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Castle AC, Moosa Y, Claassen H, Shenoi S, Magodoro I, Manne-Goehler J, Hanekom W, Bassett IV, Wong EB, Siedner MJ. Prior tuberculosis, radiographic lung abnormalities and prevalent diabetes in rural South Africa. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:690. [PMID: 38992607 PMCID: PMC11238449 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09583-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growing evidence suggests that chronic inflammation caused by tuberculosis (TB) may increase the incidence of diabetes. However, the relationship between post-TB pulmonary abnormalities and diabetes has not been well characterized. METHODS We analyzed data from a cross-sectional study in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, of people 15 years and older who underwent chest X-ray and diabetes screening with hemoglobin A1c testing. The analytic sample was restricted to persons with prior TB, defined by either (1) a self-reported history of TB treatment, (2) radiologist-confirmed prior TB on chest radiography, and (3) a negative sputum culture and GeneXpert. Chest X-rays of all participants were evaluated by the study radiologist to determine the presence of TB lung abnormalities. To assess the relationships between our outcome of interest, prevalent diabetes (HBA1c ≥6.5%), and our exposure of interest, chest X-ray abnormalities, we fitted logistic regression models adjusted for potential clinical and demographic confounders. In secondary analyses, we used the computer-aided detection system CAD4TB, which scores X-rays from 10 to 100 for detection of TB disease, as our exposure interest, and repeated analyses with a comparator group that had no history of TB disease. RESULTS In the analytic cohort of people with prior TB (n = 3,276), approximately two-thirds (64.9%) were women, and the average age was 50.8 years (SD 17.4). The prevalence of diabetes was 10.9%, and 53.0% of people were living with HIV. In univariate analyses, there was no association between diabetes prevalence and radiologist chest X-ray abnormalities (OR 1.23, 95%CI 0.95-1.58). In multivariate analyses, the presence of pulmonary abnormalities was associated with an 29% reduction in the odds of prevalent diabetes (aOR 0.71, 95%CI 0.53-0.97, p = 0.030). A similar inverse relationship was observed for diabetes with each 10-unit increase in the CAD4TB chest X-ray scores among people with prior TB (aOR 0.92, 95%CI 0.87-0.97; p = 0.002), but this relationship was less pronounced in the no TB comparator group (aOR 0.96, 95%CI 0.94-0.99). CONCLUSIONS Among people with prior TB, pulmonary abnormalities on digital chest X-ray are inversely associated with prevalent diabetes. The severity of radiographic post-TB lung disease does not appear to be a determinant of diabetes in this South African population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison C Castle
- Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America.
| | - Yumna Moosa
- Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- University of KwaZulu-Natal, KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Helgard Claassen
- Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Sheela Shenoi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Itai Magodoro
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jennifer Manne-Goehler
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Willem Hanekom
- Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- University of KwaZulu-Natal, KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Ingrid V Bassett
- Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Emily B Wong
- Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- University of KwaZulu-Natal, KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Mark J Siedner
- Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- University of KwaZulu-Natal, KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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2
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Gosain TP, Chugh S, Rizvi ZA, Chauhan NK, Kidwai S, Thakur KG, Awasthi A, Singh R. Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain with deletions in menT3 and menT4 is attenuated and confers protection in mice and guinea pigs. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5467. [PMID: 38937463 PMCID: PMC11211403 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49246-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The genome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis encodes for a large repertoire of toxin-antitoxin systems. In the present study, MenT3 and MenT4 toxins belonging to MenAT subfamily of TA systems have been functionally characterized. We demonstrate that ectopic expression of these toxins inhibits bacterial growth and this is rescued upon co-expression of their cognate antitoxins. Here, we show that simultaneous deletion of menT3 and menT4 results in enhanced susceptibility of M. tuberculosis upon exposure to oxidative stress and attenuated growth in guinea pigs and mice. We observed reduced expression of transcripts encoding for proteins that are essential or required for intracellular growth in mid-log phase cultures of ΔmenT4ΔT3 compared to parental strain. Further, the transcript levels of proteins involved in efficient bacterial clearance were increased in lung tissues of ΔmenT4ΔT3 infected mice relative to parental strain infected mice. We show that immunization of mice and guinea pigs with ΔmenT4ΔT3 confers significant protection against M. tuberculosis infection. Remarkably, immunization of mice with ΔmenT4ΔT3 results in increased antigen-specific TH1 bias and activated memory T cell response. We conclude that MenT3 and MenT4 are important for M. tuberculosis pathogenicity and strains lacking menT3 and menT4 have the potential to be explored further as vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tannu Priya Gosain
- Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Translational Health Sciences and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurugram Expressway, Faridabad, 121001, India
| | - Saurabh Chugh
- Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Translational Health Sciences and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurugram Expressway, Faridabad, 121001, India
| | - Zaigham Abbas Rizvi
- Centre for Immunobiology and Immunotherapy, Translational Health Sciences and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurugram Expressway, Faridabad, 121001, India
| | - Neeraj Kumar Chauhan
- Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Translational Health Sciences and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurugram Expressway, Faridabad, 121001, India
| | - Saqib Kidwai
- Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Translational Health Sciences and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurugram Expressway, Faridabad, 121001, India
| | - Krishan Gopal Thakur
- Structural Biology Laboratory, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Microbial Technology (CSIR-IMTECH), Chandigarh, 160036, India
| | - Amit Awasthi
- Centre for Immunobiology and Immunotherapy, Translational Health Sciences and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurugram Expressway, Faridabad, 121001, India
| | - Ramandeep Singh
- Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Translational Health Sciences and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurugram Expressway, Faridabad, 121001, India.
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3
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Dhanyalayam D, Thangavel H, Sidrat T, Oswal N, Lizardo K, Mauro M, Zhao X, Xue HH, Desai JV, Nagajyothi JF. The Influence of Body Fat Dynamics on Pulmonary Immune Responses in Murine Tuberculosis: Unraveling Sex-Specific Insights. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6823. [PMID: 38999932 PMCID: PMC11241512 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25136823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) highlights a greater susceptibility of males to tuberculosis (TB), a vulnerability attributed to sex-specific variations in body fat and dietary factors. Our study delves into the unexplored terrain of how alterations in body fat influence Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) burden, lung pathology, immune responses, and gene expression, with a focus on sex-specific dynamics. Utilizing a low-dose Mtb-HN878 clinical strain infection model, we employ transgenic FAT-ATTAC mice with modulable body fat to explore the impact of fat loss (via fat ablation) and fat gain (via a medium-fat diet, MFD). Firstly, our investigation unveils that Mtb infection triggers severe pulmonary pathology in males, marked by shifts in metabolic signaling involving heightened lipid hydrolysis and proinflammatory signaling driven by IL-6 and localized pro-inflammatory CD8+ cells. This stands in stark contrast to females on a control regular diet (RD). Secondly, our findings indicate that both fat loss and fat gain in males lead to significantly elevated (1.6-fold (p ≤ 0.01) and 1.7-fold (p ≤ 0.001), respectively) Mtb burden in the lungs compared to females during Mtb infection (where fat loss and gain did not alter Mtb load in the lungs). This upsurge is associated with impaired lung lipid metabolism and intensified mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation-regulated activity in lung CD8+ cells during Mtb infection. Additionally, our research brings to light that females exhibit a more robust systemic IFNγ (p ≤ 0.001) response than males during Mtb infection. This heightened response may either prevent active disease or contribute to latency in females during Mtb infection. In summary, our comprehensive analysis of the interplay between body fat changes and sex bias in Mtb infection reveals that alterations in body fat critically impact pulmonary pathology in males. Specifically, these changes significantly reduce the levels of pulmonary CD8+ T-cells and increase the Mtb burden in the lungs compared to females. The reduction in CD8+ cells in males is linked to an increase in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and a decrease in TNFα, which are essential for CD8+ cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanya Dhanyalayam
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - Hariprasad Thangavel
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - Tabinda Sidrat
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - Neelam Oswal
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - Kezia Lizardo
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - Michael Mauro
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - Xin Zhao
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - Hai-Hui Xue
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - Jigar V Desai
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - Jyothi F Nagajyothi
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
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4
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Thangavel H, Dhanyalayam D, Kim M, Lizardo K, Sidrat T, Lopez JG, Wang X, Bansal S, Nagajyothi JF. Adipocyte-released adipomes in Chagas cardiomyopathy: Impact on cardiac metabolic and immune regulation. iScience 2024; 27:109672. [PMID: 38660407 PMCID: PMC11039351 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic Trypanosoma cruzi infection leads to Chagas cardiomyopathy (CCM), with varying manifestations such as inflammatory hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, arrhythmias, and dilated cardiomyopathy. The factors responsible for the increasing risk of progression to CCM are not fully understood. Previous studies link adipocyte loss to CCM progression, but the mechanism triggering CCM pathogenesis remains unexplored. Our study uncovers that T. cruzi infection triggers adipocyte apoptosis, leading to the release of extracellular vesicles named "adipomes". We developed an innovative method to isolate intact adipomes from infected mice's adipose tissue and plasma, showing they carry unique lipid cargoes. Large and Small adipomes, particularly plasma-derived infection-associated L-adipomes (P-ILA), regulate immunometabolic signaling and induce cardiomyopathy. P-ILA treatment induces hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in wild-type mice and worsens cardiomyopathy severity in post-acute-infected mice by regulating adipogenic/lipogenic and mitochondrial functions. These findings highlight adipomes' pivotal role in promoting inflammation and impairing myocardial function during cardiac remodeling in CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hariprasad Thangavel
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - Dhanya Dhanyalayam
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - Michelle Kim
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - Kezia Lizardo
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - Tabinda Sidrat
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | | | - Xiang Wang
- Rutgers University Molecular Imaging Core (RUMIC), Rutgers Translational Sciences, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Shivani Bansal
- Departnment of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Jyothi F. Nagajyothi
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
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5
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Giovenzana A, Bezzecchi E, Bichisecchi A, Cardellini S, Ragogna F, Pedica F, Invernizzi F, Di Filippo L, Tomajer V, Aleotti F, Scotti GM, Socci C, Cesana G, Olmi S, Morelli MJ, Falconi M, Giustina A, Bonini C, Piemonti L, Ruggiero E, Petrelli A. Fat-to-blood recirculation of partially dysfunctional PD-1 +CD4 Tconv cells is associated with dysglycemia in human obesity. iScience 2024; 27:109032. [PMID: 38380252 PMCID: PMC10877684 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity is characterized by the accumulation of T cells in insulin-sensitive tissues, including the visceral adipose tissue (VAT), that can interfere with the insulin signaling pathway eventually leading to insulin resistance (IR) and type 2 diabetes. Here, we found that PD-1+CD4 conventional T (Tconv) cells, endowed with a transcriptomic and functional profile of partially dysfunctional cells, are diminished in VAT of obese patients with dysglycemia (OB-Dys), without a concomitant increase in apoptosis. These cells showed enhanced capacity to recirculate into the bloodstream and had a non-restricted TCRβ repertoire divergent from that of normoglycemic obese and lean individuals. PD-1+CD4 Tconv were reduced in the circulation of OB-Dys, exhibited an altered migration potential, and were detected in the liver of patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. The findings suggest a potential role for partially dysfunctional PD-1+CD4 Tconv cells as inter-organ mediators of IR in obese patients with dysglycemic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Stefano Olmi
- San Marco Hospital GSD, Zingonia, Bergamo, Italy
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Massimo Falconi
- IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Giustina
- IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Bonini
- IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Piemonti
- IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
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6
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Dos Reis SA, Gonçalves JD, Lima KDA, Demaria TM, Costa-Bartuli E, Gomes TA, Corrêa MBC, Atella GC, Sola-Penna M, Rosa PS, Pessolani MCV, Nagajyothi J, Lara FA. Mycobacterium leprae is able to infect adipocytes, inducing lipolysis and modulating the immune response. Microbes Infect 2024; 26:105283. [PMID: 38141852 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2023.105283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by the intracellular bacillus Mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae), which is known to infect skin macrophages and Schwann cells. Although adipose tissue is a recognized site of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, its role in the histopathology of leprosy was, until now, unknown. We analyzed the M. leprae capacity to infect and persist inside adipocytes, characterizing the induction of a lipolytic phenotype in adipocytes, as well as the effect of these infected cells on macrophage recruitment. We evaluated 3T3-L1-derived adipocytes, inguinal adipose tissue of SWR/J mice, and subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies of leprosy patients. M. leprae was able to infect 3T3-L1-derived adipocytes in vitro, presenting a strong lipolytic profile after infection, followed by significant cholesterol efflux. This lipolytic phenotype was replicated in vivo by M. leprae injection into mice inguinal adipose tissue. Furthermore, M. leprae was detected inside crown-like structures in the subcutaneous adipose tissue of multibacillary patients. These data indicate that subcutaneous adipose tissue could be an important site of infection, and probably persistence, for M. leprae, being involved in the modulation of the innate immune control in leprosy via the release of cholesterol, MCP-1, and adiponectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Alves Dos Reis
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Laboratório de Imunoterapia Celular e Gênica, Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jessica Dias Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Karoline Dos Anjos Lima
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Lipídeos e Lipoproteínas, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thaina Magalhaes Demaria
- The MetaboliZSm GrouP, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Emylle Costa-Bartuli
- The MetaboliZSm GrouP, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tiago Araujo Gomes
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Georgia Correa Atella
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Lipídeos e Lipoproteínas, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mauro Sola-Penna
- The MetaboliZSm GrouP, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Jyothi Nagajyothi
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ-07110, USA
| | - Flavio Alves Lara
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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7
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Aravindhan V, Yuvaraj S. Immune-endocrine network in diabetes-tuberculosis nexus: does latent tuberculosis infection confer protection against meta-inflammation and insulin resistance? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1303338. [PMID: 38327565 PMCID: PMC10848915 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1303338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis patients with diabetes, have higher sputum bacillary load, delayed sputum conversion, higher rates of drug resistance, higher lung cavitary involvement and extra-pulmonary TB infection, which is called as "Diabetes-Tuberculosis Nexus". However, recently we have shown a reciprocal relationship between latent tuberculosis infection and insulin resistance, which has not been reported before. In this review, we would first discuss about the immune-endocrine network, which operates during pre-diabetes and incipient diabetes and how it confers protection against LTBI. The ability of IR to augment anti-TB immunity and the immunomodulatory effect of LTBI to quench IR were discussed, under IR-LTB antagonism. The ability of diabetes to impair anti-TB immunity and ability of active TB to worsen glycemic control, were discussed under "Diabetes-Tuberculosis Synergy". The concept of "Fighter Genes" and how they confer protection against TB but susceptibility to IR was elaborated. Finally, we conclude with an evolutionary perspective about how IR and LTBI co-evolved in endemic zones, and have explained the molecular basis of "IR-LTB" Antagonism" and "DM-TB Synergy", from an evolutionary perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivekanandhan Aravindhan
- Department of Genetics, Dr Arcot Lakshmanasamy Mudaliyar Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences (Dr ALM PG IBMS), University of Madras, Chennai, India
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8
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Aiello A, Najafi-Fard S, Goletti D. Initial immune response after exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis or to SARS-COV-2: similarities and differences. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1244556. [PMID: 37662901 PMCID: PMC10470049 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1244556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), whose etiologic agent is severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), are currently the two deadliest infectious diseases in humans, which together have caused about more than 11 million deaths worldwide in the past 3 years. TB and COVID-19 share several aspects including the droplet- and aerosol-borne transmissibility, the lungs as primary target, some symptoms, and diagnostic tools. However, these two infectious diseases differ in other aspects as their incubation period, immune cells involved, persistence and the immunopathological response. In this review, we highlight the similarities and differences between TB and COVID-19 focusing on the innate and adaptive immune response induced after the exposure to Mtb and SARS-CoV-2 and the pathological pathways linking the two infections. Moreover, we provide a brief overview of the immune response in case of TB-COVID-19 co-infection highlighting the similarities and differences of each individual infection. A comprehensive understanding of the immune response involved in TB and COVID-19 is of utmost importance for the design of effective therapeutic strategies and vaccines for both diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Delia Goletti
- Translational Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
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9
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González-Escalada A, Rebollo MJ, Barrios Payan J, Hernández-Pando R, García MJ. Detection of Mycobacterial DNA in Human Bone Marrow. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1788. [PMID: 37512960 PMCID: PMC10384717 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow is a cell-rich tissue of the reticuloendothelial system essential in the homeostasis and accurate functioning of hematopoiesis and of the immune system; moreover, it is also rich in lipids because it contains marrow adipocytes. This work aimed to evaluate the detection of mycobacterial DNA in human bone marrow as a tool to understand the complex pathology caused by the main pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded human bone marrow samples were studied using both conventional PCR + hybridization and in situ PCR to figure out the cell distribution of the targeted DNA. Samples were retrospectively collected from HIV+ patients with microbiologically proved mycobacterial infection and from subjects without evidence of infection. Mycobacterium avium (Mav) as well as Mtb DNA was detected in both settings, including tissues with and without granulomas. We detected DNA from both mycobacterial species, using in situ PCR, inside bone marrow macrophages. Other cell types, including adipocytes, showed positive signals only for Mtb DNA. This result suggested, for the first time, that marrow adipocytes could constitute an ideal reservoir for the persistence of Mtb, allowing the bacilli to establish long-lasting latent infection within a suitable lipid environment. This fact might differentiate pathogenic behavior of non-specialized pathogens such as Mav from that of specialized pathogens such as Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba González-Escalada
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Area of Medical Microbiology, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28922 Alcorcon, Spain
| | - María José Rebollo
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Autonoma University of Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Barrios Payan
- Experimental Pathology Section, Department of Pathology, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition Salvador Zubirán, México City 14080, Mexico
| | - Rogelio Hernández-Pando
- Experimental Pathology Section, Department of Pathology, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition Salvador Zubirán, México City 14080, Mexico
| | - María Jesús García
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Autonoma University of Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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10
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Bisht MK, Dahiya P, Ghosh S, Mukhopadhyay S. The cause-effect relation of tuberculosis on incidence of diabetes mellitus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1134036. [PMID: 37434784 PMCID: PMC10330781 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1134036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the oldest human diseases and is one of the major causes of mortality and morbidity across the Globe. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causal agent of TB is one of the most successful pathogens known to mankind. Malnutrition, smoking, co-infection with other pathogens like human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), or conditions like diabetes further aggravate the tuberculosis pathogenesis. The association between type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and tuberculosis is well known and the immune-metabolic changes during diabetes are known to cause increased susceptibility to tuberculosis. Many epidemiological studies suggest the occurrence of hyperglycemia during active TB leading to impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance. However, the mechanisms underlying these effects is not well understood. In this review, we have described possible causal factors like inflammation, host metabolic changes triggered by tuberculosis that could contribute to the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. We have also discussed therapeutic management of type 2 diabetes during TB, which may help in designing future strategies to cope with TB-DM cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar Bisht
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD), Hyderabad, India
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, India
| | - Priyanka Dahiya
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD), Hyderabad, India
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, India
| | - Sudip Ghosh
- Molecular Biology Unit, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Nutrition, Jamai Osmania PO, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sangita Mukhopadhyay
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD), Hyderabad, India
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11
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Barthelemy J, Bogard G, Wolowczuk I. Beyond energy balance regulation: The underestimated role of adipose tissues in host defense against pathogens. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1083191. [PMID: 36936928 PMCID: PMC10019896 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1083191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the adipose tissue (AT) is a central metabolic organ in the regulation of whole-body energy homeostasis, it is also an important endocrine and immunological organ. As an endocrine organ, AT secretes a variety of bioactive peptides known as adipokines - some of which have inflammatory and immunoregulatory properties. As an immunological organ, AT contains a broad spectrum of innate and adaptive immune cells that have mostly been studied in the context of obesity. However, overwhelming evidence supports the notion that AT is a genuine immunological effector site, which contains all cell subsets required to induce and generate specific and effective immune responses against pathogens. Indeed, AT was reported to be an immune reservoir in the host's response to infection, and a site of parasitic, bacterial and viral infections. In addition, besides AT's immune cells, preadipocytes and adipocytes were shown to express innate immune receptors, and adipocytes were reported as antigen-presenting cells to regulate T-cell-mediated adaptive immunity. Here we review the current knowledge on the role of AT and AT's immune system in host defense against pathogens. First, we will summarize the main characteristics of AT: type, distribution, function, and extraordinary plasticity. Second, we will describe the intimate contact AT has with lymph nodes and vessels, and AT immune cell composition. Finally, we will present a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of the current research on the contribution of AT to host defense against pathogens, including the respiratory viruses influenza and SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Isabelle Wolowczuk
- Univ. Lille, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille (CHU Lille), Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille (CIIL), Lille, France
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12
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Oswal N, Thangavel H, Lizardo K, Dhanyalayam D, Sidrat T, Salgame P, Nagajyothi JF. Diets Differently Regulate Pulmonary Pathogenesis and Immune Signaling in Mice during Acute and Chronic Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:228. [PMID: 36676177 PMCID: PMC9861969 DOI: 10.3390/life13010228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection persists as a leading cause of mortality and morbidity globally, especially in developing and underdeveloped countries. The prevalence of TB-DM (diabetes mellitus) is higher in low- and middle-income countries where TB and DM are most prevalent. Epidemiological data suggest that slight obesity reduces the risk of TB, whereas DM increases the risk of pulmonary TB. Diets can alter the levels of body fat mass and body mass index by regulating systemic adiposity. Earlier, using a transgenic Mtb-infected murine model, we demonstrated that loss of body fat increased the risk of pulmonary bacterial load and pathology. In the present study, we investigated whether increased adiposity alters pulmonary pathology and bacterial load using C57BL/6 mice infected with HN878 Mtb strain and fed a medium-fat diet (MFD). We analyzed the effects of MFD on the lung during acute and chronic infections by comparing the results to those obtained with infected mice fed a regular diet (RD). Histological and biochemical analyses demonstrated that MFD reduces bacterial burden by increasing the activation of immune cells in the lungs during acute infection and reduces necrosis in the lungs during chronic infection by decreasing lipid accumulation. Our data suggest that slight adiposity likely protects the host during active TB infection by regulating immune and metabolic conditions in the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelam Oswal
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - Hariprasad Thangavel
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - Kezia Lizardo
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - Dhanya Dhanyalayam
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - Tabinda Sidrat
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - Padmini Salgame
- Department of Medicine, Center for Emerging Pathogens, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Jyothi F. Nagajyothi
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
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13
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Abstract
Adipose tissue is a complex dynamic organ with whole-body immunometabolic influence. Much of the work into understanding the role of immune cells in adipose tissue has been in the context of obesity. These investigations have also uncovered a range of typical (immune) and non-typical functions exerted by adipose tissue leukocytes. Here we provide an overview of the adipose tissue immune system, including its role as an immune reservoir in the whole-body response to infection and as a site of parasitic and viral infections. We also describe the functional roles of specialized immunological structures found within adipose tissue. However, our main focus is on the recently discovered 'non-immune' functions of adipose tissue immune cells, which include the regulation of adipocyte homeostasis, as well as responses to changing nutrient status and body temperature. In doing so, we outline the therapeutic potential of the adipose tissue immune system in health and disease.
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14
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López-Ortega O, Moreno-Corona NC, Cruz-Holguin VJ, Garcia-Gonzalez LD, Helguera-Repetto AC, Romero-Valdovinos M, Arevalo-Romero H, Cedillo-Barron L, León-Juárez M. The Immune Response in Adipocytes and Their Susceptibility to Infection: A Possible Relationship with Infectobesity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116154. [PMID: 35682832 PMCID: PMC9181511 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The current obesity pandemic has been expanding in both developing and developed countries. This suggests that the factors contributing to this condition need to be reconsidered since some new factors are arising as etiological causes of this disease. Moreover, recent clinical and experimental findings have shown an association between the progress of obesity and some infections, and the functions of adipose tissues, which involve cell metabolism and adipokine release, among others. Furthermore, it has recently been reported that adipocytes could either be reservoirs for these pathogens or play an active role in this process. In addition, there is abundant evidence indicating that during obesity, the immune system is exacerbated, suggesting an increased susceptibility of the patient to the development of several forms of illness or death. Thus, there could be a relationship between infection as a trigger for an increase in adipose cells and the impact on the metabolism that contributes to the development of obesity. In this review, we describe the findings concerning the role of adipose tissue as a mediator in the immune response as well as the possible role of adipocytes as infection targets, with both roles constituting a possible cause of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orestes López-Ortega
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM UMR-S1151, CNRS UMR-S8253, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, 75015 Paris, France;
| | - Nidia Carolina Moreno-Corona
- Laboratory of Human Lymphohematopoiesis, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR 1163, Université de Paris, 75015 Paris, France;
| | - Victor Javier Cruz-Holguin
- Departamento de Immunobioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Ciudad de México 11000, Mexico; (V.J.C.-H.); (L.D.G.-G.); (A.C.H.-R.)
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, Mexico City 07360, Mexico;
| | - Luis Didier Garcia-Gonzalez
- Departamento de Immunobioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Ciudad de México 11000, Mexico; (V.J.C.-H.); (L.D.G.-G.); (A.C.H.-R.)
| | - Addy Cecilia Helguera-Repetto
- Departamento de Immunobioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Ciudad de México 11000, Mexico; (V.J.C.-H.); (L.D.G.-G.); (A.C.H.-R.)
| | - Mirza Romero-Valdovinos
- Departamento de Biología Molecular e Histocompatibilidad, Hospital General “Dr. Manuel Gea González”, Calzada de Tlalpan 4800, Col. Sección XVI, Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico;
| | - Haruki Arevalo-Romero
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Microbiología Molecular, División Académica Multidisciplinaria de Jalpa de Méndez, Jalpa de Méndez 86205, Mexico;
| | - Leticia Cedillo-Barron
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, Mexico City 07360, Mexico;
| | - Moisés León-Juárez
- Departamento de Immunobioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Ciudad de México 11000, Mexico; (V.J.C.-H.); (L.D.G.-G.); (A.C.H.-R.)
- Correspondence:
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15
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Caputa G, Matsushita M, Sanin DE, Kabat AM, Edwards-Hicks J, Grzes KM, Pohlmeyer R, Stanczak MA, Castoldi A, Cupovic J, Forde AJ, Apostolova P, Seidl M, van Teijlingen Bakker N, Villa M, Baixauli F, Quintana A, Hackl A, Flachsmann L, Hässler F, Curtis JD, Patterson AE, Henneke P, Pearce EL, Pearce EJ. Intracellular infection and immune system cues rewire adipocytes to acquire immune function. Cell Metab 2022; 34:747-760.e6. [PMID: 35508110 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2022.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue (AT) plays a central role in systemic metabolic homeostasis, but its function during bacterial infection remains unclear. Following subcutaneous bacterial infection, adipocytes surrounding draining lymph nodes initiated a transcriptional response indicative of stimulation with IFN-γ and a shift away from lipid metabolism toward an immunologic function. Natural killer (NK) and invariant NK T (iNKT) cells were identified as sources of infection-induced IFN-γ in perinodal AT (PAT). IFN-γ induced Nos2 expression in adipocytes through a process dependent on nuclear-binding oligomerization domain 1 (NOD1) sensing of live intracellular bacteria. iNOS expression was coupled to metabolic rewiring, inducing increased diversion of extracellular L-arginine through the arginosuccinate shunt and urea cycle to produce nitric oxide (NO), directly mediating bacterial clearance. In vivo, control of infection in adipocytes was dependent on adipocyte-intrinsic sensing of IFN-γ and expression of iNOS. Thus, adipocytes are licensed by innate lymphocytes to acquire anti-bacterial functions during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Caputa
- Department of Immunometabolism, Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mai Matsushita
- Department of Immunometabolism, Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - David E Sanin
- Department of Immunometabolism, Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany; Bloomberg Kimmel Institute, and Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Agnieszka M Kabat
- Department of Immunometabolism, Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Joy Edwards-Hicks
- Department of Immunometabolism, Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katarzyna M Grzes
- Department of Immunometabolism, Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Roland Pohlmeyer
- Imaging Facility, Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michal A Stanczak
- Department of Immunometabolism, Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Angela Castoldi
- Department of Immunometabolism, Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jovana Cupovic
- Department of Immunometabolism, Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Aaron J Forde
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Center for Chronic Immune Deficiency, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Petya Apostolova
- Department of Immunometabolism, Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Seidl
- Center for Chronic Immune Deficiency, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Institute of Surgical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Institute of Pathology, Heinrich Heine University and University Hospital of Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Nikki van Teijlingen Bakker
- Department of Immunometabolism, Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Matteo Villa
- Department of Immunometabolism, Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Francesc Baixauli
- Department of Immunometabolism, Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Quintana
- Department of Immunometabolism, Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Hackl
- Department of Immunometabolism, Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lea Flachsmann
- Department of Immunometabolism, Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Hässler
- Department of Immunometabolism, Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jonathan D Curtis
- Department of Immunometabolism, Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Annette E Patterson
- Department of Immunometabolism, Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Henneke
- Center for Chronic Immune Deficiency, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Erika L Pearce
- Department of Immunometabolism, Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany; Bloomberg Kimmel Institute, and Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
| | - Edward J Pearce
- Department of Immunometabolism, Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Bloomberg Kimmel Institute, and Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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16
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Gatechompol S, Sophonphan J, Ubolyam S, Avihingsanon A, van Leth F, Cobelens F, Kerr SJ. Incidence and factors associated with active tuberculosis among people living with HIV after long-term antiretroviral therapy in Thailand: a competing risk model. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:346. [PMID: 35387594 PMCID: PMC8988401 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07332-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is known to reduce tuberculosis (TB) incidence among people living with HIV (PLWH). However, studies describing the impact of long-term ART and CD4 count recovery on TB incidence remain scarce due to limited follow up in previous studies. We evaluated TB incidence in a long-term cohort of PLWH on ART in Thailand. METHODS We conducted an analysis of PLWH aged ≥ 18 years who started ART between 1996 and December 2020. Participants were followed up every 6 months for routine HIV care. TB risk factors, body mass index (BMI), physical examination and full differential blood counts were evaluated at each clinic visit, and CD4 cell counts and HIV RNA every 12 months. Participants diagnosed with TB > 3 months after starting ART were classified as incident cases. Time to event models with death as a competing risk, were used to derive the TB cumulative incidence function (CIF) after ART initiation, and assess time-updated factors associated with incident TB using a six month lag. RESULTS A total of 2,636 PLWH contributing 24,229 person years (PY) of follow-up on ART were analysed. Median age was 32.0 (IQR 27.4-37.6) years; 67.5% were male. Median CD4 cell count at ART initiation was 264 (IQR 167-379) cells/mm3 and median follow-up duration was 7.6 (IQR 1.9-15.7) years. During follow-up, 113 PLWH developed TB. The probability of incident TB was 0.7%, 1.7%, 3.3% and 4.3%, at 1, 2, 5 and 7 years after ART initiation, respectively. TB CIF was highest among participants with CD4 < 50 cells/mm3. The overall crude incidence of TB was 4.66 (95% CI 3.87-5.60) per 1000 PY. Low CD4 count, BMI < 18 kg/m2, and substance use in the previous six months were significantly associated with incident TB. Incidence declined with time on suppressive ART, but remained higher than the Thai general population 7 years after ART initiation (2.2 vs 1.5/1000 PY, respectively). CONCLUSION Despite a marked reduction in TB incidence following ART, ongoing TB risk remains high among PLWH, despite long-term suppressive ART. Those with low CD4 cell counts, who are underweight, or currently having substance abuse should be carefully monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivaporn Gatechompol
- HIV-NAT, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre (TRCARC), 104 Ratchadamri Rd., Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand. .,Center of Excellence in Tuberculosis, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Jiratchaya Sophonphan
- HIV-NAT, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre (TRCARC), 104 Ratchadamri Rd., Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Sasiwimol Ubolyam
- HIV-NAT, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre (TRCARC), 104 Ratchadamri Rd., Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Tuberculosis, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Anchalee Avihingsanon
- HIV-NAT, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre (TRCARC), 104 Ratchadamri Rd., Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Tuberculosis, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Frank van Leth
- Faculty of Science, Department of Health Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Global Health, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Cobelens
- Department of Global Health, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen J Kerr
- HIV-NAT, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre (TRCARC), 104 Ratchadamri Rd., Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.,The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Biostatistics Excellence Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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17
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Magee MJ, Khakharia A, Gandhi NR, Day CL, Kornfeld H, Rhee MK, Phillips LS. Increased Risk of Incident Diabetes Among Individuals With Latent Tuberculosis Infection. Diabetes Care 2022; 45:880-887. [PMID: 35168250 PMCID: PMC9016736 DOI: 10.2337/dc21-1687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In cross-sectional U.S. studies, patients with diabetes had twice the prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) compared with those without diabetes. However, whether LTBI contributes to diabetes risk is unknown. We used longitudinal data to determine if LTBI is associated with increased diabetes incidence. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study among U.S. Veterans receiving care in the Veterans Health Administration from 2000 to 2015. Eligibility included all patients without preexisting diabetes who received a tuberculin skin test (TST) or interferon-γ release assay (IGRA). We excluded patients with a history of active TB and those diagnosed with diabetes before or within 2 years after LTBI testing. Patients were followed until diabetes diagnosis, death, or 2015. LTBI was defined as TST or IGRA positive. Incident diabetes was defined by use of ICD-9 codes in combination with a diabetes drug prescription. RESULTS Among 574,113 eligible patients, 5.3% received both TST/IGRA, 79.1% received TST only, and 15.6% received IGRA only. Overall, 6.6% had LTBI, and there were 2,535,149 person-years (PY) of follow-up after LTBI testing (median 3.2 years). The diabetes incidence rate (per 100,000 PY) was greater in patients with LTBI compared with those without (1,012 vs. 744; hazard ratio [HR] 1.4 [95% CI 1.3-1.4]). Increased diabetes incidence persisted after adjustment for covariates (adjusted HR [aHR] 1.2 [95% CI 1.2-1.3]) compared with those without LTBI. Among patients with LTBI, diabetes incidence was similar in those treated for LTBI compared with those who were not treated (aHR 1.0 [95% CI 0.9-1.1]). CONCLUSIONS Comprehensive longitudinal data indicate that LTBI is associated with increased diabetes incidence. These results have implications for people with LTBI, ∼25% of the global population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Magee
- Departments of Global Health and Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Anjali Khakharia
- Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA
- Department of Medicine and Geriatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Neel R. Gandhi
- Departments of Global Health and Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Cheryl L. Day
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Hardy Kornfeld
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Mary K. Rhee
- Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipids, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Lawrence S. Phillips
- Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipids, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
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18
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Zhang X, Xie Q, Ye Z, Li Y, Che Z, Huang M, Zeng J. Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Tuberculosis: Clinical Challenges and Opportunities. Front Immunol 2021; 12:695278. [PMID: 34367155 PMCID: PMC8340780 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.695278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the communicable diseases caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection, affecting nearly one-third of the world's population. However, because the pathogenesis of TB is still not fully understood and the development of anti-TB drug is slow, TB remains a global public health problem. In recent years, with the gradual discovery and confirmation of the immunomodulatory properties of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), more and more studies, including our team's research, have shown that MSCs seem to be closely related to the growth status of Mtb and the occurrence and development of TB, which is expected to bring new hope for the clinical treatment of TB. This article reviews the relationship between MSCs and the occurrence and development of TB and the potential application of MSCs in the treatment of TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Zhang
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Medical Bioactive Molecular Developmental and Translational Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Qi Xie
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Medical Bioactive Molecular Developmental and Translational Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Ziyu Ye
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Medical Bioactive Molecular Developmental and Translational Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Yanyun Li
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Medical Bioactive Molecular Developmental and Translational Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Zhengping Che
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Medical Bioactive Molecular Developmental and Translational Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Mingyuan Huang
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Medical Bioactive Molecular Developmental and Translational Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Jincheng Zeng
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Medical Bioactive Molecular Developmental and Translational Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Bioactive Molecular Research for Department of Education of Guangdong Province, School of Basic Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Antitumor Active Substance Research and Development, School of Basic Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
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19
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Wanjalla CN, McDonnell WJ, Ram R, Chopra A, Gangula R, Leary S, Mashayekhi M, Simmons JD, Warren CM, Bailin S, Gabriel CL, Guo L, Furch BD, Lima MC, Woodward BO, Hannah L, Pilkinton MA, Fuller DT, Kawai K, Virmani R, Finn AV, Hasty AH, Mallal SA, Kalams SA, Koethe JR. Single-cell analysis shows that adipose tissue of persons with both HIV and diabetes is enriched for clonal, cytotoxic, and CMV-specific CD4+ T cells. CELL REPORTS MEDICINE 2021; 2:100205. [PMID: 33665640 PMCID: PMC7897802 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Persons with HIV are at increased risk for diabetes mellitus compared with individuals without HIV. Adipose tissue is an important regulator of glucose and lipid metabolism, and adipose tissue T cells modulate local inflammatory responses and, by extension, adipocyte function. Persons with HIV and diabetes have a high proportion of CX3CR1+ GPR56+ CD57+ (C-G-C+) CD4+ T cells in adipose tissue, a subset of which are cytomegalovirus specific, whereas individuals with diabetes but without HIV have predominantly CD69+ CD4+ T cells. Adipose tissue CD69+ and C-G-C+ CD4+ T cell subsets demonstrate higher receptor clonality compared with the same cells in blood, potentially reflecting antigen-driven expansion, but C-G-C+ CD4+ T cells have a more inflammatory and cytotoxic RNA transcriptome. Future studies will explore whether viral antigens have a role in recruitment and proliferation of pro-inflammatory C-G-C+ CD4+ T cells in adipose tissue of persons with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celestine N Wanjalla
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Center for Translational Immunology and Infectious Disease, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Tennessee Center for AIDS Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Wyatt J McDonnell
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Center for Translational Immunology and Infectious Disease, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,10x Genomics, Pleasanton, CA, USA
| | - Ramesh Ram
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Abha Chopra
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Rama Gangula
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Tennessee Center for AIDS Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Shay Leary
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Mona Mashayekhi
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Joshua D Simmons
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Tennessee Center for AIDS Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Christian M Warren
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Tennessee Center for AIDS Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Samuel Bailin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Curtis L Gabriel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Liang Guo
- CVPath Institute, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Briana D Furch
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Tennessee Center for AIDS Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Morgan C Lima
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Tennessee Center for AIDS Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Beverly O Woodward
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Tennessee Center for AIDS Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - LaToya Hannah
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Mark A Pilkinton
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Center for Translational Immunology and Infectious Disease, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Alyssa H Hasty
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Simon A Mallal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Center for Translational Immunology and Infectious Disease, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Tennessee Center for AIDS Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,VANTAGE, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Spyros A Kalams
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Center for Translational Immunology and Infectious Disease, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Tennessee Center for AIDS Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - John R Koethe
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Center for Translational Immunology and Infectious Disease, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Tennessee Center for AIDS Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA
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20
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González-Espinoza G, Arce-Gorvel V, Mémet S, Gorvel JP. Brucella: Reservoirs and Niches in Animals and Humans. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10020186. [PMID: 33572264 PMCID: PMC7915599 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucella is an intracellular bacterium that causes abortion, reproduction failure in livestock and leads to a debilitating flu-like illness with serious chronic complications if untreated in humans. As a successful intracellular pathogen, Brucella has developed strategies to avoid recognition by the immune system of the host and promote its survival and replication. In vivo, Brucellae reside mostly within phagocytes and other cells including trophoblasts, where they establish a preferred replicative niche inside the endoplasmic reticulum. This process is central as it gives Brucella the ability to maintain replicating-surviving cycles for long periods of time, even at low bacterial numbers, in its cellular niches. In this review, we propose that Brucella takes advantage of the environment provided by the cellular niches in which it resides to generate reservoirs and disseminate to other organs. We will discuss how the favored cellular niches for Brucella infection in the host give rise to anatomical reservoirs that may lead to chronic infections or persistence in asymptomatic subjects, and which may be considered as a threat for further contamination. A special emphasis will be put on bone marrow, lymph nodes, reproductive and for the first time adipose tissues, as well as wildlife reservoirs.
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21
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Jain N, Kalam H, Singh L, Sharma V, Kedia S, Das P, Ahuja V, Kumar D. Mesenchymal stem cells offer a drug-tolerant and immune-privileged niche to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3062. [PMID: 32546788 PMCID: PMC7297998 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16877-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-tuberculosis (TB) drugs, while being highly potent in vitro, require prolonged treatment to control Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infections in vivo. We report here that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) shelter Mtb to help tolerate anti-TB drugs. MSCs readily take up Mtb and allow unabated mycobacterial growth despite having a functional innate pathway of phagosome maturation. Unlike macrophage-resident ones, MSC-resident Mtb tolerates anti-TB drugs remarkably well, a phenomenon requiring proteins ABCC1, ABCG2 and vacuolar-type H+ATPases. Additionally, the classic pro-inflammatory cytokines IFNγ and TNFα aid mycobacterial growth within MSCs. Mechanistically, evading drugs and inflammatory cytokines by MSC-resident Mtb is dependent on elevated PGE2 signaling, which we verify in vivo analyzing sorted CD45-Sca1+CD73+-MSCs from lungs of infected mice. Moreover, MSCs are observed in and around human tuberculosis granulomas, harboring Mtb bacilli. We therefore propose, targeting the unique immune-privileged niche, provided by MSCs to Mtb, can have a major impact on tuberculosis prevention and cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neharika Jain
- Cellular Immunology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Haroon Kalam
- Cellular Immunology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Lakshyaveer Singh
- Cellular Immunology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Vartika Sharma
- Cellular Immunology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Saurabh Kedia
- Department of Gastroenterology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Prasenjit Das
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Vineet Ahuja
- Department of Gastroenterology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Dhiraj Kumar
- Cellular Immunology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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22
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Ramalho R, Rao M, Zhang C, Agrati C, Ippolito G, Wang FS, Zumla A, Maeurer M. Immunometabolism: new insights and lessons from antigen-directed cellular immune responses. Semin Immunopathol 2020; 42:279-313. [PMID: 32519148 PMCID: PMC7282544 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-020-00798-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Modulation of immune responses by nutrients is an important area of study in cellular biology and clinical sciences in the context of cancer therapies and anti-pathogen-directed immune responses in health and disease. We review metabolic pathways that influence immune cell function and cellular persistence in chronic infections. We also highlight the role of nutrients in altering the tissue microenvironment with lessons from the tumor microenvironment that shapes the quality and quantity of cellular immune responses. Multiple layers of biological networks, including the nature of nutritional supplements, the genetic background, previous exposures, and gut microbiota status have impact on cellular performance and immune competence against molecularly defined targets. We discuss how immune metabolism determines the differentiation pathway of antigen-specific immune cells and how these insights can be explored to devise better strategies to strengthen anti-pathogen-directed immune responses, while curbing unwanted, non-productive inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Ramalho
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM, U4585 FCT), Applied Nutrition Studies Group G.E.N.A.-IUEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Egas Moniz Higher Education School, Monte de Caparica, Portugal
| | - Martin Rao
- ImmunoSurgery Unit, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Chao Zhang
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | | | | | - Fu-Sheng Wang
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Alimuddin Zumla
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Markus Maeurer
- ImmunoSurgery Unit, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal.
- I Medizinische Klinik, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
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23
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PrayGod G. Does adipose tissue have a role in tuberculosis? Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2020; 18:839-841. [PMID: 32450048 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2020.1770597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- George PrayGod
- Mwanza Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research , Mwanza, Tanzania
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24
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Influenza infection rewires energy metabolism and induces browning features in adipose cells and tissues. Commun Biol 2020; 3:237. [PMID: 32409640 PMCID: PMC7224208 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-0965-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Like all obligate intracellular pathogens, influenza A virus (IAV) reprograms host cell's glucose and lipid metabolism to promote its own replication. However, the impact of influenza infection on white adipose tissue (WAT), a key tissue in the control of systemic energy homeostasis, has not been yet characterized. Here, we show that influenza infection induces alterations in whole-body glucose metabolism that persist long after the virus has been cleared. We report depot-specific changes in the WAT of IAV-infected mice, notably characterized by the appearance of thermogenic brown-like adipocytes within the subcutaneous fat depot. Importantly, viral RNA- and viral antigen-harboring cells are detected in the WAT of infected mice. Using in vitro approaches, we find that IAV infection enhances the expression of brown-adipogenesis-related genes in preadipocytes. Overall, our findings shed light on the role that the white adipose tissue, which lies at the crossroads of nutrition, metabolism and immunity, may play in influenza infection.
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25
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Bourgeois C, Gorwood J, Barrail-Tran A, Lagathu C, Capeau J, Desjardins D, Le Grand R, Damouche A, Béréziat V, Lambotte O. Specific Biological Features of Adipose Tissue, and Their Impact on HIV Persistence. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2837. [PMID: 31921023 PMCID: PMC6927940 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although white AT can contribute to anti-infectious immune responses, it can also be targeted and perturbed by pathogens. The AT's immune involvement is primarily due to strong pro-inflammatory responses (with both local and paracrine effects), and the large number of fat-resident macrophages. Adipocytes also exert direct antimicrobial responses. In recent years, it has been found that memory T cells accumulate in AT, where they provide efficient secondary responses against viral pathogens. These observations have prompted researchers to re-evaluate the links between obesity and susceptibility to infections. In contrast, AT serves as a reservoir for several persistence pathogens, such as human adenovirus Ad-36, Trypanosoma gondii, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, influenza A virus, and cytomegalovirus (CMV). The presence and persistence of bacterial DNA in AT has led to the concept of a tissue-specific microbiota. The unexpected coexistence of immune cells and pathogens within the specific AT environment is intriguing, and its impact on anti-infectious immune responses requires further evaluation. AT has been recently identified as a site of HIV persistence. In the context of HIV infection, AT is targeted by both the virus and the antiretroviral drugs. AT's intrinsic metabolic features, large overall mass, and wide distribution make it a major tissue reservoir, and one that may contribute to the pathophysiology of chronic HIV infections. Here, we review the immune, metabolic, viral, and pharmacological aspects that contribute to HIV persistence in AT. We also evaluate the respective impacts of both intrinsic and HIV-induced factors on AT's involvement as a viral reservoir. Lastly, we examine the potential consequences of HIV persistence on the metabolic and immune activities of AT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Bourgeois
- Center for Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, CEA, Université Paris Sud, INSERM U1184, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Jennifer Gorwood
- INSERM UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire de Cardio-Métabolisme et Nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Barrail-Tran
- Center for Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, CEA, Université Paris Sud, INSERM U1184, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- AP-HP, Service de Médecine Interne et Immunologie Clinique, Hôpital Bicêtre, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Paris Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Claire Lagathu
- INSERM UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire de Cardio-Métabolisme et Nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Jacqueline Capeau
- INSERM UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire de Cardio-Métabolisme et Nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Delphine Desjardins
- Center for Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, CEA, Université Paris Sud, INSERM U1184, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Roger Le Grand
- Center for Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, CEA, Université Paris Sud, INSERM U1184, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Abderaouf Damouche
- Center for Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, CEA, Université Paris Sud, INSERM U1184, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Véronique Béréziat
- INSERM UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire de Cardio-Métabolisme et Nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Lambotte
- Center for Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, CEA, Université Paris Sud, INSERM U1184, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- AP-HP, Service de Médecine Interne et Immunologie Clinique, Hôpital Bicêtre, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Paris Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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26
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Mayito J, Andia I, Belay M, Jolliffe DA, Kateete DP, Reece ST, Martineau AR. Anatomic and Cellular Niches for Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Latent Tuberculosis Infection. J Infect Dis 2019; 219:685-694. [PMID: 30376080 PMCID: PMC6376907 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Latent tuberculosis has been recognized for over a century, but discovery of new niches, where Mycobacterium tuberculosis resides, continues. We evaluated literature on M.tuberculosis locations during latency, highlighting that mesenchymal and hematopoietic stem cells harbor organisms in sensitized asymptomatic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Mayito
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda.,Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Irene Andia
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Mulugeta Belay
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom
| | - David A Jolliffe
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom
| | - David P Kateete
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Stephen T Reece
- Kymab Ltd, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian R Martineau
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom
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27
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Bussi C, Gutierrez MG. Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection of host cells in space and time. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2019; 43:341-361. [PMID: 30916769 PMCID: PMC6606852 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuz006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) caused by the bacterial pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) remains one of the deadliest infectious diseases with over a billion deaths in the past 200 years (Paulson 2013). TB causes more deaths worldwide than any other single infectious agent, with 10.4 million new cases and close to 1.7 million deaths in 2017. The obstacles that make TB hard to treat and eradicate are intrinsically linked to the intracellular lifestyle of Mtb. Mtb needs to replicate within human cells to disseminate to other individuals and cause disease. However, we still do not completely understand how Mtb manages to survive within eukaryotic cells and why some cells are able to eradicate this lethal pathogen. Here, we summarise the current knowledge of the complex host cell-pathogen interactions in TB and review the cellular mechanisms operating at the interface between Mtb and the human host cell, highlighting the technical and methodological challenges to investigating the cell biology of human host cell-Mtb interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Bussi
- Host-pathogen interactions in tuberculosis laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Maximiliano G Gutierrez
- Host-pathogen interactions in tuberculosis laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
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28
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Martinez N, Cheng CY, Ketheesan N, Cullen A, Tang Y, Lum J, West K, Poidinger M, Guertin DA, Singhal A, Kornfeld H. mTORC2/Akt activation in adipocytes is required for adipose tissue inflammation in tuberculosis. EBioMedicine 2019; 45:314-327. [PMID: 31279779 PMCID: PMC6642333 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mycobacterium tuberculosis has co-evolved with the human host, adapting to exploit the immune system for persistence and transmission. While immunity to tuberculosis (TB) has been intensively studied in the lung and lymphoid system, little is known about the participation of adipose tissues and non-immune cells in the host-pathogen interaction during this systemic disease. Methods C57BL/6J mice were aerosol infected with M. tuberculosis Erdman and presence of the bacteria and the fitness of the white and brown adipose tissues, liver and skeletal muscle were studied compared to uninfected mice. Findings M. tuberculosis infection in mice stimulated immune cell infiltration in visceral, and brown adipose tissue. Despite the absence of detectable bacterial dissemination to fat tissues, adipocytes produced localized pro-inflammatory signals that disrupted adipocyte lipid metabolism, resulting in adipocyte hypertrophy. Paradoxically, this resulted in increased insulin sensitivity and systemic glucose tolerance. Adipose tissue inflammation and enhanced glucose tolerance also developed in obese mice after aerosol M. tuberculosis infection. We found that infection induced adipose tissue Akt signaling, while inhibition of the Akt activator mTORC2 in adipocytes reversed TB-associated adipose tissue inflammation and cell hypertrophy. Interpretation Our study reveals a systemic response to aerosol M. tuberculosis infection that regulates adipose tissue lipid homeostasis through mTORC2/Akt signaling in adipocytes. Adipose tissue inflammation in TB is not simply a passive infiltration with leukocytes but requires the mechanistic participation of adipocyte signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Martinez
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Catherine Y Cheng
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Natkunam Ketheesan
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA; School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Australia
| | - Aidan Cullen
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Yuefeng Tang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Josephine Lum
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Kim West
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Michael Poidinger
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - David A Guertin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Amit Singhal
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Centre (VIDRC), Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Hardy Kornfeld
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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29
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to examine the evidence describing adipose tissue as a reservoir for HIV-1 and how this often expansive anatomic compartment contributes to HIV persistence. RECENT FINDINGS Memory CD4 T cells and macrophages, the major host cells for HIV, accumulate in adipose tissue during HIV/SIV infection of humans and rhesus macaques. Whereas HIV and SIV proviral DNA is detectable in CD4 T cells of multiple fat depots in virtually all infected humans and monkeys examined, viral RNA is less frequently detected, and infected macrophages may be less prevalent in adipose tissue. However, based on viral outgrowth assays, adipose-resident CD4 T cells are latently infected with virus that is replication-competent and infectious. Additionally, adipocytes interact with CD4 T cells and macrophages to promote immune cell activation and inflammation which may be supportive for HIV persistence. Antiviral effector cells, such as CD8 T cells and NK/NKT cells, are abundant in adipose tissue during HIV/SIV infection and typically exceed CD4 T cells, whereas B cells are largely absent from adipose tissue of humans and monkeys. Additionally, CD8 T cells in adipose tissue of HIV patients are activated and have a late differentiated phenotype, with unique TCR clonotypes of less diversity relative to blood CD8 T cells. With respect to the distribution of antiretroviral drugs in adipose tissue, data is limited, but there may be class-specific penetration of fat depots. The trafficking of infected immune cells within adipose tissues is a common event during HIV/SIV infection of humans and monkeys, but the virus may be mostly transcriptionally dormant. Viral replication may occur less in adipose tissue compared to other major reservoirs, such as lymphoid tissue, but replication competence and infectiousness of adipose latent virus are comparable to other tissues. Due to the ubiquitous nature of adipose tissue, inflammatory interactions among adipocytes and CD4 T cells and macrophages, and selective distribution of antiretroviral drugs, the sequestration of infected immune cells within fat depots likely represents a major challenge for cure efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Couturier
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St., MSB 2.112, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Dorothy E Lewis
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St., MSB 2.112, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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30
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Predatory bacteria can protect SKH-1 mice from a lethal plague challenge. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7225. [PMID: 31076594 PMCID: PMC6510791 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43467-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
With the rise of antimicrobial resistance, novel ways to treat bacterial infections are required and the use of predatory bacteria may be one such approach. Bdellovibrio species have been shown in vitro to predate on a wide range of other Gram-negative bacteria, including CDC category A/B pathogens such as Yersinia pestis. The data reported here show that treatment of SKH-1 mice with Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus HD100 provided significant protection from a lethal challenge of Yersinia pestis CO92. This is the first report of protection conferred by predation in vivo against a systemic pathogen challenge. However, this protective effect was not observed in a preliminary study with Balb/c mice. Therefore the effects of the predatory bacteria are complex and may be dependent on immune status/genetics of the host. Overall, predatory bacteria may have utility as a therapeutic modality but further work is required to understand the predator-host interaction.
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31
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Rao M, Dodoo E, Zumla A, Maeurer M. Immunometabolism and Pulmonary Infections: Implications for Protective Immune Responses and Host-Directed Therapies. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:962. [PMID: 31134013 PMCID: PMC6514247 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The biology and clinical efficacy of immune cells from patients with infectious diseases or cancer are associated with metabolic programming. Host immune- and stromal-cell genetic and epigenetic signatures in response to the invading pathogen shape disease pathophysiology and disease outcomes. Directly linked to the immunometabolic axis is the role of the host microbiome, which is also discussed here in the context of productive immune responses to lung infections. We also present host-directed therapies (HDT) as a clinically viable strategy to refocus dysregulated immunometabolism in patients with infectious diseases, which requires validation in early phase clinical trials as adjuncts to conventional antimicrobial therapy. These efforts are expected to be continuously supported by newly generated basic and translational research data to gain a better understanding of disease pathology while devising new molecularly defined platforms and therapeutic options to improve the treatment of patients with pulmonary infections, particularly in relation to multidrug-resistant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Rao
- ImmunoSurgery Unit, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ernest Dodoo
- Department of Oncology and Haematology, Krankenhaus Nordwest, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Alimuddin Zumla
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Markus Maeurer
- ImmunoSurgery Unit, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal.,Department of Oncology and Haematology, Krankenhaus Nordwest, Frankfurt, Germany
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32
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Ayyappan JP, Ganapathi U, Lizardo K, Vinnard C, Subbian S, Perlin DS, Nagajyothi JF. Adipose Tissue Regulates Pulmonary Pathology during TB Infection. mBio 2019; 10:e02771-18. [PMID: 30992360 PMCID: PMC6469978 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02771-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, remains a major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. One-third of the world population is infected with M. tuberculosis, and about 15 million people with latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) reside in the United States. An estimated 10% of individuals with LTBI are at risk of progressing to active disease. Loss of body mass, or wasting, accompanied by a significant reduction of body fat is often associated with active TB disease and is considered to be immunosuppressive and a major determinant of severity and outcome of disease. While the lungs are the primary site of M. tuberculosis infection and TB manifestation, recent reports have shown that adipose tissue serves as an important reservoir for M. tuberculosis In this article, we investigated the association between M. tuberculosis infection, adipose tissue, and TB disease progression using a transgenic inducible "fatless" model system, the FAT-ATTAC (fat apoptosis through targeted activation of caspase 8) mouse. By selectively ablating fat tissue during M. tuberculosis infection, we directly tested the role of fat cell loss and adipose tissue physiology in regulating pulmonary pathology, bacterial burden, and immune status. Our results confirm the presence of M. tuberculosis in fat tissue after aerosol infection of mice and show that loss of fat cells is associated with an increase in pulmonary M. tuberculosis burden and pathology. We conclude that acute loss of adipose tissue during LTBI may predispose the host to active TB disease.IMPORTANCE Although the lungs are the port of entry and the predominant site of TB disease manifestation, we and others have demonstrated that M. tuberculosis also persists in adipose tissue of aerosol-infected animals and directly or indirectly alters adipose tissue physiology, which in turn alters whole-body immuno-metabolic homeostasis. Our present report demonstrates a direct effect of loss of adipocytes (fat cells) on promoting the severity of pulmonary pathogenesis during TB, advancing our understanding of the pathogenic interactions between wasting and TB activation/reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janeesh Plakkal Ayyappan
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Usha Ganapathi
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Kezia Lizardo
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Christopher Vinnard
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Selvakumar Subbian
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - David S. Perlin
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jyothi F Nagajyothi
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, New Jersey, USA
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33
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Chan CC, Damen MSMA, Alarcon PC, Sanchez-Gurmaches J, Divanovic S. Inflammation and Immunity: From an Adipocyte's Perspective. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2019; 39:459-471. [PMID: 30920343 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2019.0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Comprehension of adipocyte function has evolved beyond a long-held belief of their inert nature, as simple energy storing and releasing cells. Adipocytes, including white, brown, and beige, are capable mediators of global metabolic health, but their intersection with inflammation is a budding field of exploration. Evidence hints at a reciprocal relationship adipocytes share with immune cells. Adipocyte's capacity to behave in an "immune-like" manner and ability to sense inflammatory cues that subsequently alter core adipocyte function might play an important role in shaping immune responses. Clarifying this intricate relationship could uncover previously underappreciated contribution of adipocytes to inflammation-driven human health and disease. In this review, we highlight the potential of largely underappreciated adipocyte "immune-like" function and how it may contribute to inflammation, immunity, and pathology of various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin C Chan
- 1Medical Scientist Training Program, Immunology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio.,2Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio.,3Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Michelle S M A Damen
- 2Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio.,3Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Pablo C Alarcon
- 1Medical Scientist Training Program, Immunology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio.,2Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio.,3Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Joan Sanchez-Gurmaches
- 2Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio.,4Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.,5Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Senad Divanovic
- 1Medical Scientist Training Program, Immunology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio.,2Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio.,3Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.,6Division of Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
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Laparra A, Tricot S, Le Van M, Damouche A, Gorwood J, Vaslin B, Favier B, Benoist S, Ho Tsong Fang R, Bosquet N, Le Grand R, Chapon C, Lambotte O, Bourgeois C. The Frequencies of Immunosuppressive Cells in Adipose Tissue Differ in Human, Non-human Primate, and Mouse Models. Front Immunol 2019; 10:117. [PMID: 30804937 PMCID: PMC6371887 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the metabolic properties of white adipose tissue have been extensively characterized, the tissue's immune properties are now attracting renewed interest. Early experiments in a mouse model suggested that white adipose tissue contains a high density of regulatory T cells (Tregs), and so it was assumed that all adipose tissue has an immunosuppressive profile—even though the investigation was limited to visceral body fat in relatively old male mice. This observation was also corroborated by high frequencies of other cell subsets with immunoregulatory properties, such as anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages, and regulatory B cells. Many studies have since evidenced the persistence of pathogens (trypanosomes, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, HIV, etc.) in adipose tissue. However, a recent report identified adipose tissue as a reservoir of memory T cells capable of protecting animals upon rechallenge. The immune potential of lean adipose tissue thus remains to be further investigated. Here, we compared the relative proportions of immune cells (and Tregs in particular) in lean adipose tissue collected from humans, a non-human primate (the cynomolgus macaque), and three mouse models. We demonstrated that the proportion of Foxp3+ Tregs in visceral adipose tissue was low in all models other than the C57Bl/6 mouse. These low values were not linked to correspondingly low proportions of effector cells because T lymphocytes (a main target of Treg suppression) were more frequent in cynomolgus macaques than in C57Bl/6 mice and (to a lesser extent) humans. In contrast, the proportions of macrophages and B cells were lower in cynomolgus macaques than in C57Bl/6 mice. We also observed a higher proportion of CD34+CD45- cells (which predominantly correspond to mesenchymal stem cells) in C57Bl/6 mouse and cynomolgus macaques than in humans and both for subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissues. Lastly, a microscopy analysis confirmed predominant proportion of adipocytes within adipose tissue, and highlighted a marked difference in adipocyte size among the three species studied. In conclusion, our study of lean, middle-aged, male individuals showed that the immune compartment of adipose tissue differed markedly in humans vs. mice, and suggesting the presence of a more inflammatory steady-state profile in humans than mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Laparra
- CEA - Université Paris Sud 11 - INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Sabine Tricot
- CEA - Université Paris Sud 11 - INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Mélanie Le Van
- CEA - Université Paris Sud 11 - INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Abderaouf Damouche
- CEA - Université Paris Sud 11 - INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Jennifer Gorwood
- CEA - Université Paris Sud 11 - INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Bruno Vaslin
- CEA - Université Paris Sud 11 - INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Benoit Favier
- CEA - Université Paris Sud 11 - INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Stéphane Benoist
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bicêtre, Service de Chirurgie Digestive et Oncologique, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Raphael Ho Tsong Fang
- CEA - Université Paris Sud 11 - INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Nathalie Bosquet
- CEA - Université Paris Sud 11 - INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Roger Le Grand
- CEA - Université Paris Sud 11 - INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Catherine Chapon
- CEA - Université Paris Sud 11 - INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Olivier Lambotte
- CEA - Université Paris Sud 11 - INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,Université Paris Sud, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Médecine Interne et Immunologie Clinique, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Paris Sud, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Christine Bourgeois
- CEA - Université Paris Sud 11 - INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
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35
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Macdougall CE, Longhi MP. Adipose tissue dendritic cells in steady-state. Immunology 2019; 156:228-234. [PMID: 30552824 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Healthy white adipose tissue (WAT) participates in regulating systemic metabolism, whereas dysfunctional WAT plays a prominent role in the development of obesity-associated co-morbidities. Tissue-resident immune cells are important for maintaining WAT homeostasis, including conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) which are critical in the initiation and regulation of adaptive immune responses. Due to phenotypic overlap with other myeloid cells, the distinct contribution of WAT cDCs has been poorly understood. This review will discuss the contribution of cDCs in the maintenance of WAT homeostasis. In particular, the review will focus on the metabolic cross-talk between cDCs and adipocytes that regulates local immune responses during physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Macdougall
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - M Paula Longhi
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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36
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Magee MJ, Salindri AD, Gujral UP, Auld SC, Bao J, Haw JS, Lin HH, Kornfeld H. Convergence of non-communicable diseases and tuberculosis: a two-way street? Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2018; 22:1258-1268. [PMID: 30355404 PMCID: PMC6281291 DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.18.0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The intersection of tuberculosis (TB) with non-communicable diseases (NCDs), including diabetes mellitus (DM), chronic lung disease (CLD), and cardiovascular disease (CVD), has emerged as a critical clinical and public health challenge. Rapidly expanding NCD epidemics threaten TB control in low- and middle-income countries, where the prevention and treatment of TB disease remain a great burden. However, to date, the notion that TB may adversely impact NCD risk and severity has not been well explored. This review summarizes biomedical hypotheses, findings from animal models, and emerging epidemiologic data related to the progression of DM, CLD and CVD during and after active TB disease. We conclude that there is sufficient empirical evidence to justify a greater research emphasis on the syndemic interaction between TB and NCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Magee
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Georgia State University
| | - Argita D Salindri
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Georgia State University
| | - Unjali P Gujral
- Global Diabetes Research Center, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University
| | - Sara C Auld
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine
| | - Jing Bao
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health
| | - J Sonya Haw
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipids, Emory University School of Medicine
| | | | - H Kornfeld
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School
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37
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Tanner L, Denti P, Wiesner L, Warner DF. Drug permeation and metabolism in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Prioritising local exposure as essential criterion in new TB drug development. IUBMB Life 2018; 70:926-937. [PMID: 29934964 PMCID: PMC6129860 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Anti-tuberculosis (TB) drugs possess diverse abilities to penetrate the different host tissues and cell types in which infecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacilli are located during active disease. This is important since there is increasing evidence that the respective "lesion-penetrating" properties of the front-line TB drugs appear to correlate well with their specific activity in standard combination therapy. In turn, these observations suggest that rational efforts to discover novel treatment-shortening drugs and drug combinations should incorporate knowledge about the comparative abilities of both existing and experimental anti-TB agents to access bacilli in defined physiological states at different sites of infection, as well as avoid elimination by efflux or inactivation by host or bacterial metabolism. However, while there is a fundamental requirement to understand the mode of action and pharmacological properties of any current or experimental anti-TB agent within the context of the obligate human host, this is complex and, until recently, has been severely limited by the available methodologies and models. Here, we discuss advances in analytical models and technologies which have enabled investigations of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics (DMPK) for new TB drug development. In particular, we consider the potential to shift the focus of traditional pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic analyses away from plasma to a more specific "site of action" drug exposure as an essential criterion for drug development and the design of dosing strategies. Moreover, in summarising approaches to determine DMPK data for the "unit of infection" comprising host macrophage and intracellular bacillus, we evaluate the potential benefits of including these analyses at an early stage in the preclinical drug development algorithm. © 2018 IUBMB Life, 70(9):926-937, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lloyd Tanner
- SAMRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease & Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Paolo Denti
- SAMRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease & Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Lubbe Wiesner
- SAMRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease & Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Digby F. Warner
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
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Adipocyte Model of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection Reveals Differential Availability of Iron to Bacilli in the Lipid-Rich Caseous Environment. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00041-18. [PMID: 29632245 PMCID: PMC5964510 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00041-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a successful human pathogen, utilizes multiple carbon sources from the host but adapts to a fatty-acid-rich environment in vivo. We sought to delineate the physiologic response of M. tuberculosis to a lipid-rich environment by using differentiated adipocytes as a model system. Global transcriptome profiling based on RNA sequencing was performed for bacilli from infected adipocytes and preadipocytes. Genes involved in de novo fatty acid synthesis were downregulated, while those predicted to be involved in triglyceride biosynthesis were upregulated, in bacilli isolated from adipocytes, indicating reliance on host-derived fatty acids. Transcription factor network analysis indicated suppression of IdeR-regulated genes, suggesting decreased iron uptake by M. tuberculosis in the adipocyte model. This suppression of iron uptake coincided with higher ferritin and iron levels in adipocytes than in preadipocytes. In accord with the role of iron in mediating oxidative stress, we observed upregulation of genes involved in mitigating oxidative stress in M. tuberculosis isolated from adipocytes. We provide evidence that oleic acid, a major host-derived fatty acid, helps reduce the bacterial cytoplasm, thereby providing a safe haven for an M. tuberculosis mutant that is sensitive to iron-mediated oxidative stress. Via an independent mechanism, host ferritin is also able to rescue the growth of this mutant. Our work highlights the inherent synergy between macronutrients and micronutrients of the host environment that converge to provide resilience to the pathogen. This complex synergy afforded by the adipocyte model of infection will aid in the identification of genes required by M. tuberculosis in a caseous host environment.
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