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Bootz A, Reuter N, Nimmerjahn F, Britt WJ, Mach M, Winkler TH. Functional Fc receptors are crucial in antibody-mediated protection against cytomegalovirus. Eur J Immunol 2024:e2451044. [PMID: 39014923 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202451044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus is a medically important pathogen. Previously, using murine CMV (MCMV), we provided evidence that both neutralizing and nonneutralizing antibodies can confer protection from viral infection in vivo. In this study, we report that serum derived from infected animals had a greater protective capacity in MCMV-infected RAG-/- mice than serum from animals immunized with purified virus. The protective activity of immune serum was strictly dependent on functional Fcγ receptors (FcγR). Deletion of individual FcγRs or combined deletion of FcγRI and FcγRIV had little impact on the protection afforded by serum. Adoptive transfer of CD115-positive cells from noninfected donors demonstrated that monocytes represent important cellular mediators of the protective activity provided by immune serum. Our studies suggest that Fc-FcγR interactions and monocytic cells are critical for antibody-mediated protection against MCMV infection in vivo. These findings may provide new avenues for the development of novel strategies for more effective CMV vaccines or antiviral immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bootz
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nina Reuter
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Falk Nimmerjahn
- Division of Genetics, Department Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - William J Britt
- Departments of Pediatrics, Microbiology and Neurobiology, Children's Hospital of Alabama, School of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Michael Mach
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas H Winkler
- Division of Genetics, Department Biology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center of Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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2
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Menschikowski H, Bednar C, Kübel S, Hermann M, Bauer L, Thomas M, Cordsmeier A, Ensser A. Evaluation of Bispecific T-Cell Engagers Targeting Murine Cytomegalovirus. Viruses 2024; 16:869. [PMID: 38932161 PMCID: PMC11209133 DOI: 10.3390/v16060869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus is a ubiquitous herpesvirus that, while latent in most individuals, poses a great risk to immunocompromised patients. In contrast to directly acting traditional antiviral drugs, such as ganciclovir, we aim to emulate a physiological infection control using T cells. For this, we constructed several bispecific T-cell engager (BiTE) constructs targeting different viral glycoproteins of the murine cytomegalovirus and evaluated them in vitro for their efficacy. To isolate the target specific effect without viral immune evasion, we established stable reporter cell lines expressing the viral target glycoprotein B, and the glycoprotein complexes gN-gM and gH-gL, as well as nano-luciferase (nLuc). First, we evaluated binding capacities using flow cytometry and established killing assays, measuring nLuc-release upon cell lysis. All BiTE constructs proved to be functional mediators for T-cell recruitment and will allow a proof of concept for this treatment option. This might pave the way for strikingly safer immunosuppression in vulnerable patient groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Armin Ensser
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (H.M.); (S.K.); (M.H.); (A.C.)
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3
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Mader K, Dustin LB. Beyond bNAbs: Uses, Risks, and Opportunities for Therapeutic Application of Non-Neutralising Antibodies in Viral Infection. Antibodies (Basel) 2024; 13:28. [PMID: 38651408 PMCID: PMC11036282 DOI: 10.3390/antib13020028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The vast majority of antibodies generated against a virus will be non-neutralising. However, this does not denote an absence of protective capacity. Yet, within the field, there is typically a large focus on antibodies capable of directly blocking infection (neutralising antibodies, NAbs) of either specific viral strains or multiple viral strains (broadly-neutralising antibodies, bNAbs). More recently, a focus on non-neutralising antibodies (nNAbs), or neutralisation-independent effects of NAbs, has emerged. These can have additive effects on protection or, in some cases, be a major correlate of protection. As their name suggests, nNAbs do not directly neutralise infection but instead, through their Fc domains, may mediate interaction with other immune effectors to induce clearance of viral particles or virally infected cells. nNAbs may also interrupt viral replication within infected cells. Developing technologies of antibody modification and functionalisation may lead to innovative biologics that harness the activities of nNAbs for antiviral prophylaxis and therapeutics. In this review, we discuss specific examples of nNAb actions in viral infections where they have known importance. We also discuss the potential detrimental effects of such responses. Finally, we explore new technologies for nNAb functionalisation to increase efficacy or introduce favourable characteristics for their therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lynn B. Dustin
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK;
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Slovakova M, Janovska S, Sleha R, Radochova V, Hatala A, Mannova N, Metelka R, Pudelka L, Bostik P. Nasal Immunization Using Chitosan Nanoparticles with Glycoprotein B of Murine Cytomegalovirus. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 34:663-672. [PMID: 38303144 PMCID: PMC11016792 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2308.08008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
The use of nanoparticles as a delivery system for a specific antigen could solve many limitations of mucosal vaccine applications, such as low immunogenicity, or antigen protection and stabilization. In this study, we tested the ability of nasally administered chitosan nanoparticles loaded with glycoprotein B of murine cytomegalovirus to induce an immune response in an animal model. The choice of chitosan nanoparticle type was made by in vitro evaluation of sorption efficiency and antigen release. Three types of chitosan nanoparticles were prepared: crosslinked with tripolyphosphate, coated with hyaluronic acid, and in complex with polycaprolactone. The hydrodynamic size of the nanoparticles by dynamic light scattering, zeta potential, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, stability, loading efficiency, and release kinetics with ovalbumin were evaluated. Balb/c mice were immunized intranasally using the three-dose protocol with nanoparticles, gB, and adjuvants Poly(I:C) and CpG ODN. Subsequently, the humoral and cell-mediated antigen-specific immune response was determined. On the basis of the properties of the tested nanoparticles, the cross-linked nanoparticles were considered optimal for further investigation. The results show that nanoparticles with Poly(I:C) and with gB alone raised IgG antibody levels above the negative control. In the case of mucosal IgA, only gB alone weakly induced the production of IgA antibodies compared to saline-immunized mice. The number of activated cells increased slightly in mice immunized with nanoparticles and gB compared to those immunized with gB alone or to negative control. The results demonstrated that chitosan nanoparticles could have potential in the development of mucosal vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Slovakova
- University of Defence, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Hradec Kralove 50001, Czech Republic
- University of Pardubice, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Pardubice 53201, Czech Republic
| | - Sylva Janovska
- University of Defence, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Hradec Kralove 50001, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Sleha
- University of Defence, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Hradec Kralove 50001, Czech Republic
- Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove 50001, Czech Republic
| | - Vera Radochova
- University of Defence, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Hradec Kralove 50001, Czech Republic
| | - Alexandra Hatala
- University of Pardubice, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Pardubice 53201, Czech Republic
| | - Nikola Mannova
- University of Pardubice, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Pardubice 53201, Czech Republic
| | - Radovan Metelka
- University of Pardubice, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Pardubice 53201, Czech Republic
| | - Ludovit Pudelka
- University of Defence, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Hradec Kralove 50001, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Bostik
- University of Defence, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Hradec Kralove 50001, Czech Republic
- Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove 50001, Czech Republic
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Wang HY, Li L, Nelson CS, Barfield R, Valencia S, Chan C, Muramatsu H, Lin PJC, Pardi N, An Z, Weissman D, Permar SR. Multivalent cytomegalovirus glycoprotein B nucleoside modified mRNA vaccines did not demonstrate a greater antibody breadth. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:38. [PMID: 38378950 PMCID: PMC10879498 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00821-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) remains the most common congenital infection and infectious complication in immunocompromised patients. The most successful HCMV vaccine to date, an HCMV glycoprotein B (gB) subunit vaccine adjuvanted with MF59, achieved 50% efficacy against primary HCMV infection. A previous study demonstrated that gB/MF59 vaccinees were less frequently infected with HCMV gB genotype strains most similar to the vaccine strain than strains encoding genetically distinct gB genotypes, suggesting strain-specific immunity accounted for the limited efficacy. To determine whether vaccination with multiple HCMV gB genotypes could increase the breadth of anti-HCMV gB humoral and cellular responses, we immunized 18 female rabbits with monovalent (gB-1), bivalent (gB-1+gB-3), or pentavalent (gB-1+gB-2+gB-3+gB-4+gB-5) gB lipid nanoparticle-encapsulated nucleoside-modified RNA (mRNA-LNP) vaccines. The multivalent vaccine groups did not demonstrate a higher magnitude or breadth of the IgG response to the gB ectodomain or cell-associated gB compared to that of the monovalent vaccine. Also, the multivalent vaccines did not show an increase in the breadth of neutralization activity and antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis against HCMV strains encoding distinct gB genotypes. Interestingly, peripheral blood mononuclear cell-derived gB-2-specific T-cell responses elicited by multivalent vaccines were of a higher magnitude compared to that of monovalent vaccinated animals against a vaccine-mismatched gB genotype at peak immunogenicity. Yet, no statistical differences were observed in T cell response against gB-3 and gB-5 variable regions among the three vaccine groups. Our data suggests that the inclusion of multivalent gB antigens is not an effective strategy to increase the breadth of anti-HCMV gB antibody and T cell responses. Understanding how to increase the HCMV vaccine protection breadth will be essential to improve the vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsuan-Yuan Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Duke University Medical Center, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Leike Li
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Takeda Pharmaceutical, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Cody S Nelson
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Richard Barfield
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Sarah Valencia
- Duke University Medical Center, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Cliburn Chan
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Hiromi Muramatsu
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Paulo J C Lin
- Acuitas Therapeutics, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Norbert Pardi
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Zhiqiang An
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Drew Weissman
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Sallie R Permar
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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6
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Jin Y, He Y, Liu B, Zhang X, Song C, Wu Y, Hu W, Yan Y, Chen N, Ding Y, Ou Y, Wu Y, Zhang M, Xing S. Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals the dynamics and heterogeneity of lymph node immune cells during acute and chronic viral infections. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1341985. [PMID: 38352870 PMCID: PMC10863051 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1341985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The host immune response determines the differential outcome of acute or chronic viral infections. The comprehensive comparison of lymphoid tissue immune cells at the single-cell level between acute and chronic viral infections is largely insufficient. Methods To explore the landscape of immune responses to acute and chronic viral infections, single-cell RNA sequencing(scRNA-seq), scTCR-seq and scBCR-seq were utilized to evaluate the longitudinal dynamics and heterogeneity of lymph node CD45+ immune cells in mouse models of acute (LCMV Armstrong) and chronic (LCMV clone 13) viral infections. Results In contrast with acute viral infection, chronic viral infection distinctly induced more robust NK cells and plasma cells at the early stage (Day 4 post-infection) and acute stage (Day 8 post-infection), respectively. Moreover, chronic viral infection exerted decreased but aberrantly activated plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) at the acute phase. Simultaneously, there were significantly increased IgA+ plasma cells (MALT B cells) but differential usage of B-cell receptors in chronic infection. In terms of T-cell responses, Gzma-high effector-like CD8+ T cells were significantly induced at the early stage in chronic infection, which showed temporally reversed gene expression throughout viral infection and the differential usage of the most dominant TCR clonotype. Chronic infection also induced more robust CD4+ T cell responses, including follicular helper T cells (Tfh) and regulatory T cells (Treg). In addition, chronic infection compromised the TCR diversity in both CD8+ and CD4+ T cells. Discussion In conclusion, gene expression and TCR/BCR immune repertoire profiling at the single-cell level in this study provide new insights into the dynamic and differential immune responses to acute and chronic viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubei Jin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yudan He
- School of Pharmacy, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Bing Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Caimei Song
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yunchen Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenjing Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yiwen Yan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Nuo Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yingying Ding
- Department of Life Sciences, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ou
- Department of Life Sciences, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Yixiu Wu
- Department of Life Sciences, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Mingxia Zhang
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, The Third People’s Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Shaojun Xing
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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7
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Langley JM, Gantt S, Halperin SA, Ward B, McNeil S, Ye L, Cai Y, Smith B, Anderson DE, Mitoma FD. An enveloped virus-like particle alum-adjuvanted cytomegalovirus vaccine is safe and immunogenic: A first-in-humans Canadian Immunization Research Network (CIRN) study. Vaccine 2024; 42:713-722. [PMID: 38142214 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the most common cause of congenital infection and affected children often have permanent neurodevelopmental sequelae, including hearing loss and intellectual disability. Vaccines to prevent transmission of CMV during pregnancy are a public health priority. This first-in-humans dose-ranging, randomized, placebo-controlled, observer-blinded study evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of an enveloped virus-like particle (eVLP) vaccine expressing a modified form of the CMV glycoprotein B (gB). METHODS Healthy CMV-seronegative 18 to 40-year-olds at 3 Canadian study sites were randomized to one of 4 dose formulations (0.5 µg, 1 µg, or 2 µg gB content with alum) or 1 µg gB without alum, or placebo, given intramuscularly on days 0, 56 and 168. Outcome measures were solicited and unsolicited adverse events (AE), severe AE, gB and AD-2 epitope binding antibody titers and avidity, and neutralizing antibody (nAb) titers to CMV measured in fibroblast and epithelial cell infection assays. RESULTS Among 125 participants, the most common solicited local and general AEs were pain and headache, respectively. A dose-dependent increase in gB binding, avidity and nAb titers was observed after doses 2 and 3, with the highest titers in the alum-adjuvanted 2.0 µg dose recipients after the third dose; in the latter 24 % had responses to the broadly neutralizing AD-2 epitope. Neutralizing activity to CMV infection of fibroblasts was seen in 100 % of 2.0 µg alum-adjuvanted dose recipients, and to epithelial cell infection in 31 %. Epithelial cell nAb titers were positively correlated with higher geometric mean CMV gB binding titers. CONCLUSIONS An eVLP CMV vaccine was immunogenic in healthy CMV-seronegative adults and no safety signals were seen. Alum adjuvantation increased immunogenicity as did higher antigen content and a three dose schedule. This phase 1 trial supports further development of this eVLP CMV vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne M Langley
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, (Dalhousie University, IWK Health Centre and the Nova Scotia Health Authority), Canada; Departments of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia, Canada; Community Health and Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia, Canada.
| | - Soren Gantt
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre and the Departments of Microbiology and Pediatrics, University of Montreal (formerly at the Vaccine Evaluation Center, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC at the time of the study), Canada
| | - Scott A Halperin
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, (Dalhousie University, IWK Health Centre and the Nova Scotia Health Authority), Canada; Departments of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia, Canada; Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Brian Ward
- McGill University Health Centre Vaccine Study Centre, Montreal, PQ, Canada
| | - Shelly McNeil
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, (Dalhousie University, IWK Health Centre and the Nova Scotia Health Authority), Canada; Departments of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia, Canada; Community Health and Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Lingyun Ye
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, (Dalhousie University, IWK Health Centre and the Nova Scotia Health Authority), Canada
| | - Yun Cai
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, (Dalhousie University, IWK Health Centre and the Nova Scotia Health Authority), Canada
| | - Bruce Smith
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, (Dalhousie University, IWK Health Centre and the Nova Scotia Health Authority), Canada
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Yu D, Wagner S, Schütz M, Jeon Y, Seo M, Kim J, Brückner N, Kicuntod J, Tillmanns J, Wangen C, Hahn F, Kaufer BB, Neipel F, Eickhoff J, Klebl B, Nam K, Marschall M. An Antiherpesviral Host-Directed Strategy Based on CDK7 Covalently Binding Drugs: Target-Selective, Picomolar-Dose, Cross-Virus Reactivity. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:158. [PMID: 38399219 PMCID: PMC10892818 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16020158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The repertoire of currently available antiviral drugs spans therapeutic applications against a number of important human pathogens distributed worldwide. These include cases of the pandemic severe acute respiratory coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19), human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1 or AIDS), and the pregnancy- and posttransplant-relevant human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). In almost all cases, approved therapies are based on direct-acting antivirals (DAAs), but their benefit, particularly in long-term applications, is often limited by the induction of viral drug resistance or side effects. These issues might be addressed by the additional use of host-directed antivirals (HDAs). As a strong input from long-term experiences with cancer therapies, host protein kinases may serve as HDA targets of mechanistically new antiviral drugs. The study demonstrates such a novel antiviral strategy by targeting the major virus-supportive host kinase CDK7. Importantly, this strategy focuses on highly selective, 3D structure-derived CDK7 inhibitors carrying a warhead moiety that mediates covalent target binding. In summary, the main experimental findings of this study are as follows: (1) the in vitro verification of CDK7 inhibition and selectivity that confirms the warhead covalent-binding principle (by CDK-specific kinase assays), (2) the highly pronounced antiviral efficacies of the hit compounds (in cultured cell-based infection models) with half-maximal effective concentrations that reach down to picomolar levels, (3) a particularly strong potency of compounds against strains and reporter-expressing recombinants of HCMV (using infection assays in primary human fibroblasts), (4) additional activity against further herpesviruses such as animal CMVs and VZV, (5) unique mechanistic properties that include an immediate block of HCMV replication directed early (determined by Western blot detection of viral marker proteins), (6) a substantial drug synergism in combination with MBV (measured by a Loewe additivity fixed-dose assay), and (7) a strong sensitivity of clinically relevant HCMV mutants carrying MBV or ganciclovir resistance markers. Combined, the data highlight the huge developmental potential of this host-directed antiviral targeting concept utilizing covalently binding CDK7 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- DongHoon Yu
- Qurient Co., Ltd., C-Dong, 242 Pangyo-ro, C801 Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si 13487, Republic of Korea
| | - Sabrina Wagner
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virolosgy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schlossgarten 4, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Schütz
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virolosgy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schlossgarten 4, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Yeejin Jeon
- Qurient Co., Ltd., C-Dong, 242 Pangyo-ro, C801 Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si 13487, Republic of Korea
| | - Mooyoung Seo
- Qurient Co., Ltd., C-Dong, 242 Pangyo-ro, C801 Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si 13487, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeseung Kim
- Qurient Co., Ltd., C-Dong, 242 Pangyo-ro, C801 Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si 13487, Republic of Korea
| | - Nadine Brückner
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virolosgy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schlossgarten 4, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jintawee Kicuntod
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virolosgy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schlossgarten 4, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julia Tillmanns
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virolosgy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schlossgarten 4, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christina Wangen
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virolosgy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schlossgarten 4, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Friedrich Hahn
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virolosgy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schlossgarten 4, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Benedikt B. Kaufer
- Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Straße 7–13, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Neipel
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virolosgy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schlossgarten 4, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jan Eickhoff
- Lead Discovery Center GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Straße 15, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Bert Klebl
- Lead Discovery Center GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Straße 15, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
- The Norwegian College of Fishery Science UiT, Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Kiyean Nam
- Qurient Co., Ltd., C-Dong, 242 Pangyo-ro, C801 Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si 13487, Republic of Korea
| | - Manfred Marschall
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virolosgy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schlossgarten 4, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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9
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Sun F, Wu Y, Zhang Y, Liu Q, Wang Q, Liu X. An aluminium adjuvant compound with ginseng stem leaf saponins enhances the potency of inactivated Pseudomonas plecoglossicida vaccine in large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 144:109243. [PMID: 37995892 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) farm industry in China suffered from huge economic loss caused by Pseudomonas plecoglossicida infection. Due to multi-antibiotic resistance, efficient vaccines are urgent to be developed to combat this pathogen. In this study, an inactivated vaccine was developed with an aluminium adjuvant (Alum) plus ginseng stem and leaf saponins (GSLS). As a result, the relative percentage survival (RPS) against P. plecoglossicida was up to 67.8 %. Comparatively, RPS of groups that vaccinated with only inactivated vaccine and vaccine containing Alum or Montanide™ 763A as adjuvant were 21.8 %, 32.2 % and 62.1 %, respectively. Assays for total serum protein and serum lysozyme activity in group vaccinated with inactivated vaccine plus Alum + GSLS adjuvant were significantly higher than that in control group. Moreover, specific antibody in serum elicited a rapid and persistent level. According to the expression of some immune related genes, inactivated vaccine plus Alum + GSLS adjuvant induced a stronger cellular immune response which was vital to defend against P. plecoglossicida. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that the compound Alum and GSLS adjuvant is a potential adjuvant system to develop LYC vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yingbo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yuanxing Zhang
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Qin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Maricultured Animal Vaccines, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Qiyao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases of MOA, Shanghai 200237, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Maricultured Animal Vaccines, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases of MOA, Shanghai 200237, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Maricultured Animal Vaccines, Shanghai 200237, China.
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10
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Chandler TL, Yang A, Otero CE, Permar SR, Caddy SL. Protective mechanisms of nonneutralizing antiviral antibodies. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011670. [PMID: 37796829 PMCID: PMC10553219 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies that can bind to viruses but are unable to block infection in cell culture are known as "nonneutralizing antibodies." Such antibodies are nearly universally elicited following viral infection and have been characterized in viral infections such as influenza, rotavirus, cytomegalovirus, HIV, and SARS-CoV-2. It has been widely assumed that these nonneutralizing antibodies do not function in a protective way in vivo and therefore are not desirable targets of antiviral interventions; however, increasing evidence now shows this not to be true. Several virus-specific nonneutralizing antibody responses have been correlated with protection in human studies and also shown to significantly reduce virus replication in animal models. The mechanisms by which many of these antibodies function is only now coming to light. While nonneutralizing antibodies cannot prevent viruses entering their host cell, nonneutralizing antibodies work in the extracellular space to recruit effector proteins or cells that can destroy the antibody-virus complex. Other nonneutralizing antibodies exert their effects inside cells, either by blocking the virus life cycle directly or by recruiting the intracellular Fc receptor TRIM21. In this review, we will discuss the multitude of ways in which nonneutralizing antibodies function against a range of viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tawny L. Chandler
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Agnes Yang
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Claire E. Otero
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York City, New York, United States of America
| | - Sallie R. Permar
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York City, New York, United States of America
| | - Sarah L. Caddy
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
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11
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Cordsmeier A, Bednar C, Kübel S, Bauer L, Ensser A. Re-Analysis of the Widely Used Recombinant Murine Cytomegalovirus MCMV-m157luc Derived from the Bacmid pSM3fr Confirms Its Hybrid Nature. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14102. [PMID: 37762404 PMCID: PMC10531225 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV), and, in particular, recombinant virus derived from MCMV-bacmid pSM3fr, is widely used as the small animal infection model for human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). We sequenced the complete genomes of MCMV strains and recombinants for quality control. However, we noticed deviances from the deposited reference sequences of MCMV-bacmid pSM3fr. This prompted us to re-analyze pSM3fr and reannotate the reference sequence, as well as that for the commonly used MCMV-m157luc reporter virus. A correct reference sequence for this frequently used pSM3fr, containing a repaired version of m129 (MCK-2) and the luciferase gene instead of ORF m157, was constructed. The new reference also contains the original bacmid sequence, and it has a hybrid origin from MCMV strains Smith and K181.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Armin Ensser
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (A.C.); (C.B.); (S.K.); (L.B.)
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12
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Lozano D, Larraga V, Vallet-Regí M, Manzano M. An Overview of the Use of Nanoparticles in Vaccine Development. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:1828. [PMID: 37368258 DOI: 10.3390/nano13121828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines represent one of the most significant advancements in public health since they prevented morbidity and mortality in millions of people every year. Conventionally, vaccine technology focused on either live attenuated or inactivated vaccines. However, the application of nanotechnology to vaccine development revolutionized the field. Nanoparticles emerged in both academia and the pharmaceutical industry as promising vectors to develop future vaccines. Regardless of the striking development of nanoparticles vaccines research and the variety of conceptually and structurally different formulations proposed, only a few of them advanced to clinical investigation and usage in the clinic so far. This review covered some of the most important developments of nanotechnology applied to vaccine technologies in the last few years, focusing on the successful race for the preparation of lipid nanoparticles employed in the successful anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Lozano
- Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre i + 12, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente Larraga
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Unidad de Desarrollo de Fármacos Biológicos, Inmunológicos y Químicos para la Salud Global (BICS), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CIBMS-CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Vallet-Regí
- Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre i + 12, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Manzano
- Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre i + 12, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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13
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Seefried M, Hundhausen N, Kroeger I, Büttner-Herold M, Hoffmann P, Edinger M, Ullrich E, Berberich-Siebelt F, Britt WJ, Mach M, Winkler TH. Murine cytomegalovirus reactivation concomitant with acute graft-versus-host disease is controlled by antibodies. JCI Insight 2023; 8:149648. [PMID: 36719764 PMCID: PMC10077468 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.149648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactivation of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) from latency is a frequent complication following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). The development of acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a significant risk factor for HCMV disease. Using a murine GVHD model in animals latently infected with murine CMV (MCMV), we studied preventive and therapeutic interventions in this high-risk scenario of HSCT. Mice latently infected with MCMV experienced reactivated MCMV and developed disseminated MCMV infection concomitant with the manifestations of GVHD. Dissemination was accompanied by accelerated mortality. We demonstrate that MCMV reactivation and dissemination was modulated by MCMV-specific antibodies, thus demonstrating in vivo protective activity of antiviral antibodies. However, the efficacy of serum therapy required repetitive doses of high-titer immune serum secondary to the shortened serum half-life of IgG in animals with GVHD. In a complementary approach, treatment of GVHD by adoptive transfer of donor-derived Tregs facilitated production of MCMV-specific antibodies from newly developing donor-derived B cells. Together, our findings strongly suggest that antibodies play a major role in controlling recurrent MCMV infection that follows GVHD, and they argue for reassessing the potential of antibody treatments as well as therapeutic strategies that enhance de novo antibody development against HCMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Seefried
- Department of Biology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center for Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Irena Kroeger
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Petra Hoffmann
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany and LIT - Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Edinger
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany and LIT - Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Evelyn Ullrich
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital, Erlangen, Germany.,Experimental Immunology, Department for Children and Adolescents Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - William J Britt
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Michael Mach
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas H Winkler
- Department of Biology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center for Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
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14
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Gomes AC, Baraniak IA, Lankina A, Moulder Z, Holenya P, Atkinson C, Tang G, Mahungu T, Kern F, Griffiths PD, Reeves MB. The cytomegalovirus gB/MF59 vaccine candidate induces antibodies against an antigenic domain controlling cell-to-cell spread. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1041. [PMID: 36823200 PMCID: PMC9950427 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36683-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination against human cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection remains high priority. A recombinant form of a protein essential for CMV entry, glycoprotein B (gB), demonstrated partial protection in a clinical trial (NCT00299260) when delivered with the MF59 adjuvant. Although the antibody titre against gB correlated with protection poor neutralising responses against the 5 known antigenic domains (AD) of gB were evident. Here, we show that vaccination of CMV seronegative patients induces an antibody response against a region of gB we term AD-6. Responses to the polypeptide AD-6 are detected in >70% of vaccine recipients yet in <5% of naturally infected people. An AD-6 antibody binds to gB and to infected cells but not the virion directly. Consistent with this, the AD-6 antibody is non-neutralising but, instead, prevents cell-cell spread of CMV in vitro. The discovery of AD-6 responses has the potential to explain part of the protection mediated by gB vaccines against CMV following transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Gomes
- Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, UCL, London, NW3 2PP, United Kingdom
| | - I A Baraniak
- Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, UCL, London, NW3 2PP, United Kingdom
| | - A Lankina
- Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, UCL, London, NW3 2PP, United Kingdom
| | - Z Moulder
- Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, UCL, London, NW3 2PP, United Kingdom
| | - P Holenya
- JPT Peptide Technologies GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - C Atkinson
- Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, UCL, London, NW3 2PP, United Kingdom
| | - G Tang
- Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, UCL, London, NW3 2PP, United Kingdom
| | - T Mahungu
- Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, UCL, London, NW3 2PP, United Kingdom
| | - F Kern
- JPT Peptide Technologies GmbH, Berlin, Germany
- Experimental Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - P D Griffiths
- Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, UCL, London, NW3 2PP, United Kingdom
| | - M B Reeves
- Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, UCL, London, NW3 2PP, United Kingdom.
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15
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Nuévalos M, García-Ríos E, Mancebo FJ, Martín-Martín C, Pérez-Romero P. Novel monoclonal antibody-based therapies: implications for the treatment and prevention of HCMV disease. Trends Microbiol 2023; 31:480-497. [PMID: 36624009 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2022.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is an important pathogen worldwide. Although HCMV infection is often asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals, it can cause severe or even life-threatening symptoms in immunocompromised patients. Due to limitations of antiviral treatments, it is necessary to search for new therapeutic alternatives. Recent studies have highlighted the contribution of antibodies in protecting against HCMV disease, including neutralizing and non-neutralizing antibodies. Given the immunocompromised target population, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) may represent an alternative to the clinical management of HCMV infection. In this context, we provide a synthesis of recent data revising the literature supporting and arguing about the role of the humoral immunity in controlling HCMV infection. Additionally, we review the state of the art in the development of therapies based on mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Nuévalos
- National Center for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain
| | - Estéfani García-Ríos
- National Center for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain; Department of Science, Universidad Internacional de Valencia-VIU, 46002 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Francisco J Mancebo
- National Center for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain
| | - Clara Martín-Martín
- National Center for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Pérez-Romero
- National Center for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain.
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16
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Okamoto M, Kurino R, Miura R, Takada K. A fully human neutralizing monoclonal antibody targeting a highly conserved epitope of the human cytomegalovirus glycoprotein B. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285672. [PMID: 37192198 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus causes severe diseases in children (by congenital infection) and immunocompromised patients. Treatment with antiviral agents, such as ganciclovir, is limited by their toxicity. In this study, we investigated the effectiveness of a fully human neutralizing monoclonal antibody to inhibit human cytomegalovirus infection and viral cell-to-cell spread. We isolated a potent neutralizing antibody, EV2038 (IgG1 lambda), targeting human cytomegalovirus glycoprotein B using Epstein-Barr virus transformation. This antibody inhibited human cytomegalovirus infection by all four laboratory strains and 42 Japanese clinical isolates, including ganciclovir-resistant isolates, with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) ranging from 0.013 to 0.105 μg/mL, and 90% inhibitory concentration (IC90) ranging from 0.208 to 1.026 μg/mL, in both human embryonic lung fibroblasts (MRC-5) and human retinal pigment epithelial (ARPE-19) cells. Additionally, EV2038 prevented cell-to-cell spread of eight clinical viral isolates, with IC50 values ranging from 1.0 to 3.1 μg/mL, and IC90 values ranging from 13 to 19 μg/mL, in ARPE-19 cells. EV2038 recognized three discontinuous sequences on antigenic domain 1 of glycoprotein B (amino acids 549-560, 569-576, and 625-632), which were highly conserved among 71 clinical isolates from Japan and the United States. Pharmacokinetics study in cynomolgus monkeys suggested the potential efficacy of EV2038 in vivo, the concentration of which in serum remained higher than the IC90 values of cell-to-cell spread until 28 days after intravenous injection of 10 mg/kg EV2038. Our data strongly support EV2038 as a promising candidate and novel alternative for the treatment of human cytomegalovirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miwa Okamoto
- Sapporo Laboratory, EVEC, Inc., Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Rika Kurino
- Sapporo Laboratory, EVEC, Inc., Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Ryu Miura
- Sapporo Laboratory, EVEC, Inc., Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kenzo Takada
- Sapporo Laboratory, EVEC, Inc., Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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17
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Neutralization Epitopes in Trimer and Pentamer Complexes Recognized by Potent Cytomegalovirus-Neutralizing Human Monoclonal Antibodies. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0139322. [PMID: 36342276 PMCID: PMC9784774 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01393-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infects 36% to almost 100% of adults and causes severe complications only in immunocompromised individuals. HCMV viral surface trimeric (gH/gL/gO) and pentameric (gH/gL/UL128/UL130/UL131A) complexes play important roles in HCMV infection and tropism. Here, we isolated and identified a total of four neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) derived from HCMV-seropositive blood donors. Based on their reactivity to HCMV trimer and pentamer, these MAbs can be divided into two groups. MAbs PC0012, PC0014, and PC0035 in group 1 bind both trimer and pentamer and neutralize CMV by interfering with the postattachment steps of CMV entering into cells. These three antibodies recognize antigenic epitopes clustered in a similar area, which are overlapped by the epitope recognized by the known neutralizing antibody MSL-109. MAb PC0034 in group 2 binds only to pentamer and neutralizes CMV by blocking the binding of pentamer to cells. Epitope mapping using pentamer mutants showed that amino acid T94 of the subunit UL128 and K27 of UL131A on the pentamer are key epitope-associated residues recognized by PC0034. This study provides new evidence and insight information on the importance of the development of the CMV pentamer as a CMV vaccine. In addition, these newly identified potent CMV MAbs can be attractive candidates for development as antibody therapeutics for the prevention and treatment of HCMV infection. IMPORTANCE The majority of the global population is infected with HCMV, but severe complications occur only in immunocompromised individuals. In addition, CMV infection is a major cause of birth defects in newborns. Currently, there are still no approved prophylactic vaccines or therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) for clinical use against HCMV infection. This study identified and characterized a panel of four neutralizing MAbs targeting the HCMV pentamer complex with specific aims to identify a key protein(s) and antigenic epitopes in the HCMV pentamer complex. The study also explored the mechanism by which these newly identified antibodies neutralize HCMV in order to design better HCMV vaccines focusing on the pentamer and to provide attractive candidates for the development of effective cocktail therapeutics for the prevention and treatment of HCMV infection.
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18
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Alcolea PJ, Larraga J, Rodríguez-Martín D, Alonso A, Loayza FJ, Rojas JM, Ruiz-García S, Louloudes-Lázaro A, Carlón AB, Sánchez-Cordón PJ, Nogales-Altozano P, Redondo N, Manzano M, Lozano D, Palomero J, Montoya M, Vallet-Regí M, Martín V, Sevilla N, Larraga V. Non-replicative antibiotic resistance-free DNA vaccine encoding S and N proteins induces full protection in mice against SARS-CoV-2. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1023255. [PMID: 36439169 PMCID: PMC9682132 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1023255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 vaccines currently in use have contributed to controlling the COVID-19 pandemic. Notwithstanding, the high mutation rate, fundamentally in the spike glycoprotein (S), is causing the emergence of new variants. Solely utilizing this antigen is a drawback that may reduce the efficacy of these vaccines. Herein we present a DNA vaccine candidate that contains the genes encoding the S and the nucleocapsid (N) proteins implemented into the non-replicative mammalian expression plasmid vector, pPAL. This plasmid lacks antibiotic resistance genes and contains an alternative selectable marker for production. The S gene sequence was modified to avoid furin cleavage (Sfs). Potent humoral and cellular immune responses were observed in C57BL/6J mice vaccinated with pPAL-Sfs + pPAL-N following a prime/boost regimen by the intramuscular route applying in vivo electroporation. The immunogen fully protected K18-hACE2 mice against a lethal dose (105 PFU) of SARS-CoV-2. Viral replication was completely controlled in the lungs, brain, and heart of vaccinated mice. Therefore, pPAL-Sfs + pPAL-N is a promising DNA vaccine candidate for protection from COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro J. Alcolea
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Unidad de Desarrollo de Fármacos Biológicos, Inmunológicos y Químicos para la Salud Global (BICS), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CIBMS-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaime Larraga
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Unidad de Desarrollo de Fármacos Biológicos, Inmunológicos y Químicos para la Salud Global (BICS), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CIBMS-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Rodríguez-Martín
- Grupo de Investigación en Nuevas Estrategias de Control de Patógenos Relevantes en Sanidad Animal, Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Alonso
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Unidad de Desarrollo de Fármacos Biológicos, Inmunológicos y Químicos para la Salud Global (BICS), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CIBMS-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Loayza
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Unidad de Desarrollo de Fármacos Biológicos, Inmunológicos y Químicos para la Salud Global (BICS), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CIBMS-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Rojas
- Grupo de Investigación en Nuevas Estrategias de Control de Patógenos Relevantes en Sanidad Animal, Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Ruiz-García
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Unidad de Desarrollo de Fármacos Biológicos, Inmunológicos y Químicos para la Salud Global (BICS), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CIBMS-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrés Louloudes-Lázaro
- Grupo de Investigación en Nuevas Estrategias de Control de Patógenos Relevantes en Sanidad Animal, Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana B. Carlón
- Grupo de Investigación en Nuevas Estrategias de Control de Patógenos Relevantes en Sanidad Animal, Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro J. Sánchez-Cordón
- Grupo de Investigación en Nuevas Estrategias de Control de Patógenos Relevantes en Sanidad Animal, Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Nogales-Altozano
- Grupo de Investigación en Nuevas Estrategias de Control de Patógenos Relevantes en Sanidad Animal, Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Natalia Redondo
- Inmunología Viral: Terapias y Vacunas. Unidad de Desarrollo de Fármacos Biológicos, Inmunológicos y Químicos para la Salud Global (BICS), Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CIBMS-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Manzano
- Grupo de Investigación en Biomateriales Inteligentes (GIBI), Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas. Facultad de Farmacia. Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital 12 de Octubre i+12, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Lozano
- Grupo de Investigación en Biomateriales Inteligentes (GIBI), Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas. Facultad de Farmacia. Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital 12 de Octubre i+12, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Palomero
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology. Instituto de Neurociencias de castilla y León (INCyL), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), School of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - María Montoya
- Inmunología Viral: Terapias y Vacunas. Unidad de Desarrollo de Fármacos Biológicos, Inmunológicos y Químicos para la Salud Global (BICS), Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CIBMS-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Vallet-Regí
- Grupo de Investigación en Biomateriales Inteligentes (GIBI), Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas. Facultad de Farmacia. Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital 12 de Octubre i+12, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Verónica Martín
- Grupo de Investigación en Nuevas Estrategias de Control de Patógenos Relevantes en Sanidad Animal, Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Noemí Sevilla
- Grupo de Investigación en Nuevas Estrategias de Control de Patógenos Relevantes en Sanidad Animal, Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente Larraga
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Unidad de Desarrollo de Fármacos Biológicos, Inmunológicos y Químicos para la Salud Global (BICS), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CIBMS-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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19
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A Candidate Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibody Inhibits Both HRSV and HMPV Replication in Mice. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10102516. [PMID: 36289776 PMCID: PMC9599547 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) and human respiratory virus (HRSV) are two leading causes of acute respiratory tract infection in young children. While there is no licensed drug against HMPV, the monoclonal antibody (mAb) Palivizumab is approved against HRSV for prophylaxis use only. Novel therapeutics against both viruses are therefore needed. Here, we describe the identification of human mAbs targeting these viruses by using flow cytometry-based cell sorting. One hundred and two antibodies were initially identified from flow cytometry-based cell sorting as binding to the fusion protein from HRSV, HMPV or both. Of those, 95 were successfully produced in plants, purified and characterized for binding activity by ELISA and neutralization assays as well as by inhibition of virus replication in mice. Twenty-two highly reactive mAbs targeting either HRSV or HMPV were isolated. Of these, three mAbs inhibited replication in vivo of a single virus while one mAb could reduce both HRSV and HMPV titers in the lung. Overall, this study identifies several human mAbs with virus-specific therapeutic potential and a unique mAb with inhibitory activities against both HRSV and HMPV.
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20
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Hu X, Wang HY, Otero CE, Jenks JA, Permar SR. Lessons from Acquired Natural Immunity and Clinical Trials to Inform Next-Generation Human Cytomegalovirus Vaccine Development. Annu Rev Virol 2022; 9:491-520. [PMID: 35704747 PMCID: PMC10154983 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-100220-010653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection, the most common cause of congenital disease globally, affecting an estimated 1 million newborns annually, can result in lifelong sequelae in infants, such as sensorineural hearing loss and brain damage. HCMV infection also leads to a significant disease burden in immunocompromised individuals. Hence, an effective HCMV vaccine is urgently needed to prevent infection and HCMV-associated diseases. Unfortunately, despite more than five decades of vaccine development, no successful HCMV vaccine is available. This review summarizes what we have learned from acquired natural immunity, including innate and adaptive immunity; the successes and failures of HCMV vaccine human clinical trials; the progress in related animal models; and the analysis of protective immune responses during natural infection and vaccination settings. Finally, we propose novel vaccine strategies that will harness the knowledge of protective immunity and employ new technology and vaccine concepts to inform next-generation HCMV vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintao Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA;
| | - Hsuan-Yuan Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA;
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Claire E Otero
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA;
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jennifer A Jenks
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sallie R Permar
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA;
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21
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Pidiyar V, Kumraj G, Ahmed K, Ahmed S, Shah S, Majumder P, Verma B, Pathak S, Mukherjee S. COVID-19 management landscape: A need for an affordable platform to manufacture safe and efficacious biotherapeutics and prophylactics for the developing countries. Vaccine 2022; 40:5302-5312. [PMID: 35914959 PMCID: PMC9148927 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.05.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
To gain world-wide control over COVID-19 pandemic, it is necessary to have affordable and accessible vaccine and monoclonal antibody technologies across the globe. In comparison to the western countries, Asian and African countries have less percentage of vaccination done which warrants urgent attention. Global manufacturer production capacities, dependency on advanced nations for the supply of vaccines or the raw material, national economy, limited research facilities, and logistics could be the factors. This review article elaborates the existing therapeutic and prophylactic strategies available for COVID-19, currently adopted vaccine and monoclonal antibody platforms for SARS-CoV-2 along with the approaches to bridge the gap prevailing in the challenges faced by low- and middle-income countries. We believe adoption of yeast-derived P. pastoris technology can help in developing safe, proven, easy to scale-up, and affordable recombinant vaccine or monoclonal antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. This platform has the advantage of not requiring a dedicated or specialized facility making it an affordable option using existing manufacturing facilities, without significant additional capital investments. Besides, the technology platform of multiantigen vaccine approach and monoclonal antibody cocktail will serve as effective weapons to combat the threat posed by the SARS-CoV-2 variants. Successful development of vaccines and monoclonal antibodies using such a technology will lead to self-sufficiency of these nations in terms of availability of vaccines and monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vyankatesh Pidiyar
- Techinvention Lifecare Pvt. Ltd. #1004, The Summit Business Park, Off WEH Metro Station, Andheri Kurla Road, Andheri East, Mumbai 400093. India
| | - Ganesh Kumraj
- Techinvention Lifecare Pvt. Ltd. #1004, The Summit Business Park, Off WEH Metro Station, Andheri Kurla Road, Andheri East, Mumbai 400093. India
| | - Kafil Ahmed
- Techinvention Lifecare Pvt. Ltd. #1004, The Summit Business Park, Off WEH Metro Station, Andheri Kurla Road, Andheri East, Mumbai 400093. India
| | - Syed Ahmed
- Techinvention Lifecare Pvt. Ltd. #1004, The Summit Business Park, Off WEH Metro Station, Andheri Kurla Road, Andheri East, Mumbai 400093. India.
| | - Sanket Shah
- Techinvention Lifecare Pvt. Ltd. #1004, The Summit Business Park, Off WEH Metro Station, Andheri Kurla Road, Andheri East, Mumbai 400093. India
| | - Piyali Majumder
- Techinvention Lifecare Pvt. Ltd. #1004, The Summit Business Park, Off WEH Metro Station, Andheri Kurla Road, Andheri East, Mumbai 400093. India
| | - Bhawna Verma
- Techinvention Lifecare Pvt. Ltd. #1004, The Summit Business Park, Off WEH Metro Station, Andheri Kurla Road, Andheri East, Mumbai 400093. India
| | - Sarang Pathak
- Techinvention Lifecare Pvt. Ltd. #1004, The Summit Business Park, Off WEH Metro Station, Andheri Kurla Road, Andheri East, Mumbai 400093. India
| | - Sushmita Mukherjee
- Techinvention Lifecare Pvt. Ltd. #1004, The Summit Business Park, Off WEH Metro Station, Andheri Kurla Road, Andheri East, Mumbai 400093. India
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22
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House RV, Broge TA, Suscovich TJ, Snow DM, Tomic MT, Nonet G, Bajwa K, Zhu G, Martinez Z, Hackett K, Earnhart CG, Dorsey NM, Hopkins SA, Natour DS, Davis HD, Anderson MS, Gainey MR, Cobb RR. Evaluation of strategies to modify Anti-SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibodies for optimal functionality as therapeutics. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267796. [PMID: 35657812 PMCID: PMC9165815 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The current global COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has resulted in a public health crisis with more than 168 million cases reported globally and more than 4.5 million deaths at the time of writing. In addition to the direct impact of the disease, the economic impact has been significant as public health measures to contain or reduce the spread have led to country wide lockdowns resulting in near closure of many sectors of the economy. Antibodies are a principal determinant of the humoral immune response to COVID-19 infections and may have the potential to reduce disease and spread of the virus. The development of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) represents a therapeutic option that can be produced at large quantity and high quality. In the present study, a mAb combination mixture therapy was investigated for its capability to specifically neutralize SARS-CoV-2. We demonstrate that each of the antibodies bind the spike protein and neutralize the virus, preventing it from infecting cells in an in vitro cell-based assay, including multiple viral variants that are currently circulating in the human population. In addition, we investigated the effects of two different mutations in the Fc portion (YTE and LALA) of the antibody on Fc effector function and the ability to alleviate potential antibody-dependent enhancement of disease. These data demonstrate the potential of a combination of two mAbs that target two different epitopes on the SARS-CoV2 spike protein to provide protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans while extending serum half-life and preventing antibody-dependent enhancement of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Doris M. Snow
- Ology Bioservices, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Milan T. Tomic
- Research and Development, Ology Bioservices, Inc., Alameda, CA, United States of America
| | - Genevieve Nonet
- Research and Development, Ology Bioservices, Inc., Alameda, CA, United States of America
| | - Kamaljit Bajwa
- Research and Development, Ology Bioservices, Inc., Alameda, CA, United States of America
| | - Guangyu Zhu
- Research and Development, Ology Bioservices, Inc., Alameda, CA, United States of America
| | - Zachary Martinez
- Research and Development, Ology Bioservices, Inc., Alameda, CA, United States of America
| | - Kyal Hackett
- Ology Bioservices, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Christopher G. Earnhart
- US Department of Defense, Joint Program Executive Office for Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear Defense (JPEO-CBRND), Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Nicole M. Dorsey
- US Department of Defense, Joint Program Executive Office for Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear Defense (JPEO-CBRND), Washington, DC, United States of America
| | | | - Dalia S. Natour
- Battelle Biomedical Research Center, West Jefferson, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Heather D. Davis
- Battelle Biomedical Research Center, West Jefferson, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Michael S. Anderson
- Battelle Biomedical Research Center, West Jefferson, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Melicia R. Gainey
- Battelle Biomedical Research Center, West Jefferson, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ronald R. Cobb
- Process Development, Ology Bioservices, Alachua, FL, United States of America
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23
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Chozinski T, Ferguson BS, Fisher W, Ge S, Gong Q, Kang H, McDermott J, Scott A, Shi W, Trausch JJ, Verch T, Vukovich M, Wang J, Wu JE, Yang Q. Development of an Aptamer-Based Electrochemical Microfluidic Device for Viral Vaccine Quantitation. Anal Chem 2022; 94:6146-6155. [PMID: 35410467 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c05093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Global deployment of vaccines poses significant challenges in the distribution and use of the accompanying immunoassays, one of the standard methods for quality control of vaccines, particularly when establishing assays in countries worldwide to support testing/release upon importation. This work describes our effort toward developing an integrated, portable device to carry out affinity assays for viral particles quantification in viral vaccines by incorporating (i) aptamers, (ii) microfluidic devices, and (iii) electrochemical detection. We generated and characterized more than eight aptamers against multiple membrane proteins of cytomegalovirus (CMV), which we used as a model system and designed and fabricated electrochemical microfluidic devices to measure CMV concentrations in a candidate vaccine under development. The aptamer-based assays provided a half maximal effective concentration, EC50, of 12 U/mL, comparable to that of an ELISA using a pair of antibodies (EC50 60 U/mL). The device measured relative CMV concentrations accurately (within ±10% bias) and precisely (11%, percent relative standard deviation). This work represents the critical first steps toward developing simple, affordable, and robust affinity assays for global deployment without the need for sensitive equipment and extensive analyst training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Chozinski
- Aptitude Medical Systems, 125 Cremona Drive, Suite 100, Goleta, California 93117, United States
| | - B Scott Ferguson
- Aptitude Medical Systems, 125 Cremona Drive, Suite 100, Goleta, California 93117, United States
| | - William Fisher
- Aptitude Medical Systems, 125 Cremona Drive, Suite 100, Goleta, California 93117, United States
| | - Shencheng Ge
- Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Qiang Gong
- Aptitude Medical Systems, 125 Cremona Drive, Suite 100, Goleta, California 93117, United States
| | - Hui Kang
- Aptitude Medical Systems, 125 Cremona Drive, Suite 100, Goleta, California 93117, United States
| | - John McDermott
- Aptitude Medical Systems, 125 Cremona Drive, Suite 100, Goleta, California 93117, United States
| | - Alexander Scott
- Aptitude Medical Systems, 125 Cremona Drive, Suite 100, Goleta, California 93117, United States
| | - Wentao Shi
- Aptitude Medical Systems, 125 Cremona Drive, Suite 100, Goleta, California 93117, United States
| | - Jeremiah J Trausch
- Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Thorsten Verch
- Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Matthew Vukovich
- Aptitude Medical Systems, 125 Cremona Drive, Suite 100, Goleta, California 93117, United States
| | - Jinpeng Wang
- Aptitude Medical Systems, 125 Cremona Drive, Suite 100, Goleta, California 93117, United States
| | - J Emma Wu
- Aptitude Medical Systems, 125 Cremona Drive, Suite 100, Goleta, California 93117, United States
| | - Qin Yang
- Aptitude Medical Systems, 125 Cremona Drive, Suite 100, Goleta, California 93117, United States
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24
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Pardieck IN, van Duikeren S, Veerkamp DMB, Brasem DJ, Redeker A, van Bergen J, Han W, Ossendorp F, Zondag G, Arens R. Dominant Antiviral CD8 + T Cell Responses Empower Prophylactic Antibody-Eliciting Vaccines Against Cytomegalovirus. Front Immunol 2022; 13:680559. [PMID: 35154089 PMCID: PMC8828907 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.680559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is an ubiquitous herpesvirus that can cause serious morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised or immune-immature individuals. A vaccine that induces immunity to CMV in these target populations is therefore highly needed. Previous attempts to generate efficacious CMV vaccines primarily focused on the induction of humoral immunity by eliciting neutralizing antibodies. Current insights encourage that a protective immune response to HCMV might benefit from the induction of virus-specific T cells. Whether addition of antiviral T cell responses enhances the protection by antibody-eliciting vaccines is however unclear. Here, we assessed this query in mouse CMV (MCMV) infection models by developing synthetic vaccines with humoral immunity potential, and deliberately adding antiviral CD8+ T cells. To induce antibodies against MCMV, we developed a DNA vaccine encoding either full-length, membrane bound glycoprotein B (gB) or a secreted variant lacking the transmembrane and intracellular domain (secreted (s)gB). Intradermal immunization with an increasing dose schedule of sgB and booster immunization provided robust viral-specific IgG responses and viral control. Combined vaccination of the sgB DNA vaccine with synthetic long peptides (SLP)-vaccines encoding MHC class I-restricted CMV epitopes, which elicit exclusively CD8+ T cell responses, significantly enhanced antiviral immunity. Thus, the combination of antibody and CD8+ T cell-eliciting vaccines provides a collaborative improvement of humoral and cellular immunity enabling enhanced protection against CMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris N Pardieck
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Dena J Brasem
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Anke Redeker
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Ferry Ossendorp
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Ramon Arens
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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25
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Ishiyama K, Arakawa-Hoyt J, Aguilar OA, Damm I, Towfighi P, Sigdel T, Tamaki S, Babdor J, Spitzer MH, Reed EF, Sarwal MM, Lanier LL. Mass cytometry reveals single-cell kinetics of cytotoxic lymphocyte evolution in CMV-infected renal transplant patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2116588119. [PMID: 35181606 PMCID: PMC8872722 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2116588119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is associated with graft rejection in renal transplantation. Memory-like natural killer (NK) cells expressing NKG2C and lacking FcεRIγ are established during CMV infection. Additionally, CD8+ T cells expressing NKG2C have been observed in some CMV-seropositive patients. However, in vivo kinetics detailing the development and differentiation of these lymphocyte subsets during CMV infection remain limited. Here, we interrogated the in vivo kinetics of lymphocytes in CMV-infected renal transplant patients using longitudinal samples compared with those of nonviremic (NV) patients. Recipient CMV-seropositive (R+) patients had preexisting memory-like NK cells (NKG2C+CD57+FcεRIγ-) at baseline, which decreased in the periphery immediately after transplantation in both viremic and NV patients. We identified a subset of prememory-like NK cells (NKG2C+CD57+FcεRIγlow-dim) that increased during viremia in R+ viremic patients. These cells showed a higher cytotoxic profile than preexisting memory-like NK cells with transient up-regulation of FcεRIγ and Ki67 expression at the acute phase, with the subsequent accumulation of new memory-like NK cells at later phases of viremia. Furthermore, cytotoxic NKG2C+CD8+ T cells and γδ T cells significantly increased in viremic patients but not in NV patients. These three different cytotoxic cells combinatorially responded to viremia, showing a relatively early response in R+ viremic patients compared with recipient CMV-seronegative viremic patients. All viremic patients, except one, overcame viremia and did not experience graft rejection. These data provide insights into the in vivo dynamics and interplay of cytotoxic lymphocytes responding to CMV viremia, which are potentially linked with control of CMV viremia to prevent graft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Ishiyama
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Janice Arakawa-Hoyt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Oscar A Aguilar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Izabella Damm
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Parhom Towfighi
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Tara Sigdel
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Stanley Tamaki
- Parnassus Flow Cytometry Core, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Joel Babdor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Matthew H Spitzer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Elaine F Reed
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Minnie M Sarwal
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Lewis L Lanier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143;
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
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26
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Neutralizing Antibodies Limit Cell-Associated Spread of Human Cytomegalovirus in Epithelial Cells and Fibroblasts. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020284. [PMID: 35215877 PMCID: PMC8875165 DOI: 10.3390/v14020284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) can cause severe clinical disease in immunocompromised individuals, such as allograft recipients and infants infected in utero. Neutralizing activity of antibodies, measured as the ability to prevent the entry of cell-free virus, has been correlated with the reduction in HCMV transmission and the severity of HCMV-associated disease. However, in vivo HCMV amplification may occur mainly via cell-to-cell spread. Thus, quantifying the inhibition of cell-to-cell transmission could be important in the evaluation of therapeutic antibodies and/or humoral responses to infection or immunization. Here, we established a quantitative plaque reduction assay, which allowed for the measurement of the capacity of antibodies to limit HCMV spread in vitro. Using an automated fluorescence spot reader, infection progression was assayed by the expansion of viral plaques during the course of infection with various GFP-expressing viruses. We found that in contrast to non-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), neutralizing mAbs against both glycoprotein B and H (gB and gH) could significantly inhibit viral plaque expansion of different HCMV strains and was equally efficient in fibroblasts as in epithelial cells. In contrast, an anti-pentamer mAb was active only in epithelial cells. Taken together, our data demonstrate that specific anti-HCMV mAbs can significantly limit cell-associated virus spread in vitro.
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27
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Abstract
The worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led to the unprecedented pace of development of multiple vaccines. This review evaluates how adenovirus (Ad) vector platforms have been leveraged in response to this pandemic. Ad vectors have been used in the past for vaccines against other viruses, most notably HIV and Ebola, but they never have been produced, distributed, or administered to humans at such a large scale. Several different serotypes of Ads encoding SARS-CoV-2 Spike have been tested and found to be efficacious against COVID-19. As vaccine rollouts continue and the number of people receiving these vaccines increases, we will continue to learn about this vaccine platform for COVID-19 prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Jacob-Dolan
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA;
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Dan H Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA;
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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28
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Wang W, Wang W, Xu W, Liu Q, Zhang Y, Liu X. Polyactin A and CpG enhance inactivated Pseudomonas plecoglossicida vaccine potency in large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 120:133-138. [PMID: 34780977 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas plecoglossicida is the causative agent of visceral granulomas disease (VGD) in large yellow croaker (LYC, Larimichthys crocea) farming. However, multi-antibiotic resistant of P. plecoglossicida creates an urgent need of an efficient vaccine to combat this pathogen. In this study, an inactivated vaccine added polyactin (PA), CpG-riched plasmid (pCpG) and aluminum adjuvant (Al) was developed. As a result, its relative percentage survival (RPS) against P. plecoglossicida were up to 64%. Comparatively, RPS of groups that vaccinated with vaccines adjuvanted with PA and Al or CpG and Al were 49% and 39%. However, an interesting result that the vaccine combined with PA, CpG and Al did not show the strongest activation of total serum protein and antibody levels in serum among three vaccinated groups. According to expressions of some cellular immune related genes, we found that the inactivated vaccine combined with PA, CpG and Al was more likely to induce a cellular immune response rather than humoral immune response. Totally, our study demonstrated that the mixture of PA, CpG and aluminum adjuvant is a potential adjuvant system for LYC vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Seawater Aquaculture, Zhejiang Marine Aquatic Research Institute, Zhoushan, 316100, China
| | - Wenjun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Seawater Aquaculture, Zhejiang Marine Aquatic Research Institute, Zhoushan, 316100, China
| | - Qin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Maricultured Animal Vaccines, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yuanxing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Maricultured Animal Vaccines, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Maricultured Animal Vaccines, Shanghai, 200237, China.
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29
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Monaghan TM, Duggal NA, Rosati E, Griffin R, Hughes J, Roach B, Yang DY, Wang C, Wong K, Saxinger L, Pučić-Baković M, Vučković F, Klicek F, Lauc G, Tighe P, Mullish BH, Blanco JM, McDonald JAK, Marchesi JR, Xue N, Dottorini T, Acharjee A, Franke A, Li Y, Wong GKS, Polytarchou C, Yau TO, Christodoulou N, Hatziapostolou M, Wang M, Russell LA, Kao DH. A Multi-Factorial Observational Study on Sequential Fecal Microbiota Transplant in Patients with Medically Refractory Clostridioides difficile Infection. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113234. [PMID: 34831456 PMCID: PMC8624539 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is highly effective in recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI); increasing evidence supports FMT in severe or fulminant Clostridioides difficile infection (SFCDI). However, the multifactorial mechanisms that underpin the efficacy of FMT are not fully understood. Systems biology approaches using high-throughput technologies may help with mechanistic dissection of host-microbial interactions. Here, we have undertaken a deep phenomics study on four adults receiving sequential FMT for SFCDI, in which we performed a longitudinal, integrative analysis of multiple host factors and intestinal microbiome changes. Stool samples were profiled for changes in gut microbiota and metabolites and blood samples for alterations in targeted epigenomic, metabonomic, glycomic, immune proteomic, immunophenotyping, immune functional assays, and T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoires, respectively. We characterised temporal trajectories in gut microbial and host immunometabolic data sets in three responders and one non-responder to sequential FMT. A total of 562 features were used for analysis, of which 78 features were identified, which differed between the responders and the non-responder. The observed dynamic phenotypic changes may potentially suggest immunosenescent signals in the non-responder and may help to underpin the mechanisms accompanying successful FMT, although our study is limited by a small sample size and significant heterogeneity in patient baseline characteristics. Our multi-omics integrative longitudinal analytical approach extends the knowledge regarding mechanisms of efficacy of FMT and highlights preliminary novel signatures, which should be validated in larger studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya M. Monaghan
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK;
- Correspondence: (T.M.M.); (M.W.); (L.A.R.); (D.H.K.); Tel.: +115-8231090 (T.M.M.)
| | - Niharika A. Duggal
- MRC-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;
| | - Elisa Rosati
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrecht University of Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (E.R.); (A.F.)
| | - Ruth Griffin
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK;
- Synthetic Biology Research Centre, The University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK;
| | - Jamie Hughes
- Synthetic Biology Research Centre, The University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK;
| | - Brandi Roach
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta; Edmonton, Alberta, AB T6G 2G3, Canada; (B.R.); (D.Y.Y.); (C.W.); (K.W.)
| | - David Y. Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta; Edmonton, Alberta, AB T6G 2G3, Canada; (B.R.); (D.Y.Y.); (C.W.); (K.W.)
| | - Christopher Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta; Edmonton, Alberta, AB T6G 2G3, Canada; (B.R.); (D.Y.Y.); (C.W.); (K.W.)
| | - Karen Wong
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta; Edmonton, Alberta, AB T6G 2G3, Canada; (B.R.); (D.Y.Y.); (C.W.); (K.W.)
| | - Lynora Saxinger
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta; Edmonton, Alberta, AB T6G 2G3, Canada;
| | - Maja Pučić-Baković
- Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Genos Ltd., Borongajska cesta 83H, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.P.-B.); (F.V.); (F.K.); (G.L.)
| | - Frano Vučković
- Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Genos Ltd., Borongajska cesta 83H, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.P.-B.); (F.V.); (F.K.); (G.L.)
| | - Filip Klicek
- Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Genos Ltd., Borongajska cesta 83H, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.P.-B.); (F.V.); (F.K.); (G.L.)
| | - Gordan Lauc
- Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Genos Ltd., Borongajska cesta 83H, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.P.-B.); (F.V.); (F.K.); (G.L.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Paddy Tighe
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK;
| | - Benjamin H. Mullish
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK; (B.H.M.); (J.M.B.); (J.A.K.M.); (J.R.M.)
| | - Jesus Miguens Blanco
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK; (B.H.M.); (J.M.B.); (J.A.K.M.); (J.R.M.)
| | - Julie A. K. McDonald
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK; (B.H.M.); (J.M.B.); (J.A.K.M.); (J.R.M.)
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Julian R. Marchesi
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK; (B.H.M.); (J.M.B.); (J.A.K.M.); (J.R.M.)
| | - Ning Xue
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; (N.X.); (T.D.)
| | - Tania Dottorini
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; (N.X.); (T.D.)
| | - Animesh Acharjee
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Centre for Computational Biology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;
| | - Andre Franke
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrecht University of Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (E.R.); (A.F.)
| | - Yingrui Li
- Shenzhen Digital Life Institute, Shenzhen 518016, China;
| | - Gane Ka-Shu Wong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada;
| | - Christos Polytarchou
- Department of Biosciences, John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, Centre for Health Aging and Understanding Disease, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK; (C.P.); (T.O.Y.); (N.C.); (M.H.)
| | - Tung On Yau
- Department of Biosciences, John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, Centre for Health Aging and Understanding Disease, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK; (C.P.); (T.O.Y.); (N.C.); (M.H.)
| | - Niki Christodoulou
- Department of Biosciences, John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, Centre for Health Aging and Understanding Disease, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK; (C.P.); (T.O.Y.); (N.C.); (M.H.)
| | - Maria Hatziapostolou
- Department of Biosciences, John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, Centre for Health Aging and Understanding Disease, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK; (C.P.); (T.O.Y.); (N.C.); (M.H.)
| | - Minkun Wang
- Shenzhen Digital Life Institute, Shenzhen 518016, China;
- Innovation Lab, Innovent Biologics, Inc., Suzhou 215011, China
- Correspondence: (T.M.M.); (M.W.); (L.A.R.); (D.H.K.); Tel.: +115-8231090 (T.M.M.)
| | - Lindsey A. Russell
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
- Correspondence: (T.M.M.); (M.W.); (L.A.R.); (D.H.K.); Tel.: +115-8231090 (T.M.M.)
| | - Dina H. Kao
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta; Edmonton, Alberta, AB T6G 2G3, Canada; (B.R.); (D.Y.Y.); (C.W.); (K.W.)
- Correspondence: (T.M.M.); (M.W.); (L.A.R.); (D.H.K.); Tel.: +115-8231090 (T.M.M.)
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30
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Neumeier D, Pedrioli A, Genovese A, Sandu I, Ehling R, Hong KL, Papadopoulou C, Agrafiotis A, Kuhn R, Shlesinger D, Robbiani D, Han J, Hauri L, Csepregi L, Greiff V, Merkler D, Reddy ST, Oxenius A, Yermanos A. Profiling the specificity of clonally expanded plasma cells during chronic viral infection by single-cell analysis. Eur J Immunol 2021; 52:297-311. [PMID: 34727578 PMCID: PMC9299196 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202149331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Plasma cells and their secreted antibodies play a central role in the long-term protection against chronic viral infection. However, due to experimental limitations, a comprehensive description of linked genotypic, phenotypic, and antibody repertoire features of plasma cells (gene expression, clonal frequency, virus specificity, and affinity) has been challenging to obtain. To address this, we performed single-cell transcriptome and antibody repertoire sequencing of the murine BM plasma cell population following chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection. Our single-cell sequencing approach recovered full-length and paired heavy- and light-chain sequence information for thousands of plasma cells and enabled us to perform recombinant antibody expression and specificity screening. Antibody repertoire analysis revealed that, relative to protein immunization, chronic infection led to increased levels of clonal expansion, class-switching, and somatic variants. Furthermore, antibodies from the highly expanded and class-switched (IgG) plasma cells were found to be specific for multiple viral antigens and a subset of clones exhibited cross-reactivity to nonviral and autoantigens. Integrating single-cell transcriptome data with antibody specificity suggested that plasma cell transcriptional phenotype was correlated to viral antigen specificity. Our findings demonstrate that chronic viral infection can induce and sustain plasma cell clonal expansion, combined with significant somatic hypermutation, and can generate cross-reactive antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Neumeier
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Ioana Sandu
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roy Ehling
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kai-Lin Hong
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Chrysa Papadopoulou
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Agrafiotis
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland.,Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Raphael Kuhn
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Damiano Robbiani
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jiami Han
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Laura Hauri
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lucia Csepregi
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Victor Greiff
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Doron Merkler
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Division of Clinical Pathology, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sai T Reddy
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Alexander Yermanos
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland.,Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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31
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Albecka A, Clift D, Vaysburd M, Rhinesmith T, Caddy SL, Favara DM, Baxendale HE, James LC. A functional assay for serum detection of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 nucleoprotein. EMBO J 2021; 40:e108588. [PMID: 34323299 PMCID: PMC8408615 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021108588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2 results in antibodies against spike (S) and nucleoprotein (N). However, whilst there are widely available neutralization assays for S antibodies, there is no assay for N-antibody activity. Here, we present a simple in vitro method called EDNA (electroporated-antibody-dependent neutralization assay) that provides a quantitative measure of N-antibody activity in unpurified serum from SARS-CoV-2 convalescents. We show that N antibodies neutralize SARS-CoV-2 intracellularly and cell-autonomously but require the cytosolic Fc receptor TRIM21. Using EDNA, we show that low N-antibody titres can be neutralizing, whilst some convalescents possess serum with high titres but weak activity. N-antibody and N-specific T-cell activity correlates within individuals, suggesting N antibodies may protect against SARS-CoV-2 by promoting antigen presentation. This work highlights the potential benefits of N-based vaccines and provides an in vitro assay to allow the antibodies they induce to be tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Albecka
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular BiologyProtein & Nucleic Acid DivisionCambridgeUK
| | - Dean Clift
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular BiologyProtein & Nucleic Acid DivisionCambridgeUK
| | - Marina Vaysburd
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular BiologyProtein & Nucleic Acid DivisionCambridgeUK
| | - Tyler Rhinesmith
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular BiologyProtein & Nucleic Acid DivisionCambridgeUK
| | - Sarah L Caddy
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular BiologyProtein & Nucleic Acid DivisionCambridgeUK
- CITIIDDepartment of MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - David M Favara
- Department of OncologyAddenbrooke’s HospitalCambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustCambridgeUK
- Department of OncologyThe Queen Elizabeth HospitalThe Queen Elizabeth Hospital King’s Lynn NHS Foundation TrustKings LynnUK
- Department of OncologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | | | - Leo C James
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular BiologyProtein & Nucleic Acid DivisionCambridgeUK
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32
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A Novel Strain-Specific Neutralizing Epitope on Glycoprotein H of Human Cytomegalovirus. J Virol 2021; 95:e0065721. [PMID: 34160252 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00657-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a ubiquitous pathogen that causes severe clinical disease in immunosuppressed patients and congenitally infected newborn infants. Viral envelope glycoproteins represent attractive targets for vaccination or passive immunotherapy. To extend the knowledge of mechanisms of virus neutralization, monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were generated following immunization of mice with HCMV virions. Hybridoma supernatants were screened for in vitro neutralization activity, yielding three potent MAbs, 6E3, 3C11, and 2B10. MAbs 6E3 and 3C11 blocked infection of all viral strains that were tested, while MAb 2B10 neutralized only 50% of the HCMV strains analyzed. Characterization of the MAbs using indirect immunofluorescence analyses demonstrated their reactivity with recombinantly derived gH. While MAbs 6E3 and 3C11 reacted with gH when expressed alone, 2B10 detected gH only when it was coexpressed with gB and gL. Recognition of gH by 3C11 was dependent on the expression of the entire ectodomain of gH, whereas 6E3 required residues 1 to 629 of gH. The strain-specific determinant for neutralization by Mab 2B10 was identified as a single Met→Ile amino acid polymorphism within gH, located within the central part of the protein. The polymorphism is evenly distributed among described HCMV strains. The 2B10 epitope thus represents a novel strain-specific antibody target site on gH of HCMV. The dependence of the reactivity of 2B10 on the simultaneous presence of gB/gH/gL will be of value in the structural definition of this tripartite complex. The 2B10 epitope may also represent a valuable tool for diagnostics to monitor infections/reinfections with different HCMV strains during pregnancy or after transplantation. IMPORTANCE HCMV infections are life threatening to people with compromised or immature immune systems. Understanding the antiviral antibody repertoire induced during HCMV infection is a necessary prerequisite to define protective antibody responses. Here, we report three novel anti-gH MAbs that potently neutralized HCMV infectivity. One of these MAbs (2B10) targets a novel strain-specific conformational epitope on gH that only becomes accessible upon coexpression of the minimal fusion machinery gB/gH/gL. Strain specificity is dependent on a single amino acid polymorphism within gH. Our data highlight the importance of strain-specific neutralizing antibody responses against HCMV. The 2B10 epitope may also represent a valuable tool for diagnostics to monitor infections/reinfections with different HCMV strains during pregnancy or after transplantation. In addition, the dependence of the reactivity of 2B10 on the simultaneous presence of gB/gH/gL will be of value in the structural definition of this tripartite complex.
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33
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Immune Prophylaxis and Therapy for Human Cytomegalovirus Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168728. [PMID: 34445434 PMCID: PMC8395925 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection is widespread and can result in severe sequelae in susceptible populations. Primary HCMV infection of naïve individuals results in life-long latency characterized by frequent and sporadic reactivations. HCMV infection elicits a robust antibody response, including neutralizing antibodies that can block the infection of susceptible cells in vitro and in vivo. Thus, antibody products and vaccines hold great promise for the prevention and treatment of HCMV, but to date, most attempts to demonstrate their safety and efficacy in clinical trials have been unsuccessful. In this review we summarize publicly available data on these products and highlight new developments and approaches that could assist in successful translation of HCMV immunotherapies.
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34
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CARs-A New Perspective to HCMV Treatment. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081563. [PMID: 34452428 PMCID: PMC8402902 DOI: 10.3390/v13081563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), by primary infection or reactivation, represents a great risk for immune-suppressed or compromised patients. In immunocompetent humans, the immune system suppresses the spread of HCMV during an infection, resulting in a mostly asymptomatic or mild course of the disease, whereas in immune suppressed patients, the compromised host immune response cannot control the viral infection. Multiple viral immunomodulatory mechanisms additionally contribute to immune evasion. Use of chimeric antigen receptors (CARs), a treatment strategy adapted from cancer immunotherapy, is investigated for possible application to combat HCMV and other infections in immunocompromised patients. The administration of CAR+ T-cells directed against HCMV antigens can bypass viral immune evasion and may complement existing treatment methods. This review gives a short overview of HCMV, the obstacles of current treatment options as well as a brief introduction to CARs and the current research situation on CAR+ T-cells against HCMV.
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35
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Schoeman D, Fielding BC. Human Coronaviruses: Counteracting the Damage by Storm. Viruses 2021; 13:1457. [PMID: 34452323 PMCID: PMC8402835 DOI: 10.3390/v13081457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past 18 years, three highly pathogenic human (h) coronaviruses (CoVs) have caused severe outbreaks, the most recent causative agent, SARS-CoV-2, being the first to cause a pandemic. Although much progress has been made since the COVID-19 pandemic started, much about SARS-CoV-2 and its disease, COVID-19, is still poorly understood. The highly pathogenic hCoVs differ in some respects, but also share some similarities in clinical presentation, the risk factors associated with severe disease, and the characteristic immunopathology associated with the progression to severe disease. This review aims to highlight these overlapping aspects of the highly pathogenic hCoVs-SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2-briefly discussing the importance of an appropriately regulated immune response; how the immune response to these highly pathogenic hCoVs might be dysregulated through interferon (IFN) inhibition, antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE), and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA); and how these could link to the ensuing cytokine storm. The treatment approaches to highly pathogenic hCoV infections are discussed and it is suggested that a greater focus be placed on T-cell vaccines that elicit a cell-mediated immune response, using rapamycin as a potential agent to improve vaccine responses in the elderly and obese, and the potential of stapled peptides as antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Burtram C. Fielding
- Molecular Biology and Virology Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Biosciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town 7535, South Africa;
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36
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Wang HY, Valencia SM, Pfeifer SP, Jensen JD, Kowalik TF, Permar SR. Common Polymorphisms in the Glycoproteins of Human Cytomegalovirus and Associated Strain-Specific Immunity. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061106. [PMID: 34207868 PMCID: PMC8227702 DOI: 10.3390/v13061106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), one of the most prevalent viruses across the globe, is a common cause of morbidity and mortality for immunocompromised individuals. Recent clinical observations have demonstrated that mixed strain infections are common and may lead to more severe disease progression. This clinical observation illustrates the complexity of the HCMV genome and emphasizes the importance of taking a population-level view of genotypic evolution. Here we review frequently sampled polymorphisms in the glycoproteins of HCMV, comparing the variable regions, and summarizing their corresponding geographic distributions observed to date. The related strain-specific immunity, including neutralization activity and antigen-specific cellular immunity, is also discussed. Given that these glycoproteins are common targets for vaccine design and anti-viral therapies, this observed genetic variation represents an important resource for future efforts to combat HCMV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsuan-Yuan Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA;
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
| | - Sarah M. Valencia
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
| | - Susanne P. Pfeifer
- Center for Evolution & Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA; (S.P.P.); (J.D.J.)
| | - Jeffrey D. Jensen
- Center for Evolution & Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA; (S.P.P.); (J.D.J.)
| | - Timothy F. Kowalik
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA;
| | - Sallie R. Permar
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-212-746-4111
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37
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Vietzen H, Görzer I, Honsig C, Jaksch P, Puchhammer-Stöckl E. Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV)-Specific Antibody Response and Development of Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity Against HCMV After Lung Transplantation. J Infect Dis 2021; 222:417-427. [PMID: 32157310 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) may cause severe infections in lung transplant recipients (LTRs). The impact of the host antibody (AB)-dependent cytotoxicity (ADCC) on HCMV is still unclear. Therefore, we analyzed the AB-response against HCMV glycoprotein B (gB) and the pentameric complex (PC) and the ADCC response in HCMV-seropositive (R+) LTRs and in seronegative recipients of positive organs (D+/R-). METHODS Plasma samples were collected from 35 R+ and 28 D+/R- LTRs for 1 (R+) or 2 (D+/R-) years posttransplantation and from 114 healthy control persons. The PC- and gB-specific ABs were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The ADCC was analyzed by focal expansion assay and CD107 cytotoxicity assay. RESULTS In R+ LTRs, significantly higher gB-specific AB levels developed within 1 year posttransplantation than in controls (immunoglobulin [Ig]G1, P < .001; IgG3, P < .001). In addition, higher levels of ADCC were observed by FEA and CD107 assay in R+ patients compared with controls (P < .001). In 23 D+R- patients, HCMV-specific ABs developed. Antibody-dependent cytotoxicity became detectable 3 months posttransplantation in these, with higher ADCC observed in viremic patients. Depletion of gB- and PC-specific ABs revealed that, in particular, gB-specific Abs were associated with the ADCC response. CONCLUSIONS We show that a strong ADCC is elicited after transplantation and is especially based on gB-specific ABs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Vietzen
- Center for Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Irene Görzer
- Center for Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Claudia Honsig
- Division of Clinical Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Jaksch
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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38
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Boppana SB, Britt WJ. Recent Approaches and Strategies in the Generation of Anti-human Cytomegalovirus Vaccines. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2244:403-463. [PMID: 33555597 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1111-1_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus is the largest human herpesvirus and shares many core features of other herpesviruses such as tightly regulated gene expression during genome replication and latency as well as the establishment of lifelong persistence following infection. In contrast to stereotypic clinical syndromes associated with alpha-herpesvirus infections, almost all primary HCMV infections are asymptomatic and acquired early in life in most populations in the world. Although asymptomatic in most individuals, HCMV is a major cause of disease in hosts with deficits in adaptive and innate immunity such as infants who are infected in utero and allograft recipients following transplantation. Congenital HCMV is a commonly acquired infection in the developing fetus that can result in a number of neurodevelopmental abnormalities. Similarly, HCMV is a major cause of disease in allograft recipients in the immediate and late posttransplant period and is thought to be a major contributor to chronic allograft rejection. Even though HCMV induces robust innate and adaptive immune responses, it also encodes a vast array of immune evasion functions that are thought aid in its persistence. Immune correlates of protective immunity that prevent or modify intrauterine HCMV infection remain incompletely defined but are thought to consist primarily of adaptive responses in the pregnant mother, thus making congenital HCMV a potentially vaccine modifiable disease. Similarly, HCMV infection in allograft recipients is often more severe in recipients without preexisting adaptive immunity to HCMV. Thus, there has been a considerable effort to modify HCMV specific immunity in transplant recipient either through active immunization or passive transfer of adaptive effector functions. Although efforts to develop an efficacious vaccine and/or passive immunotherapy to limit HCMV disease have been underway for nearly six decades, most have met with limited success at best. In contrast to previous efforts, current HCMV vaccine development has relied on observations of unique properties of HCMV in hopes of reproducing immune responses that at a minimum will be similar to that following natural infection. However, more recent findings have suggested that immunity following naturally acquired HCMV infection may have limited protective activity and almost certainly, is not sterilizing. Such observations suggest that either the induction of natural immunity must be specifically tailored to generate protective activity or alternatively, that providing targeted passive immunity to susceptible populations could be prove to be more efficacious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh B Boppana
- Departments of Pediatrics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Departments of Microbiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - William J Britt
- Departments of Pediatrics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA. .,Departments of Microbiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA. .,Departments of Neurobiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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39
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Fisher MA, Lloyd ML. A Review of Murine Cytomegalovirus as a Model for Human Cytomegalovirus Disease-Do Mice Lie? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010214. [PMID: 33379272 PMCID: PMC7795257 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Since murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) was first described in 1954, it has been used to model human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) diseases. MCMV is a natural pathogen of mice that is present in wild mice populations and has been associated with diseases such as myocarditis. The species-specific nature of HCMV restricts most research to cell culture-based studies or to the investigation of non-invasive clinical samples, which may not be ideal for the study of disseminated disease. Initial MCMV research used a salivary gland-propagated virus administered via different routes of inoculation into a variety of mouse strains. This revealed that the genetic background of the laboratory mice affected the severity of disease and altered the extent of subsequent pathology. The advent of genetically modified mice and viruses has allowed new aspects of disease to be modeled and the opportunistic nature of HCMV infection to be confirmed. This review describes the different ways that MCMV has been used to model HCMV diseases and explores the continuing difficulty faced by researchers attempting to model HCMV congenital cytomegalovirus disease using the mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A. Fisher
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands 6009, Australia;
| | - Megan L. Lloyd
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands 6009, Australia;
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands 6009, Australia
- Correspondence:
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40
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Caddy SL, Vaysburd M, Papa G, Wing M, O'Connell K, Stoycheva D, Foss S, Terje Andersen J, Oxenius A, James LC. Viral nucleoprotein antibodies activate TRIM21 and induce T cell immunity. EMBO J 2020; 40:e106228. [PMID: 33258165 PMCID: PMC7917548 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020106228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleoprotein (N) is an immunodominant antigen in many enveloped virus infections. While the diagnostic value of anti‐N antibodies is clear, their role in immunity is not. This is because while they are non‐neutralising, they somehow clear infection by coronavirus, influenza and LCMV in vivo. Here, we show that anti‐N immune protection is mediated by the cytosolic Fc receptor and E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM21. Exploiting LCMV as a model system, we demonstrate that TRIM21 uses anti‐N antibodies to target N for cytosolic degradation and generate cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) against N peptide. These CTLs rapidly eliminate N‐peptide‐displaying cells and drive efficient viral clearance. These results reveal a new mechanism of immune synergy between antibodies and T cells and highlights N as an important vaccine target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Caddy
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK.,CITIID, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Guido Papa
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mark Wing
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Diana Stoycheva
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stian Foss
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Terje Andersen
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Annette Oxenius
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Leo C James
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
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41
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Abstract
Herpesviruses are ubiquitous, double-stranded DNA, enveloped viruses that establish lifelong infections and cause a range of diseases. Entry into host cells requires binding of the virus to specific receptors, followed by the coordinated action of multiple viral entry glycoproteins to trigger membrane fusion. Although the core fusion machinery is conserved for all herpesviruses, each species uses distinct receptors and receptor-binding glycoproteins. Structural studies of the prototypical herpesviruses herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), HSV-2, human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) entry glycoproteins have defined the interaction sites for glycoprotein complexes and receptors, and have revealed conformational changes that occur on receptor binding. Recent crystallography and electron microscopy studies have refined our model of herpesvirus entry into cells, clarifying both the conserved features and the unique features. In this Review, we discuss recent insights into herpesvirus entry by analysing the structures of entry glycoproteins, including the diverse receptor-binding glycoproteins (HSV-1 glycoprotein D (gD), EBV glycoprotein 42 (gp42) and HCMV gH-gL-gO trimer and gH-gL-UL128-UL130-UL131A pentamer), as well gH-gL and the fusion protein gB, which are conserved in all herpesviruses.
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42
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Rattanapisit K, Shanmugaraj B, Manopwisedjaroen S, Purwono PB, Siriwattananon K, Khorattanakulchai N, Hanittinan O, Boonyayothin W, Thitithanyanont A, Smith DR, Phoolcharoen W. Rapid production of SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain (RBD) and spike specific monoclonal antibody CR3022 in Nicotiana benthamiana. Sci Rep 2020. [PMID: 33077899 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-27160/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the ongoing global outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) which is a significant threat to global public health. The rapid spread of COVID-19 necessitates the development of cost-effective technology platforms for the production of vaccines, drugs, and protein reagents for appropriate disease diagnosis and treatment. In this study, we explored the possibility of producing the receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 and an anti-SARS-CoV monoclonal antibody (mAb) CR3022 in Nicotiana benthamiana. Both RBD and mAb CR3022 were transiently produced with the highest expression level of 8 μg/g and 130 μg/g leaf fresh weight respectively at 3 days post-infiltration. The plant-produced RBD exhibited specific binding to the SARS-CoV-2 receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Furthermore, the plant-produced mAb CR3022 binds to SARS-CoV-2, but fails to neutralize the virus in vitro. This is the first report showing the production of anti-SARS-CoV-2 RBD and mAb CR3022 in plants. Overall these findings provide a proof-of-concept for using plants as an expression system for the production of SARS-CoV-2 antigens and antibodies or similar other diagnostic reagents against SARS-CoV-2 rapidly, especially during epidemic or pandemic situation.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Antibodies, Viral/genetics
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/metabolism
- Betacoronavirus/metabolism
- COVID-19
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Coronavirus Infections/pathology
- Coronavirus Infections/virology
- Humans
- Neutralization Tests
- Pandemics
- Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/chemistry
- Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/metabolism
- Plant Leaves/metabolism
- Pneumonia, Viral/pathology
- Pneumonia, Viral/virology
- Protein Binding
- Protein Domains/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/isolation & purification
- SARS-CoV-2
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/metabolism
- Tobacco/metabolism
- Vero Cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaewta Rattanapisit
- Research Unit for Plant-Produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Balamurugan Shanmugaraj
- Research Unit for Plant-Produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Priyo Budi Purwono
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Konlavat Siriwattananon
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Narach Khorattanakulchai
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Oranicha Hanittinan
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wanuttha Boonyayothin
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Duncan R Smith
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Waranyoo Phoolcharoen
- Research Unit for Plant-Produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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43
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Rattanapisit K, Shanmugaraj B, Manopwisedjaroen S, Purwono PB, Siriwattananon K, Khorattanakulchai N, Hanittinan O, Boonyayothin W, Thitithanyanont A, Smith DR, Phoolcharoen W. Rapid production of SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain (RBD) and spike specific monoclonal antibody CR3022 in Nicotiana benthamiana. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17698. [PMID: 33077899 PMCID: PMC7573609 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74904-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the ongoing global outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) which is a significant threat to global public health. The rapid spread of COVID-19 necessitates the development of cost-effective technology platforms for the production of vaccines, drugs, and protein reagents for appropriate disease diagnosis and treatment. In this study, we explored the possibility of producing the receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 and an anti-SARS-CoV monoclonal antibody (mAb) CR3022 in Nicotiana benthamiana. Both RBD and mAb CR3022 were transiently produced with the highest expression level of 8 μg/g and 130 μg/g leaf fresh weight respectively at 3 days post-infiltration. The plant-produced RBD exhibited specific binding to the SARS-CoV-2 receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Furthermore, the plant-produced mAb CR3022 binds to SARS-CoV-2, but fails to neutralize the virus in vitro. This is the first report showing the production of anti-SARS-CoV-2 RBD and mAb CR3022 in plants. Overall these findings provide a proof-of-concept for using plants as an expression system for the production of SARS-CoV-2 antigens and antibodies or similar other diagnostic reagents against SARS-CoV-2 rapidly, especially during epidemic or pandemic situation.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Antibodies, Viral/genetics
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/metabolism
- Betacoronavirus/metabolism
- COVID-19
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Coronavirus Infections/pathology
- Coronavirus Infections/virology
- Humans
- Neutralization Tests
- Pandemics
- Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/chemistry
- Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/metabolism
- Plant Leaves/metabolism
- Pneumonia, Viral/pathology
- Pneumonia, Viral/virology
- Protein Binding
- Protein Domains/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/isolation & purification
- SARS-CoV-2
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/metabolism
- Nicotiana/metabolism
- Vero Cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaewta Rattanapisit
- Research Unit for Plant-Produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Balamurugan Shanmugaraj
- Research Unit for Plant-Produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Priyo Budi Purwono
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Konlavat Siriwattananon
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Narach Khorattanakulchai
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Oranicha Hanittinan
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wanuttha Boonyayothin
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Duncan R Smith
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Waranyoo Phoolcharoen
- Research Unit for Plant-Produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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44
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Hyseni I, Molesti E, Benincasa L, Piu P, Casa E, Temperton NJ, Manenti A, Montomoli E. Characterisation of SARS-CoV-2 Lentiviral Pseudotypes and Correlation between Pseudotype-Based Neutralisation Assays and Live Virus-Based Micro Neutralisation Assays. Viruses 2020; 12:E1011. [PMID: 32927639 PMCID: PMC7551040 DOI: 10.3390/v12091011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent outbreak of a novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) and its rapid spread across the continents has generated an urgent need for assays to detect the neutralising activity of human sera or human monoclonal antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and to evaluate the serological immunity in humans. Since the accessibility of live virus microneutralisation (MN) assays with SARS-CoV-2 is limited and requires enhanced bio-containment, the approach based on "pseudotyping" can be considered a useful complement to other serological assays. After fully characterising lentiviral pseudotypes bearing the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, we employed them in pseudotype-based neutralisation assays in order to profile the neutralising activity of human serum samples from an Italian sero-epidemiological study. The results obtained with pseudotype-based neutralisation assays mirrored those obtained when the same panel of sera was tested against the wild type virus, showing an evident convergence of the pseudotype-based neutralisation and MN results. The overall results lead to the conclusion that the pseudotype-based neutralisation assay is a valid alternative to using the wild-type strain, and although this system needs to be optimised and standardised, it can not only complement the classical serological methods, but also allows serological assessments to be made when other methods cannot be employed, especially in a human pandemic context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inesa Hyseni
- VisMederi Research s.r.l., 53100 Siena, Italy; (I.H.); (L.B.); (E.C.); (A.M.); (E.M.)
| | - Eleonora Molesti
- VisMederi Research s.r.l., 53100 Siena, Italy; (I.H.); (L.B.); (E.C.); (A.M.); (E.M.)
| | - Linda Benincasa
- VisMederi Research s.r.l., 53100 Siena, Italy; (I.H.); (L.B.); (E.C.); (A.M.); (E.M.)
| | | | - Elisa Casa
- VisMederi Research s.r.l., 53100 Siena, Italy; (I.H.); (L.B.); (E.C.); (A.M.); (E.M.)
- VisMederi s.r.l., 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Nigel J Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, The Universities of Kent and Greenwich at Medway, Chatham ME7 4TB, UK;
| | - Alessandro Manenti
- VisMederi Research s.r.l., 53100 Siena, Italy; (I.H.); (L.B.); (E.C.); (A.M.); (E.M.)
- VisMederi s.r.l., 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Emanuele Montomoli
- VisMederi Research s.r.l., 53100 Siena, Italy; (I.H.); (L.B.); (E.C.); (A.M.); (E.M.)
- VisMederi s.r.l., 53100 Siena, Italy;
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
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45
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Goodwin ML, Webster HS, Wang HY, Jenks JA, Nelson CS, Tu JJ, Mangold JF, Valencia S, Pollara J, Edwards W, McLellan JS, Wrapp D, Fu TM, Zhang N, Freed DC, Wang D, An Z, Permar SR. Specificity and effector functions of non-neutralizing gB-specific monoclonal antibodies isolated from healthy individuals with human cytomegalovirus infection. Virology 2020; 548:182-191. [PMID: 32838941 PMCID: PMC7447913 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the most common congenital infection. A glycoprotein B (gB) subunit vaccine (gB/MF59) is the most efficacious clinically tested to date, having achieved 50% protection against primary infection of HCMV-seronegative women. We previously identified that gB/MF59 vaccination primarily elicits non-neutralizing antibody responses, with variable binding to gB genotypes, and protection associated with binding to membrane-associated gB. We hypothesized that gB-specific non-neutralizing antibody binding breadth and function are dependent on epitope and genotype specificity, and ability to interact with membrane-associated gB. We mapped twenty-four gB-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from naturally HCMV-infected individuals for gB domain specificity, genotype preference, and ability to mediate phagocytosis or NK cell activation. gB-specific mAbs were primarily specific for Domain II and demonstrated variable binding to gB genotypes. Two mAbs facilitated phagocytosis with binding specificities of Domain II and AD2. This investigation provides novel understanding on the relationship between gB domain specificity and antigenic variability on gB-specific antibody effector functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Goodwin
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Helen S Webster
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Hsuan-Yuan Wang
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jennifer A Jenks
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Cody S Nelson
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Joshua J Tu
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jesse F Mangold
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sarah Valencia
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Justin Pollara
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Whitney Edwards
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jason S McLellan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Daniel Wrapp
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Tong-Ming Fu
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA; Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, USA
| | - Ningyan Zhang
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, USA
| | | | - Dai Wang
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Zhiqiang An
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, USA
| | - Sallie R Permar
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
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46
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Cell Fusion Induced by a Fusion-Active Form of Human Cytomegalovirus Glycoprotein B (gB) Is Inhibited by Antibodies Directed at Antigenic Domain 5 in the Ectodomain of gB. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01276-20. [PMID: 32641474 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01276-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a ubiquitous pathogen that can cause severe clinical disease in allograft recipients and infants infected in utero Virus-neutralizing antibodies defined in vitro have been proposed to confer protection against HCMV infection, and the virion envelope glycoprotein B (gB) serves as a major target of neutralizing antibodies. The viral fusion protein gB is nonfusogenic on its own and requires glycoproteins H (gH) and L (gL) for membrane fusion, which is in contrast to requirements of related class III fusion proteins, including vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein G (VSV-G) or baculovirus gp64. To explore requirements for gB's fusion activity, we generated a set of chimeras composed of gB and VSV-G or gp64, respectively. These gB chimeras were intrinsically fusion active and led to the formation of multinucleated cell syncytia when expressed in the absence of other viral proteins. Utilizing a panel of virus-neutralizing gB-specific monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), we could demonstrate that syncytium formation of the fusogenic gB/VSV-G chimera can be significantly inhibited by only a subset of neutralizing MAbs which target antigenic domain 5 (AD-5) of gB. This observation argues for differential modes of action of neutralizing anti-gB MAbs and suggests that blocking the membrane fusion function of gB could be one mechanism of antibody-mediated virus neutralization. In addition, our data have important implications for the further understanding of the conformation of gB that promotes membrane fusion as well as the identification of structures in AD-5 that could be targeted by antibodies to block this early step in HCMV infection.IMPORTANCE HCMV is a major global health concern, and antiviral chemotherapy remains problematic due to toxicity of available compounds and the emergence of drug-resistant viruses. Thus, an HCMV vaccine represents a priority for both governmental and pharmaceutical research programs. A major obstacle for the development of a vaccine is a lack of knowledge of the nature and specificities of protective immune responses that should be induced by such a vaccine. Glycoprotein B of HCMV is an important target for neutralizing antibodies and, hence, is often included as a component of intervention strategies. By generation of fusion-active gB chimeras, we were able to identify target structures of neutralizing antibodies that potently block gB-induced membrane fusion. This experimental system provides an approach to screen for antibodies that interfere with gB's fusogenic activity. In summary, our data will likely contribute to both rational vaccine design and the development of antibody-based therapies against HCMV.
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Shah HB, Smith K, Scott EJ, Larabee JL, James JA, Ballard JD, Lang ML. Human C. difficile toxin-specific memory B cell repertoires encode poorly neutralizing antibodies. JCI Insight 2020; 5:138137. [PMID: 32663199 PMCID: PMC7455132 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.138137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile is a leading cause of nosocomial infection responsible for significant morbidity and mortality with limited options for therapy. Secreted C. difficile toxin B (TcdB) is a major contributor to disease pathology, and select TcdB-specific Abs may protect against disease recurrence. However, the high frequency of recurrence suggests that the memory B cell response, essential for new Ab production following C. difficile reexposure, is insufficient. We therefore isolated TcdB-specific memory B cells from individuals with a history of C. difficile infection and performed single-cell deep sequencing of their Ab genes. Herein, we report that TcdB-specific memory B cell–encoded antibodies showed somatic hypermutation but displayed limited isotype class switch. Memory B cell–encoded mAb generated from the gene sequences revealed low to moderate affinity for TcdB and a limited ability to neutralize TcdB. These findings indicate that memory B cells are an important factor in C. difficile disease recurrence. The C. difficile toxin-specific human memory B cell repertoire encodes low-affinity, non-neutralizing antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemangi B Shah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC)
| | - Kenneth Smith
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, and
| | - Edgar J Scott
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC)
| | - Jason L Larabee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC)
| | - Judith A James
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, and.,Departments of Medicine and Pathology, OUHSC, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Jimmy D Ballard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC)
| | - Mark L Lang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC)
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Theobald SJ, Kreer C, Khailaie S, Bonifacius A, Eiz-Vesper B, Figueiredo C, Mach M, Backovic M, Ballmaier M, Koenig J, Olbrich H, Schneider A, Volk V, Danisch S, Gieselmann L, Ercanoglu MS, Messerle M, von Kaisenberg C, Witte T, Klawonn F, Meyer-Hermann M, Klein F, Stripecke R. Repertoire characterization and validation of gB-specific human IgGs directly cloned from humanized mice vaccinated with dendritic cells and protected against HCMV. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008560. [PMID: 32667948 PMCID: PMC7363084 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) causes serious complications to immune compromised hosts. Dendritic cells (iDCgB) expressing granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, interferon-alpha and HCMV-gB were developed to promote de novo antiviral adaptive responses. Mice reconstituted with a human immune system (HIS) were immunized with iDCgB and challenged with HCMV, resulting into 93% protection. Immunization stimulated the expansion of functional effector memory CD8+ and CD4+ T cells recognizing gB. Machine learning analyses confirmed bone marrow T/CD4+, liver B/IgA+ and spleen B/IgG+ cells as predictive biomarkers of immunization (≈87% accuracy). CD8+ and CD4+ T cell responses against gB were validated. Splenic gB-binding IgM-/IgG+ B cells were sorted and analyzed at a single cell level. iDCgB immunizations elicited human-like IgG responses with a broad usage of various IgG heavy chain V gene segments harboring variable levels of somatic hypermutation. From this search, two gB-binding human monoclonal IgGs were generated that neutralized HCMV infection in vitro. Passive immunization with these antibodies provided proof-of-concept evidence of protection against HCMV infection. This HIS/HCMV in vivo model system supported the validation of novel active and passive immune therapies for future clinical translation. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a ubiquitous pathogen. As long as the immune system is functional, T and B cells can control HCMV. Yet, for patients who have debilitated immune functions, HCMV infections and reactivations cause major complications. Vaccines or antibodies to prevent or treat HCMV are not yet approved. Novel animal models for testing new immunization approaches are emerging and are important tools to identify biomedical products with a reasonable chance to work in patients. Here, we used a model based on mice transplanted with human immune cells and infected with a traceable HCMV. We tested a cell vaccine (iDCgB) carrying gB, a potent HCMV antigen. The model showed that iDCgB halted the HCMV infection in more than 90% of the mice. We found that antibodies were key players mediating protection. Using state-of-the-art methods, we were able to use the sequences of the human antibodies generated in the mice to construct and produce monoclonal antibodies in the laboratory. Proof-of-concept experiments indicated that administration of these monoclonal antibodies into mice protected them against HCMV infection. In summary, this humanized mouse model was useful to test a vaccine and to generate and test novel antibodies that can be further developed for human use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian J. Theobald
- Clinic of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Laboratory of Regenerative Immune Therapies Applied, Excellence Cluster REBIRTH, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christoph Kreer
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sahamoddin Khailaie
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Agnes Bonifacius
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Britta Eiz-Vesper
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Constanca Figueiredo
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael Mach
- Institute of Virology, University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marija Backovic
- Structural Virology Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | - Matthias Ballmaier
- Research Facility Cell Sorting, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Johannes Koenig
- Clinic of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Laboratory of Regenerative Immune Therapies Applied, Excellence Cluster REBIRTH, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Hannover, Germany
| | - Henning Olbrich
- Clinic of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Laboratory of Regenerative Immune Therapies Applied, Excellence Cluster REBIRTH, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Schneider
- Clinic of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Laboratory of Regenerative Immune Therapies Applied, Excellence Cluster REBIRTH, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Hannover, Germany
| | - Valery Volk
- Clinic of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Laboratory of Regenerative Immune Therapies Applied, Excellence Cluster REBIRTH, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Hannover, Germany
| | - Simon Danisch
- Clinic of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Laboratory of Regenerative Immune Therapies Applied, Excellence Cluster REBIRTH, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lutz Gieselmann
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research, Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Meryem Seda Ercanoglu
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Martin Messerle
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Hannover, Germany
- Instiute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Constantin von Kaisenberg
- Department of Obstetrics, Clinic of Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, and Obstetrics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Torsten Witte
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Frank Klawonn
- Biostatistics Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute for Information Engineering, Ostfalia University, Wolfenbuettel, Germany
| | - Michael Meyer-Hermann
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Florian Klein
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research, Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Renata Stripecke
- Clinic of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Laboratory of Regenerative Immune Therapies Applied, Excellence Cluster REBIRTH, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Single B cells reveal the antibody responses of rhesus macaques immunized with an inactivated enterovirus D68 vaccine. Arch Virol 2020; 165:1777-1789. [PMID: 32462286 PMCID: PMC8851307 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04676-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) infection may cause severe respiratory system manifestations in pediatric populations. Because of the lack of an effective preventive vaccine or specific therapeutic drug for this infection, the development of EV-D68-specific vaccines and antibodies has become increasingly important. In this study, we prepared an experimental EV-D68 vaccine inactivated by formaldehyde and found that the serum of rhesus macaques immunized with the inactivated EV-D68 vaccine exhibited potent neutralizing activity against EV-D68 virus in vitro. Subsequently, the antibody-mediated immune response of B cells elicited by the inactivated vaccine was evaluated in a rhesus monkey model. The binding activity, in vitro neutralization activity, and sequence properties of 28 paired antibodies from the rhesus macaques’ EV-D68-specific single memory B cells were analyzed, and the EV-D68 VP1-specific antibody group was found to be the main constituent in vivo. Intriguingly, we also found a synergistic effect among the E15, E18 and E20 monoclonal antibodies from the rhesus macaques. Furthermore, we demonstrated the protective efficacy of maternal antibodies in suckling C57BL/6 mice. This study provides valuable information for the future development of EV-D68 vaccines.
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50
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Lv H, Wu NC, Tsang OTY, Yuan M, Perera RAPM, Leung WS, So RTY, Chan JMC, Yip GK, Chik TSH, Wang Y, Choi CYC, Lin Y, Ng WW, Zhao J, Poon LLM, Peiris JSM, Wilson IA, Mok CKP. Cross-reactive Antibody Response between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV Infections. Cell Rep 2020; 31:107725. [PMID: 32426212 PMCID: PMC7231734 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization has declared the ongoing outbreak of COVID-19, which is caused by a novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, a pandemic. There is currently a lack of knowledge about the antibody response elicited from SARS-CoV-2 infection. One major immunological question concerns antigenic differences between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV. We address this question by analyzing plasma from patients infected by SARS-CoV-2 or SARS-CoV and from infected or immunized mice. Our results show that, although cross-reactivity in antibody binding to the spike protein is common, cross-neutralization of the live viruses may be rare, indicating the presence of a non-neutralizing antibody response to conserved epitopes in the spike. Whether such low or non-neutralizing antibody response leads to antibody-dependent disease enhancement needs to be addressed in the future. Overall, this study not only addresses a fundamental question regarding antigenicity differences between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV but also has implications for immunogen design and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huibin Lv
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Nicholas C Wu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Owen Tak-Yin Tsang
- Infectious Diseases Centre, Princess Margaret Hospital, Hospital Authority of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Meng Yuan
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ranawaka A P M Perera
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wai Shing Leung
- Infectious Diseases Centre, Princess Margaret Hospital, Hospital Authority of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ray T Y So
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jacky Man Chun Chan
- Infectious Diseases Centre, Princess Margaret Hospital, Hospital Authority of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Garrick K Yip
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Thomas Shiu Hong Chik
- Infectious Diseases Centre, Princess Margaret Hospital, Hospital Authority of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yiquan Wang
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chris Yau Chung Choi
- Infectious Diseases Centre, Princess Margaret Hospital, Hospital Authority of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yihan Lin
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wilson W Ng
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jincun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Leo L M Poon
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - J S Malik Peiris
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Ian A Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Chris K P Mok
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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