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Kopp BT, Ross SE, Bojja D, Guglani L, Chandler JD, Tirouvanziam R, Thompson M, Slaven JE, Chmiel JF, Siracusa C, Sanders DB. Nasal airway inflammatory responses and pathogen detection in infants with cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros 2024; 23:219-225. [PMID: 37977937 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2023.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Detecting airway inflammation non-invasively in infants with cystic fibrosis (CF) is difficult. We hypothesized that markers of inflammation in CF [IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-17A, neutrophil elastase (NE) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α)] could be measured in infants with CF from nasal fluid and would be elevated during viral infections or clinician-defined pulmonary exacerbations (PEx). METHODS We collected nasal fluid, nasal swabs, and hair samples from 34 infants with CF during monthly clinic visits, sick visits, and hospitalizations. Nasal fluid was isolated and analyzed for cytokines. Respiratory viral detection on nasal swabs was performed using the Luminex NxTAG® Respiratory Pathogen Panel. Hair samples were analyzed for nicotine concentration by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. We compared nasal cytokine concentrations between the presence and absence of detected respiratory viruses, PEx, and smoke exposure. RESULTS A total of 246 samples were analyzed. Compared to measurements in the absence of respiratory viruses, mean concentrations of IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, and NE were significantly increased while IL-17A was significantly decreased in infants positive for respiratory viruses. IL-17A was significantly decreased and NE increased in those with a PEx. IL-8 and NE were significantly increased in infants with enteric pathogen positivity on airway cultures, but not P. aeruginosa or S. aureus. Compared to those with no smoke exposure, there were significantly higher levels of IL-6, IL-10, and NE in infants with detectable levels of nicotine. CONCLUSIONS Noninvasive collection of nasal fluid may identify inflammation in infants with CF during changing clinical or environmental exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin T Kopp
- Division of Pulmonology, Asthma, Cystic Fibrosis, and Sleep, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sydney E Ross
- Department of Pediatrics, Riley Hospital for Children at IU Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Dinesh Bojja
- Division of Pulmonology, Asthma, Cystic Fibrosis, and Sleep, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lokesh Guglani
- Division of Pulmonology, Asthma, Cystic Fibrosis, and Sleep, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Joshua D Chandler
- Division of Pulmonology, Asthma, Cystic Fibrosis, and Sleep, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rabindra Tirouvanziam
- Division of Pulmonology, Asthma, Cystic Fibrosis, and Sleep, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Misty Thompson
- Department of Pediatrics, Riley Hospital for Children at IU Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - James E Slaven
- Department of Pediatrics, Riley Hospital for Children at IU Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - James F Chmiel
- Department of Pediatrics, Riley Hospital for Children at IU Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Christopher Siracusa
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Don B Sanders
- Department of Pediatrics, Riley Hospital for Children at IU Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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Valbuena A, Strobl K, Gil-Redondo JC, Valiente L, de Pablo PJ, Mateu MG. Single-Molecule Analysis of Genome Uncoating from Individual Human Rhinovirus Particles, and Modulation by Antiviral Drugs. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2304722. [PMID: 37806749 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202304722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Infection of humans by many viruses is typically initiated by the internalization of a single virion in each of a few susceptible cells. Thus, the outcome of the infection process may depend on stochastic single-molecule events. A crucial process for viral infection, and thus a target for developing antiviral drugs, is the uncoating of the viral genome. Here a force spectroscopy procedure using an atomic force microscope is implemented to study uncoating for individual human rhinovirus particles. Application of an increasing mechanical force on a virion led to a high force-induced structural transition that facilitated extrusion of the viral RNA molecule without loss of capsid integrity. Application of force to virions that h ad previously extruded the RNA, or to RNA-free capsids, led to a lower force-induced event associated with capsid disruption. The kinetic parameters are determined for each reaction. The high-force event is a stochastic process governed by a moderate free energy barrier (≈20 kcal mol-1 ), which results in a heterogeneous population of structurally weakened virions in which different fractions of the RNA molecule are externalized. The effects of antiviral compounds or capsid mutation on the kinetics of this reaction reveal a correlation between the reaction rate and virus infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Valbuena
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Klara Strobl
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Gil-Redondo
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Valiente
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro J de Pablo
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Física de la Materia Condensada (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mauricio G Mateu
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
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3
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Li R, Li J, Zhou X. Lung microbiome: new insights into the pathogenesis of respiratory diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:19. [PMID: 38228603 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01722-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The lungs were long thought to be sterile until technical advances uncovered the presence of the lung microbial community. The microbiome of healthy lungs is mainly derived from the upper respiratory tract (URT) microbiome but also has its own characteristic flora. The selection mechanisms in the lung, including clearance by coughing, pulmonary macrophages, the oscillation of respiratory cilia, and bacterial inhibition by alveolar surfactant, keep the microbiome transient and mobile, which is different from the microbiome in other organs. The pulmonary bacteriome has been intensively studied recently, but relatively little research has focused on the mycobiome and virome. This up-to-date review retrospectively summarizes the lung microbiome's history, composition, and function. We focus on the interaction of the lung microbiome with the oropharynx and gut microbiome and emphasize the role it plays in the innate and adaptive immune responses. More importantly, we focus on multiple respiratory diseases, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), fibrosis, bronchiectasis, and pneumonia. The impact of the lung microbiome on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and lung cancer has also been comprehensively studied. Furthermore, by summarizing the therapeutic potential of the lung microbiome in lung diseases and examining the shortcomings of the field, we propose an outlook of the direction of lung microbiome research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruomeng Li
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China.
| | - Xikun Zhou
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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4
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Cauwenberghs E, De Boeck I, Spacova I, Van Tente I, Bastiaenssen J, Lammertyn E, Verhulst S, Van Hoorenbeeck K, Lebeer S. Positioning the preventive potential of microbiome treatments for cystic fibrosis in the context of current therapies. Cell Rep Med 2024; 5:101371. [PMID: 38232705 PMCID: PMC10829789 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Antibiotics and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) modulators play a pivotal role in cystic fibrosis (CF) treatment, but both have limitations. Antibiotics are linked to antibiotic resistance and disruption of the airway microbiome, while CFTR modulators are not widely accessible, and structural lung damage and pathogen overgrowth still occur. Complementary strategies that can beneficially modulate the airway microbiome in a preventive way are highly needed. This could be mediated via oral probiotics, which have shown some improvement of lung function and reduction of airway infections and exacerbations, as a cost-effective approach. However, recent data suggest that specific and locally administered probiotics in the respiratory tract might be a more targeted approach to prevent pathogen outgrowth in the lower airways. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge on the CF airway microbiome and possibilities of microbiome treatments to prevent bacterial and/or viral infections and position them in the context of current CF therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline Cauwenberghs
- University of Antwerp, Department of Bioscience Engineering, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ilke De Boeck
- University of Antwerp, Department of Bioscience Engineering, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Irina Spacova
- University of Antwerp, Department of Bioscience Engineering, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ilke Van Tente
- University of Antwerp, Department of Bioscience Engineering, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Joke Bastiaenssen
- University of Antwerp, Department of Bioscience Engineering, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Elise Lammertyn
- Belgian CF Association, Driebruggenstraat 124, 1160 Brussels, Belgium; Cystic Fibrosis Europe, Driebruggenstraat 124, 1160 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stijn Verhulst
- University of Antwerp, Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; Antwerp University Hospital, Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Wilrijkstraat 10, 2650 Edegem, Belgium
| | - Kim Van Hoorenbeeck
- University of Antwerp, Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; Antwerp University Hospital, Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Wilrijkstraat 10, 2650 Edegem, Belgium
| | - Sarah Lebeer
- University of Antwerp, Department of Bioscience Engineering, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
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5
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Zhao P, Zhou S, Xu P, Su H, Han Y, Dong J, Sui H, Li X, Hu Y, Wu Z, Liu B, Zhang T, Yang F. RVdb: a comprehensive resource and analysis platform for rhinovirus research. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:D770-D776. [PMID: 37930838 PMCID: PMC10768139 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhinovirus (RV), a prominent causative agent of both upper and lower respiratory diseases, ranks among the most prevalent human respiratory viruses. RV infections are associated with various illnesses, including colds, asthma exacerbations, croup and pneumonia, imposing significant and extended societal burdens. Characterized by a high mutation rate and genomic diversity, RV displays a diverse serological landscape, encompassing a total of 174 serotypes identified to date. Understanding RV genetic diversity is crucial for epidemiological surveillance and investigation of respiratory diseases. This study introduces a comprehensive and high-quality RV data resource, designated RVdb (http://rvdb.mgc.ac.cn), covering 26 909 currently identified RV strains, along with RV-related sequences, 3D protein structures and publications. Furthermore, this resource features a suite of web-based utilities optimized for easy browsing and searching, as well as automatic sequence annotation, multiple sequence alignment (MSA), phylogenetic tree construction, RVdb BLAST and a serotyping pipeline. Equipped with a user-friendly interface and integrated online bioinformatics tools, RVdb provides a convenient and powerful platform on which to analyse the genetic characteristics of RVs. Additionally, RVdb also supports the efforts of virologists and epidemiologists to monitor and trace both existing and emerging RV-related infectious conditions in a public health context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 102629, P.R. China
| | - Siyu Zhou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 102629, P.R. China
| | - Panpan Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 102629, P.R. China
| | - Haoxiang Su
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 102629, P.R. China
| | - Yelin Han
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 102629, P.R. China
| | - Jie Dong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 102629, P.R. China
| | - Hongtao Sui
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 102629, P.R. China
| | - Xin Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 102629, P.R. China
| | - Yongfeng Hu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 102629, P.R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 102629, P.R. China
| | - Bo Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 102629, P.R. China
| | - Ting Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 102629, P.R. China
| | - Fan Yang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 102629, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease Pathogenomics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 102629, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Beijing 102629, P.R. China
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Basnet S, Mohanty C, Bochkov YA, Brockman-Schneider RA, Kendziorski C, Gern JE. Rhinovirus C causes heterogeneous infection and gene expression in airway epithelial cell subsets. Mucosal Immunol 2023; 16:386-398. [PMID: 36796588 PMCID: PMC10629931 DOI: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2023.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Rhinoviruses infect ciliated airway epithelial cells, and rhinoviruses' nonstructural proteins quickly inhibit and divert cellular processes for viral replication. However, the epithelium can mount a robust innate antiviral immune response. Therefore, we hypothesized that uninfected cells contribute significantly to the antiviral immune response in the airway epithelium. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we demonstrate that both infected and uninfected cells upregulate antiviral genes (e.g. MX1, IFIT2, IFIH1, and OAS3) with nearly identical kinetics, whereas uninfected non-ciliated cells are the primary source of proinflammatory chemokines. Furthermore, we identified a subset of highly infectable ciliated epithelial cells with minimal interferon responses and determined that interferon responses originate from distinct subsets of ciliated cells with moderate viral replication. These findings suggest that the composition of ciliated airway epithelial cells and coordinated responses of infected and uninfected cells could determine the risk of more severe viral respiratory illnesses in children with asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and genetically susceptible individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarmila Basnet
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Chitrasen Mohanty
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Yury A Bochkov
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Christina Kendziorski
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - James E Gern
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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7
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Abud KCO, Machado CM, Vilas Boas LS, Maeda NY, Carvalho ES, Souza MFS, Gaiolla PV, Castro CRP, Pereira J, Rabinovitch M, Lopes AA. Respiratory viruses and postoperative hemodynamics in patients with unrestrictive congenital cardiac communications: a prospective cohort study. Eur J Med Res 2023; 28:38. [PMID: 36670454 PMCID: PMC9852807 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-023-01003-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary vascular abnormalities pose a risk for severe life-threatening hemodynamic disturbances following surgical repair of congenital cardiac communications (CCCs). In the distal lung, small airways and vessels share a common microenvironment, where biological crosstalks take place. Because respiratory cells infected by viruses express a number of molecules with potential impact on airway and vascular remodeling, we decided to test the hypothesis that CCC patients carrying viral genomes in the airways might be at a higher risk for pulmonary (and systemic) hemodynamic disturbances postoperatively. METHODS Sixty patients were prospectively enrolled (age 11 [7-16] months, median with interquartile range). Preoperative pulmonary/systemic mean arterial pressure ratio (PAP/SAP) was 0.78 (0.63-0.88). The presence or absence of genetic material for respiratory viruses in nasopharyngeal and tracheal aspirates was investigated preoperatively in the absence of respiratory symptoms using real-time polymerase chain reaction (kit for detection of 19 pathogens). Post-cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) inflammatory reaction was analyzed by measuring serum levels of 36 inflammatory proteins (immunoblotting) 4 h after its termination. Postoperative hemodynamics was assessed using continuous recording of PAP and SAP with calculation of PAP/SAP ratio. RESULTS Viral genomes were detected in nasopharynx and the trachea in 64% and 38% of patients, respectively. Rhinovirus was the most prevalent agent. The presence of viral genomes in the trachea was associated with an upward shift of postoperative PAP curve (p = 0.011) with a PAP/SAP of 0.44 (0.36-0.50) in patients who were positive versus 0.34 (0.30-0.45) in those who were negative (p = 0.008). The presence or absence of viral genomes in nasopharynx did not help predict postoperative hemodynamics. Postoperative PAP/SAP was positively correlated with post-CPB levels of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (p = 0.026), macrophage migration inhibitory factor (p = 0.019) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (p = 0.031), particularly in patients with virus-positive tracheal aspirates. CONCLUSIONS Patients with CCCs carrying respiratory viral genomes in lower airways are at a higher risk for postoperative pulmonary hypertension, thus deserving special attention and care. Preoperative exposure to respiratory viruses and post-CPB inflammatory reaction seem to play a combined role in determining the postoperative behavior of the pulmonary circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly C. O. Abud
- grid.11899.380000 0004 1937 0722Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Clarisse M. Machado
- grid.11899.380000 0004 1937 0722Virology Laboratory, Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucy S. Vilas Boas
- grid.11899.380000 0004 1937 0722Virology Laboratory, Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Eloisa S. Carvalho
- grid.11899.380000 0004 1937 0722Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Francilene S. Souza
- grid.11899.380000 0004 1937 0722Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paula V. Gaiolla
- grid.11899.380000 0004 1937 0722Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudia R. P. Castro
- grid.11899.380000 0004 1937 0722Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana Pereira
- grid.11899.380000 0004 1937 0722Laboratory of Medical Investigation on Pathogenesis and Targeted Therapy in Onco-Immuno-Hematology (LIM-31), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marlene Rabinovitch
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Antonio Augusto Lopes
- grid.11899.380000 0004 1937 0722Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
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8
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Hadfield TE, Imrie F, Merritt A, Birchall K, Deane CM. Incorporating Target-Specific Pharmacophoric Information into Deep Generative Models for Fragment Elaboration. J Chem Inf Model 2022; 62:2280-2292. [PMID: 35499971 PMCID: PMC9131447 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.1c01311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite recent interest in deep generative models for scaffold elaboration, their applicability to fragment-to-lead campaigns has so far been limited. This is primarily due to their inability to account for local protein structure or a user's design hypothesis. We propose a novel method for fragment elaboration, STRIFE, that overcomes these issues. STRIFE takes as input fragment hotspot maps (FHMs) extracted from a protein target and processes them to provide meaningful and interpretable structural information to its generative model, which in turn is able to rapidly generate elaborations with complementary pharmacophores to the protein. In a large-scale evaluation, STRIFE outperforms existing, structure-unaware, fragment elaboration methods in proposing highly ligand-efficient elaborations. In addition to automatically extracting pharmacophoric information from a protein target's FHM, STRIFE optionally allows the user to specify their own design hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Hadfield
- Oxford Protein Informatics Group, Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3LB, United Kingdom
| | - Fergus Imrie
- Oxford Protein Informatics Group, Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3LB, United Kingdom
| | - Andy Merritt
- LifeArc, SBC Open Innovation Campus, Stevenage SG1 2FX, United Kingdom
| | - Kristian Birchall
- LifeArc, SBC Open Innovation Campus, Stevenage SG1 2FX, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte M Deane
- Oxford Protein Informatics Group, Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3LB, United Kingdom
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9
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Corvol H, de Miranda S, Dehillotte C, Lemonnier L, Chiron R, Danner-Boucher I, Hamidfar R, Houdouin V, Macey J, Marguet C, Murris-Espin M, Reynaud Q, Reix P, Gaubert MR, Kemgang A, Burgel PR. Cumulative Incidence and Risk Factors for Severe COVID-19 in French People with Cystic Fibrosis. Clin Infect Dis 2022; 75:2135-2144. [PMID: 35475917 PMCID: PMC9129125 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciac333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections are closely monitored in people with cystic fibrosis (pwCF), with a special emphasis on severe cases. Previous studies used hospitalization rates as proxy for severity. Methods We evaluated data from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases diagnosed in French pwCF followed in one of the 47 French CF center over the first year of the pandemic. Objective criteria were applied for defining severity (e.g., respiratory failure and/or death). Data were compared to those from all French pwCF using the French CF Registry. Results As of April 30, 2021, 223 pwCF were diagnosed with COVID-19, with higher risks in adults (≥18 years, odds ratio [OR] = 2.52, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.82-3.48) and post-transplant individuals (OR = 2.68, 95% CI = 1.98-3.63). Sixty (26.9%) patients were hospitalized, with an increased risk in post-transplant individuals (OR = 4.74, 95% CI = 2.49-9.02). In 34 (15%) cases, COVID-19 was considered severe; 28/60 (46.7%) hospitalizations occurred in patients without objective criteria of severity. Severe cases occurred mostly in adults (85.3%) and post-transplant pwCF (61.8%, OR = 6.02, 95% CI = 2.77-13.06). In non-transplanted pwCF, risk factors for severity included low lung function (median ppFEV1 54.6% vs. 75.1%, OR = 1.04, 95% CI = 1.01-1.08) and CF-associated diabetes (OR = 3.26, 95% CI = 1.02-10.4). While most cases recovered without sequelae (n = 204, 91.5%), 16 (13%) were followed for possible sequelae, and three post-transplant females died. Conclusions Severe COVID-19 cases occurred infrequently during the first year of the pandemic in French pwCF. Non-transplanted adults with severe respiratory disease or diabetes and post-transplant individuals were at risk for severe COVID-19. Thus, specific preventive measures should be proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet Corvol
- Pediatric Respiratory Department and Pediatric CF Center, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Hôpital Trousseau, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
| | - Sandra de Miranda
- Pulmonology Department and CF Center, Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France
| | | | | | - Raphael Chiron
- CF Center, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Isabelle Danner-Boucher
- Pulmonology Department and Adult CF Center, Institut du Thorax, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | | | - Véronique Houdouin
- Pediatric Pulmonology Department and Pediatric CF Center, APHP, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France
| | - Julie Macey
- Respiratory Medicine and CF Center, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Christophe Marguet
- Pediatric Respiratory Disease and CF Center, CIC Inserm 1404, Inserm U3111, FHU RESPIR, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Marlène Murris-Espin
- CF Center and Service de Pneumologie Pôle des Voies Respiratoires, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Quitterie Reynaud
- Internal Medicine Department and adult CF center, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Research on Healthcare Performance (RESHAPE), INSERM U1290, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.,ERN-Lung CF Network, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Philippe Reix
- Pediatric CF Center, Hospices Civils de Lyon, UMR 5558 CNRS Equipe EMET, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Martine Reynaud Gaubert
- Respiratory Medicine and adult CF center, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Aix-Marseille Université UM63, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Marseille, France
| | - Astrid Kemgang
- Sorbonne Université, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Régis Burgel
- Respiratory Medicine and National Reference CF Center, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, Inserm U-1016, Paris, France.,ERN-Lung CF Network, Frankfurt, Germany
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10
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Duan W, Cen Y, Lin C, Ouyang H, Du K, Kumar A, Wang B, Avolio J, Grasemann H, Moraes TJ. Inflammatory epithelial cytokines after in vitro respiratory syncytial viral infection are associated with reduced lung function. ERJ Open Res 2021; 7:00365-2021. [PMID: 34527729 PMCID: PMC8435810 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00365-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections in early life predispose children with cystic fibrosis (CF) to more severe lung function decline in later life. The mechanisms explaining the associations between RSV and progression of CF lung disease are not clear. In this study, a human bronchial epithelial cell line and primary human nasal epithelial cells (PNECs) from individuals with CF and healthy control donors were infected with RSV. Real-time PCR, plaque assay, cytokine detection, immunofluorescence and Western blot analyses were performed. RSV is replicated to a higher degree in CF epithelial cells as compared to control cells; however, no defects in innate immune pathways were identified in CF cells. Rather, primary p.Phe508del cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator PNECs produced more cytokines after RSV infection than control cells. Moreover, interleukin-8 and tumour necrosis factor-α production post RSV negatively correlated with lung function (% predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 s) in the individuals who donated the cells. These data suggest that CF epithelium has a dysfunctional response to RSV allowing for enhanced viral replication and an exaggerated inflammatory response that ultimately may predispose to greater airway inflammation and reduced lung function. This work demonstrates an association between epithelial inflammatory cytokines after in vitro viral infection and lung function in cystic fibrosis, and reinforces the importance of studying innate immune epithelial cell function in cystic fibrosishttps://bit.ly/3gDNwwo
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenming Duan
- Program in Translational Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yuchen Cen
- Program in Translational Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Dept of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Cindy Lin
- Program in Translational Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hong Ouyang
- Program in Translational Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kai Du
- Program in Molecular Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anushree Kumar
- Program in Translational Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Borui Wang
- Program in Translational Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Julie Avolio
- Program in Translational Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hartmut Grasemann
- Program in Translational Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Respiratory Medicine, Dept of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Theo J Moraes
- Program in Translational Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Dept of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Respiratory Medicine, Dept of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
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11
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Understanding Human Microbiota Offers Novel and Promising Therapeutic Options against Candida Infections. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10020183. [PMID: 33572162 PMCID: PMC7915436 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human fungal pathogens particularly of Candida species are one of the major causes of hospital acquired infections in immunocompromised patients. The limited arsenal of antifungal drugs to treat Candida infections with concomitant evolution of multidrug resistant strains further complicates the management of these infections. Therefore, deployment of novel strategies to surmount the Candida infections requires immediate attention. The human body is a dynamic ecosystem having microbiota usually involving symbionts that benefit from the host, but in turn may act as commensal organisms or affect positively (mutualism) or negatively (pathogenic) the physiology and nourishment of the host. The composition of human microbiota has garnered a lot of recent attention, and despite the common occurrence of Candida spp. within the microbiota, there is still an incomplete picture of relationships between Candida spp. and other microorganism, as well as how such associations are governed. These relationships could be important to have a more holistic understanding of the human microbiota and its connection to Candida infections. Understanding the mechanisms behind commensalism and pathogenesis is vital for the development of efficient therapeutic strategies for these Candida infections. The concept of host-microbiota crosstalk plays critical roles in human health and microbiota dysbiosis and is responsible for various pathologies. Through this review, we attempted to analyze the types of human microbiota and provide an update on the current understanding in the context of health and Candida infections. The information in this article will help as a resource for development of targeted microbial therapies such as pre-/pro-biotics and microbiota transplant that has gained advantage in recent times over antibiotics and established as novel therapeutic strategy.
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12
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Corvol H, de Miranda S, Lemonnier L, Kemgang A, Reynaud Gaubert M, Chiron R, Dalphin ML, Durieu I, Dubus JC, Houdouin V, Prevotat A, Ramel S, Revillion M, Weiss L, Guillot L, Boelle PY, Burgel PR. First Wave of COVID-19 in French Patients with Cystic Fibrosis. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E3624. [PMID: 33182847 PMCID: PMC7697588 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9113624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections are known to lead to serious respiratory complications in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. Hypothesizing that CF patients were a population at high risk for severe respiratory complications from SARS-CoV-2 infection, we conducted a national study to describe the clinical expression of COVID-19 in French CF patients. This prospective observational study involves all 47 French CF centers caring for approximately 7500 CF patients. Between March 1st and June 30th 2020, 31 patients were diagnosed with COVID-19: 19 had positive SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR in nasopharyngeal swabs; 1 had negative RT-PCR but typical COVID-19 signs on a CT scan; and 11 had positive SARS-CoV-2 serology. Fifteen were males, median (range) age was 31 (9-60) years, and 12 patients were living with a lung transplant. The majority of the patients had CF-related diabetes (n = 19, 61.3%), and a mild lung disease (n = 19, 65%, with percent-predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 s (ppFEV1) > 70). Three (10%) patients remained asymptomatic. For the 28 (90%) patients who displayed symptoms, most common symptoms at admission were fever (n = 22, 78.6%), fatigue (n = 14, 50%), and increased cough (n = 14, 50%). Nineteen were hospitalized (including 11 out of the 12 post-lung transplant patients), seven required oxygen therapy, and four (3 post-lung transplant patients) were admitted to an Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Ten developed complications (including acute respiratory distress syndrome in two post-lung transplant patients), but all recovered and were discharged home without noticeable short-term sequelae. Overall, French CF patients were rarely diagnosed with COVID-19. Further research should establish whether they were not infected or remained asymptomatic upon infection. In diagnosed cases, the short-term evolution was favorable with rare acute respiratory distress syndrome and no death. Post-lung transplant patients had more severe outcomes and should be monitored more closely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet Corvol
- Pediatric Pulmonology Department and Pediatric CF Center, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP) Hôpital Trousseau, 75012 Paris, France
- Centre de Recherche Saint‑Antoine (CRSA), INSERM UMR_S938, Sorbonne Université, 75012 Paris, France; (A.K.); (L.G.)
| | - Sandra de Miranda
- Pulmonology Department and CF Center, Hôpital Foch, 92151 Suresnes, France;
| | | | - Astrid Kemgang
- Centre de Recherche Saint‑Antoine (CRSA), INSERM UMR_S938, Sorbonne Université, 75012 Paris, France; (A.K.); (L.G.)
| | - Martine Reynaud Gaubert
- Pulmonology Department and CF Adult Center, Hôpital Nord, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), 13915 Marseille, France;
- Aix-Marseille Université, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), IHU Méditerranée Infection, MEPHI, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Raphael Chiron
- CF Center, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, CHU de Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France;
| | - Marie-Laure Dalphin
- Pediatric CF Center, Hôpital Jean-Minjoz, CHU de Besançon, 25030 Besançon, France;
| | - Isabelle Durieu
- Internal Medicine Department and Adult CF Center, Hospices Civils de Lyon, EA 7425 HESPER, Université de Lyon, 69495 Lyon, France;
| | - Jean-Christophe Dubus
- Pediatric Pulmonology Department and Pediatric CF Center, APHM, 13385 Marseille, France;
| | | | - Anne Prevotat
- Adult CF Center, Hôpital Calmette and University Lille, 59037 Lille, France;
| | - Sophie Ramel
- Pediatric and Adult CF Center, 29680 Roscoff, France;
| | - Marine Revillion
- Pediatric CF Center, Hôpital Jeanne de Flandres, CHU Lille, 59037 Lille, France;
| | - Laurence Weiss
- Pediatric CF Center, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 67098 Strasbourg, France;
| | - Loic Guillot
- Centre de Recherche Saint‑Antoine (CRSA), INSERM UMR_S938, Sorbonne Université, 75012 Paris, France; (A.K.); (L.G.)
| | - Pierre-Yves Boelle
- Institut Pierre Louis d’Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, INSERM, APHP, Sorbonne Université, 75012 Paris, France;
| | - Pierre-Régis Burgel
- Respiratory Medicine and National Reference CF Center, AP-HP Hôpital Cochin, 75014 Paris, France;
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U-1016, Université de Paris, 75014 Paris, France
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13
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Stanton BA, Hampton TH, Ashare A. SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) and cystic fibrosis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2020; 319:L408-L415. [PMID: 32668165 PMCID: PMC7518058 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00225.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disease caused by mutations in the CFTR gene. Although viral respiratory tract infections are, in general, more severe in patients with CF compared with the general population, a small number of studies indicate that SARS-CoV-2 does not cause a worse infection in CF. This is surprising since comorbidities including preexisting lung disease have been reported to be associated with worse outcomes in SARS-CoV-2 infections. Several recent studies provide insight into why SARS-CoV-2 may not produce more severe outcomes in CF. First, ACE and ACE2, genes that play key roles in SARS-CoV-2 infection, have some variants that are predicted to reduce the severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Second, mRNA for ACE2 is elevated and mRNA for TMPRSS2, a serine protease, is decreased in CF airway epithelial cells. Increased ACE2 is predicted to enhance SARS-CoV-2 binding to cells but would increase conversion of angiotensin II, which is proinflammatory, to angiotensin-1-7, which is anti-inflammatory. Thus, increased ACE2 would reduce inflammation and lung damage due to SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, decreased TMPRSS2 would reduce SARS-CoV-2 entry into airway epithelial cells. Second, many CF patients are treated with azithromycin, which suppresses viral infection and lung inflammation and inhibits the activity of furin, a serine protease. Finally, the CF lung contains high levels of serine protease inhibitors including ecotin and SERPINB1, which are predicted to reduce the ability of TMPRSS2 to facilitate SARS-CoV-2 entry into airway epithelial cells. Thus, a variety of factors may mitigate the severity of SARS-CoV-2 in CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A Stanton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Thomas H Hampton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Alix Ashare
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
- Section of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
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14
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Ling KM, Garratt LW, Gill EE, Lee AHY, Agudelo-Romero P, Sutanto EN, Iosifidis T, Rosenow T, Turvey SE, Lassmann T, Hancock REW, Kicic A, Stick SM. Rhinovirus Infection Drives Complex Host Airway Molecular Responses in Children With Cystic Fibrosis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1327. [PMID: 32765492 PMCID: PMC7378398 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Early-life viral infections are responsible for pulmonary exacerbations that can contribute to disease progression in young children with cystic fibrosis (CF). The most common respiratory viruses detected in the CF airway are human rhinoviruses (RV), and augmented airway inflammation in CF has been attributed to dysregulated airway epithelial responses although evidence has been conflicting. Here, we exposed airway epithelial cells from children with and without CF to RV in vitro. Using RNA-Seq, we profiled the transcriptomic differences of CF and non-CF airway epithelial cells at baseline and in response to RV. There were only modest differences between CF and non-CF cells at baseline. In response to RV, there were 1,442 and 896 differentially expressed genes in CF and non-CF airway epithelial cells, respectively. The core antiviral responses in CF and non-CF airway epithelial cells were mediated through interferon signaling although type 1 and 3 interferon signaling, when measured, were reduced in CF airway epithelial cells following viral challenge consistent with previous reports. The transcriptional responses in CF airway epithelial cells were more complex than in non-CF airway epithelial cells with diverse over-represented biological pathways, such as cytokine signaling and metabolic and biosynthetic pathways. Network analysis highlighted that the differentially expressed genes of CF airway epithelial cells' transcriptional responses were highly interconnected and formed a more complex network than observed in non-CF airway epithelial cells. We corroborate observations in fully differentiated air–liquid interface (ALI) cultures, identifying genes involved in IL-1 signaling and mucin glycosylation that are only dysregulated in the CF airway epithelial response to RV infection. These data provide novel insights into the CF airway epithelial cells' responses to RV infection and highlight potential pathways that could be targeted to improve antiviral and anti-inflammatory responses in CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kak-Ming Ling
- Paediatrics, Medical School, Faculty of Healthy and Medical Science, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, Respiratory Research Centre, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Luke W Garratt
- Telethon Kids Institute, Respiratory Research Centre, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Erin E Gill
- Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Amy H Y Lee
- Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Patricia Agudelo-Romero
- Telethon Kids Institute, Respiratory Research Centre, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Erika N Sutanto
- Telethon Kids Institute, Respiratory Research Centre, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Thomas Iosifidis
- Telethon Kids Institute, Respiratory Research Centre, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Tim Rosenow
- Telethon Kids Institute, Respiratory Research Centre, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Stuart E Turvey
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Timo Lassmann
- Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Robert E W Hancock
- Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Anthony Kicic
- Telethon Kids Institute, Respiratory Research Centre, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Occupation and Environment, School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia.,Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Stephen M Stick
- Telethon Kids Institute, Respiratory Research Centre, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
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15
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Scagnolari C, Bitossi C, Frasca F, Viscido A, Brazzini G, Trancassini M, Pietropaolo V, Midulla F, Cimino G, Palange P, Pierangeli A, Antonelli G. Differential toll like receptor expression in cystic fibrosis patients' airways during rhinovirus infection. J Infect 2020; 81:726-735. [PMID: 32712204 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Since an inappropriate and sustained activation of TLRs may contribute to a chronic inflammatory response resulting in detrimental effects in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, we sought to examine whether HRV infection might alter the respiratory expression of TLRs according to the microbiological status of CF patients. METHODS Respiratory samples were collected from the respiratory tract of CF patients (n = 294) over a period of 12 months. In addition to the usual microbiological investigation, HRV-RNA detection and typing were performed by RT-PCR and sequencing. HRV viral load and TLRs levels were measured by RT-Real Time PCR. RESULTS HRV-RNA was detected in 80 out of 515 respiratory samples (15.5%) with a similar rate in all age groups (0-10 years, 11-24 years, ≥ 25 years). Patients infected with different HRV A, B and C species exhibited higher levels of TLR2, TLR4 and TLR8 as compared to HRV negative patients. Moreover, the expression level of TLR2, TLR4 and TLR8 correlated with high level of HRV viral load. HRV positive patients co-colonized by Staphylococcus aureus or Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed also enhanced amounts of TLR2 and TLR2/4-mRNAs expression respectively. In the case of presence of both bacteria, TLR2, TLR4, TLR8 and TLR9 levels are elevated in positive HRV patients. CONCLUSIONS TLRs, especially TLR2 and TLR4, increased in HRV positive CF individuals and varies according to the presence of S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and both bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Scagnolari
- Virology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine, Affiliated to Pasteur Institute Italy, Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University, Viale di Porta Tiburtina, 28, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Camilla Bitossi
- Virology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine, Affiliated to Pasteur Institute Italy, Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University, Viale di Porta Tiburtina, 28, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Frasca
- Virology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine, Affiliated to Pasteur Institute Italy, Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University, Viale di Porta Tiburtina, 28, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Agnese Viscido
- Virology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine, Affiliated to Pasteur Institute Italy, Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University, Viale di Porta Tiburtina, 28, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Brazzini
- Virology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine, Affiliated to Pasteur Institute Italy, Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University, Viale di Porta Tiburtina, 28, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Trancassini
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Pietropaolo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Midulla
- Department of Pediatrics, Policlinico Umberto I University Hospital, Sapienza University, Viale del Policlinico, 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cimino
- Lazio Reference Center for Cystic Fibrosis, Policlinico Umberto I University Hospital, Sapienza University, Viale del Policlinico, 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Palange
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pierangeli
- Virology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine, Affiliated to Pasteur Institute Italy, Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University, Viale di Porta Tiburtina, 28, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Guido Antonelli
- Virology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine, Affiliated to Pasteur Institute Italy, Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University, Viale di Porta Tiburtina, 28, 00185 Rome, Italy
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16
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Hizal M, Yalcin E, Alp A, Ozden M, Karakaya J, Eryilmaz Polat S, Tugcu G, Dogru D, Ozcelik U, Kiper N. Respiratory viruses: What is their role in acute exacerbations in children with cystic fibrosis? Pediatr Pulmonol 2020; 55:1646-1652. [PMID: 32227679 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.24750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory viruses (RVs) are frequently present in the airways of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) during pulmonary exacerbations (PEx). METHOD AND OBJECTIVES This prospective, longitudinal study was performed to examine the role of RVs in acute exacerbations in children with CF. Sputum samples or additional midturbinate swabs were tested from all children using a polymerase chain reaction panel. The primary aims of the study were to determine the prevalence and etiologic role of RVs in exacerbations of CF and to compare changes with RV-positive and RV-negative infections. The secondary aims were to determine the predictive factors for RV-related exacerbations. RESULTS From 50 patients with PEx, 23 (48.9%) sputum samples were virus-positive. With a combination of sputum and swab, viral positivity increased to 56%. The virus-positive group presented more frequently with hypoxia (oxygen saturation <93%) than the virus-negative group (P = .048). Virus-positive exacerbations were not associated with an increase in colonization rates or greater lung function decline over 12 months. CONCLUSIONS RVs frequently present during PEx of CF. However, predicting viral infections is difficult in this group. Only the presence of hypoxia may raise the suspicion of an accompanying viral agent. The combination of sputum and nasal swab samples increases the diagnostic yield in viral infections of CF. Despite their high frequency, the presence of RVs had no impact on clinical outcomes, such as a decline in lung function and increased colonization rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Hizal
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ebru Yalcin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Alpaslan Alp
- Department of Microbiology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Meltem Ozden
- Department of Microbiology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Jale Karakaya
- Department of Biostatistics, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sanem Eryilmaz Polat
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gokcen Tugcu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Deniz Dogru
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ugur Ozcelik
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nural Kiper
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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17
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Laucirica DR, Garratt LW, Kicic A. Progress in Model Systems of Cystic Fibrosis Mucosal Inflammation to Understand Aberrant Neutrophil Activity. Front Immunol 2020; 11:595. [PMID: 32318073 PMCID: PMC7154161 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to recurrent infection in cystic fibrosis (CF), powerful innate immune signals trigger polymorphonuclear neutrophil recruitment into the airway lumen. Exaggerated neutrophil proteolytic activity results in sustained inflammation and scarring of the airways. Consequently, neutrophils and their secretions are reliable clinical biomarkers of lung disease progression. As neutrophils are required to clear infection and yet a direct cause of airway damage, modulating adverse neutrophil activity while preserving their pathogen fighting function remains a key area of CF research. The factors that drive their pathological behavior are still under investigation, especially in early disease when aberrant neutrophil behavior first becomes evident. Here we examine the latest findings of neutrophils in pediatric CF lung disease and proposed mechanisms of their pathogenicity. Highlighted in this review are current and emerging experimental methods for assessing CF mucosal immunity and human neutrophil function in the laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Laucirica
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Luke W Garratt
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Anthony Kicic
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
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18
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Sörensen M, Kantorek J, Byrnes L, Boutin S, Mall MA, Lasitschka F, Zabeck H, Nguyen D, Dalpke AH. Pseudomonas aeruginosa Modulates the Antiviral Response of Bronchial Epithelial Cells. Front Immunol 2020; 11:96. [PMID: 32117250 PMCID: PMC7025480 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) patients frequently acquire Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections that have been associated with a bad prognosis and an increased rate of pulmonary exacerbations. Respiratory viruses can cause exacerbations in chronic pulmonary diseases including COPD or asthma and have been suggested to contribute to exacerbations also in CF. In this study we investigated a possible link between P. aeruginosa infection and susceptibility to respiratory viruses. We show that P. aeruginosa is able to block the antiviral response of airway epithelial cells thereby promoting virus infection and spread. Mechanistically, P. aeruginosa secretes the protease AprA in a LasR dependent manner, which is able of directly degrading epithelial-derived IFNλ resulting in inhibition of IFN signaling. In addition, we correlate the virus infection status of CF patients with the ability of patients' P. aeruginosa isolates to degrade IFNλ. In line with this, the infection status of CF patients correlated significantly with the amount of respiratory viruses in sputum. Our data suggest that the interplay between P. aeruginosa and respiratory virus infections might partially explain the association of increased rates of pulmonary exacerbations and P. aeruginosa infections in CF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Sörensen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Laboratory Enders and Partners, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Julia Kantorek
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lauren Byrnes
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sébastien Boutin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marcus A Mall
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Immunology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Felix Lasitschka
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,TI Biobanking, German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Heike Zabeck
- Thoraxklinik, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dao Nguyen
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Alexander H Dalpke
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Faculty, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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19
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Berkebile AR, Bartlett JA, Abou Alaiwa M, Varga SM, Power UF, McCray PB. Airway Surface Liquid Has Innate Antiviral Activity That Is Reduced in Cystic Fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2020; 62:104-111. [PMID: 31242392 PMCID: PMC6938132 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2018-0304oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although chronic bacterial infections and inflammation are associated with progressive lung disease in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), much less is known regarding the contributions of respiratory viral infections to this process. Clinical studies suggest that antiviral host defenses may be compromised in individuals with CF, and CF airway epithelia exhibit impaired antiviral responses in vitro. Here, we used the CF pig model to test the hypothesis that the antiviral activity of respiratory secretions is reduced in CF. We developed an in vitro assay to measure the innate antiviral activity present in airway surface liquid (ASL) from CF and non-CF pigs. We found that tracheal and nasal ASL from newborn non-CF pigs exhibited dose-dependent inhibitory activity against several enveloped and encapsidated viruses, including Sendai virus, respiratory syncytial virus, influenza A, and adenovirus. Importantly, we found that the anti-Sendai virus activity of nasal ASL from newborn CF pigs was significantly diminished relative to non-CF littermate controls. This diminution of extracellular antiviral defenses appears to be driven, at least in part, by the differences in pH between CF and non-CF ASL. These data highlight the novel antiviral properties of native airway secretions and suggest the possibility that defects in extracellular antiviral defenses contribute to CF pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Steven M. Varga
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology
- Department of Pathology, Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; and
| | - Ultan F. Power
- Wellcome Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Paul B. McCray
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology
- Department of Pediatrics
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20
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Basnet S, Bochkov YA, Brockman-Schneider RA, Kuipers I, Aesif SW, Jackson DJ, Lemanske RF, Ober C, Palmenberg AC, Gern JE. CDHR3 Asthma-Risk Genotype Affects Susceptibility of Airway Epithelium to Rhinovirus C Infections. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2019; 61:450-458. [PMID: 30916989 PMCID: PMC6775945 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2018-0220oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
CDHR3 (cadherin-related family member 3) is a transmembrane protein that is highly expressed in airway epithelia and the only known receptor for rhinovirus C (RV-C). A CDHR3 SNP (rs6967330) with G to A base change has been linked to severe exacerbations of asthma and increased susceptibility to RV-C infections in young children. The goals of this study were to determine the subcellular localization of CDHR3 and to test the hypothesis that CDHR3 asthma-risk genotype affects epithelial cell function and susceptibility to RV-C infections of the airway epithelia. We used immunofluorescence imaging, Western blot analysis, and transmission electron microscopy to show CDHR3 subcellular localization in apical cells, including expression in the cilia of airway epithelia. Polymorphisms in CDHR3 rs6967330 locus (G→A) that were previously associated with childhood asthma were related to differences in CDHR3 expression and epithelial cell function. The rs6967330 A allele was associated with higher overall protein expression and RV-C binding and replication compared with the rs6967330 G allele. Furthermore, the rs6967330 A allele was associated with earlier ciliogenesis and higher FOXJ1 expression. Finally, CDHR3 genotype had no significant effects on membrane integrity or ciliary beat function. These findings provide information on the subcellular localization and possible functions of CDHR3 in the airways and link CDHR3 asthma-risk genotype to increased RV-C binding and replication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Carol Ober
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ann C. Palmenberg
- Institute of Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin; and
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21
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Eymery M, Morfin F, Doleans-Jordheim A, Perceval M, Ohlmann C, Mainguy C, Reix P. Viral respiratory tract infections in young children with cystic fibrosis: a prospective full-year seasonal study. Virol J 2019; 16:111. [PMID: 31481063 PMCID: PMC6724274 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-019-1208-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Viral respiratory tract infections are common during early childhood. How they impact cystic fibrosis lung disease history in young children is poorly known. The principal aim of our study was to determinate respiratory tract infections frequency in this cystic fibrosis young population. Secondary outcomes were nature of viral agents recovered and impact of such infections. Methods We conducted a prospective cohort study of 25 children affected by cystic fibrosis and aged less than 2 years. Nasal samplings were taken systematically monthly or bimonthly with additional samples taken during respiratory tract infections episodes. Ten pathogens were tested by a combination of five duplex RT-PCRs or PCRs: influenza A and B, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), metapneumovirus (MPV), rhinovirus/enterovirus (RV/EV)), coronavirus (HKU1, NL63, 229E and OC43), parainfluenza virus (1–4), adenovirus and bocavirus (Respiratory Multi-Well System MWS r-gene®, BioMérieux, Marcy l’Étoile, France). Cycle thresholds (CTs) were reported for all positive samples and considered positive for values below 40. Quantitative variables were compared using a nonparametric statistical test (Wilcoxon signed rank for paired comparisons). Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r) was used to assess relationships between two variables. Statistical analyses were performed using SAS v9.4 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA) or GraphPad Prism V6.00 (GraphPad Software, La Jolla, CA, USA). The significance level was set at 0.05. Results
The mean age at inclusion was 9.6 ± 6.7 months. The patients had 3.4 ± 1.7 respiratory tract infections episodes per child per year. Forty-four respiratory tract infections (69%) were associated with virus: rhinovirus and enterovirus (RV/EV) were implied in 61% of them and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in 14%. Only one patient required hospitalization for lower respiratory tract infections. 86% of the patients were treated by antibiotics for a mean of 13.8 ± 6.2 days. RSV infections (n = 6) were usually of mild severity. Conclusions Respiratory tract infections in young children with cystic fibrosis were of mild severity, rarely requiring hospitalization. Unsurprisingly, RV/EV were the most frequent agents. RSV-related morbidity seems low in this population. This raises the question of the usefulness of RSV preventive medication in this young population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Eymery
- Service de pneumologie pédiatrique et CRCM enfant, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Hospices civils de Lyon, Bron, France. .,Centre de ressources et de compétence pour la Mucoviscidose, 59 boulevard Pinel, 69677, BRON CEDEX, France.
| | - Florence Morfin
- Laboratory of Virology, Institut des Agents Infectieux, Groupement Hospitalier Nord, F69317, Lyon, France.,Centre National de Référence des virus respiratoires France Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Faculté de Pharmacie, CIRI, Inserm U1111 CNRS UMR5308, Virpath, Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Anne Doleans-Jordheim
- Equipe de Recherche, Bactéries Pathogènes Opportunistes et Environnement, UMR CNRS 5557 Ecologie Microbienne, Université Lyon 1 & VetAgro Sup, Villeurbanne, France.,Laboratory of Bacteriology, Institut des Agents Infectieux, Groupement Hospitalier Nord, Hospices Civils de Lyon, F69317, Lyon, France
| | - Marie Perceval
- Service de pneumologie pédiatrique et CRCM enfant, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Hospices civils de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Camille Ohlmann
- Service de pneumologie pédiatrique et CRCM enfant, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Hospices civils de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Catherine Mainguy
- Service de pneumologie pédiatrique et CRCM enfant, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Hospices civils de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Philippe Reix
- Service de pneumologie pédiatrique et CRCM enfant, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Hospices civils de Lyon, Bron, France.,UMR 5558 (EMET). CNRS, LBBE, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
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22
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Girkin J, Maltby S, Singanayagam A, Bartlett N, Mallia P. In vivo experimental models of infection and disease. RHINOVIRUS INFECTIONS 2019. [PMCID: PMC7149593 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816417-4.00008-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Human and animal models continue to play a crucial role in research to understand host immunity to rhinovirus (RV) and identify disease mechanisms. Human models have provided direct evidence that RV infection is capable of exacerbating chronic respiratory diseases and identified immunological processes that correlate with clinical disease outcomes. Mice are the most commonly used nonhuman experimental RV infection model. Although semipermissive, under defined experimental conditions sufficient replication occurs to induce host immune responses that recapitulate immunity and disease during human infection. The capacity to use genetically modified mouse strains and drug interventions has shown the mouse model to be an invaluable research tool defining causal relationships between host immunity and disease and supporting development of new treatments. Used in combination the insights achieved from human and animal experimental infection models provide complementary insights into RV biology and yield novel therapeutic options to reduce the burden of RV-induced disease.
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23
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Kiedrowski MR, Bomberger JM. Viral-Bacterial Co-infections in the Cystic Fibrosis Respiratory Tract. Front Immunol 2018; 9:3067. [PMID: 30619379 PMCID: PMC6306490 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A majority of the morbidity and mortality associated with the genetic disease Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is due to lung disease resulting from chronic respiratory infections. The CF airways become chronically colonized with bacteria in childhood, and over time commensal lung microbes are displaced by bacterial pathogens, leading to a decrease in microbial diversity that correlates with declining patient health. Infection with the pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a major predictor of morbidity and mortality in CF, with CF individuals often becoming chronically colonized with P. aeruginosa in early adulthood and thereafter having an increased risk of hospitalization. Progression of CF respiratory disease is also influenced by infection with respiratory viruses. Children and adults with CF experience frequent respiratory viral infections with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), rhinovirus, influenza, parainfluenza, and adenovirus, with RSV and influenza infection linked to the greatest decreases in lung function. Along with directly causing severe respiratory symptoms in CF populations, the impact of respiratory virus infections may be more far-reaching, indirectly promoting bacterial persistence and pathogenesis in the CF respiratory tract. Acquisition of P. aeruginosa in CF patients correlates with seasonal respiratory virus infections, and CF patients colonized with P. aeruginosa experience increased severe exacerbations and declines in lung function during respiratory viral co-infection. In light of such observations, efforts to better understand the impact of viral-bacterial co-infections in the CF airways have been a focus of clinical and basic research in recent years. This review summarizes what has been learned about the interactions between viruses and bacteria in the CF upper and lower respiratory tract and how co-infections impact the health of individuals with CF.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer M. Bomberger
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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24
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Schögler A, Caliaro O, Brügger M, Oliveira Esteves BI, Nita I, Gazdhar A, Geiser T, Alves MP. Modulation of the unfolded protein response pathway as an antiviral approach in airway epithelial cells. Antiviral Res 2018; 162:44-50. [PMID: 30550797 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rhinovirus (RV) infection is a major cause of cystic fibrosis (CF) lung morbidity with limited therapeutic options. Various diseases involving chronic inflammatory response and infection are associated with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and subsequent activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR), an adaptive response to maintain cellular homeostasis. Recent evidence suggests impaired ER stress response in CF airway epithelial cells, this might be a reason for recurrent viral infection in CF. Therefore, assuming that ER stress inducing drugs have antiviral properties, we evaluated the activation of the UPR by selected ER stress inducers as an approach to control virus replication in the CF bronchial epithelium. METHODS We assessed the levels of UPR markers, namely the glucose-regulated protein 78 (Grp78) and the C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), in primary CF and control bronchial epithelial cells and in a CF and control bronchial epithelial cell line before and after infection with RV. The cells were also pretreated with ER stress-inducing drugs and RV replication and shedding was measured by quantitative RT-PCR and by a TCID50 assay, respectively. Cell death was assessed by a lactate dehydrogenate (LDH) activity test in supernatants. RESULTS We observed a significantly impaired induction of Grp78 and CHOP in CF compare to control cells following RV infection. The ER stress response could be significantly induced in CF cells by pharmacological ER stress inducers Brefeldin A, Tunicamycin, and Thapsigargin. The chemical induction of the UPR pathway prior to RV infection of CF and control cells reduced viral replication and shedding by up to two orders of magnitude and protected cells from RV-induced cell death. CONCLUSION RV infection causes an impaired activation of the UPR in CF cells. Rescue of the ER stress response by chemical ER stress inducers reduced significantly RV replication in CF cells. Thus, pharmacological modulation of the UPR might represent a strategy to control respiratory virus replication in the CF bronchial epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Schögler
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Caliaro
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Brügger
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Blandina I Oliveira Esteves
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Izabela Nita
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Amiq Gazdhar
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Geiser
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marco P Alves
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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25
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Ling KM, Garratt LW, Lassmann T, Stick SM, Kicic A. Elucidating the Interaction of CF Airway Epithelial Cells and Rhinovirus: Using the Host-Pathogen Relationship to Identify Future Therapeutic Strategies. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1270. [PMID: 30464745 PMCID: PMC6234657 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic lung disease remains the primary cause of mortality in cystic fibrosis (CF). Growing evidence suggests respiratory viral infections are often more severe in CF compared to healthy peers and contributes to pulmonary exacerbations (PEx) and deterioration of lung function. Rhinovirus is the most prevalent respiratory virus detected, particularly during exacerbations in children with CF <5 years old. However, even though rhinoviral infections are likely to be one of the factors initiating the onset of CF lung disease, there is no effective targeted treatment. A better understanding of the innate immune responses by CF airway epithelial cells, the primary site of infection for viruses, is needed to identify why viral infections are more severe in CF. The aim of this review is to present the clinical impact of virus infection in both young children and adults with CF, focusing on rhinovirus infection. Previous in vitro and in vivo investigations looking at the mechanisms behind virus infection will also be summarized. The review will finish on the potential of transcriptomics to elucidate the host-pathogen responses by CF airway cells to viral infection and identify novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kak-Ming Ling
- Paediatrics, Medical School, Faculty of Healthy and Medical Science, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Luke W Garratt
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Timo Lassmann
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Stephen M Stick
- Paediatrics, Medical School, Faculty of Healthy and Medical Science, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, WA, Australia.,Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Anthony Kicic
- Paediatrics, Medical School, Faculty of Healthy and Medical Science, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, WA, Australia.,Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Occupation and Environment, School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
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26
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Chang AB, Bush A, Grimwood K. Bronchiectasis in children: diagnosis and treatment. Lancet 2018; 392:866-879. [PMID: 30215382 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(18)31554-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bronchiectasis is conventionally defined as irreversible dilatation of the bronchial tree. Bronchiectasis unrelated to cystic fibrosis is an increasingly appreciated cause of chronic respiratory-related morbidity worldwide. Few randomised controlled trials provide high-level evidence for management strategies to treat the children affected by bronchiectasis. However, both decades-old and more recent studies using technological advances support the notion that prompt diagnosis and optimal management of paediatric bronchiectasis is particularly important in early childhood. Although considered to be of a non-reversible nature, mild bronchiectasis determined by radiography might be reversible at any age if treated early, and the lung function decline associated with disease progression could then be halted. Although some management strategies are extrapolated from cystic fibrosis or adult-based studies, or both, non-cystic fibrosis paediatric-specific data to help diagnose and manage these children still need to be generated. We present current knowledge and an updated definition of bronchiectasis, and review controversies relating to the management of children with bronchiectasis, including applying the concept of so-called treatable traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne B Chang
- Child Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Casuarina, NT, Australia; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Health Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - Andrew Bush
- Head of Section (Paediatrics), Imperial College London, London, UK; National Heart and Lung Institute, London, UK; Royal Brompton Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Keith Grimwood
- Royal Brompton Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia; Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases and Department of Paediatrics, Gold Coast Health, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
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27
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Mousnier A, Bell AS, Swieboda DP, Morales-Sanfrutos J, Pérez-Dorado I, Brannigan JA, Newman J, Ritzefeld M, Hutton JA, Guedán A, Asfor AS, Robinson SW, Hopkins-Navratilova I, Wilkinson AJ, Johnston SL, Leatherbarrow RJ, Tuthill TJ, Solari R, Tate EW. Fragment-derived inhibitors of human N-myristoyltransferase block capsid assembly and replication of the common cold virus. Nat Chem 2018; 10:599-606. [PMID: 29760414 PMCID: PMC6015761 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-018-0039-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Rhinoviruses (RVs) are the pathogens most often responsible for the common cold, and are a frequent cause of exacerbations in asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cystic fibrosis. Here we report the discovery of IMP-1088, a picomolar dual inhibitor of the human N-myristoyltransferases NMT1 and NMT2, and use it to demonstrate that pharmacological inhibition of host-cell N-myristoylation rapidly and completely prevents rhinoviral replication without inducing cytotoxicity. The identification of cooperative binding between weak-binding fragments led to rapid inhibitor optimization through fragment reconstruction, structure-guided fragment linking and conformational control over linker geometry. We show that inhibition of the co-translational myristoylation of a specific virus-encoded protein (VP0) by IMP-1088 potently blocks a key step in viral capsid assembly, to deliver a low nanomolar antiviral activity against multiple RV strains, poliovirus and foot and-mouth disease virus, and protection of cells against virus-induced killing, highlighting the potential of host myristoylation as a drug target in picornaviral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Mousnier
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Andrew S Bell
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Dawid P Swieboda
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Inmaculada Pérez-Dorado
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - James A Brannigan
- Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK
| | | | | | - Jennie A Hutton
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Anabel Guedán
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Iva Hopkins-Navratilova
- Kinetic Discovery Limited, Dundee, UK
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Anthony J Wilkinson
- Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK
| | | | - Robin J Leatherbarrow
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Roberto Solari
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Edward W Tate
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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28
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Schäfer J, Griese M, Chandrasekaran R, Chotirmall SH, Hartl D. Pathogenesis, imaging and clinical characteristics of CF and non-CF bronchiectasis. BMC Pulm Med 2018; 18:79. [PMID: 29788954 PMCID: PMC5964733 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-018-0630-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bronchiectasis is a common feature of severe inherited and acquired pulmonary disease conditions. Among inherited diseases, cystic fibrosis (CF) is the major disorder associated with bronchiectasis, while acquired conditions frequently featuring bronchiectasis include post-infective bronchiectasis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Mechanistically, bronchiectasis is driven by a complex interplay of inflammation and infection with neutrophilic inflammation playing a predominant role. The clinical characterization and management of bronchiectasis should involve a precise diagnostic workup, tailored therapeutic strategies and pulmonary imaging that has become an essential tool for the diagnosis and follow-up of bronchiectasis. Prospective future studies are required to optimize the diagnostic and therapeutic management of bronchiectasis, particularly in heterogeneous non-CF bronchiectasis populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Schäfer
- Department of Radiology, Division of Pediatric Radiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | | | | | - Sanjay H Chotirmall
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dominik Hartl
- Department of Pediatrics I, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Roche Pharma Research & Early Development (pRED), Immunology, Inflammation and Infectious Diseases (I3) Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland
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de Vries JJV, Chang AB, Marchant JM. Comparison of bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage findings in three types of suppurative lung disease. Pediatr Pulmonol 2018; 53:467-474. [PMID: 29405664 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.23952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endobronchial suppuration is present in children with protracted bacterial bronchitis (PBB), bronchiectasis, and cystic fibrosis (CF). However, no studies have directly compared bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) findings across these conditions within a single center using the same techniques and with shared community pathogens. AIM To determine; (i) the bronchoscopic findings and BAL microbiology and cellularity among children with these conditions and; (ii) the relationship between bacterial pathogens, airway cellularity and aberrant macroscopic bronchoscopic findings. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed all bronchoscopy data (undertaken over 6.5-years) from our center in children (<6 years; n = 316) meeting definitions of PBB (n = 125), bronchiectasis (n = 138), and CF (n = 53). RESULTS The children's median age was 26-months (Interquartile range (IQR) = 16-43). Children with PBB and bronchiectasis had higher rates of Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae infection, whereas children with CF had frequent Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus infections. Novel findings include detection of cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) (by polymerase chain reaction) in children with PBB (26%, 17%, respectively) and bronchiectasis (27%, 29%). Median airway neutrophil percentage was significantly higher in CF (68%; IQR = 42-83) compared to PBB (36%; IQR = 18-68) and bronchiectasis (22%; IQR = 8-64) (P < 0.0001), despite lower rates of infection. Presence of malacia did not significantly impact on infection or inflammation. CONCLUSION In this first study to directly compare bronchoscopic data among young children with PBB, bronchiectasis, and CF, microbiological patterns of airway infections and neutrophilia varied. Our findings of cytomegalovirus and EBV detection in children with PBB and bronchiectasis require confirmation and further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorrit J V de Vries
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Children's Centre of Health Research, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anne B Chang
- Children's Centre of Health Research, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Children's Health Queensland, Lady Cilento Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Child Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Julie M Marchant
- Children's Centre of Health Research, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Children's Health Queensland, Lady Cilento Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Muehling LM, Turner RB, Brown KB, Wright PW, Patrie JT, Lahtinen SJ, Lehtinen MJ, Kwok WW, Woodfolk JA. Single-Cell Tracking Reveals a Role for Pre-Existing CCR5+ Memory Th1 Cells in the Control of Rhinovirus-A39 After Experimental Challenge in Humans. J Infect Dis 2018; 217:381-392. [PMID: 29309618 PMCID: PMC5853408 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Little is known about T cells that respond to human rhinovirus in vivo, due to timing of infection, viral diversity, and complex T-cell specificities. We tracked circulating CD4+ T cells with identical epitope specificities that responded to intranasal challenge with rhinovirus (RV)-A39, and we assessed T-cell signatures in the nose. Methods Cells were monitored using a mixture of 2 capsid-specific major histocompatibility complex II tetramers over a 7-week period, before and after RV-A39 challenge, in 16 human leukocyte antigen-DR4+ subjects who participated in a trial of Bifidobacterium lactis (Bl-04) supplementation. Results Pre-existing tetramer+ T cells were linked to delayed viral shedding, enriched for activated CCR5+ Th1 effectors, and included a minor interleukin-21+ T follicular helper cell subset. After RV challenge, expansion and activation of virus-specific CCR5+ Th1 effectors was restricted to subjects who had a rise in neutralizing antibodies, and tetramer-negative CCR5+ effector memory types were comodulated. In the nose, CXCR3-CCR5+ T cells present during acute infection were activated effector memory type, whereas CXCR3+ cells were central memory type, and cognate chemokine ligands were elevated over baseline. Probiotic had no T-cell effects. Conclusions We conclude that virus-specific CCR5+ effector memory CD4+ T cells primed by previous exposure to related viruses contribute to the control of rhinovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyndsey M Muehling
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville
| | - Ronald B Turner
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville
| | - Kenneth B Brown
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville
| | - Paul W Wright
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville
| | - James T Patrie
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville
| | | | | | - William W Kwok
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington
| | - Judith A Woodfolk
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville
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31
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The nasopharyngeal microbiome. Emerg Top Life Sci 2017; 1:297-312. [PMID: 33525776 DOI: 10.1042/etls20170041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human microbiomes have received increasing attention over the last 10 years, leading to a pervasiveness of hypotheses relating dysbiosis to health and disease. The respiratory tract has received much less attention in this respect than that of, for example, the human gut. Nevertheless, progress has been made in elucidating the immunological, ecological and environmental drivers that govern these microbial consortia and the potential consequences of aberrant microbiomes. In this review, we consider the microbiome of the nasopharynx, a specific niche of the upper respiratory tract. The nasopharynx is an important site, anatomically with respect to its gateway position between upper and lower airways, and for pathogenic bacterial colonisation. The dynamics of the latter are important for long-term respiratory morbidity, acute infections of both invasive and non-invasive disease and associations with chronic airway disease exacerbations. Here, we review the development of the nasopharyngeal (NP) microbiome over the life course, examining it from the early establishment of resilient profiles in neonates through to perturbations associated with pneumonia risk in the elderly. We focus specifically on the commensal, opportunistically pathogenic members of the NP microbiome that includes Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis. In addition, we consider the role of relatively harmless genera such as Dolosigranulum and Corynebacterium. Understanding that the NP microbiome plays such a key, beneficial role in maintaining equilibrium of commensal species, prevention of pathogen outgrowth and host immunity enables future research to be directed appropriately.
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Korten I, Kieninger E, Klenja S, Mack I, Schläpfer N, Barbani MT, Regamey N, Kuehni CE, Hilty M, Frey U, Gorgievski M, Casaulta C, Latzin P. Respiratory viruses in healthy infants and infants with cystic fibrosis: a prospective cohort study. Thorax 2017; 73:13-20. [PMID: 28778921 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2016-209553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Acute viral respiratory tract infections in children with cystic fibrosis (CF) are known causes of disease exacerbation. The role of viral infections during infancy is, however, less known, although early infancy is thought to be a crucial period for CF disease development.We prospectively assessed symptomatic and asymptomatic viral detection in the first year of life in infants with CF and healthy controls. METHODS In a prospective cohort study, we included 31 infants with CF from the Swiss Cystic Fibrosis Infant Lung Development Cohort and 32 unselected, healthy infants from the Basel Bern Infant Lung Development Cohort and followed them throughout the first year of life. Respiratory symptoms were assessed by weekly telephone interviews. Biweekly nasal swabs were analysed for 10 different viruses and two atypical bacteria with real-time seven duplex PCR (CF=561, controls=712). MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS Infants with CF and healthy controls showed similar numbers of swabs positive for virus (mean 42% vs 44%; OR 0.91, 95% CI 0.66 to 1.26, p=0.6). Virus-positive swabs were less often accompanied by respiratory symptoms in infants with CF (17% vs 23%; OR 0.64, 95% CI 0.43 to 0.95, p=0.026). This finding was pronounced for symptomatic human rhinovirus detection (7% vs 11%; OR 0.52, 95% CI 0.31 to 0.9, p=0.02). CONCLUSIONS Viral detection is not more frequent in infants with CF and respiratory symptoms during viral detection occur even less often than in healthy controls. It is likely an interplay of different factors such as local epithelial properties and immunological mechanisms that contribute to our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Insa Korten
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- University Children's Hospital (UKBB), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth Kieninger
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Shkipe Klenja
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ines Mack
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- University Children's Hospital (UKBB), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Njima Schläpfer
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Nicolas Regamey
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Lucerne, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Claudia E Kuehni
- Institute for Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Markus Hilty
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Urs Frey
- University Children's Hospital (UKBB), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Meri Gorgievski
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Carmen Casaulta
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Latzin
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Billard L, Le Berre R, Pilorgé L, Payan C, Héry-Arnaud G, Vallet S. Viruses in cystic fibrosis patients' airways. Crit Rev Microbiol 2017; 43:690-708. [PMID: 28340310 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2017.1297763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Although bacteria have historically been considered to play a major role in cystic fibrosis (CF) airway damage, a strong impact of respiratory viral infections (RVI) is also now recognized. Emerging evidence confirms that respiratory viruses are associated with deterioration of pulmonary function and exacerbation and facilitation of bacterial colonization in CF patients. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the current knowledge on respiratory viruses in CF airways, to discuss the resulting inflammation and RVI response, to determine how to detect the viruses, and to assess their clinical consequences, prevalence, and interactions with bacteria. The most predominant are Rhinoviruses (RVs), significantly associated with CF exacerbation. Molecular techniques, and especially multiplex PCR, help to diagnose viral infections, and the coming rise of metagenomics will extend knowledge of viral populations in the complex ecosystem of CF airways. Prophylaxis and vaccination are currently available only for Respiratory syncytial and Influenza virus (IV), but antiviral molecules are being tested to improve CF patients' care. All the points raised in this review highlight the importance of taking account of RVIs and their potential impact on the CF airway ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Billard
- a EA 3882-Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Ecologie Microbienne (LUBEM) , Groupe de Bactériologie-Virologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé , Université Bretagne Loire , Brest Cedex , France
| | - Rozenn Le Berre
- a EA 3882-Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Ecologie Microbienne (LUBEM) , Groupe de Bactériologie-Virologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé , Université Bretagne Loire , Brest Cedex , France.,b Département de Médecine Interne et Pneumologie , Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Brest, Hôpital de la Cavale Blanche , Brest cedex , France
| | - Léa Pilorgé
- a EA 3882-Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Ecologie Microbienne (LUBEM) , Groupe de Bactériologie-Virologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé , Université Bretagne Loire , Brest Cedex , France.,c Département de Bacteriologie-Virologie, Hygiène et Parasitologie-Mycologie, Pôle de Biologie-Pathologie , Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Brest, Hôpital de la Cavale Blanche , Brest cedex , France
| | - Christopher Payan
- a EA 3882-Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Ecologie Microbienne (LUBEM) , Groupe de Bactériologie-Virologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé , Université Bretagne Loire , Brest Cedex , France.,c Département de Bacteriologie-Virologie, Hygiène et Parasitologie-Mycologie, Pôle de Biologie-Pathologie , Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Brest, Hôpital de la Cavale Blanche , Brest cedex , France
| | - Geneviève Héry-Arnaud
- a EA 3882-Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Ecologie Microbienne (LUBEM) , Groupe de Bactériologie-Virologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé , Université Bretagne Loire , Brest Cedex , France.,c Département de Bacteriologie-Virologie, Hygiène et Parasitologie-Mycologie, Pôle de Biologie-Pathologie , Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Brest, Hôpital de la Cavale Blanche , Brest cedex , France
| | - Sophie Vallet
- a EA 3882-Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Ecologie Microbienne (LUBEM) , Groupe de Bactériologie-Virologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé , Université Bretagne Loire , Brest Cedex , France.,c Département de Bacteriologie-Virologie, Hygiène et Parasitologie-Mycologie, Pôle de Biologie-Pathologie , Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Brest, Hôpital de la Cavale Blanche , Brest cedex , France
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34
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Performance of a Taqman Assay for Improved Detection and Quantification of Human Rhinovirus Viral Load. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34855. [PMID: 27721388 PMCID: PMC5056400 DOI: 10.1038/srep34855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Human rhinovirus (HRV) is the major aetiology of respiratory tract infections. HRV viral load assays are available but limitations that affect accurate quantification exist. We developed a one-step Taqman assay using oligonucleotides designed based on a comprehensive list of global HRV sequences. The new oligonucleotides targeting the 5′-UTR region showed high PCR efficiency (E = 99.6%, R2 = 0.996), with quantifiable viral load as low as 2 viral copies/μl. Assay evaluation using an External Quality Assessment (EQA) panel yielded a detection rate of 90%. When tested on 315 human enterovirus-positive specimens comprising at least 84 genetically distinct HRV types/serotypes (determined by the VP4/VP2 gene phylogenetic analysis), the assay detected all HRV species and types, as well as other non-polio enteroviruses. A commercial quantification kit, which failed to detect any of the EQA specimens, produced a detection rate of 13.3% (42/315) among the clinical specimens. Using the improved assay, we showed that HRV sheds in the upper respiratory tract for more than a week following acute infection. We also showed that HRV-C had a significantly higher viral load at 2–7 days after the onset of symptoms (p = 0.001). The availability of such assay is important to facilitate disease management, antiviral development, and infection control.
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35
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Boikos C, Joseph L, Martineau C, Papenburg J, Scheifele D, Lands LC, De Serres G, Chilvers M, Quach C. Influenza Virus Detection Following Administration of Live-Attenuated Intranasal Influenza Vaccine in Children With Cystic Fibrosis and Their Healthy Siblings. Open Forum Infect Dis 2016; 3:ofw187. [PMID: 27747255 PMCID: PMC5063549 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofw187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. We aimed to explore the detection profile of influenza viruses following live-attenuated intranasal influenza vaccination (LAIV) in children aged 2-19 years with and without cystic fibrosis (CF). Methods. Before the 2013-2014 influenza season, flocked nasal swabs were obtained before vaccination and 4 times in the week of follow-up from 76 participants (nCF: 57; nhealthy: 19). Influenza was detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays. A Bayesian hierarchical logistic regression model was used to estimate the effect of CF status and age on influenza detection. Results. Overall, 69% of the study cohort shed influenza RNA during follow-up. The mean duration of RT-PCR detection was 2.09 days (95% credible interval [CrI]: 1.73-2.48). The odds of influenza RNA detection on day 1 following vaccination decreased with age in years (odds ratio [OR]: 0.82 per year; 95% CrI: 0.70-0.95), and subjects with CF had higher odds of influenza RNA detection on day 1 of follow-up (OR: 5.09; 95% CrI: 1.02-29.9). Conclusion. Despite the small sample size, our results indicate that LAIV vaccine strains are detectable during the week after LAIV, mainly in younger individuals and vaccinees with CF. It remains unclear whether recommendations for avoiding contact with severely immunocompromised patients should differ for these groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantina Boikos
- Department of Epidemiology , Biostatistics & Occupational Health, McGill University , Montreal
| | - Lawrence Joseph
- Department of Epidemiology , Biostatistics & Occupational Health, McGill University , Montreal
| | - Christine Martineau
- Laboratoire de santé publique du Québec , Institut national de santé publique du Québec
| | - Jesse Papenburg
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University; McGill University Health Centre, Vaccine Study Centre, Research Institute of the MUHC, Montreal, Quebec
| | - David Scheifele
- Vaccine Evaluation Center, Child & Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia
| | - Larry C Lands
- Meakins Christie Laboratories, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine , Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University , Montreal , Quebec
| | - Gaston De Serres
- Direction des risques biologiques et de la santé au travail , Institut national de santé publique du Québec
| | - Mark Chilvers
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine , University of British Columbia , Canada
| | - Caroline Quach
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics & Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University; McGill University Health Centre, Vaccine Study Centre, Research Institute of the MUHC, Montreal, Quebec; Direction des risques biologiques et de la santé au travail, Institut national de santé publique du Québec
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Dauletbaev N, Herscovitch K, Das M, Chen H, Bernier J, Matouk E, Bérubé J, Rousseau S, Lands LC. Down-regulation of IL-8 by high-dose vitamin D is specific to hyperinflammatory macrophages and involves mechanisms beyond up-regulation of DUSP1. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 172:4757-71. [PMID: 26178144 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE There is current interest in vitamin D as a potential anti-inflammatory treatment for chronic inflammatory lung disease, including cystic fibrosis (CF). Vitamin D transcriptionally up-regulates the anti-inflammatory gene DUSP1, which partly controls production of the inflammatory chemokine IL-8. IL-8 is overabundant in CF airways, potentially due to hyperinflammatory responses of CF macrophages. We tested the ability of vitamin D metabolites to down-regulate IL-8 production in CF macrophages. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH CF and healthy monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) were treated with two vitamin D metabolites, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25OHD3 ) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2 D3 ), or paricalcitol, synthetic analogue of 1,25(OH)2 D3 . 25OHD3 was tested at doses of 25-150 nM, whereas 1,25(OH)2 D3 and paricalcitol at doses of up to 100 nM. IL-8 was stimulated by bacterial virulence factors. As potential anti-inflammatory mechanism of vitamin D metabolites, we assessed up-regulation of DUSP1. KEY RESULTS MDM from patients with CF and some healthy donors showed excessive production of stimulated IL-8, highlighting their hyperinflammatory phenotype. Vitamin D metabolites down-regulated stimulated IL-8 only in those hyperinflammatory MDM, and only when used at high doses (>100 nM for 25OHD3 , or >1 nM for 1,25(OH)2 D3 and paricalcitol). The magnitude of IL-8 down-regulation by vitamin D metabolites or paricalcitol was moderate (∼30% vs. >70% by low-dose dexamethasone). Transcriptional up-regulation of DUSP1 by vitamin D metabolites was seen in all tested MDM, regardless of IL-8 down-regulation. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Vitamin D metabolites and their analogues moderately down-regulate IL-8 in hyperinflammatory macrophages, including those from CF. This down-regulation appears to go through DUSP1-independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Dauletbaev
- Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases, The Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - K Herscovitch
- Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases, The Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - M Das
- Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases, The Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - H Chen
- Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases, The Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - J Bernier
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Montreal Chest Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - E Matouk
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Montreal Chest Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - J Bérubé
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - S Rousseau
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - L C Lands
- Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases, The Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Division of Respiratory Medicine, Montreal Children's Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Goyal V, Grimwood K, Marchant J, Masters IB, Chang AB. Pediatric bronchiectasis: No longer an orphan disease. Pediatr Pulmonol 2016; 51:450-69. [PMID: 26840008 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.23380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Bronchiectasis is described classically as a chronic pulmonary disorder characterized by a persistent productive cough and irreversible dilatation of one or more bronchi. However, in children unable to expectorate, cough may instead be wet and intermittent and bronchial dilatation reversible in the early stages. Although still considered an orphan disease, it is being recognized increasingly as causing significant morbidity and mortality in children and adults in both affluent and developing countries. While bronchiectasis has multiple etiologies, the final common pathway involves a complex interplay between the host, respiratory pathogens and environmental factors. These interactions lead to a vicious cycle of repeated infections, airway inflammation and tissue remodelling resulting in impaired airway clearance, destruction of structural elements within the bronchial wall causing them to become dilated and small airway obstruction. In this review, the current knowledge of the epidemiology, pathobiology, clinical features, and management of bronchiectasis in children are summarized. Recent evidence has emerged to improve our understanding of this heterogeneous disease including the role of viruses, and how antibiotics, novel drugs, antiviral agents, and vaccines might be used. Importantly, the management is no longer dependent upon extrapolating from the cystic fibrosis experience. Nevertheless, substantial information gaps remain in determining the underlying disease mechanisms that initiate and sustain the pathophysiological pathways leading to bronchiectasis. National and international collaborations, standardizing definitions of clinical and research end points, and exploring novel primary prevention strategies are needed if further progress is to be made in understanding, treating and even preventing this often life-limiting disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Goyal
- Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute, Children's Health Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4101, Australia.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Lady Cilento Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Keith Grimwood
- Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute, Children's Health Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4101, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University and Gold Coast Health, Southport, Australia
| | - Julie Marchant
- Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute, Children's Health Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4101, Australia.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Lady Cilento Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - I Brent Masters
- Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute, Children's Health Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4101, Australia.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Lady Cilento Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anne B Chang
- Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute, Children's Health Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4101, Australia.,Child Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Australia.,Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Digging through the Obstruction: Insight into the Epithelial Cell Response to Respiratory Virus Infection in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis. J Virol 2016; 90:4258-4261. [PMID: 26865718 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01864-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory virus infections are common but generally self-limiting infections in healthy individuals. Although early clinical studies reported low detection rates, the development of molecular diagnostic techniques by PCR has led to an increased recognition that respiratory virus infections are associated with morbidity and acute exacerbations of chronic lung diseases, such as cystic fibrosis (CF). The airway epithelium is the first barrier encountered by respiratory viruses following inhalation and the primary site of respiratory viral replication. Here, we describe how the airway epithelial response to respiratory viral infections contributes to disease progression in patients with CF and other chronic lung diseases, including the role respiratory viral infections play in bacterial acquisition in the CF patient lung.
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39
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Frequency and Duration of Rhinovirus Infections in Children With Cystic Fibrosis and Healthy Controls: A Longitudinal Cohort Study. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2016; 35:379-83. [PMID: 26658528 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000001014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory viral infections are an important cause of morbidity in patients with chronic respiratory diseases, such as cystic fibrosis (CF). We hypothesized that patients with CF are more susceptible to human rhinovirus (HRV) infections than healthy controls. METHODS In a 6-month winter period, 20 young children with CF (0-7 years) and 18 age-matched healthy controls were sampled biweekly for HRV-polymerase chain reaction using nasopharyngeal swabs, irrespective of respiratory symptoms. Respiratory symptoms were scored twice a week. If any symptom was present, an additional sample was obtained. All HRV-positive samples were genotyped to distinguish HRV subtypes. RESULTS We analyzed 645 samples, with comparable total numbers of samples in both groups. HRV was detected in 40.8% of all analyzed samples. Children with CF had significantly more HRV-positive samples compared with healthy controls, with a mean number (± standard deviation) of 8.1 ± 2.3 versus 5.7 ± 2.9 positive samples per individual (P < 0.01). Prolonged detection (>2 weeks) with the same HRV subtype occurred more frequently in the CF patients (P < 0.01). The genetic distribution and pattern of phylogenetic diversity of the different HRV subtypes were similar in both groups. CONCLUSIONS This is the first in vivo longitudinal study showing that HRV is detected more frequently and persists for longer periods in CF patients compared with healthy controls. This might indicate increased viral replication and/or decreased antiviral defense in patients with CF.
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Jackson DJ, Lemanske RF, Gern JE. Infections and Asthma. PEDIATRIC ALLERGY: PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE 2016. [PMCID: PMC7173469 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-29875-9.00031-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Wheezing viral respiratory illnesses are the most common initial presentation of childhood asthma. Once asthma is established, viral infections, most notably rhinovirus (RV), are the most frequent trigger of severe asthma exacerbations. RV-C appears to be a particularly pathogenic virus in children with asthma. Evidence has recently emerged to suggest that bacterial pathogens in the lower airway may contribute to the expression of asthma. Ongoing studies are critical to our understanding of the role of the airway microbiome in asthma inception and exacerbation. Synergistic interactions between underlying allergy and virus infections play an important mechanistic role in asthma inception and exacerbation, and are an important therapeutic target. Novel therapies are needed to prevent and treat virus-induced wheezing and asthma exacerbations.
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Dauletbaev N, Das M, Cammisano M, Chen H, Singh S, Kooi C, Leigh R, Beaudoin T, Rousseau S, Lands LC. Rhinovirus Load Is High despite Preserved Interferon-β Response in Cystic Fibrosis Bronchial Epithelial Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143129. [PMID: 26599098 PMCID: PMC4658124 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung disease in cystic fibrosis (CF) is often exacerbated following acute upper respiratory tract infections caused by the human rhinovirus (HRV). Pathophysiology of these exacerbations is presently unclear and may involve deficient innate antiviral or exaggerated inflammatory responses in CF airway epithelial cells. Furthermore, responses of CF cells to HRV may be adversely affected by pre-exposure to virulence factors of Pseudomonas (P.) aeruginosa, the microorganism that frequently colonizes CF airways. Here we examined production of antiviral cytokine interferon-β and inflammatory chemokine interleukin-8, expression of the interferon-responsive antiviral gene 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase 1 (OAS1), and intracellular virus RNA load in primary CF (delF508 CFTR) and healthy airway epithelial cells following inoculation with HRV16. Parallel cells were exposed to virulence factors of P. aeruginosa prior to and during HRV16 inoculation. CF cells exhibited production of interferon-β and interleukin-8, and expression of OAS1 at levels comparable to those in healthy cells, yet significantly higher HRV16 RNA load during early hours post-inoculation with HRV16. In line with this, HRV16 RNA load was higher in the CFBE41o- dF cell line overexpessing delF508 CFTR, compared with the isogenic control CFBE41o- WT (wild-type CFTR). Pre-exposure to virulence factors of P. aeruginosa did not affect OAS1 expression or HRV16 RNA load, but potentiated interleukin-8 production. In conclusion, CF cells demonstrate elevated HRV RNA load despite preserved interferon-β and OAS1 responses. High HRV load in CF airway epithelial cells appears to be due to deficiencies manifesting early during HRV infection, and may not be related to interferon-β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurlan Dauletbaev
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Mithun Das
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Maria Cammisano
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - He Chen
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sareen Singh
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Cora Kooi
- Department of Medicine and Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Richard Leigh
- Department of Medicine and Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Trevor Beaudoin
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Simon Rousseau
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Larry C. Lands
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Respiratory Division, Montreal Children’s Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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42
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Interferon response of the cystic fibrosis bronchial epithelium to major and minor group rhinovirus infection. J Cyst Fibros 2015; 15:332-9. [PMID: 26613982 PMCID: PMC7185532 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2015.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Rhinoviruses (RVs) are associated with exacerbations of cystic fibrosis (CF), asthma and COPD. There is growing evidence suggesting the involvement of the interferon (IFN) pathway in RV-associated morbidity in asthma and COPD. The mechanisms of RV-triggered exacerbations in CF are poorly understood. In a pilot study, we assessed the antiviral response of CF and healthy bronchial epithelial cells (BECs) to RV infection, we measured the levels of IFNs, pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) upon infection with major and minor group RVs and poly(IC) stimulation. Major group RV infection of CF BECs resulted in a trend towards a diminished IFN response at the level of IFNs, PRRs and ISGs in comparison to healthy BECs. Contrary to major group RV, the IFN pathway induction upon minor group RV infection was significantly increased at the level of IFNs and PRRs in CF BECs compared to healthy BECs.
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43
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Schögler A, Muster RJ, Kieninger E, Casaulta C, Tapparel C, Jung A, Moeller A, Geiser T, Regamey N, Alves MP. Vitamin D represses rhinovirus replication in cystic fibrosis cells by inducing LL-37. Eur Respir J 2015; 47:520-30. [PMID: 26585423 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00665-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D has immunomodulatory properties in the defence against pathogens. Its insufficiency is a widespread feature of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, which are repeatedly suffering from rhinovirus (RV)-induced pulmonary exacerbations.To investigate whether vitamin D has antiviral activity, primary bronchial epithelial cells from CF children were pre-treated with vitamin D and infected with RV16. Antiviral and anti-inflammatory activity of vitamin D was assessed. RV and LL-37 levels were measured in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) of CF children infected with RV.Vitamin D reduced RV16 load in a dose-dependent manner in CF cells (10(-7 )M, p<0.01). The antiviral response mediated by interferons remained unchanged by vitamin D in CF cells. Vitamin D did not exert anti-inflammatory properties in RV-infected CF cells. Vitamin D increased the expression of the antimicrobial peptide LL-37 up to 17.4-fold (p<0.05). Addition of exogenous LL-37 decreased viral replication by 4.4-fold in CF cells (p<0.05). An inverse correlation between viral load and LL-37 levels in CF BAL (r=-0.48, p<0.05) was observed.RV replication in primary CF bronchial cells was reduced by vitamin D through the induction of LL-37. Clinical studies are needed to determine the importance of an adequate control of vitamin D for prevention of virus-induced pulmonary CF exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Schögler
- Division of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, University Children's Hospital, Bern, Switzerland Dept of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ricardo J Muster
- Division of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, University Children's Hospital, Bern, Switzerland Dept of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth Kieninger
- Division of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, University Children's Hospital, Bern, Switzerland University Children`s Hospital Basel, UKBB, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Carmen Casaulta
- Division of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, University Children's Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Tapparel
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Infectious Diseases and Division of Laboratory Medicine, University of Geneva Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Jung
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, University Children's Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Moeller
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, University Children's Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Geiser
- Dept of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland Dept of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Regamey
- Dept of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland Division of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Lucerne Children's Hospital, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Marco P Alves
- Division of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, University Children's Hospital, Bern, Switzerland Dept of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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44
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van der Linden L, Wolthers KC, van Kuppeveld FJM. Replication and Inhibitors of Enteroviruses and Parechoviruses. Viruses 2015; 7:4529-62. [PMID: 26266417 PMCID: PMC4576193 DOI: 10.3390/v7082832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The Enterovirus (EV) and Parechovirus genera of the picornavirus family include many important human pathogens, including poliovirus, rhinovirus, EV-A71, EV-D68, and human parechoviruses (HPeV). They cause a wide variety of diseases, ranging from a simple common cold to life-threatening diseases such as encephalitis and myocarditis. At the moment, no antiviral therapy is available against these viruses and it is not feasible to develop vaccines against all EVs and HPeVs due to the great number of serotypes. Therefore, a lot of effort is being invested in the development of antiviral drugs. Both viral proteins and host proteins essential for virus replication can be used as targets for virus inhibitors. As such, a good understanding of the complex process of virus replication is pivotal in the design of antiviral strategies goes hand in hand with a good understanding of the complex process of virus replication. In this review, we will give an overview of the current state of knowledge of EV and HPeV replication and how this can be inhibited by small-molecule inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lonneke van der Linden
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands.
| | - Katja C Wolthers
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands.
| | - Frank J M van Kuppeveld
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, Utrecht 3584 CL, The Netherlands.
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45
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Schultz A, Stick S. Early pulmonary inflammation and lung damage in children with cystic fibrosis. Respirology 2015; 20:569-78. [PMID: 25823858 DOI: 10.1111/resp.12521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF) suffer progressive airway inflammation, infection and lung damage. Airway inflammation and infection are present from early in life, often before children are symptomatic. CF gene mutations cause changes in the CF transmembrane regulator protein that result in an aberrant airway microenvironment including airway surface liquid (ASL) dehydration, reduced ASL acidity, altered airway mucin and a dysregulated inflammatory response. This review discusses how an altered microenvironment drives CF lung disease before overt airway infection, the response of the CF airway to early infection, and methods to prevent inflammation and early lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Schultz
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; School of Paediatric and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Nguyen LDN, Viscogliosi E, Delhaes L. The lung mycobiome: an emerging field of the human respiratory microbiome. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:89. [PMID: 25762987 PMCID: PMC4327734 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The lung microbiome, which is believed to be stable or at least transient in healthy people, is now considered as a poly-microorganism component contributing to disease pathogenesis. Most research studies on the respiratory microbiome have focused on bacteria and their impact on lung health, but there is evidence that other non-bacterial organisms, comprising the viruses (virome) and fungi (mycobiome), are also likely to play an important role in healthy people as well as in patients. In the last few years, the lung mycobiome (previously named the fungal microbiota or microbiome) has drawn closer attention. There is growing evidence that the lung mycobiome has a significant impact on clinical outcome of chronic respiratory diseases (CRD) such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis, and bronchiectasis. Thanks to advances in culture independent methods, especially next generation sequencing, a number of fungi not detected by culture methods have been molecularly identified in human lungs. It has been shown that the structure and diversity of the lung mycobiome vary in different populations (healthy and different diseased individuals) which could play a role in CRD. Moreover, the link between lung mycobiome and different biomes of other body sites, especially the gut, has also been unraveled. By interacting with the bacteriome and/or virome, the respiratory mycobiome appears to be a cofactor in inflammation and in the host immune response, and therefore may contribute to the decline of the lung function and the disease progression. In this review, we report the recent limited explorations of the human respiratory mycobiome, and discuss the mycobiome’s connections with other local microbial communities, as well as the relationships with the different biomes of other body sites. These studies suggest several outlooks for this understudied emerging field, which will certainly call for a renewal of our understanding of pulmonary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linh D N Nguyen
- Biology and Diversity of Emerging Eukaryotic Pathogens, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, INSERM U1019, CNRS UMR 8204, Lille Pasteur Institute, University of Lille Nord de France , Lille, France
| | - Eric Viscogliosi
- Biology and Diversity of Emerging Eukaryotic Pathogens, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, INSERM U1019, CNRS UMR 8204, Lille Pasteur Institute, University of Lille Nord de France , Lille, France
| | - Laurence Delhaes
- Biology and Diversity of Emerging Eukaryotic Pathogens, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, INSERM U1019, CNRS UMR 8204, Lille Pasteur Institute, University of Lille Nord de France , Lille, France ; Parasitology-Mycology Department, Hospital University Center, Faculty of Medicine , Lille, France
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47
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Iaria M, Caccuri F, Apostoli P, Giagulli C, Pelucchi F, Padoan RF, Caruso A, Fiorentini S. Detection of KI WU and Merkel cell polyomavirus in respiratory tract of cystic fibrosis patients. Clin Microbiol Infect 2015; 21:603.e9-15. [PMID: 25677628 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2015.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 11/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In the last few years, many reports have confirmed the presence of WU, KI and Merkel cell (MC) polyomaviruses (PyV) in respiratory samples wordwide, but their pathogenic role in patients with underlying conditions such as cystic fibrosis is still debated. To determine the prevalence of MCPyV, WUPyV and KIPyV, we conducted a 1-year-long microbiological testing of respiratory specimens from 93 patients with cystic fibrosis in Brescia, Italy. We detected PyV DNA in 94 out of 337 analysed specimens. KIPyV was the most common virus detected (12.1%), followed by WUPyV (8.9%) and MCPyV (6.8%). We found an intriguing association between the presence of MCPyV and the concurrent isolation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, as well as with the patient status, classified as chronically colonized with P. aeruginosa. Our study adds perspective on the prevalence and the potential pathogenic role of PyV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Iaria
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - F Caccuri
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - P Apostoli
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - C Giagulli
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - F Pelucchi
- Cystic Fibrosis Centre, Paediatric Department, Children's Hospital, AO Spedali Civili Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - R F Padoan
- Cystic Fibrosis Centre, Paediatric Department, Children's Hospital, AO Spedali Civili Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - A Caruso
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - S Fiorentini
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Italy.
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Ambrosioni J, Bridevaux PO, Aubert JD, Soccal P, Wagner G, Kaiser L. Role of rhinovirus load in the upper respiratory tract and severity of symptoms in lung transplant recipients. J Clin Virol 2015; 64:1-5. [PMID: 25728070 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2014.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rhinovirus is the most common cause of respiratory viral infections and leads to frequent respiratory symptoms in lung transplant recipients. However, it remains unknown whether the rhinovirus load correlates with the severity of symptoms. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to better characterize the pathogenesis of rhinoviral infection and the way in which viral load correlates with symptoms. STUDY DESIGN We assessed rhinovirus load in positive upper respiratory specimens of patients enrolled prospectively in a cohort of 116 lung transplant recipients. Rhinovirus load was quantified according to a validated in-house, real-time, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in pooled nasopharyngeal and pharyngeal swabs. Symptoms were recorded in a standardised case report form completed at each screening/routine follow-up visit, or during any emergency visit occurring during the 3-year study. RESULTS Rhinovirus infections were very frequent, including in asymptomatic patients not seeking a specific medical consultation. Rhinovirus load ranged between 4.1 and 8.3 log copies/ml according to the type of visit and clinical presentation. Patients with highest symptom scores tended to have higher viral loads, particularly those presenting systemic symptoms. When considering symptoms individually, rhinovirus load was significantly higher in the presence of symptoms such as sore throat, fever, sputum production, cough, and fatigue. There was no association between tacrolimus levels and rhinovirus load. CONCLUSIONS Rhinovirus infections are very frequent in lung transplant recipients and rhinoviral load in the upper respiratory tract is relatively high even in asymptomatic patients. Patients with the highest symptom scores tend to have a higher rhinovirus load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ambrosioni
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Pierre-Olivier Bridevaux
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Service of Respiratory Medicine, Hôpital du Valais, Sion, Switzerland
| | - John-David Aubert
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paola Soccal
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ghislaine Wagner
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Kaiser
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; School of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Schögler A, Kopf BS, Edwards MR, Johnston SL, Casaulta C, Kieninger E, Jung A, Moeller A, Geiser T, Regamey N, Alves MP. Novel antiviral properties of azithromycin in cystic fibrosis airway epithelial cells. Eur Respir J 2014; 45:428-39. [PMID: 25359346 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00102014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Virus-associated pulmonary exacerbations, often associated with rhinoviruses (RVs), contribute to cystic fibrosis (CF) morbidity. Currently, there are only a few therapeutic options to treat virus-induced CF pulmonary exacerbations. The macrolide antibiotic azithromycin has antiviral properties in human bronchial epithelial cells. We investigated the potential of azithromycin to induce antiviral mechanisms in CF bronchial epithelial cells. Primary bronchial epithelial cells from CF and control children were infected with RV after azithromycin pre-treatment. Viral RNA, interferon (IFN), IFN-stimulated gene and pattern recognition receptor expression were measured by real-time quantitative PCR. Live virus shedding was assessed by assaying the 50% tissue culture infective dose. Pro-inflammatory cytokine and IFN-β production were evaluated by ELISA. Cell death was investigated by flow cytometry. RV replication was increased in CF compared with control cells. Azithromycin reduced RV replication seven-fold in CF cells without inducing cell death. Furthermore, azithromycin increased RV-induced pattern recognition receptor, IFN and IFN-stimulated gene mRNA levels. While stimulating antiviral responses, azithromycin did not prevent virus-induced pro-inflammatory responses. Azithromycin pre-treatment reduces RV replication in CF bronchial epithelial cells, possibly through the amplification of the antiviral response mediated by the IFN pathway. Clinical studies are needed to elucidate the potential of azithromycin in the management and prevention of RV-induced CF pulmonary exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Schögler
- Division of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, University Children's Hospital, Berne, Switzerland Dept of Clinical Research, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Brigitte S Kopf
- Division of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, University Children's Hospital, Berne, Switzerland Dept of Clinical Research, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Michael R Edwards
- Airway Disease Infection Section, MRC and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma and Centre for Respiratory Infection, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Sebastian L Johnston
- Airway Disease Infection Section, MRC and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma and Centre for Respiratory Infection, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Carmen Casaulta
- Division of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, University Children's Hospital, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth Kieninger
- Division of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, University Children's Hospital, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Jung
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Moeller
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Geiser
- Dept of Clinical Research, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland Dept of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Regamey
- Division of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, University Children's Hospital, Berne, Switzerland Dept of Clinical Research, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland These authors contributed equally
| | - Marco P Alves
- Division of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, University Children's Hospital, Berne, Switzerland Dept of Clinical Research, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland These authors contributed equally
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50
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Esther CR, Lin FC, Kerr A, Miller MB, Gilligan PH. Respiratory viruses are associated with common respiratory pathogens in cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Pulmonol 2014; 49:926-31. [PMID: 24167159 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.22917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Test the hypothesis that the link between respiratory viruses and pulmonary exacerbation in cystic fibrosis (CF) reflects increased frequency or severity of lower airways infection. STUDY DESIGN Molecular respiratory viral panels (RVPs), cell counts, and quantitative bacterial cultures were assessed in 235 bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples from 138 children with CF. Relationships among the data were analyzed using multivariate methods. RESULTS RVPs were positive in 67 (28.5%) BALF samples from 52 (37.7%) patients, with rhinovirus/enterovirus most common (82.4% of RVP+). RVP+ patients were younger (5.4 years, IQR 3.0-9.7 vs. 8.0 years, IQR 3.5-12.9; P < 0.01), more likely to have respiratory symptoms (74.6% vs. 55.2%, P < 0.01), and had higher BALF percent neutrophils (70.5%, IQR 46-85% vs. 59.3%, IQR 34-77%; P < 0.05). Percent predicted FEV1 at bronchoscopy was diminished from baseline in both groups, but recovered in the RVP- (90.2 ± 22.2% vs. 89.6 ± 19.7%, P = 0.62) but not the RVP+ subjects (95.7 ± 21.1% vs. 89.1 ± 18.0%, P < 0.05). RVP status did not alter recovery rates of typical CF respiratory pathogens including Staphylococcus aureus (44.8% vs. 42.9%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (25.4% vs. 25.6%). However, common respiratory pathogens (Haemophilus species, Moraxella species, and Streptococcus pneumoniae) were recovered more frequently from RVP+ samples independent of age (OR 3.6, 95% CI 1.8-7.5, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Respiratory viruses were frequently detected in BALF from CF patients and associated with markers of disease severity. Respiratory viruses did not impact frequency or severity of infection with typical CF pathogens, but rates of infection with common respiratory pathogens were increased. This finding may have treatment implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles R Esther
- Pediatric Pulmonology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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