1
|
Song Q, Han S, Hu S, Xu Y, Zuo K. The Verticillium dahliae Effector VdPHB1 Promotes Pathogenicity in Cotton and Interacts with the Immune Protein GhMC4. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 65:1173-1183. [PMID: 38619117 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcae043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Verticillium dahliae is a kind of pathogenic fungus that brings about wilt disease and great losses in cotton. The molecular mechanism of the effectors in V. dahliae regulating cotton immunity remains largely unknown. Here, we identified an effector of V. dahliae, VdPHB1, whose gene expression is highly induced by infection. The VdPHB1 protein is localized to the intercellular space of cotton plants. Knock-out of the VdPHB1 gene in V. dahliae had no effect on pathogen growth, but decreased the virulence in cotton. VdPHB1 ectopically expressed Arabidopsis plants were growth-inhibited and significantly susceptible to V. dahliae. Further, VdPHB1 interacted with the type II metacaspase GhMC4. GhMC4 gene-silenced cotton plants were more sensitive to V. dahliae with reduced expression of pathogen defense-related and programmed cell death genes. The accumulation of GhMC4 protein was concurrently repressed when VdPHB1 protein was expressed during infection. In summary, these results have revealed a novel molecular mechanism of virulence regulation that the secreted effector VdPHB1 represses the activity of cysteine protease for helping V. dahliae infection in cotton.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingwei Song
- Single Cell Research Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Song Han
- Single Cell Research Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Shi Hu
- Single Cell Research Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yiyang Xu
- Single Cell Research Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Kaijing Zuo
- Single Cell Research Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen A, Morrison S, Gregson A, Le DP, Urquhart AS, Smith LJ, Aitken EAB, Gardiner DM. Fluorescently Tagged Verticillium dahliae to Understand the Infection Process on Cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum) and Weed Plant Species. Pathogens 2024; 13:442. [PMID: 38921740 PMCID: PMC11207081 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13060442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Verticillium wilt is a soil-borne disease caused by distinct vegetative compatibility groups (VCG) of the fungus Verticillium dahliae. Defoliating (VCG 1A) and non-defoliating (VCG 2A) pathotypes of V. dahliae have contributed to yield losses of cotton production in Australia. To study the virulence and the infection process of V. dahliae on cotton, two isolates, one representing each VCG, have been transformed with fluorescent protein genes. The transformants maintained their ability to infect the host, and both strains were observed to move through the plant vasculature to induce wilt symptoms. Furthermore, virulence testing suggests that the cotton V. dahliae strains can endophytically colonise common weed plant species found in the Australian landscape, and that is contrasted by their ability to infect and colonise native tobacco plants. The fluorescently labelled strains of V. dahliae not only allowed us to gain a thorough understanding of the infection process but also provided a method to rapidly identify recovered isolates from host colonisation studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Chen
- School of Agriculture and Food Sustainability, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (S.M.); (A.G.)
| | - Sabrina Morrison
- School of Agriculture and Food Sustainability, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (S.M.); (A.G.)
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Aphrika Gregson
- School of Agriculture and Food Sustainability, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (S.M.); (A.G.)
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Orange, NSW 2800, Australia
| | - Duy P. Le
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Narrabri, NSW 2390, Australia;
| | - Andrew S. Urquhart
- Applied Biosciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Linda J. Smith
- EcoSciences Precinct, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia;
| | - Elizabeth A. B. Aitken
- School of Agriculture and Food Sustainability, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (S.M.); (A.G.)
| | - Donald M. Gardiner
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang J, Pan L, Xu W, Yang H, He F, Ma J, Bai L, Zhang Q, Zhou Q, Gao H. Extracellular vesicles in plant-microbe interactions: Recent advances and future directions. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 341:111999. [PMID: 38307350 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2024.111999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-enclosed nanoparticles that have a crucial role in mediating intercellular communication in mammals by facilitating the transport of proteins and small RNAs. However, the study of plant EVs has been limited for a long time due to insufficient isolation and detection methods. Recent research has shown that both plants and plant pathogens can release EVs, which contain various bioactive molecules like proteins, metabolites, lipids, and small RNAs. These EVs play essential roles in plant-microbe interactions by transferring these bioactive molecules across different kingdoms. Additionally, it has been discovered that EVs may contribute to symbiotic communication between plants and pathogens. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the pivotal roles played by EVs in mediating interactions between plants and microbes, including pathogenic fungi, bacteria, viruses, and symbiotic pathogens. We highlight the potential of EVs in transferring immune signals between plant cells and facilitating the exchange of active substances between different species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junsong Zhang
- College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, China; College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Liying Pan
- College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, China
| | - Wenjie Xu
- College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, China
| | - Hongchao Yang
- College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, China
| | - Fuge He
- College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, China
| | - Jianfeng Ma
- College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, China
| | - Linlin Bai
- College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, China
| | - Qingchen Zhang
- College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, China
| | - Qingfeng Zhou
- College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, China
| | - Hang Gao
- College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fang Z, Zhao Q, Yang S, Cai Y, Fang W, Abubakar YS, Lin Y, Yun Y, Zheng W. Two distinct SNARE complexes mediate vesicle fusion with the plasma membrane to ensure effective development and pathogenesis of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13443. [PMID: 38502146 PMCID: PMC10950013 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
SNAREs (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors) facilitate docking and fusion of vesicles with their target membranes, playing a crucial role in vesicle trafficking and exocytosis. However, the spatial assembly and roles of plasma membrane (PM)-associated SNAREs in phytopathogen development and pathogenicity are not clearly understood. In this study, we analysed the roles and molecular mechanisms of PM-associated SNARE complexes in the banana Fusarium wilt fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropical race 4 (FocTR4). Our findings demonstrate that FocSso1 is important for the fungal growth, conidiation, host penetration and colonization. Mechanistically, FocSso1 regulates protein secretion by mediating vesicle docking and fusion with the PM and hyphal apex. Interestingly, a FocSso1-FocSec9-FocSnc1 complex was observed to assemble not only at the fungal PM but also on the growing hyphal apex, facilitating exocytosis. FocSso2, a paralogue of FocSso1, was also found to form a ternary SNARE complex with FocSec9 and FocSnc1, but it mainly localizes to the PM in old hyphae. The functional analysis of this protein demonstrated that it is dispensable for the fungal growth but necessary for host penetration and colonization. The other subunits, FocSec9 and FocSnc1, are involved in the fungal development and facilitate host penetration. Furthermore, FocSso1 and FocSnc1 are functionally interdependent, as loss of FocSso1 leads to mis-sorting and degradation of FocSnc1 in the vacuole and vice versa. Overall, this study provides insight into the formation of two spatially and functionally distinct PM SNARE complexes and their involvement in vesicle exocytosis to regulate development and pathogenicity of FocTR4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant ProtectionFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujianChina
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Plant ProtectionFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujianChina
| | - Qiwen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant ProtectionFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujianChina
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Plant ProtectionFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujianChina
| | - Shiyu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant ProtectionFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujianChina
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Plant ProtectionFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujianChina
| | - Yan Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant ProtectionFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujianChina
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Plant ProtectionFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujianChina
| | - Wenqin Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant ProtectionFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujianChina
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Plant ProtectionFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujianChina
| | - Yakubu Saddeeq Abubakar
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant ProtectionFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujianChina
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Plant ProtectionFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujianChina
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life SciencesAhmadu Bello UniversityZariaNigeria
| | - Ying Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant ProtectionFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujianChina
- School of Biological and Environmental EngineeringJingdezhen UniversityJingdezhenJiangxiChina
| | - Yingzi Yun
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant ProtectionFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujianChina
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Plant ProtectionFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujianChina
| | - Wenhui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant ProtectionFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujianChina
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Plant ProtectionFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujianChina
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu S, Liu R, Lv J, Feng Z, Wei F, Zhao L, Zhang Y, Zhu H, Feng H. The glycoside hydrolase 28 member VdEPG1 is a virulence factor of Verticillium dahliae and interacts with the jasmonic acid pathway-related gene GhOPR9. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:1238-1255. [PMID: 37401912 PMCID: PMC10502839 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Glycoside hydrolase (GH) family members act as virulence factors and regulate plant immune responses during pathogen infection. Here, we characterized the GH28 family member endopolygalacturonase VdEPG1 in Verticillium dahliae. VdEPG1 acts as a virulence factor during V. dahliae infection. The expression level of VdEPG1 was greatly increased in V. dahliae inoculated on cotton roots. VdEPG1 suppressed VdNLP1-mediated cell death by modulating pathogenesis-related genes in Nicotiana benthamiana. Knocking out VdEPG1 led to a significant decrease in the pathogenicity of V. dahliae in cotton. The deletion strains were more susceptible to osmotic stress and the ability of V. dahliae to utilize carbon sources was deficient. In addition, the deletion strains lost the ability to penetrate cellophane membrane, with mycelia showing a disordered arrangement on the membrane, and spore development was affected. A jasmonic acid (JA) pathway-related gene, GhOPR9, was identified as interacting with VdEPG1 in the yeast two-hybrid system. The interaction was further confirmed by bimolecular fluorescence complementation and luciferase complementation imaging assays in N. benthamiana leaves. GhOPR9 plays a positive role in the resistance of cotton to V. dahliae by regulating JA biosynthesis. These results indicate that VdEPG1 may be able to regulate host immune responses as a virulence factor through modulating the GhOPR9-mediated JA biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shichao Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio‐breeding and Integrated UtilizationInstitute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesAnyangHenanChina
- Spice and Beverage Research InstituteChinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural SciencesWanningHainanChina
| | - Ruibing Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio‐breeding and Integrated UtilizationInstitute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesAnyangHenanChina
- Spice and Beverage Research InstituteChinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural SciencesWanningHainanChina
| | - Junyuan Lv
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio‐breeding and Integrated UtilizationInstitute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesAnyangHenanChina
| | - Zili Feng
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio‐breeding and Integrated UtilizationInstitute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesAnyangHenanChina
| | - Feng Wei
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio‐breeding and Integrated UtilizationInstitute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesAnyangHenanChina
- Western Agricultural Research Center of Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesChangjiXinjiangChina
| | - Lihong Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio‐breeding and Integrated UtilizationInstitute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesAnyangHenanChina
| | - Yalin Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio‐breeding and Integrated UtilizationInstitute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesAnyangHenanChina
| | - Heqin Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio‐breeding and Integrated UtilizationInstitute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesAnyangHenanChina
- Western Agricultural Research Center of Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesChangjiXinjiangChina
| | - Hongjie Feng
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio‐breeding and Integrated UtilizationInstitute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesAnyangHenanChina
- Western Agricultural Research Center of Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesChangjiXinjiangChina
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang D, Zhao Z, Long Y, Fan R. Protein Kinase C Is Involved in Vegetative Development, Stress Response and Pathogenicity in Verticillium dahliae. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14266. [PMID: 37762573 PMCID: PMC10531995 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Potato Verticillium wilt, caused by Verticillium dahliae, is a serious soil-borne vascular disease, which restricts the sustainable development of the potato industry, and the pathogenic mechanism of the fungus is complex. Therefore, it is of great significance to explore the important pathogenic factors of V. dahliae to expand the understanding of its pathology. Protein kinase C (PKC) gene is located in the Ca2+ signaling pathway, which is highly conserved in filamentous fungi and involved in the regulation of a variety of biological processes. In the current study, the PKC gene in V. dahliae (VdPKC) was characterized, and its effects on the fungal pathogenicity and tolerance to fungicide stress were further studied. The results showed that the VdPKC positively regulated the growth and development, conidial germination, and production of V. dahliae, which was necessary for the fungus to achieve pathogenicity. It also affected the formation of melanin and microsclerotia and changed the adaptability of V. dahliae to different environmental stresses. In addition, VdPKC altered the tolerance of V. dahliae to different fungicides, which may be a potential target for polyoxin. Therefore, our results strongly suggest that VdPKC gene is necessary for the vegetative growth, stress response, and pathogenicity of V. dahliae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rong Fan
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (D.W.); (Z.Z.); (Y.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chen YY, Zhu C, Zhao JH, Liu T, Gao F, Zhang YC, Duan CG. DNA methylation-dependent epigenetic regulation of Verticillium dahliae virulence in plants. ABIOTECH 2023; 4:185-201. [PMID: 37970467 PMCID: PMC10638132 DOI: 10.1007/s42994-023-00117-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
As a conserved epigenetic mark, DNA cytosine methylation, at the 5' position (5-mC), plays important roles in multiple biological processes, including plant immunity. However, the involvement of DNA methylation in the determinants of virulence of phytopathogenic fungi remains elusive. In this study, we profiled the DNA methylation patterns of the phytopathogenic fungus Verticillium dahliae, one of the major causal pathogens of Verticillium wilt disease that causes great losses in many crops, and explored its contribution in fungal pathogenicity. We reveal that DNA methylation modification is present in V. dahliae and is required for its full virulence in host plants. The major enzymes responsible for the establishment of DNA methylation in V. dahliae were identified. We provided evidence that DNA methyltransferase-mediated establishment of DNA methylation pattern positively regulates fungal virulence, mainly through repressing a conserved protein kinase VdRim15-mediated Ca2+ signaling and ROS production, which is essential for the penetration activity of V. dahliae. In addition, we further demonstrated that histone H3 lysine 9 trimethylation (H3K9me3), another heterochromatin marker that is closely associated with 5-mC in eukaryotes, also participates in the regulation of V. dahliae pathogenicity, through a similar mechanism. More importantly, DNA methyltransferase genes VdRid, VdDnmt5, as well as H3K9me3 methyltransferase genes, were greatly induced during the early infection phase, implying that a dynamic regulation of 5-mC and H3K9me3 homeostasis is required for an efficient infection. Collectively, our findings uncover an epigenetic mechanism in the regulation of phytopathogenic fungal virulence. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42994-023-00117-5.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Ya Chen
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 200032 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Chen Zhu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 200032 China
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000 China
| | - Jian-Hua Zhao
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Ting Liu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 200032 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Feng Gao
- Qilu Zhongke Academy of Modern Microbiology Technology, Jinan, 250000 China
| | - Ying-Chao Zhang
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Cheng-Guo Duan
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 200032 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Xiao L, Tang C, Klosterman SJ, Wang Y. VdTps2 Modulates Plant Colonization and Symptom Development in Verticillium dahliae. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2023; 36:572-583. [PMID: 36989041 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-03-23-0024-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The trehalose biosynthesis pathway is a potential target for antifungal drugs development. Trehalose phosphate synthase (TPS) and phosphatase are widely conserved components of trehalose biosynthesis in fungi. However, the role of trehalose biosynthesis in the vascular plant-pathogenic fungus Verticillium dahliae remains unclear. Here, we investigated the functions of the TPS complex, including VdTps1, VdTps2, and VdTps3 in V. dahliae. Unlike VdTps2, deletion of VdTps1 or VdTps3 did not alter any phenotypes compared with the wild-type strain. In contrast, the ΔVdTps2 strain showed severely depressed radial growth due to the abnormal swelling of the hyphal tips. Further, deletion of VdTps2 increased microsclerotia formation, melanin biosynthesis, and resistance to cell-wall perturbation and high-temperature stress. Virulence assays and quantification of fungal biomass revealed that deletion of VdTps2 delayed disease symptom development, as evident by the reduced virulence and decreased biomass of the ΔVdTps2 strain in plant stem tissue following inoculation. Additionally, increases in penetration peg formation observed in the ΔVdTps2 strain in the presence of H2O2 suggested that VdTps2 suppresses initial colonization. Our results also revealed the role of VdTps2 as a regulator of autophagy. Together, these results indicate that VdTps2 contributes to plant colonization and disease development. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luyao Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Steven J Klosterman
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Salinas, U.S.A
| | - Yonglin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhu J, Qiao Q, Sun Y, Xu Y, Shu H, Zhang Z, Liu F, Wang H, Ye W, Dong S, Wang Y, Ma Z, Wang Y. Divergent sequences of tetraspanins enable plants to specifically recognize microbe-derived extracellular vesicles. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4877. [PMID: 37573360 PMCID: PMC10423219 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40623-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are important for cell-to-cell communication in animals. EVs also play important roles in plant-microbe interactions, but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here, proteomic analyses of EVs from the soybean (Glycine max) root rot pathogen Phytophthora sojae identify the tetraspanin family proteins PsTET1 and PsTET3, which are recognized by Nicotiana benthamiana to trigger plant immune responses. Both proteins are required for the full virulence of P. sojae. The large extracellular loop (EC2) of PsTET3 is the key region recognized by N. benthamiana and soybean cells in a plant receptor-like kinase NbSERK3a/b dependent manner. TET proteins from oomycete and fungal plant pathogens are recognized by N. benthamiana thus inducing immune responses, whereas plant-derived TET proteins are not due to the sequence divergence of sixteen amino acids at the C-terminal of EC2. This feature allows plants to distinguish self and non-self EVs to trigger active defense responses against pathogenic eukaryotes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinyi Zhu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Qian Qiao
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Yujing Sun
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuanpeng Xu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Haidong Shu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhichao Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Fan Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Haonan Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenwu Ye
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), 210095, Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Suomeng Dong
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), 210095, Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), 210095, Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenchuan Ma
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), 210095, Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), 210095, Nanjing, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ye Z, Qin J, Wang Y, Zhang J, Wu X, Li X, Sun L, Zhang J. A complete MAP kinase cascade controls hyphopodium formation and virulence of Verticillium dahliae. ABIOTECH 2023; 4:97-107. [PMID: 37581020 PMCID: PMC10423180 DOI: 10.1007/s42994-023-00102-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Phytopathogens develop specialized infection-related structures to penetrate plant cells during infection. Different from phytopathogens that form appressoria or haustoria, the soil-borne root-infecting fungal pathogen Verticillium dahliae forms hyphopodia during infection, which further differentiate into penetration pegs to promote infection. The molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of hyphopodium formation in V. dahliae remain poorly characterized. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are highly conserved cytoplasmic kinases that regulate diverse biological processes in eukaryotes. Here we found that deletion of VdKss1, out of the five MAPKs encoded by V. dahliae, significantly impaired V. dahliae hyphopodium formation, in vitro penetration, and pathogenicity in cotton plants. Constitutive activation of MAPK kinase (MAPKK) VdSte7 and MAPK kinase kinase (MAPKKK) VdSte11 specifically activate VdKss1. Deletion of VdSte7 or VdSte11 resulted in a phenotype similar to that of the mutant with VdKss1 deletion. Thus, this study demonstrates that VdSte11-VdSte7-VdKss1 is a core MAPK cascade that regulates hyphopodium formation and pathogenicity in V. dahliae. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42994-023-00102-y.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziqin Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Jun Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 China
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Jinghan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
- School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 710023 China
| | - Xiaoyun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Xiangguo Li
- College of Agronomy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801 China
| | - Lifan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yan X, Zhang S, Yu Z, Sun L, Sohail MA, Ye Z, Zhou L, Qi X. The MAP Kinase PvMK1 Regulates Hyphal Development, Autophagy, and Pathogenesis in the Bayberry Twig Blight Fungus Pestalotiopsis versicolor. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:606. [PMID: 37367542 DOI: 10.3390/jof9060606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Bayberry twig blight caused by the ascomycete fungus Pestalotiopsis versicolor is a devastating disease threatening worldwide bayberry production. However, the molecular basis underlying the pathogenesis of P. versicolor is largely unknown. Here, we identified and functionally characterized the MAP kinase PvMk1 in P. versicolor through genetic and cellular biochemical approaches. Our analysis reveals a central role of PvMk1 in regulating P. versicolor virulence on bayberry. We demonstrate that PvMk1 is involved in hyphal development, conidiation, melanin biosynthesis, and cell wall stress responses. Notably, PvMk1 regulates P. versicolor autophagy and is essential for hyphal growth under nitrogen-depleting conditions. These findings suggest the multifaceted role of PvMk1 in regulating P. versicolor development and virulence. More remarkably, this evidence of virulence-involved cellular processes regulated by PvMk1 has paved a fundamental way for further understanding the impact of P. versicolor pathogenesis on bayberry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiujuan Yan
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Shuwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Zheping Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Li Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Muhammad Aamir Sohail
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Zihong Ye
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Xingjiang Qi
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Xianghu Laboratory, Hangzhou 310021, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Umer MJ, Zheng J, Yang M, Batool R, Abro AA, Hou Y, Xu Y, Gebremeskel H, Wang Y, Zhou Z, Cai X, Liu F, Zhang B. Insights to Gossypium defense response against Verticillium dahliae: the Cotton Cancer. Funct Integr Genomics 2023; 23:142. [PMID: 37121989 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-023-01065-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The soil-borne pathogen Verticillium dahliae, also referred as "The Cotton Cancer," is responsible for causing Verticillium wilt in cotton crops, a destructive disease with a global impact. To infect cotton plants, the pathogen employs multiple virulence mechanisms such as releasing enzymes that degrade cell walls, activating genes that contribute to virulence, and using protein effectors. Conversely, cotton plants have developed numerous defense mechanisms to combat the impact of V. dahliae. These include strengthening the cell wall by producing lignin and depositing callose, discharging reactive oxygen species, and amassing hormones related to defense. Despite the efforts to develop resistant cultivars, there is still no permanent solution to Verticillium wilt due to a limited understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms that drive both resistance and pathogenesis is currently prevalent. To address this challenge, cutting-edge technologies such as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9), host-induced gene silencing (HIGS), and gene delivery via nano-carriers could be employed as effective alternatives to control the disease. This article intends to present an overview of V. dahliae virulence mechanisms and discuss the different cotton defense mechanisms against Verticillium wilt, including morphophysiological and biochemical responses and signaling pathways including jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), ethylene (ET), and strigolactones (SLs). Additionally, the article highlights the significance of microRNAs (miRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs), and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in gene expression regulation, as well as the different methods employed to identify and functionally validate genes to achieve resistance against this disease. Gaining a more profound understanding of these mechanisms could potentially result in the creation of more efficient strategies for combating Verticillium wilt in cotton crops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Jawad Umer
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, China/National Nanfan, Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, 572025, China
| | - Mengying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Raufa Batool
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Aamir Ali Abro
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Yuqing Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Yanchao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Haileslassie Gebremeskel
- Mehoni Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Yuhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - ZhongLi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Xiaoyan Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, China/National Nanfan, Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, 572025, China
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University/Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Anyang, China
| | - Fang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China.
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, China/National Nanfan, Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, 572025, China.
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University/Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Anyang, China.
| | - Baohong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China.
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27858, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Liu Q, Li Y, Wu H, Zhang B, Liu C, Gao Y, Guo H, Zhao J. Hyphopodium-Specific Signaling Is Required for Plant Infection by Verticillium dahliae. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9040484. [PMID: 37108938 PMCID: PMC10143791 DOI: 10.3390/jof9040484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
For successful colonization, fungal pathogens have evolved specialized infection structures to overcome the barriers present in host plants. The morphology of infection structures and pathogenic mechanisms are diverse according to host specificity. Verticillium dahliae, a soil-borne phytopathogenic fungus, generates hyphopodium with a penetration peg on cotton roots while developing appressoria, that are typically associated with leaf infection on lettuce and fiber flax roots. In this study, we isolated the pathogenic fungus, V. dahliae (VdaSm), from Verticillium wilt eggplants and generated a GFP-labeled isolate to explore the colonization process of VdaSm on eggplants. We found that the formation of hyphopodium with penetration peg is crucial for the initial colonization of VdaSm on eggplant roots, indicating that the colonization processes on eggplant and cotton share a similar feature. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the VdNoxB/VdPls1-dependent Ca2+ elevation activating VdCrz1 signaling is a common genetic pathway to regulate infection-related development in V. dahliae. Our results indicated that VdNoxB/VdPls1-dependent pathway may be a desirable target to develop effective fungicides, to protect crops from V. dahliae infection by interrupting the formation of specialized infection structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingyan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yingchao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Huawei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Bosen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chuanhui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yi Gao
- Qilu Zhongke Academy of Modern Microbiology Technology, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Huishan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jianhua Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Su X, Yan S, Zhao W, Liu H, Jiang Q, Wei Y, Guo H, Yin M, Shen J, Cheng H. Self-assembled thiophanate-methyl/star polycation complex prevents plant cell-wall penetration and fungal carbon utilization during cotton infection by Verticillium dahliae. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 239:124354. [PMID: 37028625 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
No effective fungicides are available for the management of Verticillium dahliae, which causes vascular wilt disease. In this study, a star polycation (SPc)-based nanodelivery system was used for the first time to develop a thiophanate-methyl (TM) nanoagent for the management of V. dahliae. SPc spontaneously assembled with TM through hydrogen bonding and Van der Waals forces to decrease the particle size of TM from 834 to 86 nm. Compared to TM alone, the SPc-loaded TM further reduced the colony diameter of V. dahliae to 1.12 and 0.64 cm, and the spore number to 1.13 × 108 and 0.72 × 108 cfu/mL at the concentrations of 3.77 and 4.71 mg/L, respectively. The TM nanoagents disturbed the expression of various crucial genes in V. dahliae, and contributed to preventing plant cell-wall degradation and carbon utilization by V. dahliae, which mainly impaired the infective interaction between pathogens and plants. TM nanoagents remarkably decreased the plant disease index and the fungal biomass in the root compared to TM alone, and its control efficacy was the best (61.20 %) among the various formulations tested in the field. Furthermore, SPc showed negligible acute toxicity toward cotton seeds. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to design a self-assembled nanofungicide that efficiently inhibits V. dahliae growth and protects cotton from the destructive Verticillium wilt.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Su
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China; Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji 831100, PR China
| | - Shuo Yan
- Department of Plant Biosecurity and MARA Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China.
| | - Weisong Zhao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Baoding 071000, PR China
| | - Haiyang Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, PR China
| | - Qinhong Jiang
- Department of Plant Biosecurity and MARA Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Ying Wei
- Department of Plant Biosecurity and MARA Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Huiming Guo
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China; Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji 831100, PR China
| | - Meizhen Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Lab of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Jie Shen
- Department of Plant Biosecurity and MARA Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China.
| | - Hongmei Cheng
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China; Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji 831100, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhang Y, Kang L, Gao J, Puri KD, Jia R, Zhang Z, Zhang J, Zhao J. Systemic Colonization of Potato Plants by Verticillium dahliae Leads to Infection of Tubers and Sprouting Buds. PLANT DISEASE 2023; 107:750-757. [PMID: 35939739 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-05-22-1029-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged isolate of Verticillium dahliae was used to study its colonization in potato plants and tubers. Three-week-old potato plants of the highly susceptible cultivar 'Shepody' were inoculated with a conidial suspension of a GFP-tagged isolate of V. dahliae using a wound inoculation method. Colonization was studied using confocal microscopy combined with tissue sections. Conidia germinated and hyphae grew along the root hairs, elongation zones, and root caps between 24 and 96 h postinoculation (HPI). At 7 days postinoculation (DPI), the pathogen advanced to cortical tissues and grew into the root vascular bundles. At 8 weeks postinoculation (WPI), the stem epidermal cells, cortical tissues, vascular elements, and petioles were fully colonized by the mycelium of V. dahliae. At 11 WPI, the pathogen was detected in the stolon and progeny tubers, as confirmed by both GFP signals in tissues and reisolation of the pathogen on the semiselective NP-10 medium. Progeny potato tubers were harvested from the inoculated potato plants, and the GFP-signal was observed in the epidermal cells and vascular elements of sprouting buds that emerged from the harvested tubers. The infection rate of progeny tubers detected on semiselective NP-10 medium ranged from 34.55 to 55.56%, with an average of 45.31%. In conclusion, we report, for the first time, the entire progression of colonization by V. dahliae in potato plant tissues, progeny tubers, as well as of the sprouting buds that emerged from progeny tubers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
- Key Laboratory of Biohazard Monitoring and Green Prevention and Control for Artificial Grassland, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Grassland Research of CAAS, Hohhot 010010, China
| | - Liru Kang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural & Animal Husbandry Science, Hohhot 010031, China
| | - Jing Gao
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural & Animal Husbandry Science, Hohhot 010031, China
| | - Krishna D Puri
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, Salinas, CA 93905, U.S.A
| | - Ruifang Jia
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Zhiwei Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sun L, Wu X, Diao J, Zhang J. Pathogenesis mechanisms of phytopathogen effectors. WIREs Mech Dis 2023; 15:e1592. [PMID: 36593734 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Plants commonly face the threat of invasion by a wide variety of pathogens and have developed sophisticated immune mechanisms to defend against infectious diseases. However, successful pathogens have evolved diverse mechanisms to overcome host immunity and cause diseases. Different cell structures and unique cellular organelles carried by plant cells endow plant-specific defense mechanisms, in addition to the common framework of innate immune system shared by both plants and animals. Effectors serve as crucial virulence weapons employed by phytopathogens to disarm the plant immune system and promote infection. Here we summarized the many diverse strategies by which phytopathogen effectors overcome plant defense and prospected future perspectives. This article is categorized under: Infectious Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lifan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Diao
- Northeast Forestry University, College of Forestry, Harbin, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
VdGAL4 Modulates Microsclerotium Formation, Conidial Morphology, and Germination To Promote Virulence in Verticillium dahliae. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0351522. [PMID: 36475739 PMCID: PMC9927093 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03515-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Verticillium dahliae Kleb is a typical soilborne pathogen that can cause vascular wilt disease on more than 400 plants. Functional analysis of genes related to the growth and virulence is crucial to revealing the molecular mechanism of the pathogenicity of V. dahliae. Glycosidase hydrolases can hydrolyze the glycosidic bond, and some can cause host plant immune response to V. dahliae. Here, we reported a functional validation of VdGAL4 as an α-galactosidase that belongs to glycoside hydrolase family 27. VdGAL4 could cause plant cell death, and its signal peptide plays an important role in cellular immune response. VdGAL4-triggered cell death depends on BAK1 and SOBIR1 in Nicotiana benthamiana. In V. dahliae, the function of VdGAL4 in mycelial growth, conidia, microsclerotium, and pathogenicity was studied by constructing VdGAL4 deletion and complementation mutants. Results showed that the deletion of VdGAL4 reduced the conidial yield and conidial germination rate of V. dahliae and changed the microscopic morphology of conidia; the mycelia were arranged more disorderly and were unable to produce microsclerotium. The VdGAL4 deletion mutants exhibited reduced utilization of different carbon sources, such as raffinose and sucrose. The VdGAL4 deletion mutants were also more sensitive to abiotic stress agents of SDS, sorbitol, low-temperature stress of 16°C, and high-temperature stress of 45°C. In addition, the VdGAL4 deletion mutants lost the ability to penetrate cellophane and its mycelium were disorderly arranged. Remarkably, VdGAL4 deletion mutants exhibited reduced pathogenicity of V. dahliae. These results showed that VdGAL4 played a critical role in the pathogenicity of V. dahliae by regulating mycelial growth, conidial morphology, and the formation of microsclerotium. IMPORTANCE This study showed that α-galactosidase VdGAL4 of V. dahliae could activate plant immune response and plays an important role in conidial morphology and yield, formation of microsclerotia, and mycelial penetration. VdGAL4 deletion mutants significantly reduced the pathogenicity of V. dahliae. These findings deepened the understanding of pathogenic virulence factors and how the mechanism of pathogenic fungi infected the host, which may help to seek new strategies for effective control of plant diseases caused by pathogenic fungi.
Collapse
|
18
|
Verticillium dahliae Effector VdCE11 Contributes to Virulence by Promoting Accumulation and Activity of the Aspartic Protease GhAP1 from Cotton. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0354722. [PMID: 36656049 PMCID: PMC9927275 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03547-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Verticillium dahliae is a soilborne plant fungal pathogen that causes Verticillium wilt, a disease that reduces the yields of many economically important crops. Despite its worldwide distribution and harmful impacts, much remains unknown regarding how the numerous effectors of V. dahliae modulate plant immunity. Here, we identified the intracellular effector VdCE11 that induces cell death and defense responses in Nicotiana benthamiana to counter leaf pathogens such as Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Botrytis cinerea. VdCE11 also contributes to the virulence of V. dahliae in cotton and Arabidopsis. Yeast two-hybrid library screening and immunoprecipitation revealed that VdCE11 interacts physically with the cotton aspartic protease GhAP1. GhAP1 and its Arabidopsis homolog AtAP1 are negative regulators of plant immunity, since disruption of either increased the resistance of cotton or Arabidopsis to V. dahliae. Further, VdCE11 plays a role in promoting the accumulation of the AP1 proteins and increasing its hydrolase activity. Taken together, these results indicate a novel mechanism regulating virulence whereby the secreted effector VdCE11 increases cotton susceptibility to V. dahliae by promoting the accumulation and activity of GhAP1. IMPORTANCE Verticclium dahliae is a plant fungal pathogen that causes a destructive vascular disease on a large number of plant hosts, resulting in great threat to agricultural production. In this study, we identified a V. dahliae effector VdCE11 that induces cell death and defense responses in Nicotiana benthamiana. Meanwhile, VdCE11 contributes to the virulence of V. dahliae in cotton and Arabidopsis. Yeast two-hybrid library screening and immunoprecipitation revealed that VdCE11 interacts physically with the cotton aspartic protease GhAP1. GhAP1 and its Arabidopsis homolog AtAP1 are negative regulators of plant immunity since disruption of either increased the resistance of cotton or Arabidopsis to V. dahliae. Further research showed that VdCE11 plays a role in promoting the accumulation of the AP1 proteins and increasing its hydrolase activity. These results suggested that a novel mechanism regulating virulence whereby VdCE11 increases susceptibility to V. dahliae by promoting the accumulation and activity of GhAP1 in the host.
Collapse
|
19
|
Hypothetical Protein VDAG_07742 Is Required for Verticillium dahliae Pathogenicity in Potato. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043630. [PMID: 36835042 PMCID: PMC9965449 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Verticillium dahliae is a soil-borne pathogenic fungus that causes Verticillium wilt in host plants, a particularly serious problem in potato cultivation. Several pathogenicity-related proteins play important roles in the host infection process, hence, identifying such proteins, especially those with unknown functions, will surely aid in understanding the mechanism responsible for the pathogenesis of the fungus. Here, tandem mass tag (TMT) was used to quantitatively analyze the differentially expressed proteins in V. dahliae during the infection of the susceptible potato cultivar "Favorita". Potato seedlings were infected with V. dahliae and incubated for 36 h, after which 181 proteins were found to be significantly upregulated. Gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analyses showed that most of these proteins were involved in early growth and cell wall degradation. The hypothetical, secretory protein with an unknown function, VDAG_07742, was significantly upregulated during infection. The functional analysis with knockout and complementation mutants revealed that the associated gene was not involved in mycelial growth, conidial production, or germination; however, the penetration ability and pathogenicity of VDAG_07742 deletion mutants were significantly reduced. Therefore, our results strongly indicate that VDAG_07742 is essential in the early stage of potato infection by V. dahliae.
Collapse
|
20
|
Zhu Y, Zhao M, Li T, Wang L, Liao C, Liu D, Zhang H, Zhao Y, Liu L, Ge X, Li B. Interactions between Verticillium dahliae and cotton: pathogenic mechanism and cotton resistance mechanism to Verticillium wilt. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1174281. [PMID: 37152175 PMCID: PMC10161258 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1174281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Cotton is widely grown in many countries around the world due to the huge economic value of the total natural fiber. Verticillium wilt, caused by the soil-borne pathogen Verticillium dahliae, is the most devastating disease that led to extensive yield losses and fiber quality reduction in cotton crops. Developing resistant cotton varieties through genetic engineering is an effective, economical, and durable strategy to control Verticillium wilt. However, there are few resistance gene resources in the currently planted cotton varieties, which has brought great challenges and difficulties for breeding through genetic engineering. Further revealing the molecular mechanism between V. dahliae and cotton interaction is crucial to discovering genes related to disease resistance. In this review, we elaborated on the pathogenic mechanism of V. dahliae and the resistance mechanism of cotton to Verticillium wilt. V. dahliae has evolved complex mechanisms to achieve pathogenicity in cotton, mainly including five aspects: (1) germination and growth of microsclerotia; (2) infection and successful colonization; (3) adaptation to the nutrient-deficient environment and competition of nutrients; (4) suppression and manipulation of cotton immune responses; (5) rapid reproduction and secretion of toxins. Cotton has evolved multiple physiological and biochemical responses to cope with V. dahliae infection, including modification of tissue structures, accumulation of antifungal substances, homeostasis of reactive oxygen species (ROS), induction of Ca2+ signaling, the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades, hormone signaling, and PAMPs/effectors-triggered immune response (PTI/ETI). This review will provide an important reference for the breeding of new cotton germplasm resistant to Verticillium wilt through genetic engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yutao Zhu
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan, China
- *Correspondence: Yutao Zhu, ; Bingbing Li,
| | - Mei Zhao
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan, China
| | - Taotao Li
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan, China
| | - Lianzhe Wang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan, China
| | - Chunli Liao
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan, China
| | - Dongxiao Liu
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan, China
| | - Huamin Zhang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan, China
| | - Yanpeng Zhao
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lisen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Xiaoyang Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Bingbing Li
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan, China
- *Correspondence: Yutao Zhu, ; Bingbing Li,
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Transcription Factor VdCf2 Regulates Growth, Pathogenicity, and the Expression of a Putative Secondary Metabolism Gene Cluster in Verticillium dahliae. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0138522. [PMID: 36342142 PMCID: PMC9680623 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01385-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Verticillium dahliae
is an important soilborne phytopathogen which can ruinously attack numerous host plants and cause significant economic losses. Transcription factors (TFs) were reported to be involved in various biological processes, such as hyphal growth and virulence of pathogenic fungi.
Collapse
|
22
|
Tian P, Huang Q, Peng W, Guo X, Sun L, Jian W, Xie C, Yang X. Complete Genome Sequence of Burkholderia gladioli BK04 with Biocontrol Potential Against Cotton Verticillium Wilt ( Verticillium dahliae). MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2022; 35:1052-1055. [PMID: 36161792 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-06-22-0123-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peidong Tian
- College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Qian Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Wanrong Peng
- College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Xueying Guo
- College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Lixinyu Sun
- College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Wei Jian
- College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Chengjian Xie
- College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Xingyong Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Fu T, Lee NH, Shin JH, Kim KS. NADPH Oxidases Are Required for Appressorium-Mediated Penetration in Colletotrichum scovillei-Pepper Fruit Pathosystem. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2022; 38:345-354. [PMID: 35953054 PMCID: PMC9372106 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.oa.05.2022.0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
NADPH oxidase (Nox) complexes are known to play essential roles in differentiation and proliferation of many filamentous fungi. However, the functions of Noxs have not been elucidated in Colletotrichum species. Therefore, we set out to characterize the roles of Nox enzymes and their regulators in Colletotrichum scovillei, which causes serious anthracnose disease on pepper fruits in temperate and subtropical and temperate region. In this study, we generated targeted deletion mutants for CsNox1, CsNox2, CsNoxR, and CsNoxD via homologous recombination. All deletion mutants were normal in mycelial growth, conidiation, conidial germination, and appressorium formation, suggesting that CsNox1, CsNox2, CsNoxR, and CsNoxD are not involved in those developmental processes. Notably, conidia of ΔCsnox2 and ΔCsnoxr, other than ΔCsnox1 and ΔCsnoxd, failed to cause anthracnose on intact pepper fruits. However, they still caused normal disease on wounded pepper fruits, suggesting that Csnox2 and CsnoxR are essential for penetration-related morphogenesis in C. scovillei. Further observation proved that ΔCsnox2 and ΔCsnoxr were unable to form penetration peg, while they fully developed appressoria, revealing that defect of anthracnose development by ΔCsnox2 and ΔCsnoxr resulted from failure in penetration peg formation. Our results suggest that CsNox2 and CsNoxR are critical for appressorium- mediated penetration in C. scovillei-pepper fruit pathosystem, which provides insight into understanding roles of Nox genes in anthracnose disease development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kyoung Su Kim
- Corresponding author: Phone) +82-33-250-6435, FAX) +82-33-259-5558, E-mail)
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Chitin Synthase Genes Are Differentially Required for Growth, Stress Response, and Virulence in Verticillium dahliae. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8070681. [PMID: 35887437 PMCID: PMC9320267 DOI: 10.3390/jof8070681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Crop wilt disease caused by Verticillium dahliae usually leads to serious yield loss. Chitin, an important component of most fungal cell walls, functions to maintain the rigidity of cell walls and septa. Chitin synthesis mainly relies on the activity of chitin synthase (CHS). Eight CHS genes have been predicted in V. dahliae. In this study, we characterized the functions of these genes in terms of growth, stress responses, penetration, and virulence. Results showed that VdCHS5 is important for conidia germination and resistance to hyperosmotic stress. Conidial production is significantly decreased in Vdchs1, Vdchs4, and Vdchs8 mutants. VdCHS1, VdCHS2, VdCHS4, VdCHS6, VdCHS7, and VdCHS8 genes are important for cell wall integrity, while all mutants are important for cell membrane integrity. All of the VdCHS genes, except for VdCHS3, are required for the full pathogenicity of V. dahliae to Arabidopsis thaliana and cotton plants. The in vitro and in vivo penetration of Vdchs1, Vdchs4, Vdchs6, and Vdchs7 mutants was impaired, while that of the other mutants was normal. Overall, our results indicate that the VdCHS genes exert diverse functions to regulate the growth and development, conidial germination, conidial production, stress response, penetration, and virulence in V. dahliae.
Collapse
|
25
|
Tian J, Kong Z. Live-cell imaging elaborating epidermal invasion and vascular proliferation/colonization strategy of Verticillium dahliae in host plants. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:895-900. [PMID: 35322912 PMCID: PMC9104255 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The soilborne ascomycete fungus Verticillium dahliae causes destructive vascular wilt disease in hundreds of dicotyledonous plant species. However, our understanding of the early invasion from the epidermis to the vasculature and the prompt proliferation and colonization in the xylem tissues remains poor. To elaborate the detailed infection strategy of V. dahliae in host plants, we traced the whole infection process of V. dahliae by live-cell imaging combined with high-resolution scanning electron microscopy. The 4D image series demonstrated that the apex of invading hyphae becomes tapered and directly invades the intercellular space of root epidermal cells at the initial infection. Following successful epidermal invasion, the invading hyphae extend in the intercellular space of the root cortex toward the vascular tissues. Importantly, the high-resolution microscopic and live-cell images demonstrated (a) that conidia are formed via budding at the apex of the hyphae in the xylem vessels to promote systemic propagation vertically, and (b) that the hyphae freely cross adjacent xylem vessels through the intertracheary pits to achieve horizontal colonization. Our findings provide a solid cellular basis for future studies on both intracellular invasion and vascular colonization/proliferation during V. dahliae infection and pathogenesis in host plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Plant GenomicsInstitute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Zhaosheng Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant GenomicsInstitute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- College of Advanced Agricultural SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Zhang DD, Dai XF, Klosterman SJ, Subbarao KV, Chen JY. The secretome of Verticillium dahliae in collusion with plant defence responses modulates Verticillium wilt symptoms. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2022; 97:1810-1822. [PMID: 35478378 PMCID: PMC9542920 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Verticillium dahliae is a notorious soil‐borne pathogen that enters hosts through the roots and proliferates in the plant water‐conducting elements to cause Verticillium wilt. Historically, Verticillium wilt symptoms have been explained by vascular occlusion, due to the accumulation of mycelia and plant biomacromolecule aggregation, and also by phytotoxicity caused by pathogen‐secreted toxins. Beyond the direct cytotoxicity of some members of the secretome, this review systematically discusses the roles of the V. dahliae secretome in vascular occlusion, including the deposition of polysaccharides as an outcome of plant cell wall destruction, the accumulation of fungal mycelia, and modulation of plant defence responses. By modulating plant defences and hormone levels, the secretome manipulates the vascular environment to induce Verticillium wilt. Thus, the secretome of V. dahliae colludes with plant defence responses to modulate Verticillium wilt symptoms, and thereby bridges the historical concepts of both toxin production by the pathogen and vascular occlusion as the cause of wilting symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Dan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Dai
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Steven J Klosterman
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Crop Improvement and Protection Research Unit, Salinas, CA, 93905, USA
| | - Krishna V Subbarao
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Jie-Yin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
A Kinesin Vdkin2 Required for Vacuole Formation, Mycelium Growth, and Penetration Structure Formation of Verticillium dahliae. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8040391. [PMID: 35448622 PMCID: PMC9030024 DOI: 10.3390/jof8040391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The soil-borne vascular fungus Verticillium dahliae infects hundreds of dicotyledonous plants, causing severe wilt diseases. During the initial colonization, V. dahliae develops a penetration peg to enable infection of cotton roots. In some phytopathogenic fungi, vacuoles play a critical role in normal formation of the infection structure. Kinesin 2 protein is associated with vacuole formation in Ustilago maydis. To identify the function of vacuoles in the V. dahliae infection structure, we identified VdKin2, an ortholog of kinesin 2, in V. dahliae and investigated its function through gene knockout. VdKin2 mutants showed severe defects in virulence and were suppressed during initial infection and root colonization based on observation of green fluorescent protein-labeled V. dahliae. We also found that deletion of VdKin2 compromised penetration peg formation and the derived septin neck. Disruption strains were viable and showed normal microsclerotia formation, whereas mycelium growth and conidial production were reduced, with shorter and more branched hyphae. Furthermore, the VdKin2 mutant, unlike wild-type V. dahliae, lacked a large basal vacuole, accompanied by a failure to generate concentrated lipid droplets. Taken together, VdKin2 regulates vacuole formation by V. dahliae, which is required for conidiation, mycelium growth, and penetration structure formation during initial plant root infection.
Collapse
|
28
|
Identification and Functional Analysis of a Novel Hydrophobic Protein VdHP1 from Verticillium dahliae. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0247821. [PMID: 35377232 PMCID: PMC9045179 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02478-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Verticillium dahliae could cause destructive vascular wilt disease on hundreds of plant species around the world, including cotton. In this study, we characterized the function of a hydrophobin gene VdHP1 in pathogen development and pathogenicity. Results showed that VdHP1 could induce cell death and activate plant immune responses. The VdHP1 deletion mutants (ΔVdHP1) and the complement mutants (C-ΔVdHP1) were obtained by the homologous recombination method. The VdHP1 deletion mutants exhibited increased hydrophilicity, inhibited microsclerotial formation, and reduced spore smoothness. In addition, the deletion mutants were more sensitive to NaCl, while relatively insensitive to KCl and sorbitol. Mutants also had greater resistance to Congo red, UV radiation, and high temperature, which suggested that ΔVdHP1 strains have stronger resistance to abiotic stress in general. Different carbon source assays showed that the utilization ability of skim milk, cellulose, and starch was greatly enhanced in ΔVdHP1, compared with that of WT and complemented strains. Furthermore, VdHP1 did not affect mycelium penetration on cellophane but contributed to mycelium growth on surface of the living plant cells. The pathogenicity test found that the crude toxin content, colonization, and dispersal of ΔVdHP1 was significantly increased compared with the WT and complementary strains. In addition, cotton seedlings showed more severe wilting symptoms after inoculation with ΔVdHP1 strains. These results suggested that the hydrophobin VdHP1 negatively regulated the virulence of V. dahliae, and played an important role in development, adaptability, and pathogenicity in V. dahliae, which maybe provide a new viewpoint to further understand the molecular mechanisms of pathogen virulence. IMPORTANCE Verticillium dahliae is a soilborne fungal pathogen that causes a destructive vascular disease on a large number of plant hosts, resulting in great threat to agricultural production. In this study, it was illustrated that the hydrophobin VdHP1 could induce cell death and activate plant immune responses. VdHP1 affected the hydrophobicity of V. dahliae, and negatively regulated the strains resistant to stress, and the utilization ability of different carbon sources. In addition, VdHP1 did not affect mycelium penetration on cellophane but contributed to mycelium growth on surface of the living plant cells. The VdHP1 gene negatively regulated the total virulence, colonization, and dispersal of V. dahliae, with enhanced pathogenicity of mutant strains in this gene. These results suggested that the hydrophobin VdHP1 played an importance in development, adaptability, and pathogenicity in V. dahliae, and would provide a new viewpoint to further understand the molecular mechanisms of pathogen virulence.
Collapse
|
29
|
Zhao JH, Guo HS. RNA silencing: From discovery and elucidation to application and perspectives. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 64:476-498. [PMID: 34964265 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
RNA silencing (or RNA interference, RNAi) is a conserved mechanism for regulating gene expression in eukaryotes. The discovery of natural trans-kingdom RNAi indicated that small RNAs act as signaling molecules and enable communication between organisms in different kingdoms. The phenomenon and potential mechanisms of trans-kingdom RNAi are among the most exciting research topics. To better understand trans-kingdom RNAi, we review the history of the discovery and elucidation of RNAi mechanisms. Based on canonical RNAi mechanisms, we summarize the major points of divergence around RNAi pathways in the main eukaryotes' kingdoms, including plants, animals, and fungi. We review the representative incidents associated with the mechanisms and applications of trans-kingdom RNAi in crop protection, and discuss the critical factors that should be considered to develop successful trans-kingdom RNAi-based crop protection strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Hua Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hui-Shan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Liu N, Wang P, Li X, Pei Y, Sun Y, Ma X, Ge X, Zhu Y, Li F, Hou Y. Long Non-Coding RNAs profiling in pathogenesis of Verticillium dahliae: New insights in the host-pathogen interaction. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 314:111098. [PMID: 34895536 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.111098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Verticillium dahliae causes vascular wilt disease on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum), resulting in devastating yield loss worldwide. While little is known about the mechanism of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), several lncRNAs have been implicated in numerous physiological processes and diseases. To better understand V. dahliae pathogenesis, lncRNA was conducted in a V. dahliae virulence model. Potential target genes of significantly regulated lncRNAs were predicted using cis/trans-regulatory algorithms. This study provides evidence for lncRNAs' regulatory role in pathogenesis-related genes. Interestingly, lncRNAs were identified and varying in terms of RNA length and nutrient starvation treatments. Efficient pathogen nutrition during the interaction with the host is a requisite factor during infection. Our observations directly link to mutated V. dahliae invasion, explaining infected cotton have lower pathogenicity and lethality compared to V. dahliae. Remarkably, lncRNAs XLOC_006536 and XLOC_000836 involved in the complex regulation of pathogenesis-related genes in V. dahliae were identified. For the first time the regulatory role of lncRNAs in filamentous fungi was uncovered, and it is our contention that elucidation of lncRNAs will advance our understanding in the development and pathogenesis of V. dahliae and offer alternatives in the control of the diseases caused by fungus V. dahliae attack.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nana Liu
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Wang
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiancai Li
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yakun Pei
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Sun
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowen Ma
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyang Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yutao Zhu
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuguang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuxia Hou
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Zhang G, Zhao Z, Ma P, Qu Y, Sun G, Chen Q. Integrative transcriptomic and gene co-expression network analysis of host responses upon Verticillium dahliae infection in Gossypium hirsutum. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20586. [PMID: 34663884 PMCID: PMC8523704 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99063-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, Verticillium wilt is among the major harmful diseases in cotton production, causing substantial reduction in yields. While this disease has been extensively researched at the molecular level of the pathogen, the molecular basis of V. dahliae host response association is yet to be thoroughly investigated. In this study, RNA-seq analysis was carried out on V. dahliae infected two Gossypium hirsutum L. cultivars, Xinluzao-36 (susceptible) and Zhongzhimian-2 (disease resistant) for 0 h, 24 h, 72 h and 120 h time intervals. Statistical analysis revealed that V. dahliae infection elicited differentially expressed gene responses in the two cotton varieties, but more intensely in the susceptible cultivar than in the resistant cultivars. Data analysis revealed 4241 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the LT variety across the three treatment timepoints whereas 7657 in differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the Vd592 variety across the three treatment timepoints. Six genes were randomly selected for qPCR validation of the RNA-Seq data. Numerous genes encompassed in disease resistance and defense mechanisms were identified. Further, RNA-Seq dataset was utilized in construction of the weighted gene co-expression network and 11 hub genes were identified, that encode for different proteins associated with lignin and immune response, Auxin response factor, cell wall and vascular development, microtubule, Ascorbate transporter, Serine/threonine kinase and Immunity and drought were identified. This significant research will aid in advancing crucial knowledge on virus-host interactions and identify key genes intricate in G. hirsutum L. resistance to V. dahliae infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guoli Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, 311 Nongda East Road, Urumqi, 830052, China.,Biotechnology Research Institute, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation, 221 Wuyi Highway, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832000, China
| | - Zengqiang Zhao
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation, 221 Wuyi Highway, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832000, China
| | - Panpan Ma
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation, 221 Wuyi Highway, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832000, China
| | - Yanying Qu
- College of Agriculture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, 311 Nongda East Road, Urumqi, 830052, China
| | - Guoqing Sun
- Biotechnology Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Quanjia Chen
- College of Agriculture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, 311 Nongda East Road, Urumqi, 830052, China.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Ogawa T, Chen J, Mise K, Takano Y. Multiple Colletotrichum species commonly exhibit focal effector accumulation in a biotrophic interface at the primary invasion sites in their host plants. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2021; 16:1935604. [PMID: 34120570 PMCID: PMC8331012 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2021.1935604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fungal plant pathogens deploy a suite of secreted proteins, called effectors, to facilitate successful infection. Several fungal pathogens have been reported to secrete and accumulate their effector proteins in the host-pathogen interfacial spaces. Previously, we reported that the strain 104-T of the cucurbit anthracnose pathogen Colletotrichum orbiculare secretes and accumulates mCherry-tagged effectors along with the formation of ring-shaped fluorescence signals beneath the appressoria. However, it was unclear whether these effector accumulation patterns occur in other C. orbiculare isolates and other species belonging to the Colletotrichum genus. Here, we investigated the effector localization during host infection of C. orbiculare MAFF306589, C. trifolii MAFF305078, which infects alfalfa, and C. higginsianum MAFF305635, which infects Brassicaceae plants. We generated effector-reporter lines of each species, which constitutively expressed mCherry-tagged CoDN3 effector (CoDN3:mCherry). Immunoblotting analysis of the liquid culture fluids of the generated lines detected CoDN3:mCherry, which confirmed secretion of CoDN3:mCherry by fungal cells. Via inoculation assays in the corresponding host plants, we detected ring-shaped CoDN3:mCherry fluorescence around the appressorial invasion sites in all tested reporter lines. These results suggest that pathogens in the Colletotrichum genus have evolutionarily conserved the trait of effector secretion in the infection stage irrespective of differences in their hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taiki Ogawa
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jinlian Chen
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Mise
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Takano
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Zhu X, Sayari M, Islam MR, Daayf F. NOXA Is Important for Verticillium dahliae's Penetration Ability and Virulence. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7100814. [PMID: 34682235 PMCID: PMC8541199 DOI: 10.3390/jof7100814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
NADPH oxidase (Nox) genes are responsible for Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) production in living organisms such as plants, animals, and fungi, where ROS exert different functions. ROS are critical for sexual development and cellular differentiation in fungi. In previous publications, two genes encoding thioredoxin and NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase involved in maintaining ROS balance were shown to be remarkably induced in a highly versus a weakly aggressive Verticillium dahliae isolate. This suggested a role of these genes in the virulence of this pathogen. NoxA (NADPH oxidase A) was identified in the V. dahliae genome. We compared in vitro expression of NoxA in highly and weakly aggressive isolates of V. dahliae after elicitation with extracts from different potato tissues. NoxA expression was induced more in the weakly than highly aggressive isolate in response to leaf and stem extracts. After inoculation of potato detached leaves with these two V. dahliae isolates, NoxA was drastically up-regulated in the highly versus the weakly aggressive isolate. We generated single gene disruption mutants for NoxA genes. noxa mutants had significantly reduced virulence, indicating important roles in V. dahliae pathogenesis on the potato. This is consistent with a significant reduction of cellophane penetration ability of the mutants compared to the wild type. However, the cell wall integrity was not impaired in the noxa mutants when compared with the wild type. The resistance of noxa mutants to oxidative stress were also similar to the wild type. Complementation of noxa mutants with a full length NoxA clones restored penetration and pathogenic ability of the fungus. Our data showed that NoxA is essential for both penetration peg formation and virulence in V. dahliae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Zhu
- Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Manitoba, 222 Agriculture Building, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada; (X.Z.); (M.S.)
| | - Mohammad Sayari
- Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Manitoba, 222 Agriculture Building, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada; (X.Z.); (M.S.)
| | - Md. Rashidul Islam
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh;
| | - Fouad Daayf
- Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Manitoba, 222 Agriculture Building, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada; (X.Z.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
The NADPH Oxidase A of Verticillium dahliae Is Essential for Pathogenicity, Normal Development, and Stress Tolerance, and It Interacts with Yap1 to Regulate Redox Homeostasis. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7090740. [PMID: 34575778 PMCID: PMC8468606 DOI: 10.3390/jof7090740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of redox homeostasis is vital for aerobic organisms and particularly relevant to plant pathogens. A balance is required between their endogenous ROS production, which is important for their development and pathogenicity, and host-derived oxidative stress. Endogenous ROS in fungi are generated by membrane-bound NADPH oxidase (NOX) complexes and the mitochondrial respiratory chain, while transcription factor Yap1 is a major regulator of the antioxidant response. Here, we investigated the roles of NoxA and Yap1 in fundamental biological processes of the important plant pathogen Verticillium dahliae. Deletion of noxA impaired growth and morphogenesis, compromised formation of hyphopodia, diminished penetration ability and pathogenicity, increased sensitivity against antifungal agents, and dysregulated expression of antioxidant genes. On the other hand, deletion of yap1 resulted in defects in conidial and microsclerotia formation, increased sensitivity against oxidative stress, and down-regulated antioxidant genes. Localized accumulation of ROS was observed before conidial fusion and during the heterokaryon incompatibility reaction upon nonself fusion. The frequency of inviable fusions was not affected by the deletion of Yap1. Analysis of a double knockout mutant revealed an epistatic relationship between noxA and yap1. Our results collectively reveal instrumental roles of NoxA and ROS homeostasis in the biology of V. dahliae.
Collapse
|
35
|
Tian L, Li J, Huang C, Zhang D, Xu Y, Yang X, Song J, Wang D, Qiu N, Short DPG, Inderbitzin P, Subbarao KV, Chen J, Dai X. Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (VdSOD1) mediates reactive oxygen species detoxification and modulates virulence in Verticillium dahliae. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:1092-1108. [PMID: 34245085 PMCID: PMC8359004 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a widespread defence mechanism in higher plants against pathogen attack and sometimes is the cause of cell death that facilitates attack by necrotrophic pathogens. Plant pathogens use superoxide dismutase (SOD) to scavenge ROS derived from their own metabolism or generated from host defence. The significance and roles of SODs in the vascular plant pathogen Verticillium dahliae are unclear. Our previous study showed a significant upregulation of Cu/Zn-SOD1 (VdSOD1) in cotton tissues following V. dahliae infection, suggesting that it may play a role in pathogen virulence. Here, we constructed VdSOD1 deletion mutants (ΔSOD1) and investigated its function in scavenging ROS and promoting pathogen virulence. ΔSOD1 had normal growth and conidiation but exhibited significantly higher sensitivity to the intracellular ROS generator menadione. Despite lacking a signal peptide, assays in vitro by western blot and in vivo by confocal microscopy revealed that secretion of VdSOD1 is dependent on the Golgi reassembly stacking protein (VdGRASP). Both menadione-treated ΔSOD1 and cotton roots infected with ΔSOD1 accumulated more O2- and less H2 O2 than with the wildtype strain. The absence of a functioning VdSOD1 significantly reduced symptom severity and pathogen colonization in both cotton and Nicotiana benthamiana. VdSOD1 is nonessential for growth or viability of V. dahliae, but is involved in the detoxification of both intracellular ROS and host-generated extracellular ROS, and contributes significantly to virulence in V. dahliae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Tian
- College of Life ScienceQufu Normal UniversityQufuChina
| | - Junjiao Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Caimin Huang
- College of Life ScienceQufu Normal UniversityQufuChina
| | - Dandan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yan Xu
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Specialty Crop Resources and the College of Life ScienceChongqing Normal UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Xingyong Yang
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Specialty Crop Resources and the College of Life ScienceChongqing Normal UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Jian Song
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Dan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Nianwei Qiu
- College of Life ScienceQufu Normal UniversityQufuChina
| | - Dylan P. G. Short
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of California, Davis, c/o United States Agricultural Research StationSalinasCaliforniaUSA
| | - Patrik Inderbitzin
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of California, Davis, c/o United States Agricultural Research StationSalinasCaliforniaUSA
| | - Krishna V. Subbarao
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of California, Davis, c/o United States Agricultural Research StationSalinasCaliforniaUSA
| | - Jieyin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xiaofeng Dai
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Tracking Fungal Growth: Establishment of Arp1 as a Marker for Polarity Establishment and Active Hyphal Growth in Filamentous Ascomycetes. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7070580. [PMID: 34356959 PMCID: PMC8304394 DOI: 10.3390/jof7070580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Polar growth is a key characteristic of all filamentous fungi. It allows these eukaryotes to not only effectively explore organic matter but also interact within its own colony, mating partners, and hosts. Therefore, a detailed understanding of the dynamics in polar growth establishment and maintenance is crucial for several fields of fungal research. We developed a new marker protein, the actin-related protein 1 (Arp1) fused to red and green fluorescent proteins, which allows for the tracking of polar axis establishment and active hyphal growth in microscopy approaches. To exclude a probable redundancy with known polarity markers, we compared the localizations of the Spitzenkörper (SPK) and Arp1 using an FM4-64 staining approach. As we show in applications with the coprophilous fungus Sordaria macrospora and the hemibiotrophic plant pathogen Colletotrichum graminicola, the monitoring of Arp1 can be used for detailed studies of hyphal growth dynamics and ascospore germination, the interpretation of chemotropic growth processes, and the tracking of elongating penetration pegs into plant material. Since the Arp1 marker showed the same dynamics in both fungi tested, we believe this marker can be broadly applied in fungal research to study the manifold polar growth processes determining fungal life.
Collapse
|
37
|
Gene Expression of Putative Pathogenicity-Related Genes in Verticillium dahliae in Response to Elicitation with Potato Extracts and during Infection Using Quantitative Real-Time PCR. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10050510. [PMID: 33922492 PMCID: PMC8146963 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10050510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative real-time PCR was used to monitor the expression of 15 Verticillium dahliae's genes, putatively involved in pathogenicity, highly (HAV) and weakly aggressive (WAV) V. dahliae isolates after either (i) elicitation with potato leaf, stem, or root extracts, or (ii) inoculation of potato detached petioles. These genes, i.e., coding for Ras-GAP-like protein, serine/threonine protein kinase, Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme variant-MMS2, NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase, Thioredoxin, Pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 VdPDHB, myo-inositol 2-dehydrogenase, and HAD-superfamily hydrolase, showed differential upregulation in the HAV versus WAV isolate in response to plant extracts or after inoculation of potato leaf petioles. This suggests their potential involvement in the observed differential aggressiveness between isolates. However, other genes like glucan endo-1,3-alpha-glucosidase and nuc-1 negative regulatory protein VdPREG showed higher activity in the WAV than in the HAV in response to potato extracts and/or during infection. This, in contrast, may suggest a role in their lower aggressiveness. These findings, along with future functional analysis of selected genes, will contribute to improving our understanding of V. dahliae's pathogenesis. For example, expression of VdPREG negatively regulates phosphorus-acquisition enzymes, which may indicate a lower phosphorus acquisition activity in the WAV. Therefore, integrating the knowledge about the activity of both genes enhancing pathogenicity and those restraining it will provide a guild line for further functional characterization of the most critical genes, thus driving new ideas towards better Verticillium wilt management.
Collapse
|
38
|
The Role of a New Compound Micronutrient Multifunctional Fertilizer against Verticillium dahliae on Cotton. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10010081. [PMID: 33477774 PMCID: PMC7832308 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10010081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Verticillium dahliae Kleb., the causal pathogen of vascular wilt, can seriously reduce the yield and quality of many crops, including cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). To control the harm caused by V. dahliae, considering the environmental pollution of chemical fungicides and their residues, the strategy of plant nutrition regulation is becoming increasingly important as an eco-friendly method for disease control. A new compound micronutrient fertilizer (CMF) found in our previous study could reduce the damage of cotton Verticillium wilt and increase yield. However, there is little information about the mode of action of CMF to control this disease. In the present study, we evaluated the role of CMF against V. dahliae and its mechanism of action in vitro and in vivo. In the laboratory tests, we observed that CMF could inhibit hyphal growth, microsclerotia germination, and reduce sporulation of V. dahliae. Further studies revealed that the biomass of V. dahliae in the root and hypocotyl of cotton seedlings treated with CMF were significantly reduced compared with the control, and these results could explain the decline in the disease index of cotton Verticillium wilt. Furthermore, those key genes involved in the phenylpropanoid metabolism pathway, resistance-related genes defense, and nitric oxide signaling pathway were induced in cotton root and hypocotyl tissue when treated with CMF. These results suggest that CMF is a multifaceted micronutrient fertilizer with roles in inhibiting the growth, development, and pathogenicity of V. dahliae and promoting cotton growth.
Collapse
|
39
|
Zhou J, Feng Z, Liu S, Wei F, Shi Y, Zhao L, Huang W, Zhou Y, Feng H, Zhu H. CGTase, a novel antimicrobial protein from Bacillus cereus YUPP-10, suppresses Verticillium dahliae and mediates plant defence responses. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:130-144. [PMID: 33230892 PMCID: PMC7749748 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Verticillium wilt is a plant vascular disease caused by the soilborne fungus Verticillium dahliae that severely limits cotton production. In a previous study, we screened Bacillus cereus YUPP-10, an efficient antagonistic bacterium, to uncover mechanisms for controlling verticillium wilt. Here, we report a novel antimicrobial cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase) from YUPP-10. Compared to other CGTases, six different conserved domains were identified, and six mutants were constructed by gene splicing with overlap extension PCR. Functional analysis showed that domain D was important for hydrolysis activity and domains A1 and C were important for inducing disease resistance. Direct effects of recombinant CGTase on V. dahliae included reduced mycelial growth, spore germination, spore production, and microsclerotia germination. In addition, CGTase also elicited cotton's innate defence reactions. Transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana lines that overexpress CGTase showed higher resistance to verticillium wilt. Transgenic CGTase A. thaliana plants grew faster and resisted disease better. CGTase overexpression enabled a burst of reactive oxygen species production and activated pathogenesis-related gene expression, indicating that the transgenic cotton was better prepared to protect itself from infection. Our work revealed that CGTase could inhibit the growth of V. dahliae, activate innate immunity, and play a major role in the biocontrol of fungal pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinglong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyInstitute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesAnyangChina
- Zhengzhou Research BaseState Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
- College of AgricultureYangtze UniversityJingzhouChina
| | - Zili Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyInstitute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesAnyangChina
| | - Shichao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyInstitute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesAnyangChina
| | - Feng Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyInstitute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesAnyangChina
- Zhengzhou Research BaseState Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Yongqiang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyInstitute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesAnyangChina
| | - Lihong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyInstitute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesAnyangChina
| | - Wanting Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyInstitute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesAnyangChina
- Zhengzhou Research BaseState Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Yi Zhou
- College of AgricultureYangtze UniversityJingzhouChina
| | - Hongjie Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyInstitute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesAnyangChina
- Zhengzhou Research BaseState Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Heqin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyInstitute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesAnyangChina
- Zhengzhou Research BaseState Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abuduaini X, Aili A, Lin R, Song G, Huang Y, Chen Z, Zhao H, Luo Q, Zhao H. The Lethal Effect of Bacillus subtilis Z15 Secondary Metabolites on Verticillium dahliae. Nat Prod Commun 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x20986728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis Z15 (BS-Z15), isolated from cotton rhizosphere soil, inhibits Verticillium dahliae and suppresses cotton Verticillium wilt in pot experiments. We investigated the influence of environmental factors, pH, temperature, ultraviolet light, protease, and incubation time on the stability of BS-Z15 secondary metabolites (SMs), and the mechanism underlying the cytotoxicity of BS-Z15 SMs on V. dahliae. BS-Z15 and its fermentation broth inhibited V. dahliae, and this effect was mediated by its SMs. These were shown to be stable to the influence of the above environmental factors. BS-Z15 SMs decreased the viability of V. dahliae conidia in a time-dependent manner. Scanning electron microscopy showed that BS-Z15 and its SMs resulted in flattened and depressed conidia. BS-Z15 SMs induced morphological abnormalities in the hyphae, which showed rough aberrant structures, reduced conidiophore production, and accelerated aging. Flow cytometry using Hoechst/propidium iodide double staining revealed that BS-Z15 SMs induced necrosis in V. dahliae in a time-dependent manner. Fluorescence microscopy showed that BS-Z15 SMs did not induce apoptotic bodies in the conidia of V. dahliae but caused significant changes in karyotypes, accompanied by nuclear lysis and nucleic-acid diffusion, which may play important roles in necrosis. In addition, 0.3 mg/mL BS-Z15 SMs had no effect on either the mitochondrial membrane potential or the synthesis of proapoptotic proteins, indicating that the SMs did not induce apoptosis in V. dahliae. Their lethal effect on V. dahliae was by inducing necrosis in its conidia and hyphae. BS-Z15 SMs thus have potential as biological pesticides to control Verticillium wilt in cotton.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xieerwanimu Abuduaini
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology in Arid Land, College of Life Science, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi, P. R. China
| | - Ailina Aili
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology in Arid Land, College of Life Science, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi, P. R. China
| | - Rongrong Lin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Ganggang Song
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology in Arid Land, College of Life Science, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi, P. R. China
| | - Yu Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zhongyi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology in Arid Land, College of Life Science, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Heping Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology in Arid Land, College of Life Science, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Qin Luo
- Tumor Hospital Affiliated Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, P. R. China
| | - Huixin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology in Arid Land, College of Life Science, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Acharya B, Ingram TW, Oh Y, Adhikari TB, Dean RA, Louws FJ. Opportunities and Challenges in Studies of Host-Pathogen Interactions and Management of Verticillium dahliae in Tomatoes. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E1622. [PMID: 33266395 PMCID: PMC7700276 DOI: 10.3390/plants9111622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.) are a valuable horticultural crop that are grown and consumed worldwide. Optimal production is hindered by several factors, among which Verticillium dahliae, the cause of Verticillium wilt, is considered a major biological constraint in temperate production regions. V. dahliae is difficult to mitigate because it is a vascular pathogen, has a broad host range and worldwide distribution, and can persist in soil for years. Understanding pathogen virulence and genetic diversity, host resistance, and plant-pathogen interactions could ultimately inform the development of integrated strategies to manage the disease. In recent years, considerable research has focused on providing new insights into these processes, as well as the development and integration of environment-friendly management approaches. Here, we discuss the current knowledge on the race and population structure of V. dahliae, including pathogenicity factors, host genes, proteins, enzymes involved in defense, and the emergent management strategies and future research directions for managing Verticillium wilt in tomatoes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bhupendra Acharya
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; (B.A.); (T.W.I.); (Y.Y.O.); (R.A.D.)
| | - Thomas W. Ingram
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; (B.A.); (T.W.I.); (Y.Y.O.); (R.A.D.)
| | - YeonYee Oh
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; (B.A.); (T.W.I.); (Y.Y.O.); (R.A.D.)
| | - Tika B. Adhikari
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; (B.A.); (T.W.I.); (Y.Y.O.); (R.A.D.)
| | - Ralph A. Dean
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; (B.A.); (T.W.I.); (Y.Y.O.); (R.A.D.)
| | - Frank J. Louws
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; (B.A.); (T.W.I.); (Y.Y.O.); (R.A.D.)
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Wang H, Chen B, Tian J, Kong Z. Verticillium dahliae VdBre1 is required for cotton infection by modulating lipid metabolism and secondary metabolites. Environ Microbiol 2020; 23:1991-2003. [PMID: 33185953 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The soil-borne ascomycete Verticillium dahliae causes wilt disease in more than two hundred dicotyledonous plants including the economically important crop cotton, and results in a severe reduction in cotton fiber yield and quality. During infection, V. dahliae secretes numerous secondary metabolites, which act as toxic factors to promote the infection process. However, the mechanism underlying how V. dahliae secondary metabolites regulate cotton infection remains largely unexplored. In this study, we report that VdBre1, an ubiquitin ligase (E3) enzyme to modify H2B, regulates radial growth and conidia production of V. dahliae. The VdBre1 deletion strains show nonpathogenic symptoms on cotton, and microscopic inspection and penetration assay indicated that penetration ability of the ∆VdBre1 strain was dramatically reduced. RNA-seq revealed that a total of 1643 differentially expressed genes between the ∆VdBre1 strain and the wild type strain V592, among which genes related to lipid metabolism were significantly overrepresented. Remarkably, the volume of lipid droplets in the ∆VdBre1 conidia was shown to be smaller than that of wild-type strains. Further metabolomics analysis revealed that the pathways of lipid metabolism and secondary metabolites, such as steroid biosynthesis and metabolism of terpenoids and polyketides, have dramatically changed in the ∆VdBre1 metabolome. Taken together, these results indicate that VdBre1 plays crucial roles in cotton infection and pathogenecity, by globally regulating lipid metabolism and secondary metabolism of V. dahliae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Bin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Juan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Zhaosheng Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Reactive oxygen species: A generalist in regulating development and pathogenicity of phytopathogenic fungi. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2020; 18:3344-3349. [PMID: 33294130 PMCID: PMC7677654 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are small molecules with high oxidative activity, and are usually produced as byproducts of metabolic processes in organisms. ROS play an important role during the interaction between plant hosts and pathogenic fungi. Phytopathogenic fungi have evolved sophisticated ROS producing and scavenging systems to achieve redox homeostasis. Emerging evidences suggest that ROS derived from fungi are involved in various important aspects of the development and pathogenesis, including formation of conidia, sclerotia, conidial anastomosis tubes (CATs) and infectious structures. In this mini-review, we summarize the research progress on the redox homeostasis systems, the versatile functions of ROS in the development and pathogenesis of phytopathogenic fungi, and the regulation effects of exogenous factors on intercellular ROS and virulence of the fungal pathogens.
Collapse
|
44
|
Wang F, Gao W, Sun J, Mao X, Liu K, Xu J, Fu D, Yuan M, Wang H, Chen N, Xiao S, Xue C. NADPH Oxidase ClNOX2 Regulates Melanin-Mediated Development and Virulence in Curvularia lunata. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2020; 33:1315-1329. [PMID: 32815478 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-06-20-0138-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The role of NADPH oxidases (NOXs) in pathogenesis and development in the Curvularia leaf spot agent Curvularia lunata remains poorly understood. In this study, we identified C. lunata ClNOX2, which localized to the plasma membrane and was responsible for reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Scavenging the ROS production inhibited the conidial germination and appressorial formation. The ClNOX2 and ClBRN1 deletion mutants were defective in 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) melanin accumulation, appressorial formation, and cellulase synthesis and exhibited lower virulence. However, disruption of the ClNOX2 and ClBRN1 genes facilitated hyphal growth, enhanced stress adaptation to cell-wall-disrupting agents, and promoted developmental processes such as conidiation, conidial germination, and pseudothecium and ascus formation. Interestingly, loss of ClM1, the cell wall integrity (CWI) mitogen-activated protein kinase gene in C. lunata, led to morphology and pathogenicity phenotypes similar to ClNOX2 and ClBRN1 deletion mutants such as abnormal conidia, fewer appressoria, less melanin, increased hyphal growth, and enhanced tolerance to Congo red (CR). These results indicated that the ClNOX2 gene plays an important role in C. lunata development and virulence via regulating intracellular DHN melanin biosynthesis. Quantitative reverse-transcription PCR revealed that the ClNOX2-related ROS signaling pathway and ClM1-mediated CWI signaling pathway are cross-linked in regulating DHN melanin biosynthesis. Our findings provide new insights into how ClNOX2 participates in pathogenesis and development in hemibiotrophic plant fungal pathogens.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fen Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110161, China
| | - Weida Gao
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110161, China
| | - Jiaying Sun
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110161, China
| | - Xiuwen Mao
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110161, China
| | - Kexin Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110161, China
| | - Jingru Xu
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110161, China
| | - Dandan Fu
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110161, China
| | - Mingyue Yuan
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110161, China
| | - Hongchuan Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110161, China
| | - Nan Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110161, China
| | - Shuqin Xiao
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110161, China
| | - Chunsheng Xue
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110161, China
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Zhang J, Cui W, Abdul Haseeb H, Guo W. VdNop12, containing two tandem RNA recognition motif domains, is a crucial factor for pathogenicity and cold adaption in Verticillium dahliae. Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:5387-5401. [PMID: 33000558 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have reported the ability of fungi to overwinter in soil or on crop debris under different environmental conditions, but how fungi adapt to chilling is still largely unknown. In this study, we have identified and characterized the RNA binding protein (RBP) (VdNop12) by screening an Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation-mediated insertional mutational library of Verticillium dahliae. We determined that this protein was essential to the pathogen for virulence on cotton plants. VdNop12 contains two tandem RNA recognition motif domains, and its orthologs are widely distributed in filamentous fungi. Mutants produced by disruption of VdNop12 showed defects in vegetative growth, conidiation and cell wall integrity. The mutant also showed an increase in sensitivity to low temperature, as compared to the wildtype and complementation strains. Yeast complementation assay showed that VdNop12 could functionally restore the growth phenotype of ΔScNop12 mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae at 15°C. We demonstrated that the VdNop12 is localized in the nucleus, and its loss resulted in the downregulated expression of several genes related to cAMP-PKA and MAPK pathways in V. dahliae. Our results demonstrated a crucial role of RBPs in the regulation of morphology, cold adaption, and pathogenic development in V. dahliae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weiye Cui
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hafiz Abdul Haseeb
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Luo X, Tian T, Tan X, Zheng Y, Xie C, Xu Y, Yang X. VdNPS, a Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetase, Is Involved in Regulating Virulence in Verticillium dahliae. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2020; 110:1398-1409. [PMID: 32228378 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-02-20-0031-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NPS) are known for the biosynthesis of antibiotics, toxins, and siderophore production. They are also a virulence determinant in different phytopathogens. However, until now, the functional characterization of NPS in Verticillium dahliae has not been reported. Deletion of the NPS gene in V. dahliae led to the decrease of conidia, microsclerotia, and pathogenicity. ΔVdNPS strains were tolerant to H2O2, and the genes involved in H2O2 detoxification, iron/copper transport, and cytoskeleton were differentially expressed in ΔVdNPS. Interestingly, ΔVdNPS strains exhibited hypersensitivity to salicylic acid (SA), and the genes involved in SA hydroxylation were up-regulated in ΔVdNPS compared with wild-type V. dahliae under SA stress. Additionally, during infection, ΔVdNPS induced more pathogenesis-related gene expression, higher reactive oxygen species production, and stronger SA-mediated signaling transduction in host to overcome pathogen. Uncovering the function of VdNPS in pathogenicity could provide a reliable theoretical basis for the development of cultivars with durable resistance against V. dahliae-associated diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiumei Luo
- The School of Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Specialty Crop Resources and The College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Tingting Tian
- The School of Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Xue Tan
- The School of Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Yixuan Zheng
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Specialty Crop Resources and The College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Chengjian Xie
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Specialty Crop Resources and The College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Ya Xu
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Specialty Crop Resources and The College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Xingyong Yang
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Specialty Crop Resources and The College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Wang X, Che MZ, Khalil HB, McCallum BD, Bakkeren G, Rampitsch C, Saville BJ. The role of reactive oxygen species in the virulence of wheat leaf rust fungus Puccinia triticina. Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:2956-2967. [PMID: 32390310 PMCID: PMC7496513 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role during host–pathogen interactions and are often an indication of induced host defence responses. In this study, we demonstrate for the first time that Puccinia triticina (Pt) generates ROS, including superoxide, H2O2 and hydroxyl radicals, during wheat infection. Through pharmacological inhibition, we found that ROS are critical for both Pt urediniospore germination and pathogenic development on wheat. A comparative RNA‐Seq analysis of different stages of Pt infection process revealed 291 putative Pt genes associated with the oxidation–reduction process. Thirty‐seven of these genes encode known proteins. The expressions of five Pt genes, including PtNoxA, PtNoxB, PtNoxR, PtCat and PtSod, were subsequently verified using RT‐qPCR analysis. The results show that the expressions of PtNoxA, PtNoxB, PtNoxR, PtCat and PtSod are up‐regulated during urediniospore germination. In comparison, the expressions of PtNoxA, PtNoxB, PtNoxR and PtCat are down‐regulated during wheat infection from 12 to 120 h after inoculation (HAI), whereas the expression of PtSod is up‐regulated with a peak of expression at 120 HAI. We conclude that ROS are critical for the full virulence of Pt and a coordinate down‐regulation of PtNox genes may be important for successful infection in wheat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiben Wang
- Morden Research & Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 101 Route 100, Morden, Manitoba, R6M 1Y5, Canada
| | - Mingzhe Z Che
- Morden Research & Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 101 Route 100, Morden, Manitoba, R6M 1Y5, Canada.,Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, People's Republic of China
| | - Hala B Khalil
- Summerland Research & Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland, British Columbia, V0H 1Z0, Canada.,Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, 68 Hadayek Shoubra, Postal code, Cairo, 11241, Egypt
| | - Brent D McCallum
- Morden Research & Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 101 Route 100, Morden, Manitoba, R6M 1Y5, Canada
| | - Guus Bakkeren
- Summerland Research & Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland, British Columbia, V0H 1Z0, Canada
| | - Christof Rampitsch
- Morden Research & Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 101 Route 100, Morden, Manitoba, R6M 1Y5, Canada
| | - Barry J Saville
- Forensic Science Program Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, K9J 7B8, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Tang C, Li T, Klosterman SJ, Tian C, Wang Y. The bZIP transcription factor VdAtf1 regulates virulence by mediating nitrogen metabolism in Verticillium dahliae. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 226:1461-1479. [PMID: 32040203 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The fungus Verticillium dahliae causes vascular wilt disease on hundreds of plant species. Homologs of the bZIP transcription factor Atf1 are required for virulence in most pathogenic fungi, but the molecular basis for their involvement is largely unknown. We performed targeted gene deletion, expression analysis, biochemistry and pathogenicity assays to demonstrate that VdAtf1 governs pathogenesis via the regulation of nitrosative resistance and nitrogen metabolism in V. dahliae. VdAtf1 controls pathogenesis via the regulation of nitric oxide (NO) resistance and inorganic nitrogen metabolism rather than oxidative resistance and is important for penetration peg formation in V. dahliae. VdAtf1 affects ammonium and nitrate assimilation in response to various nitrogen sources. VdAtf1 may be involved in regulating the expression of VdNut1. VdAtf1 responds to NO stress by strengthening the fungal cell wall, and by causing over-accumulation of methylglyoxal and glycerol, which in turn impacts NO detoxification. We also verified that the VdAtf1 ortholog in Fusarium graminearum mediates nitrogen metabolism, suggesting conservation of this function in related plant pathogenic fungi. Our findings revealed new functions of VdAtf1 in pathogenesis, response to nitrosative stress and nitrogen metabolism in V. dahliae. The results provide novel insights into the regulatory mechanisms of the transcription factor VdAtf1 in virulence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Tang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Tianyu Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Steven J Klosterman
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Crop Improvement and Protection Research Unit, Salinas, CA, 93905, USA
| | - Chengming Tian
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yonglin Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Wang S, Wu XM, Liu CH, Shang JY, Gao F, Guo HS. Verticillium dahliae chromatin remodeling facilitates the DNA damage repair in response to plant ROS stress. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008481. [PMID: 32298394 PMCID: PMC7188298 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production is one of the earliest responses when plants percept pathogens and acts as antimicrobials to block pathogen entry. However, whether and how pathogens tolerate ROS stress remains elusive. Here, we report the chromatin remodeling in Verticillium dahliae, a soil-borne pathogenic fungus that causes vascular wilts of a wide range of plants, facilitates the DNA damage repair in response to plant ROS stress. We identified VdDpb4, encoding a histone-fold protein of the ISW2 chromatin remodeling complex in V. dahliae, is a virulence gene. The reduced virulence in wild type Arabidopsis plants arising from VdDpb4 deletion was impaired in the rbohd mutant plants that did not produce ROS. Further characterization of VdDpb4 and its interacting protein, VdIsw2, an ATP-dependent chromatin-remodeling factor, we show that while the depletion of VdIsw2 led to the decondensing of chromatin, the depletion of VdDpb4 resulted in a more compact chromatin structure and affected the VdIsw2-dependent transcriptional effect on gene expression, including genes involved in DNA damage repair. A knockout mutant of either VdDpb4 or VdIsw2 reduced the efficiency of DNA repair in the presence of DNA-damaging agents and virulence during plant infection. Together, our data demonstrate that VdDpb4 and VdIsw2 play roles in maintaining chromatin structure for positioning nucleosomes and transcription regulation, including genes involved in DNA repair in response to ROS stress during development and plant infection. ROS production is one of the earliest responses after the perception of pathogen-associated molecular patterns by plant transmembrane immune receptors, and dependent on the respiratory burst oxidase homolog (RBOH). ROS cause DNA oxidative damage and acts as antimicrobials to block pathogen entry. In this study, we found that chromatin remodeling components, including VdDpb4 and its interacting protein, VdIsw2, are essential for the V. dahliae tolerant in response to ROS stress during development and plant infection. Assays of the accessibility of bulk chromatin suggest that VdDpb4 plays an important role in maintaining a more “open” and accessible chromatin landscape, while VdIsw2 plays an antagonistic role in balancing chromatin structure. Abnormality of nucleosome repositioning by depletion of either protein is harmful to the fungus during DNA repair in response to ROS stress during development and plant infection. We further found that VdDpb4 is required for VdIsw2 to bind to gene promoters for appropriate RNA polymerase II transcription. Taken together, our data demonstrate that VdDpb4 is required for the location of ISW2 on DNA and VdIsw2-dependent transcriptional regulation of gene expression; and provide the first example and essential information for further investigation of chromatin-associated complexes in pathogenic fungi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Shenzhen Baoan Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xue-Ming Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chuan-Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing-Yun Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hui-Shan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Long L, Xu FC, Zhao JR, Li B, Xu L, Gao W. GbMPK3 overexpression increases cotton sensitivity to Verticillium dahliae by regulating salicylic acid signaling. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 292:110374. [PMID: 32005380 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The soil-born vascular disease Verticillium wilt, which is caused by fungal pathogen Verticillium dahliae, is a devastating disease of cotton worldwide. In the last decade, a large number of genes have been found to participate in cotton-V. dahliae interactions, but the detailed mechanisms of cotton resistance to V. dahliae remain unclear. Here, we functionally characterized MPK3, a MAPK gene from cotton. MPK3 was induced in the roots of both resistant and susceptible cotton cultivars by V. dahliae inoculation. Transgenic cotton and tobacco with constitutively higher GbMPK3 expression conferred higher V. dahliae susceptibility, while MPK3 knockdown in cotton has limited effect on cotton resistance to V. dahliae. Expression profiling revealed that SA-mediated defense pathway genes (WRKY70, PR1, and PR5) accumulated after V. dahliae inoculation in roots of both wild-type and transgenic cotton, and the expression levels of these genes were higher in GbMPK3-overexpressing plants than in wild-type plants, indicating that GbMPK3 upregulation may reduce plant resistance to V. dahliae through regulating salicylic acid signaling transduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Long
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, PR China
| | - Fu-Chun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, PR China
| | - Jing-Ruo Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, PR China
| | - Bing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, PR China
| | - Li Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430062, PR China
| | - Wei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|