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Song YP, Tang MF, Leung ASY, Tao KP, Chan OM, Wong GWK, Chan PKS, Chan RWY, Leung TF. Interactive effects between CDHR3 genotype and rhinovirus species for diagnosis and severity of respiratory tract infections in hospitalized children. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0118123. [PMID: 37750685 PMCID: PMC10581227 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01181-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhinovirus (RV) is the leading pathogen causing childhood wheezing, with rhinovirus C (RV-C) species reported to cause asthma exacerbation. Allele A of single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) CDHR3_rs6967330 upregulates epithelial expression of RV-C receptors which results in more severe asthma exacerbations in children. Nevertheless, there are limited data on interactions between CDHR3 variants and their impact on severity of RV-related pediatric respiratory tract infections (RTIs). Medical records of RV-related RTIs in children aged below 18 years who were hospitalized in two public hospitals in 2015-2016 were independently reviewed by two paediatricians. Archived nasopharyngeal aspirates were retrieved for RV detection and sequencing as well as CDHR3 genotyping. HaploView v.5.0 and generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction (GMDR) analysis were employed for haplotypic assignment and gene-environment interaction analyses. Among 1019 studied cases, our results confirmed the relationship between RV-C species and more severe RTIs. Besides the top risk variant rs6967330-A, we identified rs140154310-T to be associated with RV-C susceptibility under the additive model [odds ratio (OR) 2.53, 95% CI 1.15-5.56; P = 0.021]. Rs140154310 was associated with wheezing illness (OR 2.38, 95% CI 1.12-5.04; P = 0.024), with such association being stronger in subjects who wheezed due to RV-C infections (OR 2.71, 95% CI 1.32-5.58; P = 0.007). Haplotype GAG constructed from rs4730125, rs6967330, and rs73195665 was associated with increased risk of RV-C infection (OR 1.71, 95% CI 1.11-2.65; P = 0.016) and oxygen supplementation (OR 1.93, 95% CI 1.13-3.30; P = 0.016). GMDR analyses revealed epistatic interaction between rs140154310 and rs6967330 of CDHR3 for RV-C infection (P = 0.001), RV-C-associated lower RTI (P = 0.004), and RV-C-associated wheeze (P = 0.007). There was synergistic gene-environmental interaction between rs3887998 and RV-C for more severe clinical outcomes (P < 0.001). To conclude, rs140154310-T is another risk variant for RV-C susceptibility and more severe RTIs. Synergistic epistatic interaction is found between CDHR3 SNPs and RV-C for RTI severity, which is likely mediated by susceptibility to RV-C. Haplotypic analysis and GMDR should be included in identifying prediction models of CDHR3 for childhood asthma and RTIs. IMPORTANCE This case-control study investigated the interaction between CDHR3 genotypes and rhinovirus (RV) species on disease severity in Hong Kong children hospitalized for respiratory tract infection (RTI). There were synergistic effects between RV-C and CDHR3 SNPs for RTI severity, which was mainly driven by RV-C. Specifically, rs6967330 and rs140154310 alone and their epistatic interaction were associated with RV-C-related and severe RTIs in our subjects. Therefore, genotyping of CDHR3 SNPs may help physicians formulate prediction models for severity of RV-associated RTIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu P. Song
- Department of Paediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Man F. Tang
- Department of Paediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Agnes S. Y. Leung
- Department of Paediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kin P. Tao
- Department of Paediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong-University Medical Center Utrecht Joint Research Laboratory of Respiratory Virus and Immunobiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Oi M. Chan
- Department of Paediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gary W. K. Wong
- Department of Paediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Paul K. S. Chan
- Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Renee W. Y. Chan
- Department of Paediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong-University Medical Center Utrecht Joint Research Laboratory of Respiratory Virus and Immunobiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ting F. Leung
- Department of Paediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong-University Medical Center Utrecht Joint Research Laboratory of Respiratory Virus and Immunobiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Zheng M. ACE2 and COVID-19 Susceptibility and Severity. Aging Dis 2022; 13:360-372. [PMID: 35371596 PMCID: PMC8947832 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2021.0805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sick, male, and older populations are more vulnerable to COVID-19. However, it remains unclear whether a common mechanism exists across different demographic characteristics. SARS-CoV-2 infection is initiated by the specific binding of the viral spike protein to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). This study analyzed the demographics of pulmonary ACE2 expression, Mendelian randomization (MR) of ACE2 and COVID-19, and comparative tropism of SARS-CoV-2. The key features of SARS-CoV-2 tropism, including pulmonary ACE2 expression and ACE2-expressing cell types, showed distinct subphenotypes associated with the demographics of vulnerable COVID-19 populations, suggesting a hypothesis centered on “ACE2” to explain their interplay. Next, by integrating multiple COVID-19 cohorts of genome-wide association studies (GWASs) and cis-expression quantitative trait loci (cis-eQTLs) of ACE2, MR analysis demonstrated that ACE2 played a causal role in COVID-19 susceptibility and severity, suggesting ACE2 as a promising target for early COVID-19 treatment. Next, by analyzing the expression of host cell receptors using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data of human lung tissues, comparative tropism analysis showed that SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory viruses, but not non-respiratory viruses, had remarkably overlapping and enriched cellular tropism in alveolar type 2 (AT2) cells. This finding indicates the possibility of coinfection with SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory viruses, perhaps implying sociovirology at the cellular level. Moreover, the binding of viral entry proteins to the compatible host cell receptors is under strong natural selection pressure. Therefore, comparative tropism might reveal the footprint of natural selection that shapes the virus population, which provides a novel perspective for understanding zoonotic spillover events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zheng
- 1Institute of Military Cognition and Brain Sciences, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,2Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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3
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Gagliardi TB, Goldstein ME, Song D, Gray KM, Jung JW, Ignacio MA, Stroka KM, Duncan GA, Scull MA. Rhinovirus C replication is associated with the endoplasmic reticulum and triggers cytopathic effects in an in vitro model of human airway epithelium. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010159. [PMID: 34995322 PMCID: PMC8741012 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical impact of rhinovirus C (RV-C) is well-documented; yet, the viral life cycle remains poorly defined. Thus, we characterized RV-C15 replication at the single-cell level and its impact on the human airway epithelium (HAE) using a physiologically-relevant in vitro model. RV-C15 replication was restricted to ciliated cells where viral RNA levels peaked at 12 hours post-infection (hpi), correlating with elevated titers in the apical compartment at 24hpi. Notably, infection was associated with a loss of polarized expression of the RV-C receptor, cadherin-related family member 3. Visualization of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) during RV-C15 replication revealed two distinct replication complex arrangements within the cell, likely corresponding to different time points in infection. To further define RV-C15 replication sites, we analyzed the expression and colocalization of giantin, phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate, and calnexin with dsRNA. Despite observing Golgi fragmentation by immunofluorescence during RV-C15 infection as previously reported for other RVs, a high ratio of calnexin-dsRNA colocalization implicated the endoplasmic reticulum as the primary site for RV-C15 replication in HAE. RV-C15 infection was also associated with elevated stimulator of interferon genes (STING) expression and the induction of incomplete autophagy, a mechanism used by other RVs to facilitate non-lytic release of progeny virions. Notably, genetic depletion of STING in HAE attenuated RV-C15 and -A16 (but not -B14) replication, corroborating a previously proposed proviral role for STING in some RV infections. Finally, RV-C15 infection resulted in a temporary loss in epithelial barrier integrity and the translocation of tight junction proteins while a reduction in mucociliary clearance indicated cytopathic effects on epithelial function. Together, our findings identify both shared and unique features of RV-C replication compared to related rhinoviruses and define the impact of RV-C on both epithelial cell organization and tissue functionality–aspects of infection that may contribute to pathogenesis in vivo. Rhinovirus C has a global distribution and significant clinical impact–especially in those with underlying lung disease. Although RV-C is genetically, structurally, and biologically distinct from RV-A and -B viruses, our understanding of the RV-C life cycle has been largely inferred from these and other related viruses. Here, we performed a detailed analysis of RV-C15 replication in a physiologically-relevant model of human airway epithelium. Our single-cell, microscopy-based approach revealed that–unlike other RVs–the endoplasmic reticulum is the primary site for RV-C15 replication. RV-C15 replication also stimulated STING expression, which was proviral, and triggered dramatic changes in cellular organization, including altered virus receptor distribution, fragmented Golgi stacks, and the induction of incomplete autophagy. Additionally, we observed a loss of epithelial barrier function and a decrease in mucociliary clearance, a major defense mechanism in the lung, during RV-C15 infection. Together, these data reveal novel insight into RV-C15 replication dynamics and resulting cytopathic effects in the primary target cells for infection, thereby furthering our understanding of the pathogenesis of RV-C. Our work highlights similar, as well as unique, aspects of RV-C15 replication compared to related pathogens, which will help guide future studies on the molecular mechanisms of RV-C infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talita B. Gagliardi
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Monty E. Goldstein
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Daniel Song
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kelsey M. Gray
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jae W. Jung
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Maxinne A. Ignacio
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kimberly M. Stroka
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
- Biophysics Program, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gregg A. Duncan
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Margaret A. Scull
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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4
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Watkinson RL, Looi K, Laing IA, Cianferoni A, Kicic A. Viral Induced Effects on a Vulnerable Epithelium; Lessons Learned From Paediatric Asthma and Eosinophilic Oesophagitis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:773600. [PMID: 34912343 PMCID: PMC8666438 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.773600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The epithelium is integral to the protection of many different biological systems and for the maintenance of biochemical homeostasis. Emerging evidence suggests that particular children have epithelial vulnerabilities leading to dysregulated barrier function and integrity, that resultantly contributes to disease pathogenesis. These epithelial vulnerabilities likely develop in utero or in early life due to various genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors. Although various epithelia are uniquely structured with specific function, prevalent allergic-type epithelial diseases in children potentially have common or parallel disease processes. These include inflammation and immune response dysregulation stemming from atypical epithelial barrier function and integrity. Two diseases where aetiology and pathogenesis are potentially linked to epithelial vulnerabilities include Paediatric Asthma and Eosinophilic Oesophagitis (EoE). For example, rhinovirus C (RV-C) is a known risk factor for paediatric asthma development and is known to disrupt respiratory epithelial barrier function causing acute inflammation. In addition, EoE, a prevalent atopic condition of the oesophageal epithelium, is characterised by similar innate immune and epithelial responses to viral injury. This review examines the current literature and identifies the gaps in the field defining viral-induced effects on a vulnerable respiratory epithelium and resulting chronic inflammation, drawing from knowledge generated in acute wheezing illness, paediatric asthma and EoE. Besides highlighting the importance of epithelial structure and barrier function in allergic disease pathogenesis regardless of specific epithelial sub-types, this review focuses on the importance of examining other parallel allergic-type disease processes that may uncover commonalities driving disease pathogenesis. This in turn may be beneficial in the development of common therapeutics for current clinical management and disease prevention in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Watkinson
- Division of Paediatrics, Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Wal-Yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Kevin Looi
- Wal-Yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia.,School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Ingrid A Laing
- Division of Paediatrics, Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Wal-Yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Antonella Cianferoni
- Pediatrics Department, Perlman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Anthony Kicic
- Wal-Yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia.,School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia.,Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
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5
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Hirsch SD, Elling CL, Bootpetch TC, Scholes MA, Hafrén L, Streubel SO, Pine HS, Wine TM, Szeremeta W, Prager JD, Einarsdottir E, Yousaf A, Baschal EE, Rehman S, Bamshad MJ, Nickerson DA, Riazuddin S, Leal SM, Ahmed ZM, Yoon PJ, Kere J, Chan KH, Mattila PS, Friedman NR, Chonmaitree T, Frank DN, Ryan AF, Santos-Cortez RLP. The role of CDHR3 in susceptibility to otitis media. J Mol Med (Berl) 2021; 99:1571-1583. [PMID: 34322716 PMCID: PMC8541908 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-021-02118-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Otitis media (OM) is common in young children and can cause hearing loss and speech, language, and developmental delays. OM has high heritability; however, little is known about OM-related molecular and genetic processes. CDHR3 was previously identified as a locus for OM susceptibility, but to date, studies have focused on how the CDHR3 p.Cys529Tyr variant increases epithelial binding of rhinovirus-C and risk for lung or sinus pathology. In order to further delineate a role for CDHR3 in OM, we performed the following: exome sequencing using DNA samples from OM-affected individuals from 257 multi-ethnic families; Sanger sequencing, logistic regression and transmission disequilibrium tests for 407 US trios or probands with OM; 16S rRNA sequencing and analysis for middle ear and nasopharyngeal samples; and single-cell RNA sequencing and differential expression analyses for mouse middle ear. From exome sequence data, we identified a novel pathogenic CDHR3 splice variant that co-segregates with OM in US and Finnish families. Additionally, a frameshift and six missense rare or low-frequency variants were identified in Finnish probands. In US probands, the CDHR3 p.Cys529Tyr variant was associated with the absence of middle ear fluid at surgery and also with increased relative abundance of Lysobacter in the nasopharynx and Streptomyces in the middle ear. Consistent with published data on airway epithelial cells and our RNA-sequence data from human middle ear tissues, Cdhr3 expression is restricted to ciliated epithelial cells of the middle ear and is downregulated after acute OM. Overall, these findings suggest a critical role for CDHR3 in OM susceptibility. KEY MESSAGES: • Novel rare or low-frequency CDHR3 variants putatively confer risk for otitis media. • Pathogenic variant CDHR3 c.1653 + 3G > A was found in nine families with otitis media. • CDHR3 p.Cys529Tyr was associated with lack of effusion and bacterial otopathogens. • Cdhr3 expression was limited to ciliated epithelial cells in mouse middle ear. • Cdhr3 was downregulated 3 h after infection of mouse middle ear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott D Hirsch
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus (CU-AMC), 12700 E. 19th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Christina L Elling
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus (CU-AMC), 12700 E. 19th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Tori C Bootpetch
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus (CU-AMC), 12700 E. 19th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Melissa A Scholes
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus (CU-AMC), 12700 E. 19th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital Colorado (CHCO), 13123 E. 16th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Lena Hafrén
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Tukholmankatu 8A, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sven-Olrik Streubel
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus (CU-AMC), 12700 E. 19th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital Colorado (CHCO), 13123 E. 16th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Harold S Pine
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), 301 8th St, Galveston, TX, 77550, USA
| | - Todd M Wine
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus (CU-AMC), 12700 E. 19th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital Colorado (CHCO), 13123 E. 16th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Wasyl Szeremeta
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), 301 8th St, Galveston, TX, 77550, USA
| | - Jeremy D Prager
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus (CU-AMC), 12700 E. 19th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital Colorado (CHCO), 13123 E. 16th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Elisabet Einarsdottir
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics and Molecular Neurology Research Program, University of Helsinki, PO Box 63, Biomedicum 1, 3rd floor, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, 141 86, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Gene Technology, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, 171 21, Solna, Sweden
| | - Ayesha Yousaf
- Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60000, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Erin E Baschal
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus (CU-AMC), 12700 E. 19th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Sakina Rehman
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, 670 West Baltimore St., Room 7181, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Michael J Bamshad
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, William H. Foege Hall, 3720 15th Ave. NE, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Deborah A Nickerson
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, William H. Foege Hall, 3720 15th Ave. NE, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Saima Riazuddin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, 670 West Baltimore St., Room 7181, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Suzanne M Leal
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Department of Neurology, Taub Institute for Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, William Black Building, 650 West 168th St, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Zubair M Ahmed
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, 670 West Baltimore St., Room 7181, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Patricia J Yoon
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus (CU-AMC), 12700 E. 19th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital Colorado (CHCO), 13123 E. 16th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Juha Kere
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics and Molecular Neurology Research Program, University of Helsinki, PO Box 63, Biomedicum 1, 3rd floor, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, 141 86, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kenny H Chan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus (CU-AMC), 12700 E. 19th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital Colorado (CHCO), 13123 E. 16th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Petri S Mattila
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Tukholmankatu 8A, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Norman R Friedman
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus (CU-AMC), 12700 E. 19th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital Colorado (CHCO), 13123 E. 16th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Tasnee Chonmaitree
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UTMB, 301 8th St, Galveston, TX, 77550, USA
| | - Daniel N Frank
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, CU-AMC, 12700 E. 19th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Allen F Ryan
- Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, San Diego School of Medicine and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Regie Lyn P Santos-Cortez
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus (CU-AMC), 12700 E. 19th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
- Center for Children's Surgery, CHCO, 13123 E. 16th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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6
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O'Brien B, Goodridge L, Ronholm J, Nasheri N. Exploring the potential of foodborne transmission of respiratory viruses. Food Microbiol 2021; 95:103709. [PMID: 33397626 PMCID: PMC8035669 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2020.103709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing pandemic involving severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has raised the question whether this virus, which is known to be spread primarily though respiratory droplets, could be spread through the fecal-oral route or via contaminated food. In this article, we present a critical review of the literature exploring the potential foodborne transmission of several respiratory viruses including human coronaviruses, avian influenza virus (AVI), parainfluenza viruses, human respiratory syncytial virus, adenoviruses, rhinoviruses, and Nipah virus. Multiple lines of evidence, including documented expression of receptor proteins on gastrointestinal epithelial cells, in vivo viral replication in gastrointestinal epithelial cell lines, extended fecal shedding of respiratory viruses, and the ability to remain infectious in food environments for extended periods of time raises the theoretical ability of some human respiratory viruses, particularly human coronaviruses and AVI, to spread via food. However, to date, neither epidemiological data nor case reports of clear foodborne transmission of either viruses exist. Thus, foodborne transmission of human respiratory viruses remains only a theoretical possibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget O'Brien
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, Ste Anne de Bellevue, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Jennifer Ronholm
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, Ste Anne de Bellevue, Québec, Canada
| | - Neda Nasheri
- Food Virology Laboratory, Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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7
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Rajput C, Han M, Ishikawa T, Lei J, Goldsmith AM, Jazaeri S, Stroupe CC, Bentley JK, Hershenson MB. Rhinovirus C Infection Induces Type 2 Innate Lymphoid Cell Expansion and Eosinophilic Airway Inflammation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:649520. [PMID: 33968043 PMCID: PMC8100319 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.649520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhinovirus C (RV-C) infection is associated with severe asthma exacerbations. Since type 2 inflammation is an important disease mechanism in asthma, we hypothesized that RV-C infection, in contrast to RV-A, preferentially stimulates type 2 inflammation, leading to exacerbated eosinophilic inflammation. To test this, we developed a mouse model of RV-C15 airways disease. RV-C15 was generated from the full-length cDNA clone and grown in HeLa-E8 cells expressing human CDHR3. BALB/c mice were inoculated intranasally with 5 x 106 ePFU RV-C15, RV-A1B or sham. Mice inoculated with RV-C15 showed lung viral titers of 1 x 105 TCID50 units 24 h after infection, with levels declining thereafter. IFN-α, β, γ and λ2 mRNAs peaked 24-72 hrs post-infection. Immunofluorescence verified colocalization of RV-C15, CDHR3 and acetyl-α-tubulin in mouse ciliated airway epithelial cells. Compared to RV-A1B, mice infected with RV-C15 demonstrated higher bronchoalveolar eosinophils, mRNA expression of IL-5, IL-13, IL-25, Muc5ac and Gob5/Clca, protein production of IL-5, IL-13, IL-25, IL-33 and TSLP, and expansion of type 2 innate lymphoid cells. Analogous results were found in mice treated with house dust mite before infection, including increased airway responsiveness. In contrast to Rorafl/fl littermates, RV-C-infected Rorafl/flIl7rcre mice deficient in ILC2s failed to show eosinophilic inflammation or mRNA expression of IL-13, Muc5ac and Muc5b. We conclude that, compared to RV-A1B, RV-C15 infection induces ILC2-dependent type 2 airway inflammation, providing insight into the mechanism of RV-C-induced asthma exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marc B. Hershenson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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8
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Choi T, Devries M, Bacharier LB, Busse W, Camargo CA, Cohen R, Demuri GP, Evans MD, Fitzpatrick AM, Gergen PJ, Grindle K, Gruchalla R, Hartert T, Hasegawa K, Khurana Hershey GK, Holt P, Homil K, Jartti T, Kattan M, Kercsmar C, Kim H, Laing IA, LeBeau P, Lee KE, Le Souëf PN, Liu A, Mauger DT, Ober C, Pappas T, Patel SJ, Phipatanakul W, Pongracic J, Seroogy C, Sly PD, Tisler C, Wald ER, Wood R, Gangnon R, Jackson DJ, Lemanske RF, Gern JE, Bochkov YA. Enhanced Neutralizing Antibody Responses to Rhinovirus C and Age-Dependent Patterns of Infection. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2021; 203:822-830. [PMID: 33357024 PMCID: PMC8017585 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202010-3753oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Rhinovirus (RV) C can cause asymptomatic infection and respiratory illnesses ranging from the common cold to severe wheezing.Objectives: To identify how age and other individual-level factors are associated with susceptibility to RV-C illnesses.Methods: Longitudinal data from the COAST (Childhood Origins of Asthma) birth cohort study were analyzed to determine relationships between age and RV-C infections. Neutralizing antibodies specific for RV-A and RV-C (three types each) were determined using a novel PCR-based assay. Data were pooled from 14 study cohorts in the United States, Finland, and Australia, and mixed-effects logistic regression was used to identify factors related to the proportion of RV-C versus RV-A detection.Measurements and Main Results: In COAST, RV-A and RV-C infections were similarly common in infancy, whereas RV-C was detected much less often than RV-A during both respiratory illnesses and scheduled surveillance visits (P < 0.001, χ2) in older children. The prevalence of neutralizing antibodies to RV-A or RV-C types was low (5-27%) at the age of 2 years, but by the age of 16 years, RV-C seropositivity was more prevalent (78% vs. 18% for RV-A; P < 0.0001). In the pooled analysis, the RV-C to RV-A detection ratio during illnesses was significantly related to age (P < 0.0001), CDHR3 genotype (P < 0.05), and wheezing illnesses (P < 0.05). Furthermore, certain RV types (e.g., C2, C11, A78, and A12) were consistently more virulent and prevalent over time.Conclusions: Knowledge of prevalent RV types, antibody responses, and populations at risk based on age and genetics may guide the development of vaccines or other novel therapies against this important respiratory pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Choi
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Mark Devries
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Anne M Fitzpatrick
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Peter J Gergen
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Patrick Holt
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Tuomas Jartti
- University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Universities of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | | | | | - Haejin Kim
- Henry Ford Health Systems, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Ingrid A Laing
- University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | | | - Peter N Le Souëf
- University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Andrew Liu
- University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Peter D Sly
- Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; and
| | | | - Ellen R Wald
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Robert Wood
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | | | | | - James E Gern
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
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9
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Dash S, Duraivelan K, Samanta D. Cadherin-mediated host-pathogen interactions. Cell Microbiol 2021; 23:e13316. [PMID: 33543826 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cell adhesion molecules mediate cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix adhesions and play an immense role in a myriad of physiological processes during the growth and development of a multicellular organism. Cadherins belong to a major group of membrane-bound cell surface proteins that, in coordination with nectins, drive the formation and maintenance of adherens junctions for mediating cell to cell adhesion, cellular communication and signalling. Alongside adhesive function, the involvement of cadherins in mediating host-pathogen interactions has been extensively explored in recent years. In this review, we provide an in-depth understanding of microbial pathogens and their virulence factors that exploit cadherins for their strategical invasion into the host cell. Furthermore, macromolecular interactions involving cadherins and various microbial factors such as secretory toxins and adhesins lead to the disintegration of host cell junctions followed by the entry of the pathogen or triggering downstream signalling pathways responsible for successful invasion of the pathogenic microbes are discussed. Besides providing a comprehensive insight into some of the structural complexes involving cadherins and microbial factors to offer the mechanistic details of host-pathogen interactions, the current review also highlights novel constituents of various cell signalling events such as endocytosis machinery elicited upon microbial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagarika Dash
- School of Bioscience, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | | | - Dibyendu Samanta
- School of Bioscience, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
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10
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Solution NMR Determination of the CDHR3 Rhinovirus-C Binding Domain, EC1. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020159. [PMID: 33499226 PMCID: PMC7911512 DOI: 10.3390/v13020159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadherin Related Family Member 3 (CDHR3) is the identified and required cellular receptor for all virus isolates in the rhinovirus-C species (RV-C). Cryo-EM determinations recently resolved the atomic structure of RV-C15a, and subsequently, a complex of this virus bound to CDHR3 extracellular domain 1 (EC1), the N-terminal portion of this receptor responsible for virus interactions. The EC1 binds to a hypervariable sequence footprint on the virus surface, near the 3-fold axis of icosahedral symmetry. The key contacts involve discontinuous residues from 3 viral proteins, VP1, VP2 and VP3. That single cryo-EM EC1 structure, however, could not resolve whether the virus-receptor interface was structurally adaptable to accommodate multiple virus sequences. We now report the solution NMR determination of CDHR3 EC1, showing that this protein, in fact, is mostly inflexible, particularly in the virus-binding face. The new, higher resolution dataset identifies 3 cis-Pro residues in important loop regions, where they can influence both rigidity and overall protein conformation. The data also provide clarification about the residues involved in essential calcium ion binding, and a potential CDHR3 surface groove feature that may be involved in native protein interactions with cellular partners.
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11
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Ganjian H, Rajput C, Elzoheiry M, Sajjan U. Rhinovirus and Innate Immune Function of Airway Epithelium. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:277. [PMID: 32637363 PMCID: PMC7316886 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Airway epithelial cells, which lines the respiratory mucosa is in direct contact with the environment. Airway epithelial cells are the primary target for rhinovirus and other inhaled pathogens. In response to rhinovirus infection, airway epithelial cells mount both pro-inflammatory responses and antiviral innate immune responses to clear the virus efficiently. Some of the antiviral responses include the expression of IFNs, endoplasmic reticulum stress induced unfolded protein response and autophagy. Airway epithelial cells also recruits other innate immune cells to establish antiviral state and resolve the inflammation in the lungs. In patients with chronic lung disease, these responses may be either defective or induced in excess leading to deficient clearing of virus and sustained inflammation. In this review, we will discuss the mechanisms underlying antiviral innate immunity and the dysregulation of some of these mechanisms in patients with chronic lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haleh Ganjian
- Department of Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Lewis Katz Medical School, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Charu Rajput
- Department of Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Lewis Katz Medical School, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Manal Elzoheiry
- Department of Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Lewis Katz Medical School, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Umadevi Sajjan
- Department of Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Lewis Katz Medical School, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Physiology, Lewis Katz Medical School, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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12
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Pazderova P, Waltl EE, Niederberger-Leppin V, Flicker S, Valenta R, Niespodziana K. ELISA-Based Assay for Studying Major and Minor Group Rhinovirus-Receptor Interactions. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E315. [PMID: 32570763 PMCID: PMC7350259 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhinovirus (RV) infections are a major cause of recurrent common colds and trigger severe exacerbations of chronic respiratory diseases. Major challenges for the development of vaccines for RV include the virus occurring in the form of approximately 160 different serotypes, using different receptors, and the need for preclinical models for the screening of vaccine candidates and antiviral compounds. We report the establishment and characterization of an ELISA-based assay for studying major and minor group RV-receptor interactions. This assay is based on the interaction of purified virus with plate-bound human receptor proteins, intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), and low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR). Using RV strain-specific antibodies, we demonstrate the specific binding of a panel of major and minor RV group types including RV-A and RV-B strains to ICAM-1 and LDLR, respectively. We show that the RV-receptor interaction can be blocked with receptor-specific antibodies as well as with soluble receptors and neutralizing RV-specific antibodies. The assay is more sensitive than a cell culture-based virus neutralization test. The ELISA assay will therefore be useful for the preclinical evaluation for preventive and therapeutic strategies targeting the RV-receptor interaction, such as vaccines, antibodies, and anti-viral compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Pazderova
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; (P.P.); (S.F.); (R.V.)
| | - Eva E. Waltl
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; (E.E.W.); (V.N.-L.)
| | - Verena Niederberger-Leppin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; (E.E.W.); (V.N.-L.)
| | - Sabine Flicker
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; (P.P.); (S.F.); (R.V.)
| | - Rudolf Valenta
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; (P.P.); (S.F.); (R.V.)
- NRC Institute of Immunology FMBA of Russia, 115478 Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory for Immunopathology, Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119435 Moscow, Russia
- Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, 3500 Krems, Austria
| | - Katarzyna Niespodziana
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; (P.P.); (S.F.); (R.V.)
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13
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Cryo-EM structure of rhinovirus C15a bound to its cadherin-related protein 3 receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:6784-6791. [PMID: 32152109 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1921640117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection by Rhinovirus-C (RV-C), a species of Picornaviridae Enterovirus, is strongly associated with childhood asthma exacerbations. Cellular binding and entry by all RV-C, which trigger these episodes, is mediated by the first extracellular domain (EC1) of cadherin-related protein 3 (CDHR3), a surface cadherin-like protein expressed primarily on the apical surfaces of ciliated airway epithelial cells. Although recombinant EC1 is a potent inhibitor of viral infection, there is no molecular description of this protein or its binding site on RV-C. Here we present cryo-electron microscopy (EM) data resolving the EC1 and EC1+2 domains of human CDHR3 complexed with viral isolate C15a. Structure-suggested residues contributing to required interfaces on both EC1 and C15a were probed and identified by mutagenesis studies with four different RV-C genotypes. In contrast to most other rhinoviruses, which bind intercellular adhesion molecule 1 receptors via a capsid protein VP1-specific fivefold canyon feature, the CDHR3 EC1 contacts C15a, and presumably all RV-Cs, in a unique cohesive footprint near the threefold vertex, encompassing residues primarily from viral protein VP3, but also from VP1 and VP2. The EC1+2 footprint on C15a is similar to that of EC1 alone but shows that steric hindrance imposed by EC2 would likely prevent multiprotein binding by the native receptor at any singular threefold vertex. Definition of the molecular interface between the RV-Cs and their receptors provides new avenues that can be explored for potential antiviral therapies.
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14
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Denlinger LC, Heymann P, Lutter R, Gern JE. Exacerbation-Prone Asthma. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2019; 8:474-482. [PMID: 31765853 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2019.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Patients who are prone to exacerbations of asthma experience significant costs in terms of missed work and school, acute care visits, and hospitalizations. Exacerbations are largely driven by environmental exposures including pollutants, stress, and viral and bacterial pathogens. These exposures are most likely to induce acute severe "asthma attacks" in high-risk patients. These personal risk factors for exacerbations can vary with the phenotype of asthma and age of the patient. In children, allergic sensitization is a strong risk factor, especially for those children who develop sensitization early in life. Airway inflammation is an important risk factor, and biomarkers are under evaluation for utility in detecting eosinophilic and type 2 inflammation and neutrophilic inflammation as indicators of risk for recurrent exacerbations. Insights into inflammatory mechanisms have led to new approaches to prevent exacerbations using mAb-based biologics that target specific type 2 pathways. Challenges remain in developing an evidence base to support precision interventions with these effective yet expensive therapies, and in determining whether these treatments will be safe and effective in young children. Unfortunately, there has been less progress in developing treatments for acute exacerbations. Hopefully, greater understanding of mechanisms relating airway viruses, bacteria, mucin production, and neutrophilic inflammatory responses will lead to additional treatment options for patients experiencing acute exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loren C Denlinger
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wis.
| | - Peter Heymann
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va
| | - Rene Lutter
- Departments of Respiratory Medicine and Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam University Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - James E Gern
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wis
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15
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Cifuente JO, Moratorio G. Evolutionary and Structural Overview of Human Picornavirus Capsid Antibody Evasion. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:283. [PMID: 31482072 PMCID: PMC6710328 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Picornaviruses constitute one of the most relevant viral groups according to their impact on human and animal health. Etiologic agents of a broad spectrum of illnesses with a clinical presentation that ranges from asymptomatic to fatal disease, they have been the cause of uncountable epidemics throughout history. Picornaviruses are small naked RNA-positive single-stranded viruses that include some of the most important pillars in the development of virology, comprising poliovirus, rhinovirus, and hepatitis A virus. Picornavirus infectious particles use the fecal-oral or respiratory routes as primary modes of transmission. In this regard, successful viral spread relies on the capability of viral capsids to (i) shelter the viral genome, (ii) display molecular determinants for cell receptor recognition, (iii) facilitate efficient genome delivery, and (iv) escape from the immune system. Importantly, picornaviruses display a substantial amount of genetic variability driven by both mutation and recombination. Therefore, the outcome of their replication results in the emergence of a genetically diverse cloud of individuals presenting phenotypic variance. The host humoral response against the capsid protein represents the most active immune pressure and primary weapon to control the infection. Since the preservation of the capsid function is deeply rooted in the virus evolutionary dynamics, here we review the current structural evidence focused on capsid antibody evasion mechanisms from that perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gonzalo Moratorio
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Laboratorio de Inmunovirología, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
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16
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Lutter R, Ravanetti L. Cadherin-related family member 3 (CDHR3) drives differentiation of ciliated bronchial epithelial cells and facilitates rhinovirus C infection, although with a little help. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 144:926-927. [PMID: 31376404 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- René Lutter
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Lara Ravanetti
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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17
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Basnet S, Palmenberg AC, Gern JE. Rhinoviruses and Their Receptors. Chest 2019; 155:1018-1025. [PMID: 30659817 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2018.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Human rhinoviruses (RVs) are picornaviruses that can cause a variety of upper and lower respiratory tract illnesses, including the common cold, bronchitis, pneumonia, and exacerbations of chronic respiratory diseases such as asthma. There are currently > 160 known types of RVs classified into three species (A, B, and C) that use three different cellular membrane glycoproteins expressed in the respiratory epithelium to enter the host cell. These viral receptors are intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (used by the majority of RV-A and all RV-B types), low-density lipoprotein receptor family members (used by 12 RV-A types), and cadherin-related family member 3 (CDHR3; used by RV-C). RV-A and RV-B interactions with intercellular adhesion molecule 1 and low-density lipoprotein receptor glycoproteins are well defined and their cellular functions have been described, whereas the mechanisms of the RV-C interaction with CDHR3 and its cellular functions are being studied. A single nucleotide polymorphism (rs6967330) in CDHR3 increases cell surface expression of this protein and, as a result, also promotes RV-C infections and illnesses. There are currently no approved vaccines or antiviral therapies available to treat or prevent RV infections, which is a major unmet medical need. Understanding interactions between RV and cellular receptors could lead to new insights into the pathogenesis of respiratory illnesses as well as lead to new approaches to control respiratory illnesses caused by RV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarmila Basnet
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI.
| | - Ann C Palmenberg
- Institute of Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - James E Gern
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
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