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Wu H, Yang Z, Chang C, Wang Z, Zhang D, Guo Q, Zhao B. A novel disulfide death-related genes prognostic signature identifies the role of IPO4 in glioma progression. Cancer Cell Int 2024; 24:168. [PMID: 38734657 PMCID: PMC11088110 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-024-03358-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND "Disulfide death," a form of cellular demise, is triggered by the abnormal accumulation of intracellular disulfides under conditions of glucose deprivation. However, its role in the prognosis of glioma remains undetermined. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to establish prognostic signature based on disulfide death-related genes (DDRGs) and to provide new solutions in choosing the effective treatment of glioma. METHODS The RNA transcriptome, clinical information, and mutation data of glioma samples were sourced from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA), while normal samples were obtained from the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx). DDRGs were compiled from previous studies and selected through differential analysis and univariate Cox regression analysis. The molecular subtypes were determined through consensus clustering analysis. Further, LASSO analysis was employed to select characteristic genes, and subsequently, a risk model comprising seven DDRGs was constructed based on multivariable Cox analysis. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were employed to assess survival differences between high and low-risk groups. Additionally, functional analyses (GO, KEGG, GSEA) were conducted to explore the potential biological functions and signaling pathways of genes associated with the model. The study also explored immune checkpoint (ICP) genes, immune cell infiltration levels, and immune stromal scores. Finally, the effect of Importin-4(IPO4) on glioma has been further confirmed through RT-qPCR, Western blot, and cell functional experiments. RESULTS 7 genes associated with disulfide death were obtained and two subgroups of patients with different prognosis and clinical characteristics were identified. Risk signature was subsequently developed and proved to serve as an prognostic predictor. Notably, the high-risk group exhibited an immunosuppressive microenvironment characterized by a high concentration of M2 macrophages and regulatory T cells (Tregs). In contrast, the low-risk group showed lower half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values. Therefore, patients in the high-risk group may benefit more from immunotherapy, while patients in the low-risk group may benefit more from chemotherapy. In addition, in vitro experiments have shown that inhibition of the expression of IPO4 leads to a significant reduction in the proliferation, migration, and invasion of glioma cells. CONCLUSION This study identified two glioma subtypes and constructed a prognostic signature based on DDRGs. The signature has the potential to optimize the selection of patients for immune- and chemotherapy and provided a potential therapeutic target for glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- HaoYuan Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, 678 Fu Rong Road, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230601, China
| | - ZhiHao Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, 678 Fu Rong Road, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230601, China
| | - ChenXi Chang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, 678 Fu Rong Road, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230601, China
| | - ZhiWei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, 678 Fu Rong Road, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230601, China
| | - DeRan Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, 678 Fu Rong Road, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230601, China
| | - QingGuo Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, 678 Fu Rong Road, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230601, China
| | - Bing Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, 678 Fu Rong Road, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230601, China.
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Du B, Fu Y, Han Y, Sun Q, Xu J, Yang Y, Rong R. The lung-gut crosstalk in respiratory and inflammatory bowel disease. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1218565. [PMID: 37680747 PMCID: PMC10482113 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1218565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Both lung and gut belong to the common mucosal immune system (CMIS), with huge surface areas exposed to the external environment. They are the main defense organs against the invasion of pathogens and play a key role in innate and adaptive immunity. Recently, more and more evidence showed that stimulation of one organ can affect the other, as exemplified by intestinal complications during respiratory disease and vice versa, which is called lung-gut crosstalk. Intestinal microbiota plays an important role in respiratory and intestinal diseases. It is known that intestinal microbial imbalance is related to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), this imbalance could impact the integrity of the intestinal epithelial barrier and leads to the persistence of inflammation, however, gut microbial disturbances have also been observed in respiratory diseases such as asthma, allergy, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and respiratory infection. It is not fully clarified how these disorders happened. In this review, we summarized the latest examples and possible mechanisms of lung-gut crosstalk in respiratory disease and IBD and discussed the strategy of shaping intestinal flora to treat respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoxiang Du
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yan Fu
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yuxiu Han
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Qihui Sun
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Jinke Xu
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
| | - Yong Yang
- Shandong Antiviral Engineering Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
- Experimental Center, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Rong Rong
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Classical Theory, Ministry of Education, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Basic Research, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
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3
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Lin SJ, Lin KM, Chen SYJ, Ku CC, Huang CW, Huang CH, Gale M, Tsai CH. Type I Interferon Orchestrates Demand-Adapted Monopoiesis during Influenza A Virus Infection via STAT1-Mediated Upregulation of Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Receptor Expression. J Virol 2023; 97:e0010223. [PMID: 37022164 PMCID: PMC10134875 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00102-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Whether and how a local virus infection affects the hematopoietic system in the bone marrow is largely unknown, unlike with systemic infection. In this study, we showed that influenza A virus (IAV) infection leads to demand-adapted monopoiesis in the bone marrow. The beta interferon (IFN-β) promoter stimulator 1 (IPS-1)-type I IFN-IFN-α receptor 1 (IFNAR1) axis-mediated signaling was found to induce the emergency expansion of the granulocyte-monocyte progenitor (GMP) population and upregulate the expression of the macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor (M-CSFR) on bipotent GMPs and monocyte progenitors via the signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1), leading to a scaled-back proportion of granulocyte progenitors. To further address the influence of demand-adapted monopoiesis on IAV-induced secondary bacterial infection, IAV-infected wild-type (WT) and Stat1-/- mice were challenged with Streptococcus pneumoniae. Compared with WT mice, Stat1-/- mice did not demonstrate demand-adapted monopoiesis, had more infiltrating granulocytes, and were able to effectively eliminate the bacterial infection. IMPORTANCE Our findings show that influenza A virus infection induces type I interferon (IFN)-mediated emergency hematopoiesis to expand the GMP population in the bone marrow. The type I IFN-STAT1 axis was identified as being involved in mediating the viral-infection-driven demand-adapted monopoiesis by upregulating M-CSFR expression in the GMP population. As secondary bacterial infections often manifest during a viral infection and can lead to severe or even fatal clinical complications, we further assessed the impact of the observed monopoiesis on bacterial clearance. Our results suggest that the resulting decrease in the proportion of granulocytes may play a role in diminishing the IAV-infected host's ability to effectively clear secondary bacterial infection. Our findings not only provide a more complete picture of the modulatory functions of type I IFN but also highlight the need for a more comprehensive understanding of potential changes in hematopoiesis during local infections to better inform clinical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue-Jane Lin
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Min Lin
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shi-Yo Jill Chen
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chi Ku
- Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Wei Huang
- Department of Family Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hsiang Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Michael Gale
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ching-Hwa Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Krishnan R, Stapledon CJM, Mostafavi H, Freitas JR, Liu X, Mahalingam S, Zaid A. Anti-inflammatory actions of Pentosan polysulfate sodium in a mouse model of influenza virus A/PR8/34-induced pulmonary inflammation. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1030879. [PMID: 36845136 PMCID: PMC9947849 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1030879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction There is an unmet medical need for effective anti-inflammatory agents for the treatment of acute and post-acute lung inflammation caused by respiratory viruses. The semi-synthetic polysaccharide, Pentosan polysulfate sodium (PPS), an inhibitor of NF-kB activation, was investigated for its systemic and local anti-inflammatory effects in a mouse model of influenza virus A/PR8/1934 (PR8 strain) mediated infection. Methods Immunocompetent C57BL/6J mice were infected intranasally with a sublethal dose of PR8 and treated subcutaneously with 3 or 6 mg/kg PPS or vehicle. Disease was monitored and tissues were collected at the acute (8 days post-infection; dpi) or post-acute (21 dpi) phase of disease to assess the effect of PPS on PR8-induced pathology. Results In the acute phase of PR8 infection, PPS treatment was associated with a reduction in weight loss and improvement in oxygen saturation when compared to vehicle-treated mice. Associated with these clinical improvements, PPS treatment showed a significant retention in the numbers of protective SiglecF+ resident alveolar macrophages, despite uneventful changes in pulmonary leukocyte infiltrates assessed by flow cytometry. PPS treatment in PR8- infected mice showed significant reductions systemically but not locally of the inflammatory molecules, IL-6, IFN-g, TNF-a, IL-12p70 and CCL2. In the post-acute phase of infection, PPS demonstrated a reduction in the pulmonary fibrotic biomarkers, sICAM-1 and complement factor C5b9. Discussion The systemic and local anti-inflammatory actions of PPS may regulate acute and post-acute pulmonary inflammation and tissue remodeling mediated by PR8 infection, which warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Krishnan
- Research and Development, Paradigm Biopharmaceuticals Ltd., Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Helen Mostafavi
- Emerging Viruses, Inflammation and Therapeutics Group, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- Global Virus Network (GVN) Center for Excellence in Arboviruses, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Joseph R. Freitas
- Emerging Viruses, Inflammation and Therapeutics Group, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- Global Virus Network (GVN) Center for Excellence in Arboviruses, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Xiang Liu
- Emerging Viruses, Inflammation and Therapeutics Group, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- Global Virus Network (GVN) Center for Excellence in Arboviruses, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Suresh Mahalingam
- Emerging Viruses, Inflammation and Therapeutics Group, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- Global Virus Network (GVN) Center for Excellence in Arboviruses, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Ali Zaid
- Emerging Viruses, Inflammation and Therapeutics Group, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- Global Virus Network (GVN) Center for Excellence in Arboviruses, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
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5
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Latha K, Patel Y, Rao S, Watford WT. The Influenza-Induced Pulmonary Inflammatory Exudate in Susceptible Tpl2-Deficient Mice Is Dictated by Type I IFN Signaling. Inflammation 2023; 46:322-341. [PMID: 36227523 PMCID: PMC9558022 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-022-01736-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The most prominent host response to viral infection is the production of type 1 interferons (T1 IFNs). One host regulator of the T1 IFNs is the serine-threonine kinase, tumor progression locus 2 (TPL2). We have previously demonstrated that Tpl2-/- mice succumb to infection with a low-pathogenicity influenza A strain (x31), in association with with increased pulmonary levels of interferon-β (IFN-β), chemokine CCL2, and excessive monocyte and neutrophil pulmonary infiltration. TPL2-dependent overexpression of IFN-β has been implicated in enhanced susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis; therefore, we examined the role of T1 IFNs in susceptibility of Tpl2-/- mice to influenza. CCL2 overexpression and monocyte recruitment were normalized in Ifnar1-/-Tpl2-/- mice, confirming that TPL2 constrains inflammatory monocyte recruitment via inhibition of the T1 IFN/CCL2 axis. Unexpectedly, excessive neutrophil recruitment in Ifnar1-/- strains was further exacerbated by simultaneous TPL2 genetic ablation in Ifnar1-/-Tpl2-/- by 7 dpi, accompanied by overexpression of neutrophil-regulating cytokines, CXCL1 and IFN-λ. Collectively, our data suggest that TPL2 and T1 IFNs synergize to inhibit neutrophil recruitment. However, treatment with the neutrophil-depleting anti-Ly6G antibody showed only a modest improvement in disease. Analysis of sorted innate immune populations revealed redundant expression of inflammatory mediators among neutrophils, inflammatory monocytes and alveolar macrophages. These findings suggest that targeting a single cell type or mediator may be inadequate to control severe disease characterized by a mixed inflammatory exudate. Future studies will consider TPL2-regulated pathways as potential predictors of severe influenza progression as well as investigate novel methods to modulate TPL2 function during viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Latha
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA USA
| | - Yesha Patel
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA USA
| | - Sanjana Rao
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA USA
| | - Wendy T. Watford
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA USA
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6
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Erb A, Zissler UM, Oelsner M, Chaker AM, Schmidt-Weber CB, Jakwerth CA. Genome-Wide Gene Expression Analysis Reveals Unique Genes Signatures of Epithelial Reorganization in Primary Airway Epithelium Induced by Type-I, -II and -III Interferons. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:929. [PMID: 36354438 PMCID: PMC9688329 DOI: 10.3390/bios12110929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Biosensors such as toll-like receptors (TLR) induce the expression of interferons (IFNs) after viral infection that are critical to the first step in cell-intrinsic host defense mechanisms. Their differential influence on epithelial integrity genes, however, remains elusive. A genome-wide gene expression biosensor chip for gene expression sensing was used to examine the effects of type-I, -II, and -III IFN stimulation on the epithelial expression profiles of primary organotypic 3D air-liquid interface airway cultures. All types of IFNs induced similar interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs): OAS1, OAS2, and IFIT2. However, they differentially induced transcription factors, epithelial modulators, and pro-inflammatory genes. Type-I IFN-induced genes were associated with cell-cell adhesion and tight junctions, while type-III IFNs promoted genes important for transepithelial transport. In contrast, type-II IFN stimulated proliferation-triggering genes associated and enhanced pro-inflammatory mediator secretion. In conclusion, with our microarray system, we provide evidence that the three IFN types exceed their antiviral ISG-response by inducing distinct remodeling processes, thereby likely strengthening the epithelial airway barrier by enhancing cross-cell-integrity (I), transepithelial transport (III) and finally reconstruction through proliferation (II).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Erb
- Center of Allergy & Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), CPC-M, Member of the Helmholtz I&I Initiative, 85746 Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrich M. Zissler
- Center of Allergy & Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), CPC-M, Member of the Helmholtz I&I Initiative, 85746 Munich, Germany
| | - Madlen Oelsner
- Center of Allergy & Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), CPC-M, Member of the Helmholtz I&I Initiative, 85746 Munich, Germany
| | - Adam M. Chaker
- Center of Allergy & Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), CPC-M, Member of the Helmholtz I&I Initiative, 85746 Munich, Germany
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Medical School, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Carsten B. Schmidt-Weber
- Center of Allergy & Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), CPC-M, Member of the Helmholtz I&I Initiative, 85746 Munich, Germany
| | - Constanze A. Jakwerth
- Center of Allergy & Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), CPC-M, Member of the Helmholtz I&I Initiative, 85746 Munich, Germany
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7
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Uddin MB, Liang Y, Shao S, Palani S, McKelvey M, Weaver SC, Sun K. Type I IFN Signaling Protects Mice from Lethal SARS-CoV-2 Neuroinvasion. Immunohorizons 2022; 6:716-721. [DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2200065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Multiple organ damage is common in patients with severe COVID-19, even though the underlying pathogenic mechanisms remain unclear. Acute viral infection typically activates type I IFN (IFN-I) signaling. The antiviral role of IFN-I is well characterized in vitro. However, our understanding of how IFN-I regulates host immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection in vivo is incomplete. Using a human ACE2-transgenic mouse model, we show in the present study that IFN-I receptor signaling is essential for protection against the acute lethality of SARS-CoV-2 in mice. Interestingly, although IFN-I signaling limits viral replication in the lung, the primary infection site, it is dispensable for efficient viral clearance at the adaptive phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Conversely, we found that in the absence of IFN-I receptor signaling, the extreme animal lethality is consistent with heightened infectious virus and prominent pathological manifestations in the brain. Taken together, our results in this study demonstrate that IFN-I receptor signaling is required for restricting virus neuroinvasion, thereby mitigating COVID-19 severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Bashir Uddin
- *Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX; and
| | - Yuejin Liang
- *Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX; and
| | - Shengjun Shao
- *Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX; and
| | - Sunil Palani
- *Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX; and
| | - Michael McKelvey
- †Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Scott C. Weaver
- *Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX; and
| | - Keer Sun
- *Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX; and
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8
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Verma AK, McKelvey M, Uddin MB, Palani S, Niu M, Bauer C, Shao S, Sun K. IFN-γ transforms the transcriptomic landscape and triggers myeloid cell hyperresponsiveness to cause lethal lung injury. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1011132. [PMID: 36203588 PMCID: PMC9530332 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1011132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is an inflammatory disease that is associated with high mortality but no specific treatment. Our understanding of initial events that trigger ARDS pathogenesis is limited. We have developed a mouse model of inflammatory lung injury by influenza and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) coinfection plus daily antibiotic therapy. Using this pneumonic ARDS model, here we show that IFN-γ receptor signaling drives inflammatory cytokine storm and lung tissue damage. By single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) analysis, we demonstrate that IFN-γ signaling induces a transcriptional shift in airway immune cells, particularly by upregulating macrophage and monocyte expression of genes associated with inflammatory diseases. Further evidence from conditional knockout mouse models reveals that IFN-γ receptor signaling in myeloid cells, particularly CD11c+ mononuclear phagocytes, directly promotes TNF-α hyperproduction and inflammatory lung damage. Collectively, the findings from this study, ranging from cell-intrinsic gene expression to overall disease outcome, demonstrate that influenza-induced IFN-γ triggers myeloid cell hyperresponsiveness to MRSA, thereby leading to excessive inflammatory response and lethal lung damage during coinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul K. Verma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Michael McKelvey
- Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Md Bashir Uddin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Sunil Palani
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Meng Niu
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology & Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Christopher Bauer
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Shengjun Shao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Keer Sun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
- *Correspondence: Keer Sun,
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9
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Palani S, Bansal S, Verma AK, Bauer C, Shao S, Uddin MB, Sun K. Type I IFN Signaling Is Essential for Preventing IFN-γ Hyperproduction and Subsequent Deterioration of Antibacterial Immunity during Postinfluenza Pneumococcal Infection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 209:128-135. [PMID: 35705254 PMCID: PMC9247018 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2101135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Postinfluenza bacterial pneumonia is a significant cause of hospitalization and death in humans. The mechanisms underlying this viral and bacterial synergy remain incompletely understood. Recent evidence indicates that influenza-induced IFNs, particularly type I IFN (IFN-I) and IFN-γ, suppress antibacterial defenses. In this study, we have investigated the relative importance and interplay of IFN-I and IFN-γ pathways in influenza-induced susceptibility to Streptococcus pneumoniae infection. Using gene-deficient mouse models, as well as in vivo blocking Abs, we show that both IFN-I and IFN-γ signaling pathways contribute to the initial suppression of antibacterial immunity; however, IFN-γ plays a dominant role in the disease deterioration, in association with increased TNF-α production and alveolar macrophage (AM) depletion. We have previously shown that IFN-γ impairs AM antibacterial function and thereby acute bacterial clearance. The findings in this study indicate that IFN-γ signaling also impairs AM viability and αβ T cell recruitment during the progression of influenza/S. pneumoniae coinfection. Macrophages insensitive to IFN-γ mice express a dominant-negative mutant IFN-γR in mononuclear phagocytes. Interestingly, macrophages insensitive to IFN-γ mice exhibited significantly improved recovery and survival from coinfection, despite delayed bacterial clearance. Importantly, we demonstrate that IFN-I receptor signaling is essential for preventing IFN-γ hyperproduction and animal death during the progression of postinfluenza pneumococcal pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Palani
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX; and
| | - Shruti Bansal
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Atul K Verma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX; and
| | - Christopher Bauer
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Shengjun Shao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX; and
| | - Md Bashir Uddin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX; and
| | - Keer Sun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX; and
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
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10
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Zhang Y, Wang Q, Mackay CR, Ng LG, Kwok I. Neutrophil subsets and their differential roles in viral respiratory diseases. J Leukoc Biol 2022; 111:1159-1173. [PMID: 35040189 PMCID: PMC9015493 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1mr1221-345r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils play significant roles in immune homeostasis and as neutralizers of microbial infections. Recent evidence further suggests heterogeneity of neutrophil developmental and activation states that exert specialized effector functions during inflammatory disease conditions. Neutrophils can play multiple roles during viral infections, secreting inflammatory mediators and cytokines that contribute significantly to host defense and pathogenicity. However, their roles in viral immunity are not well understood. In this review, we present an overview of neutrophil heterogeneity and its impact on the course and severity of viral respiratory infectious diseases. We focus on the evidence demonstrating the crucial roles neutrophils play in the immune response toward respiratory infections, using influenza as a model. We further extend the understanding of neutrophil function with the studies pertaining to COVID‐19 disease and its neutrophil‐associated pathologies. Finally, we discuss the relevance of these results for future therapeutic options through targeting and regulating neutrophil‐specific responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuning Zhang
- Department of Research, National Skin Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Quanbo Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Charles R Mackay
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China.,Department of Microbiology, Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lai Guan Ng
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore.,State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China.,School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Immunology Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Immunology Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Immanuel Kwok
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore
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11
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Cox G, Gonzalez AJ, Ijezie EC, Rodriguez A, Miller CR, Van Leuven JT, Miura TA. Priming With Rhinovirus Protects Mice Against a Lethal Pulmonary Coronavirus Infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:886611. [PMID: 35711419 PMCID: PMC9196734 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.886611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhinoviruses (RV) have been shown to inhibit subsequent infection by heterologous respiratory viruses, including influenza viruses and severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). To better understand the mechanisms whereby RV protects against pulmonary coronavirus infection, we used a native murine virus, mouse hepatitis virus strain 1 (MHV-1), that causes severe disease in the lungs of infected mice. We found that priming of the respiratory tract with RV completely prevented mortality and reduced morbidity of a lethal MHV-1 infection. Replication of MHV-1 was reduced in RV-primed mouse lungs although expression of antiviral type I interferon, IFN-β, was more robust in mice infected with MHV-1 alone. We further showed that signaling through the type I interferon receptor was required for survival of mice given a non-lethal dose of MHV-1. RV-primed mice had reduced pulmonary inflammation and hemorrhage and influx of leukocytes, especially neutrophils, in the airways upon MHV-1 infection. Although MHV-1 replication was reduced in RV-primed mice, RV did not inhibit MHV-1 replication in coinfected lung epithelial cells in vitro. In summary, RV-mediated priming in the respiratory tract reduces viral replication, inflammation, and tissue damage, and prevents mortality of a pulmonary coronavirus infection in mice. These results contribute to our understanding of how distinct respiratory viruses interact with the host to affect disease pathogenesis, which is a critical step in understanding how respiratory viral coinfections impact human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrison Cox
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - Andres J. Gonzalez
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
- Institute for Modeling Collaboration and Innovation, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - Emmanuel C. Ijezie
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - Andres Rodriguez
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - Craig R. Miller
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
- Institute for Modeling Collaboration and Innovation, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - James T. Van Leuven
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
- Institute for Modeling Collaboration and Innovation, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - Tanya A. Miura
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
- Institute for Modeling Collaboration and Innovation, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
- *Correspondence: Tanya A. Miura,
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12
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Latha K, Jamison KF, Watford WT. Tpl2 Ablation Leads to Hypercytokinemia and Excessive Cellular Infiltration to the Lungs During Late Stages of Influenza Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:738490. [PMID: 34691044 PMCID: PMC8529111 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.738490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor progression locus 2 (Tpl2) is a serine-threonine kinase known to promote inflammation in response to various pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), inflammatory cytokines and G-protein-coupled receptors and consequently aids in host resistance to pathogens. We have recently shown that Tpl2-/- mice succumb to infection with a low-pathogenicity strain of influenza (x31, H3N2) by an unknown mechanism. In this study, we sought to characterize the cytokine and immune cell profile of influenza-infected Tpl2-/- mice to gain insight into its host protective effects. Although Tpl2-/- mice display modestly impaired viral control, no virus was observed in the lungs of Tpl2-/- mice on the day of peak morbidity and mortality suggesting that morbidity is not due to virus cytopathic effects but rather to an overactive antiviral immune response. Indeed, increased levels of interferon-β (IFN-β), the IFN-inducible monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1, CCL2), Macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha (MIP-1α; CCL3), MIP-1β (CCL4), RANTES (CCL5), IP-10 (CXCL10) and Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) was observed in the lungs of influenza-infected Tpl2-/- mice at 7 days post infection (dpi). Elevated cytokine and chemokines were accompanied by increased infiltration of the lungs with inflammatory monocytes and neutrophils. Additionally, we noted that increased IFN-β correlated with increased CCL2, CXCL1 and nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) expression in the lungs, which has been associated with severe influenza infections. Bone marrow chimeras with Tpl2 ablation localized to radioresistant cells confirmed that Tpl2 functions, at least in part, within radioresistant cells to limit pro-inflammatory response to viral infection. Collectively, this study suggests that Tpl2 tempers inflammation during influenza infection by constraining the production of interferons and chemokines which are known to promote the recruitment of detrimental inflammatory monocytes and neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Latha
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Katelyn F. Jamison
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Wendy T. Watford
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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13
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Ramos TI, Villacis-Aguirre CA, Santiago Vispo N, Santiago Padilla L, Pedroso Santana S, Parra NC, Alonso JRT. Forms and Methods for Interferon's Encapsulation. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1533. [PMID: 34683824 PMCID: PMC8538586 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) are cytokines involved in the immune response that act on innate and adaptive immunity. These proteins are natural cell-signaling glycoproteins expressed in response to viral infections, tumors, and biological inducers and constitute the first line of defense of vertebrates against infectious agents. They have been marketed for more than 30 years with considerable impact on the global therapeutic protein market thanks to their diversity in terms of biological activities. They have been used as single agents or with combination treatment regimens, demonstrating promising clinical results, resulting in 22 different formulations approved by regulatory agencies. The 163 clinical trials with currently active IFNs reinforce their importance as therapeutics for human health. However, their application has presented difficulties due to the molecules' size, sensitivity to degradation, and rapid elimination from the bloodstream. For some years now, work has been underway to obtain new drug delivery systems to provide adequate therapeutic concentrations for these cytokines, decrease their toxicity and prolong their half-life in the circulation. Although different research groups have presented various formulations that encapsulate IFNs, to date, there is no formulation approved for use in humans. The current review exhibits an updated summary of all encapsulation forms presented in the scientific literature for IFN-α, IFN-ß, and IFN-γ, from the year 1996 to the year 2021, considering parameters such as: encapsulating matrix, route of administration, target, advantages, and disadvantages of each formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thelvia I. Ramos
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Biofármacos, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Víctor Lamas 1290, Concepción P.O. Box 160-C, Chile; (T.I.R.); (C.A.V.-A.); (S.P.S.); (N.C.P.)
- Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad Animal y Humana (GISAH), Carrera Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida y la Agricultura, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas—ESPE, Sangolquí 171103, Ecuador
| | - Carlos A. Villacis-Aguirre
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Biofármacos, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Víctor Lamas 1290, Concepción P.O. Box 160-C, Chile; (T.I.R.); (C.A.V.-A.); (S.P.S.); (N.C.P.)
| | - Nelson Santiago Vispo
- School of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Yachay Tech University, Hda. San José s/n y Proyecto Yachay, Urcuquí 100119, Ecuador;
| | | | - Seidy Pedroso Santana
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Biofármacos, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Víctor Lamas 1290, Concepción P.O. Box 160-C, Chile; (T.I.R.); (C.A.V.-A.); (S.P.S.); (N.C.P.)
| | - Natalie C. Parra
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Biofármacos, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Víctor Lamas 1290, Concepción P.O. Box 160-C, Chile; (T.I.R.); (C.A.V.-A.); (S.P.S.); (N.C.P.)
| | - Jorge Roberto Toledo Alonso
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Biofármacos, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Víctor Lamas 1290, Concepción P.O. Box 160-C, Chile; (T.I.R.); (C.A.V.-A.); (S.P.S.); (N.C.P.)
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14
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Pariser DN, Hilt ZT, Ture SK, Blick-Nitko SK, Looney MR, Cleary SJ, Roman-Pagan E, Saunders J, Georas SN, Veazey J, Madere F, Santos LT, Arne A, Huynh NP, Livada AC, Guerrero-Martin SM, Lyons C, Metcalf-Pate KA, McGrath KE, Palis J, Morrell CN. Lung megakaryocytes are immune modulatory cells. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:137377. [PMID: 33079726 DOI: 10.1172/jci137377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although platelets are the cellular mediators of thrombosis, they are also immune cells. Platelets interact both directly and indirectly with immune cells, impacting their activation and differentiation, as well as all phases of the immune response. Megakaryocytes (Mks) are the cell source of circulating platelets, and until recently Mks were typically only considered bone marrow-resident (BM-resident) cells. However, platelet-producing Mks also reside in the lung, and lung Mks express greater levels of immune molecules compared with BM Mks. We therefore sought to define the immune functions of lung Mks. Using single-cell RNA sequencing of BM and lung myeloid-enriched cells, we found that lung Mks, which we term MkL, had gene expression patterns that are similar to antigen-presenting cells. This was confirmed using imaging and conventional flow cytometry. The immune phenotype of Mks was plastic and driven by the tissue immune environment, as evidenced by BM Mks having an MkL-like phenotype under the influence of pathogen receptor challenge and lung-associated immune molecules, such as IL-33. Our in vitro and in vivo assays demonstrated that MkL internalized and processed both antigenic proteins and bacterial pathogens. Furthermore, MkL induced CD4+ T cell activation in an MHC II-dependent manner both in vitro and in vivo. These data indicated that MkL had key immune regulatory roles dictated in part by the tissue environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne N Pariser
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute and.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | | | | | | | - Mark R Looney
- Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Simon J Cleary
- Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Jerry Saunders
- Center for Pediatric Biomedical Research, Department of Pediatrics, and
| | - Steve N Georas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Janelle Veazey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Ferralita Madere
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Laura Tesoro Santos
- Cardiovascular Research Department, University Hospital Ramón y Cajal Biotechnology, Medicine and Health Sciences PhD Program, University Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Nguyen Pt Huynh
- Genomics Research Center, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA.,Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alison C Livada
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute and.,Department of Pathology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Selena M Guerrero-Martin
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Claire Lyons
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kelly A Metcalf-Pate
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - James Palis
- Center for Pediatric Biomedical Research, Department of Pediatrics, and
| | - Craig N Morrell
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute and.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
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15
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Verma AK, Bauer C, Palani S, Metzger DW, Sun K. IFN-γ Drives TNF-α Hyperproduction and Lethal Lung Inflammation during Antibiotic Treatment of Postinfluenza Staphylococcus aureus Pneumonia. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:1371-1376. [PMID: 34380647 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory cytokine storm is a known cause for acute respiratory distress syndrome. In this study, we have investigated the role of IFN-γ in lethal lung inflammation using a mouse model of postinfluenza methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) pneumonia. To mimic the clinical scenario, animals were treated with antibiotics for effective bacterial control following MRSA superinfection. However, antibiotic therapy alone is not sufficient to improve survival of wild-type animals in this lethal acute respiratory distress syndrome model. In contrast, antibiotics induce effective protection in mice deficient in IFN-γ response. Mechanistically, we show that rather than inhibiting bacterial clearance, IFN-γ promotes proinflammatory cytokine response to cause lethal lung damage. Neutralization of IFN-γ after influenza prevents hyperproduction of TNF-α, and thereby protects against inflammatory lung damage and animal mortality. Taken together, the current study demonstrates that influenza-induced IFN-γ drives a stepwise propagation of inflammatory cytokine response, which ultimately results in fatal lung damage during secondary MRSA pneumonia, despite of antibiotic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul K Verma
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Christopher Bauer
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Sunil Palani
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX; and
| | - Dennis W Metzger
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY
| | - Keer Sun
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE; .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX; and
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16
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Rhinovirus Reduces the Severity of Subsequent Respiratory Viral Infections by Interferon-Dependent and -Independent Mechanisms. mSphere 2021; 6:e0047921. [PMID: 34160242 PMCID: PMC8265665 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00479-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Coinfection by heterologous viruses in the respiratory tract is common and can alter disease severity compared to infection by individual virus strains. We previously found that inoculation of mice with rhinovirus (RV) 2 days before inoculation with a lethal dose of influenza A virus [A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (H1N1) (PR8)] provides complete protection against mortality. Here, we extended that finding to a second lethal respiratory virus, pneumonia virus of mice (PVM), and analyzed potential mechanisms of RV-induced protection. RV completely prevented mortality and weight loss associated with PVM infection. Major changes in host gene expression upon PVM infection were delayed compared to PR8. RV induced earlier recruitment of inflammatory cells, which were reduced at later times in RV-inoculated mice. Findings common to both virus pairs included the upregulated expression of mucin-associated genes and dampening of inflammation-related genes in mice that were inoculated with RV before lethal virus infection. However, type I interferon (IFN) signaling was required for RV-mediated protection against PR8 but not PVM. IFN signaling had minor effects on PR8 replication and contributed to controlling neutrophilic inflammation and hemorrhagic lung pathology in RV/PR8-infected mice. These findings, combined with differences in virus replication levels and disease severity, suggest that the suppression of inflammation in RV/PVM-infected mice may be due to early, IFN-independent suppression of viral replication, while that in RV/PR8-infected mice may be due to IFN-dependent modulation of immune responses. Thus, a mild upper respiratory viral infection can reduce the severity of a subsequent severe viral infection in the lungs through virus-dependent mechanisms. IMPORTANCE Respiratory viruses from diverse families cocirculate in human populations and are frequently detected within the same host. Although clinical studies suggest that infection by multiple different respiratory viruses may alter disease severity, animal models in which we can control the doses, timing, and strains of coinfecting viruses are critical to understanding how coinfection affects disease severity. Here, we compared gene expression and immune cell recruitment between two pairs of viruses (RV/PR8 and RV/PVM) inoculated sequentially in mice, both of which result in reduced severity compared to lethal infection by PR8 or PVM alone. Reduced disease severity was associated with suppression of inflammatory responses in the lungs. However, differences in disease kinetics and host and viral gene expression suggest that protection by coinfection with RV may be due to distinct molecular mechanisms. Indeed, we found that antiviral cytokine signaling was required for RV-mediated protection against lethal infection by PR8 but not PVM.
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17
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Feng E, Balint E, Poznanski SM, Ashkar AA, Loeb M. Aging and Interferons: Impacts on Inflammation and Viral Disease Outcomes. Cells 2021; 10:708. [PMID: 33806810 PMCID: PMC8004738 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As highlighted by the COVID-19 global pandemic, elderly individuals comprise the majority of cases of severe viral infection outcomes and death. A combined inability to control viral replication and exacerbated inflammatory immune activation in elderly patients causes irreparable immune-mediated tissue pathology in response to infection. Key to these responses are type I, II, and III interferons (IFNs), which are involved in inducing an antiviral response, as well as controlling and suppressing inflammation and immunopathology. IFNs support monocyte/macrophage-stimulated immune responses that clear infection and promote their immunosuppressive functions that prevent excess inflammation and immune-mediated pathology. The timing and magnitude of IFN responses to infection are critical towards their immunoregulatory functions and ability to prevent immunopathology. Aging is associated with multiple defects in the ability of macrophages and dendritic cells to produce IFNs in response to viral infection, leading to a dysregulation of inflammatory immune responses. Understanding the implications of aging on IFN-regulated inflammation will give critical insights on how to treat and prevent severe infection in vulnerable individuals. In this review, we describe the causes of impaired IFN production in aging, and the evidence to suggest that these impairments impact the regulation of the innate and adaptive immune response to infection, thereby causing disease pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ali A. Ashkar
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada; (E.F.); (E.B.); (S.M.P.); (M.L.)
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18
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Forbester JL, Humphreys IR. Genetic influences on viral-induced cytokine responses in the lung. Mucosal Immunol 2021; 14:14-25. [PMID: 33184476 PMCID: PMC7658619 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-020-00355-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Infection with respiratory viruses such as influenza, respiratory syncytial virus and coronavirus provides a difficult immunological challenge for the host, where a balance must be established between controlling viral replication and limiting damage to the delicate lung structure. Although the genetic architecture of host responses to respiratory viral infections is not yet understood, it is clear there is underlying heritability that influences pathogenesis. Immune control of virus replication is essential in respiratory infections, but overt activation can enhance inflammation and disease severity. Cytokines initiate antiviral immune responses but are implicated in viral pathogenesis. Here, we discuss how host genetic variation may influence cytokine responses to respiratory viral infections and, based on our current understanding of the role that cytokines play in viral pathogenesis, how this may influence disease severity. We also discuss how induced pluripotent stem cells may be utilised to probe the mechanistic implications of allelic variation in genes in virus-induced inflammatory responses. Ultimately, this could help to design better immune modulators, stratify high risk patients and tailor anti-inflammatory treatments, potentially expanding the ability to treat respiratory virus outbreaks in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Forbester
- Division of Infection and Immunity/Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University, Henry Wellcome Building, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK.
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.
| | - Ian R Humphreys
- Division of Infection and Immunity/Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University, Henry Wellcome Building, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
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19
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The lung-gut axis during viral respiratory infections: the impact of gut dysbiosis on secondary disease outcomes. Mucosal Immunol 2021; 14:296-304. [PMID: 33500564 PMCID: PMC7835650 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-020-00361-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria that colonize the human gastrointestinal tract are essential for good health. The gut microbiota has a critical role in pulmonary immunity and host's defense against viral respiratory infections. The gut microbiota's composition and function can be profoundly affected in many disease settings, including acute infections, and these changes can aggravate the severity of the disease. Here, we discuss mechanisms by which the gut microbiota arms the lung to control viral respiratory infections. We summarize the impact of viral respiratory infections on the gut microbiota and discuss the potential mechanisms leading to alterations of gut microbiota's composition and functions. We also discuss the effects of gut microbial imbalance on disease outcomes, including gastrointestinal disorders and secondary bacterial infections. Lastly, we discuss the potential role of the lung-gut axis in coronavirus disease 2019.
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20
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Dukhinova M, Kokinos E, Kuchur P, Komissarov A, Shtro A. Macrophage-derived cytokines in pneumonia: Linking cellular immunology and genetics. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2020; 59:46-61. [PMID: 33342718 PMCID: PMC8035975 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages represent the first line of anti-pathogen defense - they encounter invading pathogens to perform the phagocytic activity, to deliver the plethora of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, and to shape the tissue microenvironment. Throughout pneumonia course, alveolar macrophages and infiltrated blood monocytes produce increasing cytokine amounts, which activates the antiviral/antibacterial immunity but can also provoke the risk of the so-called cytokine “storm” and normal tissue damage. Subsequently, the question of how the cytokine spectrum is shaped and balanced in the pneumonia context remains a hot topic in medical immunology, particularly in the COVID19 pandemic era. The diversity in cytokine profiles, involved in pneumonia pathogenesis, is determined by the variations in cytokine-receptor interactions, which may lead to severe cytokine storm and functional decline of particular tissues and organs, for example, cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Cytokines and their receptors form unique profiles in individual patients, depending on the (a) microenvironmental context (comorbidities and associated treatment), (b) lung monocyte heterogeneity, and (c) genetic variations. These multidisciplinary strategies can be proactively considered beforehand and during the pneumonia course and potentially allow the new age of personalized immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Dukhinova
- International Institute "Solution Chemistry of Advanced Materials and Technology", ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Elena Kokinos
- International Institute "Solution Chemistry of Advanced Materials and Technology", ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Polina Kuchur
- International Institute "Solution Chemistry of Advanced Materials and Technology", ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexey Komissarov
- International Institute "Solution Chemistry of Advanced Materials and Technology", ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anna Shtro
- International Institute "Solution Chemistry of Advanced Materials and Technology", ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russia; Department of Chemotherapy, Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, St. Petersburg, Russia
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21
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Anjum FR, Anam S, Abbas G, Mahmood MS, Rahman SU, Goraya MU, Abdullah RM, Luqman M, Ali A, Akram MK, Chaudhry TH. Type I IFNs: A Blessing in Disguise or Partner in Crime in MERS-CoV-, SARS-CoV-, and SARS-CoV-2-Induced Pathology and Potential Use of Type I IFNs in Synergism with IFN- γ as a Novel Antiviral Approach Against COVID-19. Viral Immunol 2020; 34:321-329. [PMID: 33181057 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2020.0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the end of 2019, the emergence of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has accelerated the research on host immune responses toward the coronaviruses. When there is no approved drug or vaccine to use against these culprits, host immunity is the major strategy to fight such infections. Type I interferons are an integral part of the host innate immune system and define one of the first lines of innate immune defense against viral infections. The in vitro antiviral role of type I IFNs against Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and SARS-CoV (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus) is well established. Moreover, the involvement of type I IFNs in disease pathology has also been reported. In this study, we have reviewed the protective and the immunopathogenic role of type I IFNs in the pathogenesis of MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2. This review will also enlighten the potential implications of type I IFNs for the treatment of COVID-19 when used in combination with IFN-γ.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sidra Anam
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ghazanfar Abbas
- Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Australia
| | | | - Sajjad Ur Rahman
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Muhammad Luqman
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ashiq Ali
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Kamran Akram
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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22
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Stifter SA, Bhattacharyya N, Sawyer AJ, Cootes TA, Stambas J, Doyle SE, Feigenbaum L, Paul WE, Britton WJ, Sher A, Feng CG. Visualizing the Selectivity and Dynamics of Interferon Signaling In Vivo. Cell Rep 2020; 29:3539-3550.e4. [PMID: 31825834 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFN) are pleiotropic cytokines essential for defense against infection, but the identity and tissue distribution of IFN-responsive cells in vivo are poorly defined. In this study, we generate a mouse strain capable of reporting IFN-signaling activated by all three types of IFNs and investigate the spatio-temporal dynamics and identity of IFN-responding cells following IFN injection and influenza virus infection. Despite ubiquitous expression of IFN receptors, cellular responses to IFNs are highly heterogenous in vivo and are determined by anatomical site, cell type, cellular preference to individual IFNs, and activation status. Unexpectedly, type I and II pneumocytes, the primary target of influenza infection, exhibit striking differences in the strength and temporal dynamics of IFN signaling associated with differential susceptibility to the viral infection. Our findings suggest that time- and cell-type-dependent integration of distinct IFN signals govern the specificity and magnitude of IFN responses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian A Stifter
- Immunology and Host Defense Group, Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Nayan Bhattacharyya
- Immunology and Host Defense Group, Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Andrew J Sawyer
- Immunology and Host Defense Group, Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Taylor A Cootes
- Immunology and Host Defense Group, Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - John Stambas
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
| | | | - Lionel Feigenbaum
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - William E Paul
- Cytokine Biology Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Warwick J Britton
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Alan Sher
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-3202, USA
| | - Carl G Feng
- Immunology and Host Defense Group, Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia.
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23
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Wu W, Metcalf JP. The Role of Type I IFNs in Influenza: Antiviral Superheroes or Immunopathogenic Villains? J Innate Immun 2020; 12:437-447. [PMID: 32564033 DOI: 10.1159/000508379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The important role of interferons (IFNs) in antiviral innate immune defense is well established. Although recombinant IFN-α was approved for cancer and chronic viral infection treatment by regulatory agencies in many countries starting in 1986, no IFNs are approved for treatment of influenza A virus (IAV) infection. This is partially due to the complex effects of IFNs in acute influenza infection. IAV attacks the human respiratory system and causes significant morbidity and mortality globally. During influenza infection, depending on the strain of IAV and the individual host, type I IFNs can have protective antiviral effects or can contribute to immunopathology. In the context of virus infection, the immune system has complicated mechanisms regulating the expression and effects of type I IFN to maximize the antiviral response by both activating and enhancing beneficial innate cell function, while limiting immunopathological responses that lead to exaggerated tissue damage. In this review, we summarize the complicated, but important, role of type I IFNs in influenza infections. This includes both protective and harmful effects of these important cytokines during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Wu
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA,
| | - Jordan P Metcalf
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.,Pulmonary Section, Medicine Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
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24
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McCarthy MK, Reynoso GV, Winkler ES, Mack M, Diamond MS, Hickman HD, Morrison TE. MyD88-dependent influx of monocytes and neutrophils impairs lymph node B cell responses to chikungunya virus infection via Irf5, Nos2 and Nox2. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008292. [PMID: 31999809 PMCID: PMC7012455 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Humoral immune responses initiate in the lymph node draining the site of viral infection (dLN). Some viruses subvert LN B cell activation; however, our knowledge of viral hindrance of B cell responses of important human pathogens is lacking. Here, we define mechanisms whereby chikungunya virus (CHIKV), a mosquito-transmitted RNA virus that causes outbreaks of acute and chronic arthritis in humans, hinders dLN antiviral B cell responses. Infection of WT mice with pathogenic, but not acutely cleared CHIKV, induced MyD88-dependent recruitment of monocytes and neutrophils to the dLN. Blocking this influx improved lymphocyte accumulation, dLN organization, and CHIKV-specific B cell responses. Both inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and the phagocyte NADPH oxidase (Nox2) contributed to impaired dLN organization and function. Infiltrating monocytes expressed iNOS through a local IRF5- and IFNAR1-dependent pathway that was partially TLR7-dependent. Together, our data suggest that pathogenic CHIKV triggers the influx and activation of monocytes and neutrophils in the dLN that impairs virus-specific B cell responses. Elucidating mechanisms by which viruses subvert B cell immunity and establish persistent infection is essential for the development of new therapeutic strategies against chronic viral infections. The humoral immune response initiates in the lymph node draining the site of viral infection. However, how persistent viruses evade B cell responses is poorly understood. In this study, we find that infection with pathogenic, persistent chikungunya virus triggers rapid recruitment of neutrophils and monocytes to the draining lymph node, which impair structural organization, lymphocyte accumulation, and downstream virus-specific B cell responses that are important for control of infection. This work enhances our understanding of the pathogenesis of acute and chronic CHIKV disease and highlights how local innate immune responses in draining lymphoid tissue dictate the effectiveness of downstream adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary K. McCarthy
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Glennys V. Reynoso
- Viral Immunity and Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Emma S. Winkler
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Matthias Mack
- Regensburg University Medical Center, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael S. Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Heather D. Hickman
- Viral Immunity and Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thomas E. Morrison
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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25
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Burgmeijer EH, Duijkers R, Lutter R, Bonten MJM, Schweitzer VA, Boersma WG. Plasma cytokine profile on admission related to aetiology in community-acquired pneumonia. CLINICAL RESPIRATORY JOURNAL 2019; 13:605-613. [PMID: 31310442 DOI: 10.1111/crj.13062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Potentially unnecessary antibiotic use for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) contributes to selection of antibiotic-resistant pathogens. Cytokine expression at the time that treatment is started may assist in identifying patients not requiring antibiotics. We determined plasma cytokine patterns in patients retrospectively categorized as strict viral, pneumococcal or combined viral-bacterial CAP. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether cytokine-based prediction models can be used to differentiate strict viral CAP from other aetiologies at admission. METHODS From 344 hospitalized CAP patients, 104 patients were categorized as viral CAP (n = 17), pneumococcal CAP (n = 48) and combined bacterial-viral CAP (n = 39). IL-6, IL-10, IL-27, IFN-γ and C-reactive protein (CRP) were determined on admission in plasma. Prediction of strict viral aetiology was explored with two multivariate regression models and ROC curves. RESULTS Viral pneumonia was predicted by logistic regression using multiple cytokine levels (IL-6, IL-27 and CRP) with an AUC of 0.911 (95% CI: 0.852-0.971, P < .001). For the same patients the AUC of CRP was 0.813 (95% CI: 0.728-0.898, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated differences in cytokine expression in selected CAP patients between viral and bacterial aetiology. Prospective validation studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard H Burgmeijer
- Department of Pulmonology, North West Hospital Alkmaar, Alkmaar, the Netherlands
| | - Ruud Duijkers
- Department of Pulmonology, North West Hospital Alkmaar, Alkmaar, the Netherlands
| | - René Lutter
- Departments of Respiratory Medicine and Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marc J M Bonten
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology of Infectious diseases, Department of Medical Microbiology and Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Valentijn A Schweitzer
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology of Infectious diseases, Department of Medical Microbiology and Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Wim G Boersma
- Department of Pulmonology, North West Hospital Alkmaar, Alkmaar, the Netherlands
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26
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Smith CA, Tyrell DJ, Kulkarni UA, Wood S, Leng L, Zemans RL, Bucala R, Goldstein DR. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor enhances influenza-associated mortality in mice. JCI Insight 2019; 4:128034. [PMID: 31292300 PMCID: PMC6629144 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.128034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza-associated mortality continues to occur annually despite available antiviral therapies. New therapies that improve host immunity could reduce influenza virus disease burden. Targeting macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) has improved the outcomes of certain inflammatory diseases, but its role in influenza viral infection is unclear. Here, we showed that, during influenza viral infection, Mif-deficient mice have less inflammation, viral load, and mortality compared with WT control mice; conversely, Tg mice, overexpressing Mif in alveolar epithelial cells, had higher inflammation, viral load, and mortality. Antibody-mediated blockade of MIF in WT mice during influenza viral infection improved their survival. Mif-deficient murine lungs showed reduced levels of parkin, a mitophagy protein that negatively regulates antiviral signaling, prior to infection and augmented antiviral type I/III IFN levels in the airspaces after infection as compared with WT lungs. Additionally, in vitro assays with human lung epithelial cells showed that treatment with recombinant human MIF increased the percentage of influenza virus-infected cells. In conclusion, our study reveals that MIF impairs antiviral host immunity and increases inflammation during influenza infection and suggests that targeting MIF could be therapeutically beneficial during influenza viral infection.
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MESH Headings
- Alveolar Epithelial Cells/immunology
- Alveolar Epithelial Cells/metabolism
- Alveolar Epithelial Cells/pathology
- Alveolar Epithelial Cells/virology
- Animals
- Antiviral Agents/pharmacology
- Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Disease Models, Animal
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza, Human/drug therapy
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/mortality
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Intramolecular Oxidoreductases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Intramolecular Oxidoreductases/genetics
- Intramolecular Oxidoreductases/immunology
- Intramolecular Oxidoreductases/metabolism
- Lung/immunology
- Lung/pathology
- Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors/antagonists & inhibitors
- Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors/genetics
- Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors/immunology
- Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Primary Cell Culture
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Survival Analysis
- Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/genetics
- Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/immunology
- Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/metabolism
- Viral Load
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice A. Smith
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Daniel J. Tyrell
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Upasana A. Kulkarni
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Sherri Wood
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Lin Leng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Rachel L. Zemans
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology and
| | - Richard Bucala
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Daniel R. Goldstein
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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27
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Ashhurst AS, Flórido M, Lin LCW, Quan D, Armitage E, Stifter SA, Stambas J, Britton WJ. CXCR6-Deficiency Improves the Control of Pulmonary Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Influenza Infection Independent of T-Lymphocyte Recruitment to the Lungs. Front Immunol 2019; 10:339. [PMID: 30899256 PMCID: PMC6416161 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
T-lymphocytes are critical for protection against respiratory infections, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis and influenza virus, with chemokine receptors playing an important role in directing these cells to the lungs. CXCR6 is expressed by activated T-lymphocytes and its ligand, CXCL16, is constitutively expressed by the bronchial epithelia, suggesting a role in T-lymphocyte recruitment and retention. However, it is unknown whether CXCR6 is required in responses to pulmonary infection, particularly on CD4+ T-lymphocytes. Analysis of CXCR6-reporter mice revealed that in naïve mice, lung leukocyte expression of CXCR6 was largely restricted to a small population of T-lymphocytes, but this population was highly upregulated after either infection. Nevertheless, pulmonary infection of CXCR6-deficient mice with M. tuberculosis or recombinant influenza A virus expressing P25 peptide (rIAV-P25), an I-Ab-restricted epitope from the immunodominant mycobacterial antigen, Ag85B, demonstrated that the receptor was redundant for recruitment of T-lymphocytes to the lungs. Interestingly, CXCR6-deficiency resulted in reduced bacterial burden in the lungs 6 weeks after M. tuberculosis infection, and reduced weight loss after rIAV-P25 infection compared to wild type controls. This was paradoxically associated with a decrease in Th1-cytokine responses in the lung parenchyma. Adoptive transfer of P25-specific CXCR6-deficient T-lymphocytes into WT mice revealed that this functional change in Th1-cytokine production was not due to a T-lymphocyte intrinsic mechanism. Moreover, there was no reduction in the number or function of CD4+ and CD8+ tissue resident memory cells in the lungs of CXCR6-deficient mice. Although CXCR6 was not required for T-lymphocyte recruitment or retention in the lungs, CXCR6 influenced the kinetics of the inflammatory response so that deficiency led to increased host control of M. tuberculosis and influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneliese S Ashhurst
- Tuberculosis Research Program Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Manuela Flórido
- Tuberculosis Research Program Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Leon C W Lin
- Tuberculosis Research Program Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Diana Quan
- Tuberculosis Research Program Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Ellis Armitage
- Tuberculosis Research Program Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Sebastian A Stifter
- Tuberculosis Research Program Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Central Clinical School Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - John Stambas
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Warwick J Britton
- Tuberculosis Research Program Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Central Clinical School Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
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28
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Stegelmeier AA, van Vloten JP, Mould RC, Klafuric EM, Minott JA, Wootton SK, Bridle BW, Karimi K. Myeloid Cells during Viral Infections and Inflammation. Viruses 2019; 11:E168. [PMID: 30791481 PMCID: PMC6410039 DOI: 10.3390/v11020168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid cells represent a diverse range of innate leukocytes that are crucial for mounting successful immune responses against viruses. These cells are responsible for detecting pathogen-associated molecular patterns, thereby initiating a signaling cascade that results in the production of cytokines such as interferons to mitigate infections. The aim of this review is to outline recent advances in our knowledge of the roles that neutrophils and inflammatory monocytes play in initiating and coordinating host responses against viral infections. A focus is placed on myeloid cell development, trafficking and antiviral mechanisms. Although known for promoting inflammation, there is a growing body of literature which demonstrates that myeloid cells can also play critical regulatory or immunosuppressive roles, especially following the elimination of viruses. Additionally, the ability of myeloid cells to control other innate and adaptive leukocytes during viral infections situates these cells as key, yet under-appreciated mediators of pathogenic inflammation that can sometimes trigger cytokine storms. The information presented here should assist researchers in integrating myeloid cell biology into the design of novel and more effective virus-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley A Stegelmeier
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Jacob P van Vloten
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Robert C Mould
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Elaine M Klafuric
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Jessica A Minott
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Sarah K Wootton
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Byram W Bridle
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Khalil Karimi
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
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29
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Fischer KJ, Yajjala VK, Bansal S, Bauer C, Chen R, Sun K. Monocytes Represent One Source of Bacterial Shielding from Antibiotics following Influenza Virus Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:2027-2034. [PMID: 30745458 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus has emerged as a significant contributor to morbidity and mortality associated with influenza infection. In this study, we show in a mouse model that preceding influenza infection promotes S. aureus resistance to killing by antibiotics. This resistance coincides with influenza-induced accumulation of inflammatory monocytes in the lung. CCR type 2 (CCR2) is responsible for pulmonary monocyte recruitment after influenza infection. We found that antibiotic-treated Ccr2-deficient (Ccr2-/-) mice exhibit significantly improved bacterial control and survival from influenza and methicillin-resistant S. aureus coinfection, despite a delay in viral clearance. Mechanistically, our results from in vivo studies indicate that influenza-induced monocytes serve as reservoirs for intracellular S. aureus survival, thereby promoting bacterial resistance to antibiotic treatment. Blocking CCR2 with a small molecular inhibitor (PF-04178903), in conjunction with antibiotic treatment, enhanced lung bacterial clearance and significantly improved animal survival. Collectively, our study demonstrates that inflammatory monocytes constitute an important and hitherto underappreciated mechanism of the conflicting immune requirements for viral and bacterial clearance by hosts, which subsequently leads to exacerbated outcomes of influenza and S. aureus coinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl J Fischer
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5900
| | - Vijaya Kumar Yajjala
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5900
| | - Shruti Bansal
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5900
| | - Christopher Bauer
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5900
| | - Ruiling Chen
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5900
| | - Keer Sun
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5900
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30
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Nicol MQ, Campbell GM, Shaw DJ, Dransfield I, Ligertwood Y, Beard PM, Nash AA, Dutia BM. Lack of IFNγ signaling attenuates spread of influenza A virus in vivo and leads to reduced pathogenesis. Virology 2019; 526:155-164. [PMID: 30390564 PMCID: PMC6286381 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
IFNγ is a key regulator of inflammatory responses but its role in influenza A virus (IAV) pathogenesis is unclear. Our studies show that infection of mice lacking the IFNγ receptor (IFNγR-/-) at a dose which caused severe disease in wild type 129 Sv/Ev (WT) mice resulted in milder clinical symptoms and significantly lower lung virus titers by 6 days post-infection (dpi). Viral spread was reduced in IFNγR-/- lungs at 2 and 4 dpi. Levels of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines were lower in IFNγR-/- mice at 2 dpi and there was less infiltration of monocyte/macrophage lineage cells than in WT mice. There was no difference in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and alveolar macrophages in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) at 2 and 4 dpi but by 4 dpi IFNγR-/- mice had significantly higher percentages of neutrophils. Our data strongly suggest that IAV can use the inflammatory response to promote viral spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlynne Q Nicol
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Gillian M Campbell
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Darren J Shaw
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Dransfield
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, EH16 4TL, United Kingdom
| | - Yvonne Ligertwood
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Philippa M Beard
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom; The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Woking GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony A Nash
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Bernadette M Dutia
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom.
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31
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Attenuation of Influenza A Virus Disease Severity by Viral Coinfection in a Mouse Model. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00881-18. [PMID: 30232180 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00881-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses and rhinoviruses are responsible for a large number of acute respiratory viral infections in human populations and are detected as copathogens within hosts. Clinical and epidemiological studies suggest that coinfection by rhinovirus and influenza virus may reduce disease severity and that they may also interfere with each other's spread within a host population. To determine how coinfection by these two unrelated respiratory viruses affects pathogenesis, we established a mouse model using a minor serogroup rhinovirus (rhinovirus strain 1B [RV1B]) and mouse-adapted influenza A virus (A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 [PR8]). Infection of mice with RV1B 2 days before PR8 reduced the severity of infection by a low or medium, but not high, dose of PR8. Disease attenuation was associated with an early inflammatory response in the lungs and enhanced clearance of PR8. However, coinfection by RV1B did not reduce PR8 viral loads early in infection or inhibit replication of PR8 within respiratory epithelia or in vitro Inflammation in coinfected mice remained focal compared to diffuse inflammation and damage in the lungs of mice infected by PR8. The timing of RV1B coinfection was a critical determinant of protection, suggesting that sufficient time is needed to induce this response. Finally, disease attenuation was not unique to RV1B: dose-dependent coinfection by a murine coronavirus (mouse hepatitis virus strain 1 [MHV-1]) also reduced the severity of PR8 infection. Unlike RV1B, coinfection with MHV-1 reduced early PR8 replication, which was associated with upregulation of beta interferon (IFN-β) expression. This model is critical for understanding the mechanisms responsible for influenza disease attenuation during coinfection by unrelated respiratory viruses.IMPORTANCE Viral infections in the respiratory tract can cause severe disease and are responsible for a majority of pediatric hospitalizations. Molecular diagnostics have revealed that approximately 20% of these patients are infected by more than one unrelated viral pathogen. To understand how viral coinfection affects disease severity, we inoculated mice with a mild viral pathogen (rhinovirus or murine coronavirus), followed 2 days later by a virulent viral pathogen (influenza A virus). This model demonstrated that rhinovirus can reduce the severity of influenza A virus, which corresponded with an early but controlled inflammatory response in the lungs and early clearance of influenza A virus. We further determined the dose and timing parameters that were important for effective disease attenuation and showed that influenza disease is also reduced by coinfection with a murine coronavirus. These findings demonstrate that coinfecting viruses can alter immune responses and pathogenesis in the respiratory tract.
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Beshara R, Sencio V, Soulard D, Barthélémy A, Fontaine J, Pinteau T, Deruyter L, Ismail MB, Paget C, Sirard JC, Trottein F, Faveeuw C. Alteration of Flt3-Ligand-dependent de novo generation of conventional dendritic cells during influenza infection contributes to respiratory bacterial superinfection. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007360. [PMID: 30372491 PMCID: PMC6224179 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Secondary bacterial infections contribute to the excess morbidity and mortality of influenza A virus (IAV) infection. Disruption of lung integrity and impaired antibacterial immunity during IAV infection participate in colonization and dissemination of the bacteria out of the lungs. One key feature of IAV infection is the profound alteration of lung myeloid cells, characterized by the recruitment of deleterious inflammatory monocytes. We herein report that IAV infection causes a transient decrease of lung conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) (both cDC1 and cDC2) peaking at day 7 post-infection. While triggering emergency monopoiesis, IAV transiently altered the differentiation of cDCs in the bone marrow, the cDC1-biaised pre-DCs being particularly affected. The impaired cDC differentiation during IAV infection was independent of type I interferons (IFNs), IFN-γ, TNFα and IL-6 and was not due to an intrinsic dysfunction of cDC precursors. The alteration of cDC differentiation was associated with a drop of local and systemic production of Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Flt3-L), a critical cDC differentiation factor. Overexpression of Flt3-L during IAV infection boosted the cDC progenitors' production in the BM, replenished cDCs in the lungs, decreased inflammatory monocytes' infiltration and lowered lung damages. This was associated with partial protection against secondary pneumococcal infection, as reflected by reduced bacterial dissemination and prolonged survival. These findings highlight the impact of distal viral infection on cDC genesis in the BM and suggest that Flt3-L may have potential applications in the control of secondary infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranin Beshara
- Univ. Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8204, Lille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1019, Lille, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Ecole Doctorale des Sciences et de Technologie, Faculté de Santé Publique, Université Libanaise, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Valentin Sencio
- Univ. Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8204, Lille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1019, Lille, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Daphnée Soulard
- Univ. Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8204, Lille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1019, Lille, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Adeline Barthélémy
- Univ. Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8204, Lille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1019, Lille, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Josette Fontaine
- Univ. Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8204, Lille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1019, Lille, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Thibault Pinteau
- Univ. Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8204, Lille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1019, Lille, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Lucie Deruyter
- Univ. Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8204, Lille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1019, Lille, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Mohamad Bachar Ismail
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Ecole Doctorale des Sciences et de Technologie, Faculté de Santé Publique, Université Libanaise, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Christophe Paget
- Univ. Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8204, Lille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1019, Lille, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Jean-Claude Sirard
- Univ. Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8204, Lille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1019, Lille, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - François Trottein
- Univ. Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8204, Lille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1019, Lille, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Christelle Faveeuw
- Univ. Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8204, Lille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1019, Lille, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
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Lee AJ, Ashkar AA. The Dual Nature of Type I and Type II Interferons. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2061. [PMID: 30254639 PMCID: PMC6141705 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 399] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I and type II interferons (IFN) are central to both combating virus infection and modulating the antiviral immune response. Indeed, an absence of either the receptor for type I IFNs or IFN-y have resulted in increased susceptibility to virus infection, including increased virus replication and reduced survival. However, an emerging area of research has shown that there is a dual nature to these cytokines. Recent evidence has demonstrated that both type I and type II IFNs have immunoregulatory functions during infection and type II immune responses. In this review, we address the dual nature of type I and type II interferons and present evidence that both antiviral and immunomodulatory functions are critical during virus infection to not only limit virus replication and initiate an appropriate antiviral immune response, but to also negatively regulate this response to minimize tissue damage. Both the activating and negatively regulatory properties of type I and II IFNs work in concert with each other to create a balanced immune response that combats the infection while minimizing collateral damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Lee
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Ali A Ashkar
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Sköld AE, Mathan TSM, van Beek JJP, Flórez-Grau G, van den Beukel MD, Sittig SP, Wimmers F, Bakdash G, Schreibelt G, de Vries IJM. Naturally produced type I IFNs enhance human myeloid dendritic cell maturation and IL-12p70 production and mediate elevated effector functions in innate and adaptive immune cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2018; 67:1425-1436. [PMID: 30019146 PMCID: PMC6132867 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-018-2204-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
There has recently been a paradigm shift in the field of dendritic cell (DC)-based immunotherapy, where several clinical studies have confirmed the feasibility and advantageousness of using directly isolated human blood-derived DCs over in vitro differentiated subsets. There are two major DC subsets found in blood; plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) and myeloid DCs (mDCs), and both have been tested clinically. CD1c+ mDCs are highly efficient antigen-presenting cells that have the ability to secrete IL-12p70, while pDCs are professional IFN-α-secreting cells that are shown to induce innate immune responses in melanoma patients. Hence, combining mDCs and pDCs poses as an attractive, multi-functional vaccine approach. However, type I IFNs have been reported to inhibit IL-12p70 production and mDC-induced T-cell activation. In this study, we investigate the effect of IFN-α on mDC maturation and function. We demonstrate that both recombinant IFN-α and activated pDCs strongly enhance mDC maturation and increase IL-12p70 production. Co-cultured mDCs and pDCs additionally have beneficial effect on NK and NKT-cell activation and also enhances IFN-γ production by allogeneic T cells. In contrast, the presence of type I IFNs reduces the proliferative T-cell response. The mere presence of a small fraction of activated pDCs is sufficient for these effects and the required ratio between the subsets is non-stringent. Taken together, these results support the usage of mDCs and pDCs combined into one immunotherapeutic vaccine with broad immunostimulatory features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette E Sköld
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Geert Grooteplein 26/28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Till S M Mathan
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Geert Grooteplein 26/28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jasper J P van Beek
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Geert Grooteplein 26/28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Georgina Flórez-Grau
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Geert Grooteplein 26/28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Michelle D van den Beukel
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Geert Grooteplein 26/28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Simone P Sittig
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Geert Grooteplein 26/28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Florian Wimmers
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Geert Grooteplein 26/28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ghaith Bakdash
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Geert Grooteplein 26/28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Allergic Inflammation Discovery Performance Unit, Respiratory Therapy Area, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Gerty Schreibelt
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Geert Grooteplein 26/28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - I Jolanda M de Vries
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Geert Grooteplein 26/28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Crisler WJ, Lenz LL. Crosstalk between type I and II interferons in regulation of myeloid cell responses during bacterial infection. Curr Opin Immunol 2018; 54:35-41. [PMID: 29886270 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Type I and type II interferons (IFNα/β and IFNγ) are cytokines that play indispensable roles in directing myeloid cell activity during inflammatory and immune responses. Each IFN type binds a distinct receptor (IFNAR or IFNGR) to transduce signals that reshape gene expression and function of myeloid and other cell types. In the context of murine models and human bacterial infections, production of IFNγ generally promotes resistance while production of IFNα/β is associated with increased host susceptibility. Here, we review mechanisms of crosstalk between type I and II IFNs in myeloid cells and their impact on myeloid cell activation and anti-microbial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Crisler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
| | - Laurel L Lenz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, United States.
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36
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Lu J, Duan X, Zhao W, Wang J, Wang H, Zhou K, Fang M. Aged Mice are More Resistant to Influenza Virus Infection due to Reduced Inflammation and Lung Pathology. Aging Dis 2018; 9:358-373. [PMID: 29896425 PMCID: PMC5988592 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2017.0701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune responses are a double-edged sword. Effective and appropriate immune responses capable of controlling viral infection while also largely preserving tissue integrity, are critical for host survival. Too strong immune responses might result in immune pathology, while too weak immune responses might cause viral persistence. Physiologic ageing is accompanied with a decline in the normal functioning of the immune system, which is termed as "immunosenescence". We show that aged mice (16-19 months old) are more resistant to influenza A virus (IAV) infection than the young mice. Strong immune responses in the young mice after IAV infection result in faster clearance of virus, but also cause severe lung injury and higher mortality rate. While in the aged mice, the delayed and milder immune responses contribute to reduced pulmonary damage, and are still capable to clear the infection even with a slower kinetics, displaying a more resistant phenotype during IAV infection. Hence, our work demonstrates that moderate immune responses as a decline with ageing in the aged mice balance the immune pathology and viral clearance, might be beneficial for the host during certain circumstances. Our results provide important insight to our basic knowledge of immunosenescence and immune defenses to invading pathogens. Further, our results indicate that age factors should be considered when investigating the vaccination and therapeutic strategies for severe IAV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Lu
- 1CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,2University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuefeng Duan
- 1CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wenming Zhao
- 1CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jing Wang
- 1CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,2University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haoyu Wang
- 3Institute of Health Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, China.,1CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Kai Zhou
- 1CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Min Fang
- 1CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,4International College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Bae HR, Hodge DL, Yang GX, Leung PS, Chodisetti SB, Valencia JC, Sanford M, Fenimore JM, Rahman ZS, Tsuneyama K, Norman GL, Gershwin ME, Young HA. The interplay of type I and type II interferons in murine autoimmune cholangitis as a basis for sex-biased autoimmunity. Hepatology 2018; 67:1408-1419. [PMID: 28921595 PMCID: PMC5856578 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We have reported on a murine model of autoimmune cholangitis, generated by altering the AU-rich element (ARE) by deletion of the interferon gamma (IFN-γ) 3' untranslated region (coined ARE-Del-/- ), that has striking similarities to human primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) with female predominance. Previously, we suggested that the sex bias of autoimmune cholangitis was secondary to intense and sustained type I and II IFN signaling. Based on this thesis, and to define the mechanisms that lead to portal inflammation, we specifically addressed the hypothesis that type I IFNs are the driver of this disease. To accomplish these goals, we crossed ARE-Del-/- mice with IFN type I receptor alpha chain (Ifnar1) knockout mice. We report herein that loss of type I IFN receptor signaling in the double construct of ARE-Del-/- Ifnar1-/- mice dramatically reduces liver pathology and abrogated sex bias. More importantly, female ARE-Del-/- mice have an increased number of germinal center (GC) B cells as well as abnormal follicular formation, sites which have been implicated in loss of tolerance. Deletion of type I IFN signaling in ARE-Del-/- Ifnar1-/- mice corrects these GC abnormalities, including abnormal follicular structure. CONCLUSION Our data implicate type I IFN signaling as a necessary component of the sex bias of this murine model of autoimmune cholangitis. Importantly these data suggest that drugs that target the type I IFN signaling pathway would have potential benefit in the earlier stages of PBC. (Hepatology 2018;67:1408-1419).
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Affiliation(s)
- Heekyong R. Bae
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, and Leidos Frederick, Frederick, MD
| | - Deborah L. Hodge
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, and Leidos Frederick, Frederick, MD
| | - Guo-Xiang Yang
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Patrick S.C. Leung
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Sathi Babu Chodisetti
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Julio C. Valencia
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, and Leidos Frederick, Frederick, MD
| | - Michael Sanford
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, and Leidos Frederick, Frederick, MD
| | - John M. Fenimore
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, and Leidos Frederick, Frederick, MD
| | - Ziaur S.M. Rahman
- Cellular Interactions and Immunimaging Institutes of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology (IMMEI), University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Koichi Tsuneyama
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Japan
| | | | - M. Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Howard A. Young
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, and Leidos Frederick, Frederick, MD
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Zheng J, Perlman S. Immune responses in influenza A virus and human coronavirus infections: an ongoing battle between the virus and host. Curr Opin Virol 2018; 28:43-52. [PMID: 29172107 PMCID: PMC5835172 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory viruses, especially influenza A viruses and coronaviruses such as MERS-CoV, represent continuing global threats to human health. Despite significant advances, much needs to be learned. Recent studies in virology and immunology have improved our understanding of the role of the immune system in protection and in the pathogenesis of these infections and of co-evolution of viruses and their hosts. These findings, together with sophisticated molecular structure analyses, omics tools and computer-based models, have helped delineate the interaction between respiratory viruses and the host immune system, which will facilitate the development of novel treatment strategies and vaccines with enhanced efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zheng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Stanley Perlman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States.
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Ganesan P, Chandwani MN, Creisher PS, Bohn L, O'Donnell LA. The neonatal anti-viral response fails to control measles virus spread in neurons despite interferon-gamma expression and a Th1-like cytokine profile. J Neuroimmunol 2017; 316:80-97. [PMID: 29366594 PMCID: PMC6003673 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2017.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Neonates are highly susceptible to viral infections in the periphery, potentially due to deviant cytokine responses. Here, we investigated the role of interferon-gamma (IFNγ), a key anti-viral in the neonatal brain. We found that (i) IFNγ, which is critical for viral control and survival in adults, delays mortality in neonates, (ii) IFNγ limits infiltration of macrophages, neutrophils, and T cells in the neonatal brain, (iii) neonates and adults differentially express pathogen recognition receptors and Type I interferons in response to the infection, (iv) both neonates and adults express IFNγ and other Th1-related factors, but expression of many cytokines/chemokines and IFNγ-responsive genes is age-dependent, and (v) administration of IFNγ extends survival and reduces CD4 T cell infiltration in the neonatal brain. Our findings suggest age-dependent expression of cytokine/chemokine profiles in the brain and distinct dynamic interplays between lymphocyte populations and cytokines/chemokines in MV-infected neonates. The role of the anti-viral cytokine interferon-gamma (IFNγ) is investigated during a neonatal viral infection in CNS neurons. IFNγ did not prevent mortality in neonates, but it slowed disease progression. IFNγ reduced infiltration of neutrophils, macrophages, and T cells in the neonatal CNS. Both adult and neonatal mice expressed Th1-like cytokines, including IFNγ and some IFNγ-stimulated genes, during infection. Despite a Th1-like cytokine profile in the neonatal CNS, the cytokine milieu is ineffective at controlling viral spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Ganesan
- Duquesne University, School of Pharmacy and the Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, United States
| | - Manisha N Chandwani
- Duquesne University, School of Pharmacy and the Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, United States
| | - Patrick S Creisher
- Duquesne University, School of Pharmacy and the Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, United States
| | - Larissa Bohn
- Duquesne University, School of Pharmacy and the Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, United States
| | - Lauren A O'Donnell
- Duquesne University, School of Pharmacy and the Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, United States.
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40
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Ye Z, Ren L, Tang Z, Deng Y, Xie X, Fu Z, Luo Z, Xu F, Zang N, Liu E. Pulmonary C-fiber degeneration downregulates IFN-γ receptor 1 via IFN-α induction to attenuate RSV-induced airway hyperresponsiveness. Virology 2017; 510:262-272. [PMID: 28772166 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of respiratory infection in infants. Unfortunately, no effective vaccine or treatment against RSV is currently available. Pulmonary C-fibers (PCFs) are critical for regulating pulmonary inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR). We previously reported that IFN-γ partially mediated RSV-induced airway disorders. In this study, we found that PCF degeneration alleviated RSV-induced airway inflammation, especially AHR by downregulating IFN-γ receptor 1 (IFNGR1), but had no effect on IFN-γ induction. In contrast, PCF degeneration actually increased IFN-α/β levels, as were the levels of STAT1 and phosphorylated STAT1 (pSTAT1). Exogenous IFN-α treatment induced STAT1 activation and downregulated IFNGR1 expression. These results suggest that PCFs affect IFNGR1 expression by inducing IFN-α to regulate IFN-γ-mediated airway inflammation and AHR. Thus, targeting PCFs activation may help control RSV-induced airway disorders, especially AHR, even with the presence of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixu Ye
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, CSTC2009CA5002, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Luo Ren
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, CSTC2009CA5002, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Zhengzhen Tang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, CSTC2009CA5002, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Yu Deng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Xiaohong Xie
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Zhou Fu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - ZhengXiu Luo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Fadi Xu
- Pathophysiology Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, 87108, USA
| | - Na Zang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China.
| | - Enmei Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China.
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Taye B, Chen H, Myaing MZ, Tan BH, Maurer-Stroh S, Sugrue RJ. Systems-based approach to examine the cytokine responses in primary mouse lung macrophages infected with low pathogenic avian Influenza virus circulating in South East Asia. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:420. [PMID: 28558796 PMCID: PMC5450074 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3803-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Influenza A virus (IAV) is a major public health concern, being responsible for the death of approximately half a million people each year. Zoonotic transmissions of the virus from swine and avian origin have occurred in the past, and can potentially lead to the emgergence of new IAV stains in future pandemics. Pulmonary macrophages have been implicated in disease severity in the lower airway, and understanding the host response of macrophages infected with avian influenza viruses should provide new therapeutic strategies. Results We used a systems-based approach to investigate the transcriptome response of primary murine lung macrophages (PMФ) infected with the mouse-adapted H1N1/WSN virus and low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses H5N2 and H5N3. The results showed that the LPAI viruses H5N2 and H5N3 can infect PMФ with similar efficiency to the H1N1/WSN virus. While all viruses induced antiviral responses, the H5N3 virus infection resulted in higher expression levels of cytokines and chemokines associated with inflammatory responses. Conclusions The LPAI H5N2 and H5N3 viruses are able to infect murine lung macrophages. However, the H5N3 virus was associated with increased expression of pro-inflammatory mediators. Although the H5N3 virus it is capable of inducing high levels of cytokines that are associated with inflammation, this property is distinct from its inability to efficiently replicate in a mammalian host. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-017-3803-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biruhalem Taye
- Bioinformatics Institute, A*STAR, 30 Biopolis Street #07-01, Matrix, Singapore, 138671, Republic of Singapore.,School of Biological Science, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Republic of Singapore.,Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, P.O.BOX 1176, Ethiopia
| | - Hui Chen
- School of Biological Science, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Republic of Singapore.,Current address Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, 60 Biopolis Street, #02-01, Genome, Singapore, 138672, Republic of Singapore
| | - Myint Zu Myaing
- School of Biological Science, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Republic of Singapore
| | - Boon Huan Tan
- Detection and Diagnostics Laboratory, Defence Science Organisation National Laboratories, 27 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117510, Republic of Singapore.,LKC School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Ave, Singapore, 639798, Republic of Singapore
| | - Sebastian Maurer-Stroh
- Bioinformatics Institute, A*STAR, 30 Biopolis Street #07-01, Matrix, Singapore, 138671, Republic of Singapore.,National Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Singapore, Republic of Singapore.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117597, Republic of Singapore
| | - Richard J Sugrue
- School of Biological Science, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Republic of Singapore.
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42
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Mourik BC, Lubberts E, de Steenwinkel JEM, Ottenhoff THM, Leenen PJM. Interactions between Type 1 Interferons and the Th17 Response in Tuberculosis: Lessons Learned from Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol 2017; 8:294. [PMID: 28424682 PMCID: PMC5380685 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The classical paradigm of tuberculosis (TB) immunity, with a central protective role for Th1 responses and IFN-γ-stimulated cellular responses, has been challenged by unsatisfactory results of vaccine strategies aimed at enhancing Th1 immunity. Moreover, preclinical TB models have shown that increasing IFN-γ responses in the lungs is more damaging to the host than to the pathogen. Type 1 interferon signaling and altered Th17 responses have also been associated with active TB, but their functional roles in TB pathogenesis remain to be established. These two host responses have been studied in more detail in autoimmune diseases (AID) and show functional interactions that are of potential interest in TB immunity. In this review, we first identify the role of type 1 interferons and Th17 immunity in TB, followed by an overview of interactions between these responses observed in systemic AID. We discuss (i) the effects of GM-CSF-secreting Th17.1 cells and type 1 interferons on CCR2+ monocytes; (ii) convergence of IL-17 and type 1 interferon signaling on stimulating B-cell activating factor production and the central role of neutrophils in this process; and (iii) synergy between IL-17 and type 1 interferons in the generation and function of tertiary lymphoid structures and the associated follicular helper T-cell responses. Evaluation of these autoimmune-related pathways in TB pathogenesis provides a new perspective on recent developments in TB research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas C Mourik
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Erik Lubberts
- Department of Rheumatology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jurriaan E M de Steenwinkel
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tom H M Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Pieter J M Leenen
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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Makris S, Paulsen M, Johansson C. Type I Interferons as Regulators of Lung Inflammation. Front Immunol 2017; 8:259. [PMID: 28344581 PMCID: PMC5344902 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune responses to lung infections must be tightly regulated in order to permit pathogen eradication while maintaining organ function. Exuberant or dysregulated inflammation can impair gas exchange and underlies many instances of lung disease. An important driver of inflammation in the lung is the interferon (IFN) response. Type I IFNs are antiviral cytokines that induce a large range of proteins that impair viral replication in infected cells. This cell-intrinsic action plays a crucial role in protecting the lungs from spread of respiratory viruses. However, type I IFNs have also recently been found to be central to the initiation of lung inflammatory responses, by inducing recruitment and activation of immune cells. This helps control virus burden but can cause detrimental immunopathology and contribute to disease severity. Furthermore, there is now increasing evidence that type I IFNs are not only induced after viral infections but also after infection with bacteria and fungi. The pro-inflammatory function of type I IFNs in the lung opens up the possibility of immune modulation directed against this antiviral cytokine family. In this review, the initiation and signaling of type I IFNs as well as their role in driving and maintaining lung inflammation will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spyridon Makris
- Section of Respiratory Infections, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London , London , UK
| | - Michelle Paulsen
- Section of Respiratory Infections, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London , London , UK
| | - Cecilia Johansson
- Section of Respiratory Infections, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London , London , UK
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Pho4 Is Essential for Dissemination of Cryptococcus neoformans to the Host Brain by Promoting Phosphate Uptake and Growth at Alkaline pH. mSphere 2017; 2:mSphere00381-16. [PMID: 28144629 PMCID: PMC5266496 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00381-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphate acquisition by fungi is regulated by the phosphate-sensing and acquisition (PHO) signaling pathway. Cryptococcus neoformans disseminates from the lung to the brain and is the commonest cause of fungal meningitis worldwide. To investigate the contribution of PHO signaling to cryptococcal dissemination, we characterized a transcription factor knockout strain (hlh3Δ/pho4Δ) defective in phosphate acquisition. Despite little similarity with other fungal Pho4 proteins, Hlh3/Pho4 functioned like a typical phosphate-responsive transcription factor in phosphate-deprived cryptococci, accumulating in nuclei and triggering expression of genes involved in phosphate acquisition. The pho4Δ mutant strain was susceptible to a number of stresses, the effect of which, except for alkaline pH, was alleviated by phosphate supplementation. Even in the presence of phosphate, the PHO pathway was activated in wild-type cryptococci at or above physiological pH, and under these conditions, the pho4Δ mutant had a growth defect and compromised phosphate uptake. The pho4Δ mutant was hypovirulent in a mouse inhalation model, where dissemination to the brain was reduced dramatically, and markedly hypovirulent in an intravenous dissemination model. The pho4Δ mutant was not detected in blood, nor did it proliferate significantly when cultured with peripheral blood monocytes. In conclusion, dissemination of infection and the pathogenesis of meningitis are dependent on cryptococcal phosphate uptake and stress tolerance at alkaline pH, both of which are Pho4 dependent. IMPORTANCE Cryptococcal meningitis is fatal without treatment and responsible for more than 500,000 deaths annually. To be a successful pathogen, C. neoformans must obtain an adequate supply of essential nutrients, including phosphate, from various host niches. Phosphate acquisition in fungi is regulated by the PHO signaling cascade, which is activated when intracellular phosphate decreases below a critical level. Induction of phosphate acquisition genes leads to the uptake of free phosphate via transporters. By blocking the PHO pathway using a Pho4 transcription factor mutant (pho4Δ mutant), we demonstrate the importance of the pathway for cryptococcal dissemination and the establishment of brain infection in murine models. Specifically, we show that reduced dissemination of the pho4Δ mutant to the brain is due to an alkaline pH tolerance defect, as alkaline pH mimics the conditions of phosphate deprivation. The end result is inhibited proliferation in host tissues, particularly in blood.
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45
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Sullivan C, Jurcyzszak D, Goody MF, Gabor KA, Longfellow JR, Millard PJ, Kim CH. Using Zebrafish Models of Human Influenza A Virus Infections to Screen Antiviral Drugs and Characterize Host Immune Cell Responses. J Vis Exp 2017:55235. [PMID: 28190053 PMCID: PMC5352282 DOI: 10.3791/55235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Each year, seasonal influenza outbreaks profoundly affect societies worldwide. In spite of global efforts, influenza remains an intractable healthcare burden. The principle strategy to curtail infections is yearly vaccination. In individuals who have contracted influenza, antiviral drugs can mitigate symptoms. There is a clear and unmet need to develop alternative strategies to combat influenza. Several animal models have been created to model host-influenza interactions. Here, protocols for generating zebrafish models for systemic and localized human influenza A virus (IAV) infection are described. Using a systemic IAV infection model, small molecules with potential antiviral activity can be screened. As a proof-of-principle, a protocol that demonstrates the efficacy of the antiviral drug Zanamivir in IAV-infected zebrafish is described. It shows how disease phenotypes can be quantified to score the relative efficacy of potential antivirals in IAV-infected zebrafish. In recent years, there has been increased appreciation for the critical role neutrophils play in the human host response to influenza infection. The zebrafish has proven to be an indispensable model for the study of neutrophil biology, with direct impacts on human medicine. A protocol to generate a localized IAV infection in the Tg(mpx:mCherry) zebrafish line to study neutrophil biology in the context of a localized viral infection is described. Neutrophil recruitment to localized infection sites provides an additional quantifiable phenotype for assessing experimental manipulations that may have therapeutic applications. Both zebrafish protocols described faithfully recapitulate aspects of human IAV infection. The zebrafish model possesses numerous inherent advantages, including high fecundity, optical clarity, amenability to drug screening, and availability of transgenic lines, including those in which immune cells such as neutrophils are labeled with fluorescent proteins. The protocols detailed here exploit these advantages and have the potential to reveal critical insights into host-IAV interactions that may ultimately translate into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Con Sullivan
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine
| | - Denise Jurcyzszak
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine
| | | | - Kristin A Gabor
- Division of Intramural Research, Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH
| | | | - Paul J Millard
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Maine
| | - Carol H Kim
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine;
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46
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Tavares LP, Teixeira MM, Garcia CC. The inflammatory response triggered by Influenza virus: a two edged sword. Inflamm Res 2016; 66:283-302. [PMID: 27744631 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-016-0996-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) is a relevant respiratory tract pathogen leading to a great number of deaths and hospitalizations worldwide. Secondary bacterial infections are a very common cause of IAV associated morbidity and mortality. The robust inflammatory response that follows infection is important for the control of virus proliferation but is also associated with lung damage, morbidity and death. The role of the different components of immune response underlying protection or disease during IAV infection is not completely elucidated. Overall, in the context of IAV infection, inflammation is a 'double edge sword' necessary to control infection but causing disease. Therefore, a growing number of studies suggest that immunomodulatory strategies may improve disease outcome without affecting the ability of the host to deal with infection. This review summarizes recent aspects of the inflammatory responses triggered by IAV that are preferentially involved in causing severe pulmonary disease and the anti-inflammatory strategies that have been suggested to treat influenza induced immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana P Tavares
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mauro M Teixeira
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Cristiana C Garcia
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. .,Laboratório de Vírus Respiratórios e do Sarampo, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, 21040360, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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47
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Baxter VK, Griffin DE. Interferon gamma modulation of disease manifestation and the local antibody response to alphavirus encephalomyelitis. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:2908-2925. [PMID: 27667782 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection of mice with Sindbis virus (SINV) produces encephalomyelitis and provides a model for examination of the central nervous system (CNS) immune response to alphavirus infection. Clearance of infectious virus is accomplished through a cooperative effort between SINV-specific antibody and IFN-γ, but the regulatory interactions are poorly understood. To determine the effects of IFN-γ on clinical disease and the antiviral immune response, C57BL/6 mice lacking IFN-γ (Ifng-/-) or IFN-γ receptor (Ifngr1-/-) were studied in comparison to WT mice. Maximum production of Ifng mRNA and IFN-γ protein in the CNS of WT and Ifngr1-/- mice occurred 5-7 days after infection, with higher levels of IFN-γ in Ifngr1-/- mice. Onset of clinical disease was earlier in mice with impaired IFN-γ signalling, although Ifngr1-/- mice recovered more rapidly. Ifng-/- and Ifngr1-/- mice maintained body weight better than WT mice, associated with better food intake and lower brain levels of inflammatory cytokines. Clearance of infectious virus from the spinal cords was slower, and CNS, but not serum, levels of SINV-specific IgM, IgG2a and IgG2b were lower in Ifngr1-/- and Ifng-/- mice compared to WT mice. Decreased CNS antiviral antibody was associated with lower expression of mRNAs for B-cell attracting chemokines CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL13 and fewer B cells in the CNS. Therefore, IFN-γ signalling increases levels of CNS pro-inflammatory cytokines, leading to clinical disease, but synergistically clears virus with SINV-specific antibody at least in part by increasing chemokine production important for infiltration of antibody-secreting B cells into the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria K Baxter
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Diane E Griffin
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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48
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Chemical Modifications of Peptides and Proteins with Low Concentration Formaldehyde Studied by Mass Spectrometry. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(16)60949-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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49
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Lu Y, Hou H, Wang F, Qiao L, Wang X, Yu J, Liu W, Sun Z. ATP1B3: a virus-induced host factor against EV71 replication by up-regulating the production of type-I interferons. Virology 2016; 496:28-34. [PMID: 27240146 PMCID: PMC7127048 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection can cause severe diseases, and is becoming increasingly common in children. In the current study, we carried out yeast two-hybrid assays to screen human proteins that could interact with 3A protein of EV71. Human β3 subunit of Na+/K+-ATPase (ATP1B3) protein was demonstrated to interact with the 3A protein of EV71. Although 3A protein had no effect on the expression of ATP1B3, EV71 infection resulted in elevated expression of ATP1B3 in RD cell line, both on messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels. Interestingly, knockdown of ATP1B3 could significantly increase the replication of EV71, whereas overexpression of ATP1B3 significantly suppressed the replication of EV71 in RD cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the expression of ATP1B3 could induce the production of type-I interferons. Our study demonstrated that ATP1B3 inhibit EV71 replication by enhancing the production of type-I interferons, which could act as a potential therapeutic target in EV71 infection. Human ATP1B3 protein was demonstrated to interact with EV71 3A protein. We found ATP1B3 can induce the production of type-I IFNs during EV71 infection. ATP1B3 can inhibit EV71 replication by up-regulating the production of type-I interferons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Lu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Hongyan Hou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Long Qiao
- Cancer Biology Research Centre, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xiong Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Jing Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Weiyong Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Ziyong Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
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