, Cox JS, Daya M, Hoal EG, Lin L, Gottardo R, Hanekom WA, Scriba TJ, Hatherill M, Hawn TR. A Functional Toll-Interacting Protein Variant Is Associated with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin-Specific Immune Responses and Tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017; 196:502-511. [PMID: 28463648 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201611-2346oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE The molecular mechanisms that regulate tuberculosis susceptibility and bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG)-induced immunity are mostly unknown. However, induction of the adaptive immune response is a critical step in host control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Toll-interacting protein (TOLLIP) is a ubiquitin-binding protein that regulates innate immune responses, including Toll-like receptor signaling, which initiate adaptive immunity. TOLLIP variation is associated with susceptibility to tuberculosis, but the mechanism by which it regulates tuberculosis immunity is poorly understood. OBJECTIVES To identify functional TOLLIP variants and evaluate the role of TOLLIP variation on innate and adaptive immune responses to mycobacteria and susceptibility to tuberculosis. METHODS We used human cellular immunology approaches to characterize the role of a functional TOLLIP variant on monocyte mRNA expression and M. tuberculosis-induced monocyte immune functions. We also examined the association of TOLLIP variation with BCG-induced T-cell responses and susceptibility to latent tuberculosis infection. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS We identified a functional TOLLIP promoter region single-nucleotide polymorphism, rs5743854, which was associated with decreased TOLLIP mRNA expression in infant monocytes. After M. tuberculosis infection, TOLLIP-deficient monocytes demonstrated increased IL-6, increased nitrite, and decreased bacterial replication. The TOLLIP-deficiency G/G genotype was associated with decreased BCG-specific IL-2+ CD4+ T-cell frequency and proliferation. This genotype was also associated with increased susceptibility to latent tuberculosis infection. CONCLUSIONS TOLLIP deficiency is associated with decreased BCG-specific T-cell responses and increased susceptibility to tuberculosis. We hypothesize that the heightened antibacterial monocyte responses after vaccination of TOLLIP-deficient infants are responsible for decreased BCG-specific T-cell responses. Activating TOLLIP may provide a novel adjuvant strategy for BCG vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javeed A Shah
- 1 University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington.,2 Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Muki Shey
- 3 South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative and.,4 Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - David J Horne
- 1 University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Richard D Wells
- 1 University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Jeffery S Cox
- 5 University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Michelle Daya
- 6 Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, MRC Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Eileen G Hoal
- 6 Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, MRC Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Lin Lin
- 7 Department of Statistics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania; and
| | | | - Willem A Hanekom
- 3 South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative and.,4 Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Thomas J Scriba
- 3 South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative and.,4 Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mark Hatherill
- 3 South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative and.,4 Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Thomas R Hawn
- 1 University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
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Faridgohar M, Nikoueinejad H. New findings of Toll-like receptors involved in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Pathog Glob Health 2017; 111:256-264. [PMID: 28715935 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2017.1351080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), an important issue in the present age, affects millions of people each year. The infectious agent of TB, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), interacts with the immune system which prevents the development of this bacterium as much as possible. In fact, the receptors on the surface of immune cells identify the bacteria, one of which is Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Different TLRs including 2, 4, 9 and 8 play critical roles in tuberculosis infection. In this paper, we focused on the role of TLRs which interact with different components of Mtb and, consequently, prevent the entrance and influence of bacteria on the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Faridgohar
- a Molecular Biology Research Center , Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Hassan Nikoueinejad
- b Nephrology and Urology Research Center , Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
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Mishra A, Akhtar S, Jagannath C, Khan A. Pattern recognition receptors and coordinated cellular pathways involved in tuberculosis immunopathogenesis: Emerging concepts and perspectives. Mol Immunol 2017; 87:240-248. [PMID: 28514713 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) play a central role in the recognition of numerous pathogens, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, resulting in activation of innate and adaptive immune responses. Besides Toll Like Receptors, C-type Lectin Receptors and Nod Like Receptors are now being recognized for their involvement in inducing immune response against M. tuberculosis infection. Although, a functional redundancy of the PRRs has also been reported in many studies, emerging evidences support the notion that a cooperative and coordinated response generated by these receptors is critical to sustain the full immune control of M. tuberculosis infection. Many of the PRRs are now found to be involved in various cellular host defenses, such as inflammasome activation, phagosome biogenesis, endosomal trafficking, and antigen processing pathways that are all very critical for an effective immune response against M. tuberculosis. In support, polymorphism in several of these receptors has also been found associated with increased susceptibility to tuberculosis in humans. Nonetheless, increasing evidences also show that in order to enhance its intracellular survival, M. tuberculosis has also evolved multiple strategies to subvert and reprogram PPR-mediated immune responses. In light of these findings, this review analyzes the interaction of bacterial and host factors at the intersections of PRR signaling pathways that could provide integrative insights for the development of better vaccines and therapeutics for tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Mishra
- Department of Biotechnology, Goa University, Taleigao Plateau, Goa, 403206, India
| | - Shamim Akhtar
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. D.Y. Patil College of Arts Commerce and Science, Saint Tukaram Nagar, Pimpri, Pune, 411018, India
| | - Chinnaswamy Jagannath
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Sciences Center-Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Arshad Khan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Sciences Center-Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Graustein AD, Horne DJ, Fong JJ, Schwarz F, Mefford HC, Peterson GJ, Wells RD, Musvosvi M, Shey M, Hanekom WA, Hatherill M, Scriba TJ, Thuong NTT, Mai NTH, Caws M, Bang ND, Dunstan SJ, Thwaites GE, Varki A, Angata T, Hawn TR. The SIGLEC14 null allele is associated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis- and BCG-induced clinical and immunologic outcomes. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2017; 104:38-45. [PMID: 28454648 PMCID: PMC7289319 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Humans exposed to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) have variable susceptibility to tuberculosis (TB) and its outcomes. Siglec-5 and Siglec-14 are members of the sialic-acid binding lectin family that regulate immune responses to pathogens through inhibitory (Siglec-5) and activating (Siglec-14) domains. The SIGLEC14 coding sequence is deleted in a high proportion of individuals, placing a SIGLEC5-like gene under the expression of the SIGLEC14 promoter (the SIGLEC14 null allele) and causing expression of a Siglec-5 like protein in monocytes and macrophages. We hypothesized that the SIGLEC14 null allele was associated with Mtb replication in monocytes, T-cell responses to the BCG vaccine, and clinical susceptibility to TB. The SIGLEC14 null allele was associated with protection from TB meningitis in Vietnamese adults but not with pediatric TB in South Africa. The null allele was associated with increased IL-2 and IL-17 production following ex-vivo BCG stimulation of blood from 10 week-old South African infants vaccinated with BCG at birth. Mtb replication was increased in THP-1 cells overexpressing either Siglec-5 or Siglec-14 relative to controls. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate an association between SIGLEC expression and clinical TB, Mtb replication, or BCG-specific T-cell cytokines.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptive Immunity
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/immunology
- BCG Vaccine/administration & dosage
- BCG Vaccine/immunology
- Case-Control Studies
- Child, Preschool
- Cytokines/immunology
- Female
- Gene Frequency
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Host-Pathogen Interactions
- Humans
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Lectins/genetics
- Lectins/immunology
- Male
- Monocytes/immunology
- Monocytes/microbiology
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/growth & development
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/immunology
- Phenotype
- Prospective Studies
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/immunology
- South Africa
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/microbiology
- THP-1 Cells
- Time Factors
- Treatment Outcome
- Tuberculosis, Meningeal/genetics
- Tuberculosis, Meningeal/immunology
- Tuberculosis, Meningeal/microbiology
- Tuberculosis, Meningeal/prevention & control
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/genetics
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/immunology
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/microbiology
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/prevention & control
- Vaccination
- Vietnam
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jerry J Fong
- Univ. of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Munyaradzi Musvosvi
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Univ. of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Muki Shey
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Univ. of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Willem A Hanekom
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Univ. of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mark Hatherill
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Univ. of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Thomas J Scriba
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Univ. of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nguyen Thuy Thuong Thuong
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen Thi Hoang Mai
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Maxine Caws
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen Duc Bang
- Pham Ngoc Thac Hospital for Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Sarah J Dunstan
- Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Guy E Thwaites
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Ajit Varki
- Univ. of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Takashi Angata
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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Association of MBL2, TLR1, TLR2 and TLR6 Polymorphisms With Production of IFN-γ and IL-12 in BCG Osteitis Survivors R1. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2017; 36:135-139. [PMID: 27755461 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000001375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) is a key cytokine in defense against mycobacteria, including Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) and toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern-recognizing molecules of innate immunity. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between polymorphisms in MBL, TLR1, TLR2 and TLR6 encoding genes and stimulated IFN-γ and interleukin-12 (IL-12) ex vivo production in BCG osteitis survivors. METHODS Data on single nucleotide polymorphisms in the MBL2 gene and TLR1, TLR2 and TLR6 genes were available from 132 former BCG osteitis patients, and data on ex vivo IFN-γ and IL-12 production were available from 115 and 118 patients, respectively. The present study is a secondary analysis of these available data. In an earlier study, we were able to characterize low IFN-γ and low IL-12 producers after BCG+IL-12 or BCG+IFN-γ stimulations, respectively. RESULTS Three patients had the homozygous variant MBL2 genotype, and one of them was a low IFN-γ producer (both concentration and response <5th percentile). The heterozygous variant MBL2 genotype showed no association with IFN-γ or IL-12 production. The TLR2 variant genotype was present in 14 subjects; 28.6% of them were low IFN-γ producers versus 7.8% of those 103 with the TLR2 wild genotype (P = 0.037). TLR1 or TLR6 polymorphisms had no significant associations with stimulated ex vivo IFN-γ or IL-12 production. CONCLUSIONS Preliminary evidence was found that variant genotypes of the MBL2 gene (if homozygous) and variant genotypes of the TLR2 gene (only heterozygotes present) are associated with low IFN-γ production.
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Horne DJ, Graustein AD, Shah JA, Peterson G, Savlov M, Steele S, Narita M, Hawn TR. Human ULK1 Variation and Susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. J Infect Dis 2016; 214:1260-7. [PMID: 27485354 PMCID: PMC5034956 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unlike tuberculosis, few studies have evaluated a host genetic basis for variability in susceptibility to latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection (LTBI). We performed a candidate gene association study of autophagy-related genes and LTBI. METHODS We enrolled close contacts of individuals with pulmonary tuberculosis, assessed LTBI status, and determined clinical and sociodemographic risk factors for LTBI. In participants who self-identified as Asian or black, we compared haplotype-tagging single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in ULK1 and GABARAP between cases (n = 143) and controls (n = 106). Using CRISPR/Cas9 in U937 monocytes, we investigated the effect of ULK1 deficiency on cytokine expression, autophagy, and M. tuberculosis replication. RESULTS In Asian participants, we identified 2 ULK1 SNPs (rs12297124 and rs7300908) associated with LTBI. After adjustment for population admixture and clinical risk for LTBI, each rs12297124 minor allele conferred 80% reduction in LTBI risk (odds ratio, 0.18; 95% confidence interval, .07-.46). Compared with controls, ULK1-deficient cells exhibited decreased tumor necrosis factor secretion after stimulation with Toll-like receptor ligands and M. tuberculosis whole-cell lysate, increased M. tuberculosis replication, and decreased selective autophagy. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate a strong association of rs12297124, a noncoding ULK1 SNP, with LTBI and a role for ULK1 regulation of TNF secretion, nonspecific and M. tuberculosis-induced autophagy, and M. tuberculosis replication in monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Horne
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine Firland Northwest TB Center, University of Washington
| | | | - Javeed A Shah
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine
| | - Glenna Peterson
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine
| | - Meg Savlov
- TB Control Program, Public Health-Seattle and King County, Washington
| | - Sergio Steele
- TB Control Program, Public Health-Seattle and King County, Washington
| | - Masahiro Narita
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine Firland Northwest TB Center, University of Washington TB Control Program, Public Health-Seattle and King County, Washington
| | - Thomas R Hawn
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine
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37
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Mehlotra RK, Hall NB, Willie B, Stein CM, Weinberg A, Zimmerman PA, Vernon LT. Associations of Toll-Like Receptor and β-Defensin Polymorphisms with Measures of Periodontal Disease (PD) in HIV+ North American Adults: An Exploratory Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164075. [PMID: 27727278 PMCID: PMC5058471 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymorphisms in toll-like receptor (TLR) and β-defensin (DEFB) genes have been recognized as potential genetic factors that can influence susceptibility to and severity of periodontal diseases (PD). However, data regarding associations between these polymorphisms and PD are still scarce in North American populations, and are not available in HIV+ North American populations. In this exploratory study, we analyzed samples from HIV+ adults (n = 115), who received primary HIV care at 3 local outpatient HIV clinics and were monitored for PD status. We genotyped a total of 41 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 8 TLR genes and copy number variation (CNV) in DEFB4/103A. We performed regression analyses for levels of 3 periodontopathogens in subgingival dental plaques (Porphyromonas gingivalis [Pg], Treponema denticola [Td], and Tannerella forsythia [Tf]) and 3 clinical measures of PD (periodontal probing depth [PPD], gingival recession [REC], and bleeding on probing [BOP]). In all subjects combined, 2 SNPs in TLR1 were significantly associated with Td, and one SNP in TLR2 was significantly associated with BOP. One of the 2 SNPs in TLR1 was significantly associated with Td in Caucasians. In addition, another SNP in TLR1 and a SNP in TLR6 were also significantly associated with Td and Pg, respectively, in Caucasians. All 3 periodontopathogen levels were significantly associated with PPD and BOP, but none was associated with REC. Instrumental variable analysis showed that 8 SNPs in 6 TLR genes were significantly associated with the 3 periodontopathogen levels. However, associations between the 3 periodontopathogen levels and PPD or BOP were not driven by associations with these identified SNPs. No association was found between DEFB4/103A CNV and any periodontopathogen level or clinical measure in all samples, Caucasians, or African Americans. Our exploratory study suggests a role of TLR polymorphisms, particularly TLR1 and TLR6 polymorphisms, in PD in HIV+ North Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev K. Mehlotra
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RKM); (LTV)
| | - Noemi B. Hall
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Barne Willie
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Catherine M. Stein
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Center for Proteomics and Bioinformatics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Aaron Weinberg
- Department of Biological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Dental Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Peter A. Zimmerman
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Lance T. Vernon
- Department of Pediatric and Community Dentistry, Case Western Reserve University School of Dental Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RKM); (LTV)
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Abstract
UNLABELLED The outcome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and the immunological response to the bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine are highly variable in humans. Deciphering the relative importance of host genetics, environment, and vaccine preparation for the efficacy of BCG has proven difficult in natural populations. We developed a model system that captures the breadth of immunological responses observed in outbred individual mice, which can be used to understand the contribution of host genetics to vaccine efficacy. This system employs a panel of highly diverse inbred mouse strains, consisting of the founders and recombinant progeny of the "Collaborative Cross" project. Unlike natural populations, the structure of this panel allows the serial evaluation of genetically identical individuals and the quantification of genotype-specific effects of interventions such as vaccination. When analyzed in the aggregate, our panel resembled natural populations in several important respects: the animals displayed a broad range of susceptibility to M. tuberculosis, differed in their immunological responses to infection, and were not durably protected by BCG vaccination. However, when analyzed at the genotype level, we found that these phenotypic differences were heritable. M. tuberculosis susceptibility varied between lines, from extreme sensitivity to progressive M. tuberculosis clearance. Similarly, only a minority of the genotypes was protected by vaccination. The efficacy of BCG was genetically separable from susceptibility to M. tuberculosis, and the lack of efficacy in the aggregate analysis was driven by nonresponsive lines that mounted a qualitatively distinct response to infection. These observations support an important role for host genetic diversity in determining BCG efficacy and provide a new resource to rationally develop more broadly efficacious vaccines. IMPORTANCE Tuberculosis (TB) remains an urgent global health crisis, and the efficacy of the currently used TB vaccine, M. bovis BCG, is highly variable. The design of more broadly efficacious vaccines depends on understanding the factors that limit the protection imparted by BCG. While these complex factors are difficult to disentangle in natural populations, we used a model population of mice to understand the role of host genetic composition in BCG efficacy. We found that the ability of BCG to protect mice with different genotypes was remarkably variable. The efficacy of BCG did not depend on the intrinsic susceptibility of the animal but, instead, correlated with qualitative differences in the immune responses to the pathogen. These studies suggest that host genetic polymorphism is a critical determinant of vaccine efficacy and provide a model system to develop interventions that will be useful in genetically diverse populations.
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Ruck C, Reikie BA, Marchant A, Kollmann TR, Kakkar F. Linking Susceptibility to Infectious Diseases to Immune System Abnormalities among HIV-Exposed Uninfected Infants. Front Immunol 2016; 7:310. [PMID: 27594857 PMCID: PMC4990535 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU) infants experience increased overall mortality from infectious causes when compared to HIV-unexposed uninfected (HU) infants. This is the case in both the resource-rich and resource-limited settings. Here, we explore the concept that specific types of infectious diseases that are more common among HEU infants could provide clues as to the potential underlying immunological abnormalities. The most commonly reported infections in HEU vs. HU infants are caused by encapsulated bacteria, suggesting the existence of a less effective humoral (antibody, complement) immune response. Decreased transplacental transfer of protective maternal antibodies has consistently been observed among HEU newborns, suggesting that this may indeed be one of the key drivers of their susceptibility to infections with encapsulated bacteria. Reassuringly, HEU humoral response to vaccination appears to be well conserved. While there appears to be an increase in overall incidence of acute viral infections, no specific pattern of acute viral infections has emerged; and although there is evidence of increased chronic viral infection from perinatal transmission of hepatitis C and cytomegalovirus, no data exist to suggest an increase in adverse outcomes. Thus, no firm conclusions about antiviral effector mechanisms can be drawn. However, the most unusual of reported infections among the HEU have been opportunistic infections, suggesting the possibility of underlying defects in CD4 helper T cells and overall immune regulatory function. This may relate to the observation that the immunological profile of HEUs indicates a more activated T cell profile as well as a more inflammatory innate immune response. However, both of these observations appear transient, marked in early infancy, but no longer evident later in life. The causes of these early-life changes in immune profiles are likely multifactorial and may be related to in utero exposure to HIV, but also to increased environmental exposure to pathogens from sicker household contacts, in utero and postnatal antiretroviral drug exposure, and, in certain circumstances, differences in mode of feeding. The relative importance of each of these factors will be important to delineate in an attempt to identify those HEU at highest risk of adverse outcomes for targeted interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice Ruck
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Women's and Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC , Canada
| | - Brian A Reikie
- Department of Surgery, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, MB , Canada
| | - Arnaud Marchant
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles , Charleroi , Belgium
| | - Tobias R Kollmann
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Women's and Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC , Canada
| | - Fatima Kakkar
- Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal , Montréal, QC , Canada
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TLR1 Variant H305L Associated with Protection from Pulmonary Tuberculosis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156046. [PMID: 27214039 PMCID: PMC4877073 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll like receptors (TLR) are key elements of the innate immune response and involved in the recognition of pathogens. To test common and rare TLR variants involved in susceptibility or resistance to infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis we screened the exons of the genes encoding TLR 1, 2, 4, and the adaptor molecule TIRAP in more than 4500 tuberculosis (TB) cases and controls from Ghana. The analysis yielded 109 variants with possible functional impact, including 101 non-synonymous variants, three stop-variants, and five indels. Association analyses yielded a significant result for the TLR1 variant rs3923647, conferring strong protection against TB (Odds ratio [OR] 0.21, CI confidence interval [CI] 0.05–0.6, Pnominal 1 x 10−3) when applying a recessive model of inheritance. Replication analyses with an additional 3370 Ghanaian cases and control samples, and with data from a recent TB study of 533 African-Americans confirmed the protective effect and resulted in a combined OR of 0.19, with a nominal P value of 2.2 x 10−5, and a corrected P value of 4.1 x 10−4. The SNP is located near the binding pocket of TLR1 and causes an amino acid exchange from histidine to leucine at position 305. The observed effect may, therefore, be attributable to structural changes in the recognition site of the TLR1 molecule, allowing to bind those mycobacterial ligands which preferentially may induce a protective immune response. This is supported by the analysis of BCG-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells, showing increased induction of the proinflammatory cytokine IFN-γ in carriers of the mutant TLR1 rs3923647 TT genotype, compared to the IFN-γ levels of individuals with the AT and AA genotypes.
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753 G/A polymorphism of TLR2 in the susceptibility to pulmonary tuberculosis in the Lur population of Iran. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(15)61046-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Mazini PS, Alves HV, Reis PG, Lopes AP, Sell AM, Santos-Rosa M, Visentainer JEL, Rodrigues-Santos P. Gene Association with Leprosy: A Review of Published Data. Front Immunol 2016; 6:658. [PMID: 26793196 PMCID: PMC4709443 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by an obligate intracellular bacterium known as Mycobacterium leprae. Exposure to the bacillus is necessary, but this alone does not mean an individual will develop clinical symptoms of the disease. In recent years, several genes have been associated with leprosy and the innate immune response pathways converge on the main hypothesis that genes are involved in the susceptibility for the disease in two distinct steps: for leprosy per se and in the development of the different clinical forms. These genes participate in the sensing, main metabolic pathway of immune response activation and, subsequently, on the evolution of the disease into its clinical forms. The aim of this review is to highlight the role of innate immune response in the context of leprosy, stressing their participation in the signaling and targeting processes in response to bacillus infection and on the evolution to the clinical forms of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Saamara Mazini
- Faculty of Medicine, Immunology Institute, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Basic Health Sciences, Maringá State University, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Hugo Vicentin Alves
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Basic Health Sciences, Maringá State University , Maringá, Paraná , Brazil
| | - Pâmela Guimarães Reis
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Basic Health Sciences, Maringá State University , Maringá, Paraná , Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Lopes
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Basic Health Sciences, Maringá State University , Maringá, Paraná , Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Sell
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Basic Health Sciences, Maringá State University , Maringá, Paraná , Brazil
| | - Manuel Santos-Rosa
- Faculty of Medicine, Immunology Institute, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Immunology and Oncology Laboratory, Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Paulo Rodrigues-Santos
- Faculty of Medicine, Immunology Institute, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Immunology and Oncology Laboratory, Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Dessing MC, Kers J, Damman J, Leuvenink HGD, van Goor H, Hillebrands JL, Hepkema BG, Snieder H, van den Born J, de Borst MH, Bakker SJL, Navis GJ, Ploeg RJ, Florquin S, Seelen M, Leemans JC. Toll-Like Receptor Family Polymorphisms Are Associated with Primary Renal Diseases but Not with Renal Outcomes Following Kidney Transplantation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139769. [PMID: 26445497 PMCID: PMC4596574 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a crucial role in innate- and adaptive immunity. The TLR pathways were shown to play key functional roles in experimental acute and chronic kidney injury, including the allo-immune response after experimental renal transplantation. Data about the precise impact of TLRs and their negative regulators on human renal transplant outcomes however are limited and contradictory. We studied twelve non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of which eleven in TLR1-8 and one in SIGIRR in a final cohort comprising 1116 matching donors and recipients. TLR3 p.Leu412Phe and SIGIRR p.Gln312Arg significantly deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and were excluded. The frequency distribution of the minor alleles of the remaining 10 TLR variants were compared between patients with end-stage renal disease (recipients) and controls (kidney donors) in a case-control study. Secondly, the associations between the minor allele frequency of the TLR variants and delayed graft function, biopsy-proven acute rejection and death-censored graft failure after transplantation were investigated with Cox regression. Carrier frequencies of the minor alleles of TLR1 p.His305Leu (OR = 4.79, 95% CI = 2.35–9.75, P = 0.0002), TLR1 p.Asn248Ser (OR = 1.26, 95% CI = 1.07–1.47, P = 0.04) and TLR8 p.Met1Val (OR = 1.37, 95% CI = 1.14–1.64, P = 0.008) were significantly higher in patients with ESRD, with little specificity for the underlying renal disease entity (adjusted for age, gender and donor-recipient relatedness). The minor allele frequency of none of the TLR variants significantly associated with the surrogate and definite outcomes, even when multivariable models were created that could account for TLR gene redundancy. In conclusion, genetic variants in TLR genes were associated with the prevalence of ESRD but not renal transplant outcomes. Therefore, our data suggests that specific TLR signaling routes might play a role in the final common pathway of primary renal injury. A role for TLR signaling in the context of renal transplantation is probably limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C. Dessing
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jesper Kers
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Jeffrey Damman
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Henri G. D. Leuvenink
- Department of Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Harry van Goor
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jan-Luuk Hillebrands
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Bouke G. Hepkema
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Harold Snieder
- Department of Epidemiology, Unit of Genetic Epidemiology & Bioinformatics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jacob van den Born
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Martin H. de Borst
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Stephan J. L. Bakker
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Gerjan J. Navis
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Rutger J. Ploeg
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sandrine Florquin
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Marc Seelen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jaklien C. Leemans
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Schurz H, Daya M, Möller M, Hoal EG, Salie M. TLR1, 2, 4, 6 and 9 Variants Associated with Tuberculosis Susceptibility: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139711. [PMID: 26430737 PMCID: PMC4592262 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies investigating the influence of toll-like receptor (TLR) polymorphisms and tuberculosis susceptibility have yielded varying and often contradictory results in different ethnic groups. A meta-analysis was conducted to investigate the relationship between TLR variants and susceptibility to tuberculosis, both across and within specific ethnic groups. METHODS An extensive database search was performed for studies investigating the relationship between TLR and tuberculosis (TB) susceptibility. Data was subsequently extracted from included studies and statistically analysed. RESULTS 32 articles involving 18907 individuals were included in this meta-analysis, and data was extracted for 14 TLR polymorphisms. Various genetic models were employed. An increased risk of TB was found for individuals with the TLR2 rs3804100 CC and the TLR9 rs352139 GA and GG genotypes, while decreased risk was identified for those with the AG genotype of TLR1 rs4833095. The T allele of TLR6 rs5743810 conferred protection across all ethnic groups. TLR2 rs5743708 subgroup analysis identified the A allele to increase susceptibility to TB in the Asian ethnic group, while conferring protection in the Hispanic group. The T allele of TLR4 rs4986791 was also found to increase the risk of TB in the Asian subgroup. All other TLR gene variants investigated were not found to be associated with TB in this meta-analysis. DISCUSSION Although general associations were identified, most TLR variants showed no significant association with TB, indicating that additional studies investigating a wider range of pattern recognition receptors is required to gain a better understanding of this complex disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiko Schurz
- SA MRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research and the DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Michelle Daya
- SA MRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research and the DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Marlo Möller
- SA MRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research and the DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Eileen G. Hoal
- SA MRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research and the DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Muneeb Salie
- SA MRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research and the DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
- * E-mail:
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Hamann L, Kupcinskas J, Berrocal Almanza LC, Almanza B, Skieceviciene J, Franke A, Nöthlings U, Schumann RR. Less functional variants of TLR-1/-6/-10 genes are associated with age. IMMUNITY & AGEING 2015; 12:7. [PMID: 26157469 PMCID: PMC4495943 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-015-0034-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Determining the prerequisites for healthy aging is a major task in the modern world characterized by a longer lifespan of the individuals. Besides lifestyle and environmental influences genetic factors are involved as shown by several genome-wide association studies. Older individuals are known to have an impaired immune response, a condition recently termed "inflamm-aging". We hypothesize that the induction of this condition in the elderly is influenced by the sensitivity of the innate immune system. Therefore, we investigated genetic variants of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family, one of the major family of innate immune receptors, for association with age in two cohorts of healthy, disease-free subjects. RESULTS According to sex we found a positive association of loss-of-function variants of TLR-1 and -6 with healthy aging with odds ratios of 1.54 in males for TLR-6 (249 S/S), and 1.41, 1.66, and 1.64 in females for TLR-1 prom., TLR-1 (248 S/S), and TLR-1 (602 S/S), respectively. Thus, the presence of these variants increases the probability of achieving healthy old age and indicates that a reduced TLR activity may be beneficial in the elderly. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report showing an association of TLR variants with age. While a loss of function of an important immune receptor may be a risk factor for acute infections as has been shown previously, in the setting of healthy ageing it appears to be protective, which may relate to "inflamm-aging". These first results should be reproduced in larger trials to confirm this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Hamann
- Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité University Medical Center Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Juozas Kupcinskas
- Department of Gastroenterology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania ; Institute for Digestive Research, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Luis C Berrocal Almanza
- Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité University Medical Center Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Jurgita Skieceviciene
- Institute for Digestive Research, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Andre Franke
- University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Campus Kiel, Schittenhelmstr. 12, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ute Nöthlings
- Popgen Biobank, Institute for Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Niemansweg 11, Kiel, Germany ; Present address: Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn, Endenicher Allee 11-13, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ralf R Schumann
- Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité University Medical Center Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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Pöyhönen L, Nuolivirta K, Vuononvirta J, Kröger L, Huhtala H, Mertsola J, He Q, Korppi M. Toll-like receptor 2 subfamily gene polymorphisms are associated with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin osteitis following newborn vaccination. Acta Paediatr 2015; 104:485-90. [PMID: 25605403 DOI: 10.1111/apa.12927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
AIM Toll-like receptor (TLR) 1, 2, 6 and 10, the TLR2 subfamily, are known to be associated with immunity against tuberculosis. We evaluated whether polymorphisms in genes encoding TLR1, TLR2 and TLR6 were associated with osteitis in infants who received the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination soon after birth. METHODS Blood samples from 132 adults aged 21-49 who had BCG osteitis in early childhood were analysed in a controlled study for TLR1 T1805G (rs5743618), TLR2 G2258A (rs5743708) and TLR6 C745T (rs5743810) gene single nucleotide polymorphisms. RESULTS The frequencies of the variant genotypes differed between the cases and controls: 11.4% versus 5.7% for TLR2 G2258A (p = 0.033) and 77.3% versus 61.6% for TLR6 C745T (p = 0.001). The TLR2 and TLR6 variant genotypes were associated with a higher risk of BCG osteitis, with adjusted odds ratios (aOR) of 2.154 (95%CI 1.026-4.521) and 1.907 (95%CI 1.183-3.075), respectively. The frequency of the TLR1 T1805G variant genotype was 19.7% in the cases and 33.6% in the controls (p = 0.003). The TLR1 variant genotype was associated with a lower risk of BCG osteitis (aOR 0.554, 95%CI 0.336-0.911). CONCLUSION Gene polymorphisms that regulate the function of the TLR2 subfamily play a role in the development of BCG osteitis in vaccinated infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pöyhönen
- Center for Child Health Research; University of Tampere and University Hospital; Tampere Finland
| | - Kirsi Nuolivirta
- Department of Pediatrics; Seinäjoki Central Hospital; Seinäjoki Finland
| | - Juho Vuononvirta
- Department of Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control; National Institute for Health and Welfare; Turku Finland
| | - Liisa Kröger
- Department of Pediatrics; University Hospital; Kuopio Finland
| | - Heini Huhtala
- School of Health Sciences; University of Tampere; Tampere Finland
| | - Jussi Mertsola
- Department of Pediatrics; University of Turku and University Hospital; Turku Finland
| | - Qiushui He
- Department of Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control; National Institute for Health and Welfare; Turku Finland
| | - Matti Korppi
- Center for Child Health Research; University of Tampere and University Hospital; Tampere Finland
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Dittrich N, Berrocal-Almanza LC, Thada S, Goyal S, Slevogt H, Sumanlatha G, Hussain A, Sur S, Burkert S, Oh DY, Valluri V, Schumann RR, Conrad ML. Toll-like receptor 1 variations influence susceptibility and immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2015; 95:328-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2015.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Skevaki C, Pararas M, Kostelidou K, Tsakris A, Routsias JG. Single nucleotide polymorphisms of Toll-like receptors and susceptibility to infectious diseases. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 180:165-77. [PMID: 25560985 PMCID: PMC4408151 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the best-studied family of pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs), whose task is to rapidly recognize evolutionarily conserved structures on the invading microorganisms. Through binding to these patterns, TLRs trigger a number of proinflammatory and anti-microbial responses, playing a key role in the first line of defence against the pathogens also promoting adaptive immunity responses. Growing amounts of data suggest that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on the various human TLR proteins are associated with altered susceptibility to infection. This review summarizes the role of TLRs in innate immunity, their ligands and signalling and focuses on the TLR SNPs which have been linked to infectious disease susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Skevaki
- Research Laboratories, Second Department of PediatricsAthens, Greece
| | - M Pararas
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of AthensAthens, Greece
| | - K Kostelidou
- Research Laboratories, Second Department of PediatricsAthens, Greece
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of the AegeanLemnos, Greece
| | - A Tsakris
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of AthensAthens, Greece
| | - J G Routsias
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of AthensAthens, Greece
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Abstract
The immune system in early life goes through rapid and radical changes. Early life is also the period with the highest risk of infections. The foetal immune system is programmed to coexist with foreign antigenic influences in utero, and postnatally to rapidly develop a functional system capable of distinguishing helpful microbes from harmful pathogens. Both host genetics and environmental influences shape this dramatic transition and direct the trajectory of the developing immune system into early childhood and beyond. Given the malleability of the immune system in early life, interventions aimed at modulating this trajectory thus have the potential to translate into considerable reductions in infectious disease burden with immediate as well as long-lasting benefit. However, an improved understanding of the underlying molecular drivers of early life immunity is prerequisite to optimise such interventions and transform the window of early life vulnerability into one of opportunity.
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Toll-like receptor 2-dependent extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected macrophages drives anti-inflammatory responses and inhibits Th1 polarization of responding T cells. Infect Immun 2015; 83:2242-54. [PMID: 25776754 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00135-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis survives within macrophages and employs immune evasion mechanisms to persist in the host. Protective T helper type 1 (Th1) responses are induced, and the immune response in most individuals is sufficient to restrict M. tuberculosis to latent infection, but most infections are not completely resolved. As T cells and macrophages respond, a balance is established between protective Th1-associated and other proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-12 (IL-12), interferon gamma (IFN-γ), and tumor necrosis factor alpha, and anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-10. The mechanisms by which M. tuberculosis modulates host responses to promote its survival remain unclear. In these studies, we demonstrate that M. tuberculosis induction of IL-10, suppression of IL-12, and inhibition of class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC-II) molecules in infected macrophages are all driven by Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)-dependent activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK). Elimination of ERK signaling downstream of TLR2 by pharmacologic inhibition with U0126 or genetic deletion of Tpl2 blocks IL-10 secretion and enhances IL-12 p70 secretion. We demonstrate that M. tuberculosis regulation of these pathways in macrophages affects T cell responses to infected macrophages. Thus, genetic blockade of the ERK pathway in Tpl2(-/-) macrophages enhances Th1 polarization and IFN-γ production by antigen-specific CD4(+) T cells responding to M. tuberculosis infection. These data indicate that M. tuberculosis and its potent TLR2 ligands activate ERK signaling in macrophages to promote anti-inflammatory macrophage responses and blunt Th1 responses against the pathogen.
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