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Zhang L, Xu X, Zhang X, Jiang S, Hui P. Systemic immune-inflammation index is associated with ulcerative plaque in patients with acute ischemic stroke: A single center exploratory study. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ULTRASOUND : JCU 2024; 52:295-304. [PMID: 38143429 DOI: 10.1002/jcu.23632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study explored the correlation between inflammatory markers and ulcerative plaques based on carotid doppler ultrasound (CDU) in individuals with acute ischemic stroke (AIS). METHODS A total of 202 cases diagnosed with AIS associated with atherosclerotic plaque (AP) in the carotid artery were enrolled in this research. Collecting clinical baseline data, laboratory data (such as the complete blood count) and imaging data (CDU and Brain magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]). Then the correlation between Systemic immune-inflammation index (SII, SII = P N/L, where P, N, and L were the peripheral blood platelet, neutrophil and lymphocyte counts, respectively), the shape and position of AP, the degree of carotid artery stenosis, and the presence of ulcerative plaques. Cutoff values were determined accordingly. RESULTS SII and high sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP) were independent risk factors for the presence of vulnerable carotid plaques. SII, type A plaque, plaque above carotid bifurcation, and severe carotid stenosis were independent risk factors for the presence of ulcerative plaque. The AUC value, the sensitivity, specificity, the best cutoff value of SII in predicting the presence of ulcerative plaque was 0.895, 93.3%, 89.2%, and 537.4 (109 /L), respectively. CONCLUSION SII at admission was found to be independently associated with the presence of AIS with vulnerable plaque, especially ulcerative plaques. Moreover, plaque ulceration was more likely to form when the area of higher plaque thickness was located in the upstream arterial wall of maximum plaque thickness (WTmax), plaque was above the carotid bifurcation and severe carotid stenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianlian Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound, The Yancheng Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, The First People's Hospital of Yancheng, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinchun Xu
- Department of Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinyuan Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound, The Yancheng Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, The First People's Hospital of Yancheng, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shu Jiang
- Department of Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Magnetic Resonance, The Yancheng Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, The First People's Hospital of Yancheng, Jiangsu, China
| | - Pinjing Hui
- Department of Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, China
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2
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Dou H, Brandon NR, Koper KE, Xu Y. Fingerprint of Circulating Immunocytes as Biomarkers for the Prognosis of Brain Inflammation and Neuronal Injury after Cardiac Arrest. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:4115-4127. [PMID: 37967214 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac arrest is one of the most dangerous health problems in the world. Outcome prognosis is largely based on cerebral performance categories determined by neurological evaluations. Few systemic tests are currently available to predict survival to hospital discharge. Here, we present the results from the preclinical studies of cardiac arrest and resuscitation (CAR) in mice to identify signatures of circulating immune cells as blood-derived biomarkers to predict outcomes after CAR. Two flow cytometry panels for circulating blood lymphocytes and myeloid-derived cells, respectively, were designed to correlate with neuroinflammation and neuronal and dendritic losses in the selectively vulnerable regions of bilateral hippocampi. We found that CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells, CD11b+CD11c- and CD11b+Ly6C+Ly6G+ myeloid-derived cells, and cells positive for the costimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86 in the blood were correlated with activation of microglia and astrocytosis, and CD4+CD25+ T cells are additionally correlated with neuronal and dendritic losses. A fingerprint pattern of blood T cells and monocytes is devised as a diagnostic tool to predict CAR outcomes. Blood tests aimed at identifying these immunocyte patterns in cardiac arrest patients will guide future clinical trials to establish better prognostication tools to avoid unnecessary early withdrawal from life-sustaining treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanyu Dou
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, El Paso, Texas 79905, United States
| | - Nicole R Brandon
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Kerryann E Koper
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Yan Xu
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, and Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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3
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Huang B, Lang X, Li X. The role of TIGAR in nervous system diseases. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:1023161. [DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1023161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
TP53-induced glycolysis and apoptosis regulator (TIGAR) mainly regulates pentose phosphate pathway by inhibiting glycolysis, so as to synthesize ribose required by DNA, promote DNA damage repair and cell proliferation, maintain cell homeostasis and avoid body injury. Its physiological functions include anti-oxidative stress, reducing inflammation, maintaining mitochondrial function, inhibiting apoptosis, reducing autophagy etc. This paper reviews the research of TIGAR in neurological diseases, including stroke, Parkinson’s disease (PD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), seizures and brain tumors, aiming to provide reference for the development of new therapeutic targets.
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4
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Zhang L, Lyu Q, Zhou W, Li X, Ni Q, Jiang S, Shi G. High systemic immune-inflammation index is associated with carotid plaque vulnerability: New findings based on carotid ultrasound imaging in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Front Neurol 2022; 13:959531. [PMID: 36158955 PMCID: PMC9505015 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.959531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vulnerable carotid plaque is closely related to the occurrence of Ischemic stroke. Therefore, accurate and rapid identification of the nature of carotid plaques is essential. AS is a chronic immune inflammatory process. Systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) is a novel index of immune inflammation obtained from routine whole blood cell count analysis, which comprehensively reflects the state of inflammation and immune balance in the body. This study sought to explore the relationship between SII level and carotid plaque vulnerability, plaque composition characteristics, and acute ischemic stroke (AIS) severity. A total of 131 patients diagnosed with AIS presenting with a carotid atherosclerotic plaque were enrolled in this study. Using carotid ultrasound (CDU) to assess the carotid-responsible plaque properties, we divided the patients into stable plaques group and vulnerable plaques group, and analyzed the correlation between SII levels and plaque vulnerability. And we further analyzed to evaluate the correlation between high SII levels and plaque characteristics and AIS severity. In addition, Cohen's Kappa statistics was used to detect the consistency of Carotid ultrasound (US) and cervical High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (HRMRI) in evaluating plaque vulnerability. The findings showed that the vulnerable group had higher levels of SII compared with the stable group. The high SII group had more vulnerable plaques and a high frequency of plaque fibrous cap rupture compared with the low SII group. Logistic analysis showed that a high SII level was an independent risk factor for vulnerable plaques (odds ratio [OR] = 2.242) and plaque fibrous cap rupture (OR=3.462). The results also showed a high consistency between Carotid US and HRMRI methods in the assessment of plaque vulnerability [Cohen's kappa value was 0.89 (95% CI = 0.78–0.97)] and the level of SII was positively associated with NIHSS score (r = 0.473, P < 0.001). Our study suggests that elevated levels of SII may have adverse effects on the vulnerability of carotid plaques, especially in stroke patients with vulnerable plaques with ruptured fibrous caps, which may aggravate the severity of AIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianlian Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound, The Yancheng Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, The First People's Hospital of Yancheng, Yancheng, China
| | - Qi Lyu
- Department of Ultrasound, Taizhou People's Hospital, Taizhou, China
| | - Wenyan Zhou
- Department of Ultrasound, The Yancheng Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, The First People's Hospital of Yancheng, Yancheng, China
| | - Xia Li
- Department of General Practice Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu Medical Vocational College, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University Yancheng Third People's Hospital, Yancheng, China
| | - Qinggan Ni
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, The Yancheng Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, The First People's Hospital of Yancheng, Yancheng, China
| | - Shu Jiang
- Department of Radiology, The Yancheng Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, The First People's Hospital of Yancheng, Yancheng, China
- Shu Jiang
| | - Guofu Shi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu Medical Vocational College, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University Yancheng Third People's Hospital, Yancheng, China
- *Correspondence: Guofu Shi
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5
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Wang N, Yang Y, Qiu B, Gao Y, Wang A, Xu Q, Meng X, Xu Y, Song B, Wang Y, Wang Y. Correlation of the systemic immune-inflammation index with short- and long-term prognosis after acute ischemic stroke. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:6567-6578. [PMID: 35985678 PMCID: PMC9467411 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Immune and inflammatory responses after stroke are important pathophysiological processes. This study explored the relationship between the systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) and stroke prognosis. Patients from the China National Stroke Registry III were investigated. SII was defined as neutrophils × platelets/lymphocytes, and the patients were divided into four groups according to quartiles based on SII values. The primary outcome was poor functional outcome, assessed by the modified Rankin Scale (mRS), defined as an mRS score of ≥3. The secondary outcome was the incidence of all-cause death and recurrent stroke. Data were analyzed using either the logistic regression or Cox regression models. As the SII quartile increased, the percentage of patients with poor functional outcomes increased: 178 (7.8%), 223 (9.8%), 292 (12.8%), and 417 (18.3%) (P < 0.0001) at the 90-day follow-up and 172 (7.6%), 203 (8.9%), 266 (11.7%), and 386 (17.0%) (P < 0.0001) at the 1-year follow-up. Compared to patients in the quartile (Q)1 group, those in the Q4 group had a higher risk for adverse events, especially all-cause death at the 90-day follow-up (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 2.409; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.273–4.559, P = 0.0069) and at the 1-year follow-up visits (adjusted HR, 2.209; 95% CI, 1.474–3.311, P = 0.0001). The SII was closely related to the short- and long-term prognosis of patients with acute ischemic stroke, and patients with higher SIIs were more likely to have poor outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan, China.,Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yingying Yang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Centre for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Baoshan Qiu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Centre for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Gao
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Centre for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Anxin Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Centre for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Qin Xu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Centre for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Meng
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Centre for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yuming Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan, China
| | - Bo Song
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan, China
| | - Yongjun Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Centre for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yilong Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Centre for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
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6
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Wang J, Zhang J, Ye Y, Xu Q, Li Y, Feng S, Xiong X, Jian Z, Gu L. Peripheral Organ Injury After Stroke. Front Immunol 2022; 13:901209. [PMID: 35720359 PMCID: PMC9200619 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.901209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a disease with high incidence, mortality and disability rates. It is also the main cause of adult disability in developed countries. Stroke is often caused by small emboli on the inner wall of the blood vessels supplying the brain, which can lead to arterial embolism, and can also be caused by cerebrovascular or thrombotic bleeding. With the exception of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA), which is a thrombolytic drug used to recanalize the occluded artery, most treatments have been demonstrated to be ineffective. Stroke can also induce peripheral organ damage. Most stroke patients have different degrees of injury to one or more organs, including the lung, heart, kidney, spleen, gastrointestinal tract and so on. In the acute phase of stroke, severe inflammation occurs in the brain, but there is strong immunosuppression in the peripheral organs, which greatly increases the risk of peripheral organ infection and aggravates organ damage. Nonneurological complications of stroke can affect treatment and prognosis, may cause serious short-term and long-term consequences and are associated with prolonged hospitalization and increased mortality. Many of these complications are preventable, and their adverse effects can be effectively mitigated by early detection and appropriate treatment with various medical measures. This article reviews the pathophysiological mechanism, clinical manifestations and treatment of peripheral organ injury after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Anesthesia, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiehua Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingze Ye
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Anesthesia, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qingxue Xu
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Anesthesia, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yina Li
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Anesthesia, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shi Feng
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoxing Xiong
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhihong Jian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lijuan Gu
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Anesthesia, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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7
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Li Q, Gao X, Luo X, Wu Q, He J, Liu Y, Xue Y, Wu S, Rao F. Identification of Hub Genes Associated with Immune Infiltration in Cardioembolic Stroke by Whole Blood Transcriptome Analysis. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:8086991. [PMID: 35075378 PMCID: PMC8783710 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8086991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Cardioembolic stroke (CS) is the most common type of ischemic stroke in the clinic, leading to high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although many studies have been conducted, the molecular mechanism underlying CS has not been fully grasped. This study was aimed at exploring the molecular mechanism of CS using comprehensive bioinformatics analysis and providing new insights into the pathophysiology of CS. We downloaded the public datasets GSE58294 and GSE16561. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened via the limma package using R software. CIBERSORT was used to estimate the proportions of 22 immune cells based on the gene expression profiling of CS patients. Using weighted gene correlation network analysis (WGCNA) to cluster the genes into different modules and detect relationships between modules and immune cell types, hub genes were identified based on the intersection of the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis and WGCNA, and their clinical significance was then verified using another independent dataset GSE16561. Totally, 319 genes were identified as DEGs and 5413 genes were clustered into nine modules using WGCNA. The blue module, with the highest correlation coefficient, was identified as the key module associated with stroke, neutrophils, and B cells naïve. Based on the PPI analysis and WGCNA, five genes (MCEMP1, CLEC4D, GPR97, TSPAN14, and FPR2) were identified as hub genes. Correlation analysis indicated that hub genes had general association with infiltration-related immune cells. ROC analysis also showed they had potential clinical significance. The results were verified using another dataset, which were consistent with our analysis. Five crucial genes determined using integrative bioinformatics analysis might play significant roles in the pathophysiological mechanism in CS and be potential targets for pharmaceutic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoqiao Li
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, China
- Research Center of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, China
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xueping Gao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xueshan Luo
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, China
- Research Center of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, China
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Qingrui Wu
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, China
- Research Center of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, China
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jintao He
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, China
- Research Center of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, China
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, China
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yumei Xue
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, China
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Shulin Wu
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, China
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Fang Rao
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, China
- Research Center of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, China
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
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8
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Shishkina GT, Gulyaeva NV, Lanshakov DA, Kalinina TS, Onufriev MV, Moiseeva YV, Sukhareva EV, Babenko VN, Dygalo NN. Identifying the Involvement of Pro-Inflammatory Signal in Hippocampal Gene Expression Changes after Experimental Ischemia: Transcriptome-Wide Analysis. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1840. [PMID: 34944656 PMCID: PMC8698395 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute cerebral ischemia induces distant inflammation in the hippocampus; however, molecular mechanisms of this phenomenon remain obscure. Here, hippocampal gene expression profiles were compared in two experimental paradigms in rats: middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and intracerebral administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The main finding is that 10 genes (Clec5a, CD14, Fgr, Hck, Anxa1, Lgals3, Irf1, Lbp, Ptx3, Serping1) may represent key molecular links underlying acute activation of immune cells in the hippocampus in response to experimental ischemia. Functional annotation clustering revealed that these genes built the same clusters related to innate immunity/immunity/innate immune response in all MCAO differentially expressed genes and responded to the direct pro-inflammatory stimulus group. The gene ontology enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analyses also indicate that LPS-responding genes were the most abundant among the genes related to "positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor biosynthetic process", "cell adhesion", "TNF signaling pathway", and "phagosome" as compared with non-responding ones. In contrast, positive and negative "regulation of cell proliferation" and "HIF-1 signaling pathway" mostly enriched with genes that did not respond to LPS. These results contribute to understanding genomic mechanisms of the impact of immune/inflammatory activation on expression of hippocampal genes after focal brain ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina T. Shishkina
- Laboratory of Functional Neurogenomics, Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (D.A.L.); (T.S.K.); (E.V.S.); (V.N.B.); (N.N.D.)
| | - Natalia V. Gulyaeva
- Laboratory of Functional Biochemistry of the Nervous System, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117485 Moscow, Russia; (N.V.G.); (M.V.O.); (Y.V.M.)
- Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry of Moscow Healthcare Department, 115419 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitriy A. Lanshakov
- Laboratory of Functional Neurogenomics, Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (D.A.L.); (T.S.K.); (E.V.S.); (V.N.B.); (N.N.D.)
| | - Tatyana S. Kalinina
- Laboratory of Functional Neurogenomics, Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (D.A.L.); (T.S.K.); (E.V.S.); (V.N.B.); (N.N.D.)
| | - Mikhail V. Onufriev
- Laboratory of Functional Biochemistry of the Nervous System, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117485 Moscow, Russia; (N.V.G.); (M.V.O.); (Y.V.M.)
- Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry of Moscow Healthcare Department, 115419 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yulia V. Moiseeva
- Laboratory of Functional Biochemistry of the Nervous System, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117485 Moscow, Russia; (N.V.G.); (M.V.O.); (Y.V.M.)
| | - Ekaterina V. Sukhareva
- Laboratory of Functional Neurogenomics, Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (D.A.L.); (T.S.K.); (E.V.S.); (V.N.B.); (N.N.D.)
| | - Vladimir N. Babenko
- Laboratory of Functional Neurogenomics, Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (D.A.L.); (T.S.K.); (E.V.S.); (V.N.B.); (N.N.D.)
| | - Nikolay N. Dygalo
- Laboratory of Functional Neurogenomics, Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (D.A.L.); (T.S.K.); (E.V.S.); (V.N.B.); (N.N.D.)
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9
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Xin R, Qu D, Su S, Zhao B, Chen D. Downregulation of miR-23b by transcription factor c-Myc alleviates ischemic brain injury by upregulating Nrf2. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:3659-3671. [PMID: 34512173 PMCID: PMC8416714 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.61399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic brain injury (IBI) is a common acute cerebral vessel disease that occurs secondary to blockage in arteries, mainly characterized by insufficient blood supply to the brain. The transcription factor c-Myc in IBI continues to be implicated in numerous studies. This study was conducted with emphasis placed on the underlying mechanism of c-Myc in IBI. Clinical samples were collected from IBI patients. Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was induced in mice by inserting a suture from the external carotid artery to the anterior cerebral artery through the internal carotid artery to mechanically block the blood supply at the origin of the middle cerebral artery, and cortical neurons from mice were exposed to oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) conditions for IBI model in vitro construction. RT-qPCR was performed to determine microRNA-23b (miR-23b) expression. TUNEL staining and Western blot analysis was conducted to detect apoptosis. The regulatory relationship was analyzed by dual-luciferase reporter gene assay. After loss- and gain-of-function assays, triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining was carried out to detect the area of cerebral infarction, after which the spatial memory in mice was evaluated with Morris water maze test. As per our findings, miR-23b was upregulated in the serum of IBI patients and OGD-treated murine primary neurons. Silencing of miR-23b resulted in reduced OGD-induced neuronal apoptosis. miR-23b inversely targeted nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and c-Myc negatively regulated miR-23b expression. Overexpression of c-Myc and inhibition of miR-23b led to reduced neurological scores of infarction area, neuronal apoptosis, shortened platform arrival time and significantly increased the time spent on the platform quadrant and the times of crossing the platform in vivo. Collectively, downregulated miR-23b by c-Myc might alleviate IBI by upregulating Nrf2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Xin
- Jilin University, Changchun 130000, P. R. China
- Department of Radiology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, P. R. China
| | - Danhua Qu
- Jilin University, Changchun 130000, P. R. China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Diseases, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, P. R. China
| | - Shuang Su
- Sinopec Research Institute of Safety Engineering, Qingdao 266000, P. R. China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Jilin University, Changchun 130000, P. R. China
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, P. R. China
| | - Dawei Chen
- Jilin University, Changchun 130000, P. R. China
- Department of Radiation Protection, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130000, P. R. China
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10
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The role of the Sapienza GLObal Bedside Evaluation of Swallowing after Stroke (GLOBE-3S) in the prevention of stroke-associated pneumonia (SAP). Neurol Sci 2021; 43:1167-1176. [PMID: 34269936 PMCID: PMC8789723 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-021-05449-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Background and purpose Stroke-associated pneumonia (SAP) affects 10 to 38% of patients in the acute phase of stroke. Stroke patients diagnosed with dysphagia have an 11-fold higher risk of developing SAP. Thus, identifying dysphagic patients through a highly accurate screening tool might be crucial in reducing the incidence of SAP. We present a case–control study designed to evaluate efficacy in reducing the risk of SAP between two swallowing screening tools, the classic water swallow test (WST) and a recently validated tool such as the GLOBE-3S (the Sapienza GLObal Bedside Evaluation of Swallowing after Stroke), which is a highly sensitive swallowing screening tool particularly accurate in detecting silent aspiration as well. Methods We analyzed the occurrence of dysphagia in 100 acute stroke patients distributed in two groups: half were screened with WST and the other half with GLOBE-3S. Results Dysphagia was diagnosed in 28 patients. The main result is that, among patients who passed the dysphagia screenings, none of those screened with the GLOBE-3S method developed pneumonia compared to 31.82% in the WST group. Discriminant function analysis (DFA) showed that NIH Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score and the dysphagia screening method (i.e., GLOBE-3S vs. WST) were the two main factors in the SAP’s predicting model and the only significant ones per se. Conclusions The new GLOBE-3S screening test can reduce the risk of SAP compared to WST.
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11
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Xu Q, Zhao B, Ye Y, Li Y, Zhang Y, Xiong X, Gu L. Relevant mediators involved in and therapies targeting the inflammatory response induced by activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in ischemic stroke. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:123. [PMID: 34059091 PMCID: PMC8166383 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02137-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor (NLR) family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is a member of the NLR family of inherent immune cell sensors. The NLRP3 inflammasome can detect tissue damage and pathogen invasion through innate immune cell sensor components commonly known as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). PRRs promote activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathways and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, thus increasing the transcription of genes encoding proteins related to the NLRP3 inflammasome. The NLRP3 inflammasome is a complex with multiple components, including an NAIP, CIITA, HET-E, and TP1 (NACHT) domain; apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC); and a leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain. After ischemic stroke, the NLRP3 inflammasome can produce numerous proinflammatory cytokines, mediating nerve cell dysfunction and brain edema and ultimately leading to nerve cell death once activated. Ischemic stroke is a disease with high rates of mortality and disability worldwide and is being observed in increasingly younger populations. To date, there are no clearly effective therapeutic strategies for the clinical treatment of ischemic stroke. Understanding the NLRP3 inflammasome may provide novel ideas and approaches because targeting of upstream and downstream molecules in the NLRP3 pathway shows promise for ischemic stroke therapy. In this manuscript, we summarize the existing evidence regarding the composition and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, the molecules involved in inflammatory pathways, and corresponding drugs or molecules that exert effects after cerebral ischemia. This evidence may provide possible targets or new strategies for ischemic stroke therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxue Xu
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Bo Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Yingze Ye
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Yina Li
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Yonggang Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Xiaoxing Xiong
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.
| | - Lijuan Gu
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.
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12
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Therapeutic Nanoparticles for the Different Phases of Ischemic Stroke. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11060482. [PMID: 34073229 PMCID: PMC8227304 DOI: 10.3390/life11060482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke represents the second leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Ischemic strokes are the most prevalent type of stroke, and they are characterized by a series of pathological events prompted by an arterial occlusion that leads to a heterogeneous pathophysiological response through different hemodynamic phases, namely the hyperacute, acute, subacute, and chronic phases. Stroke treatment is highly reliant on recanalization therapies, which are limited to only a subset of patients due to their narrow therapeutic window; hence, there is a huge need for new stroke treatments. Nonetheless, the vast majority of promising treatments are not effective in the clinical setting due to their inability to cross the blood-brain barrier and reach the brain. In this context, nanotechnology-based approaches such as nanoparticle drug delivery emerge as the most promising option. In this review, we will discuss the current status of nanotechnology in the setting of stroke, focusing on the diverse available nanoparticle approaches targeted to the different pathological and physiological repair mechanisms involved in each of the stroke phases.
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13
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Wang Y, He S, Liu X, Li Z, Zhu L, Xiao G, Du X, Du H, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Orgah J, Feng Y, Zhang B, Zhu Y. Galectin-3 Mediated Inflammatory Response Contributes to Neurological Recovery by QiShenYiQi in Subacute Stroke Model. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:588587. [PMID: 33953667 PMCID: PMC8089377 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.588587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective therapies for stroke are still limited due to its complex pathological manifestations. QiShenYiQi (QSYQ), a component-based Chinese medicine capable of reducing organ injury caused by ischemia/reperfusion, may offer an alternative option for stroke treatment and post-stroke recovery. Recently, we reported a beneficial effect of QSYQ for acute stroke via modulation of the neuroinflammatory response. However, if QSYQ plays a role in subacute stroke remains unknown. The pharmacological action of QSYQ was investigated in experimental stroke rats which underwent 90 min ischemia and 8 days reperfusion in this study. Neurological and locomotive deficits, cerebral infarction, brain edema, and BBB integrity were assessed. TMT-based quantitative proteomics were performed to identify differentially expressed proteins following QSYQ treatment. Immunohistochemistry, western blot analysis, RT-qPCR, and ELISA were used to validate the proteomics data and to reveal the action mechanisms. Therapeutically, treatment with QSYQ (600 mg/kg) for 7 days significantly improved neurological recovery, attenuated infarct volume and brain edema, and alleviated BBB breakdown in the stroke rats. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that protein galectin-3 and its mediated inflammatory response was closely related to the beneficial effect of QSYQ. Specially, QSYQ (600 mg/kg) markedly downregulated the mRNA and protein expression levels of galectin-3, TNF-α, and IL-6 in CI/RI brain as well as serum levels of TNF-α and IL-6. Overall, our findings showed that the effective action of QSYQ against the subacute phase of CI/RI occurs partly via regulating galectin-3 mediated inflammatory reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yule Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Research and Development Center of TCM, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuang He
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Research and Development Center of TCM, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinyan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Research and Development Center of TCM, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhixiong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Research and Development Center of TCM, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Research and Development Center of TCM, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Guangxu Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Research and Development Center of TCM, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoli Du
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Research and Development Center of TCM, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Inner Mongolia Medical University, Jinshan Economic and Technological Development District, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Hongxia Du
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Research and Development Center of TCM, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,State Key Laboratory of Core Technology in Innovative Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yiqian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Core Technology in Innovative Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Tasly Holding Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin, China
| | - John Orgah
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Research and Development Center of TCM, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuxin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Research and Development Center of TCM, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Boli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Research and Development Center of TCM, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin, China
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14
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Thornton CA, Mulqueen RM, Torkenczy KA, Nishida A, Lowenstein EG, Fields AJ, Steemers FJ, Zhang W, McConnell HL, Woltjer RL, Mishra A, Wright KM, Adey AC. Spatially mapped single-cell chromatin accessibility. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1274. [PMID: 33627658 PMCID: PMC7904839 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21515-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
High-throughput single-cell epigenomic assays can resolve cell type heterogeneity in complex tissues, however, spatial orientation is lost. Here, we present single-cell combinatorial indexing on Microbiopsies Assigned to Positions for the Assay for Transposase Accessible Chromatin, or sciMAP-ATAC, as a method for highly scalable, spatially resolved, single-cell profiling of chromatin states. sciMAP-ATAC produces data of equivalent quality to non-spatial sci-ATAC and retains the positional information of each cell within a 214 micron cubic region, with up to hundreds of tracked positions in a single experiment. We apply sciMAP-ATAC to assess cortical lamination in the adult mouse primary somatosensory cortex and in the human primary visual cortex, where we produce spatial trajectories and integrate our data with non-spatial single-nucleus RNA and other chromatin accessibility single-cell datasets. Finally, we characterize the spatially progressive nature of cerebral ischemic infarction in the mouse brain using a model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Spatial orientation of cells in an interconnected network is lost in high-throughput single-cell epigenomic assays. Here the authors present sciMAP-ATAC to produce spatially resolved single-cell ATAC-seq data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey A Thornton
- Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Ryan M Mulqueen
- Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Kristof A Torkenczy
- Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Andrew Nishida
- Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Eve G Lowenstein
- Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Andrew J Fields
- Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | - Wenri Zhang
- Anesthesiology and Peri-Operative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Heather L McConnell
- Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research, Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Randy L Woltjer
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Anusha Mishra
- Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research, Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Kevin M Wright
- The Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Andrew C Adey
- Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA. .,Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA. .,CEDAR, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA. .,Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
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15
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Phosphorylation of Microglial IRF5 and IRF4 by IRAK4 Regulates Inflammatory Responses to Ischemia. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020276. [PMID: 33573200 PMCID: PMC7912637 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Interferon Regulatory Factor (IRF) 5 and 4 play a determinant role in regulating microglial pro- and anti-inflammatory responses to cerebral ischemia. How microglial IRF5 and IRF4 signaling are activated has been elusive. We hypothesized that interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase 4 (IRAK4) phosphorylates and activates IRF5 and IRF4 in ischemic microglia. We aimed to explore the upstream signals of the two IRFs, and to determine how the IRAK4-IRF signaling regulates the expression of inflammatory mediators, and impacts neuropathology. Methods: Spontaneously Immortalized Murine (SIM)-A9 microglial cell line, primary microglia and neurons from C57BL/6 WT mice were cultured and exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD), followed by stimulation with LPS or IL-4. An IRAK4 inhibitor (ND2158) was used to examine IRAK4′s effects on the phosphorylation of IRF5/IRF4 and the impacts on neuronal morphology by co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP)/Western blot, ELISA, and immunofluorescence assays. Results: We confirmed that IRAK4 formed a Myddosome with MyD88/IRF5/IRF4, and phosphorylated both IRFs, which subsequently translocated into the nucleus. Inhibition of IRAK4 phosphorylation quenched microglial pro-inflammatory response primarily, and increased neuronal viability and neurite lengths after ischemia. Conclusions: IRAK4 signaling is critical for microglial inflammatory responses and a potential therapeutic target for neuroinflammatory diseases including cerebral ischemia.
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16
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Xiao J, Qiu QW, Qin C, Tao R, Qiao SY, Chen M, Pan DJ, Tian DS. Dynamic changes of peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets in acute ischemic stroke and prognostic value. Brain Behav 2021; 11:e01919. [PMID: 33111494 PMCID: PMC7821621 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore dynamic changes of peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) and the relationship with stroke severity and long-term outcomes. METHODS A total of 96 consecutive patients with AIS and 28 age- and gender-matched healthy controls were recruited. Peripheral blood samples were collected, and the percentages of lymphocyte subsets were analyzed by flow cytometry. The dynamic changes in lymphocyte subsets and their correlation with clinical parameters, such as National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores at onset and modified Rankin scale (mRS) scores 3 months later, were evaluated. RESULTS In our study, we observed a decrease in the percentages of T-lymphocytes (T cells), helper/inducible T-lymphocytes (Th cells) and suppressor/cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (Ts cells) in AIS patients as compared to controls. The frequencies of T cells and Ts cells on day 8-14 after stroke in NIHSS ≤4 group were significantly higher than those in NIHSS >4 group. The percentages of T cells and Th cells on day 1-3 after stroke in the mRS ≤2 group were higher than those in the mRS >2 group. CONCLUSION The frequencies of T cells, Th cells, and Ts cells in AIS are declined dramatically at least 14 days after stroke. Lower frequencies of T cells and Ts cells on day 8-14 after stroke represent more severe disease conditions, and the percentages of T cells and Th cells within 72 hr after stroke are negatively correlated with 3-month outcomes, which might have a potential for predicting long-term prognosis of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian-Wen Qiu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chuan Qin
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ran Tao
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Su-Ya Qiao
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Man Chen
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Deng-Ji Pan
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dai-Shi Tian
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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17
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Abstract
The innate immune system in the central nervous system (CNS) is mainly represented by specialized tissue-resident macrophages, called microglia. In the past years, various species-, host- and tissue-specific as well as environmental factors were recognized that essentially affect microglial properties and functions in the healthy and diseased brain. Host microbiota are mostly residing in the gut and contribute to microglial activation states, for example, via short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) or aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) ligands. Thereby, the gut microorganisms are deemed to influence numerous CNS diseases mediated by microglia. In this review, we summarize recent findings of the interaction between the host microbiota and the CNS in health and disease, where we specifically highlight the resident gut microbiota as a crucial environmental factor for microglial function as what we coin "the microbiota-microglia axis."
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Mossad
- Institute of NeuropathologyFaculty of MedicineUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Faculty of BiologyUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Daniel Erny
- Institute of NeuropathologyFaculty of MedicineUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
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18
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Yang W, Zhang L, Yao Q, Chen W, Yang W, Zhang S, He L, Li H, Zhang Y. Endovascular treatment or general treatment: how should acute ischemic stroke patients choose to benefit from them the most?: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e20187. [PMID: 32443338 PMCID: PMC7254577 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000020187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute ischemic stroke due to large-vessel occlusion is a leading cause of death and disability, and therapeutic time window was limited to 4.5 hour when treated with intravenous thrombolysis. It has been acknowledged that endovascular treatment (EVT) is superior to general treatment (only medication, including intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA)) in improving the outcome of AIS since 2015. However, the benefits were limited to improvement of functional outcomes and functional independence. Hence, this meta-analysis was conducted to summarize the benefits of EVT for acute ischemic stroke, explore underlying indications of EVT for AIS patients and suggest implications for clinical practice and future research. METHODS A search was performed to identify eligible studies in PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science updated to February 5, 2019. Functional outcomes, the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) 0-1, mRS 0-2, all-cause mortality, symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage and asymptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (aICH) at 90 days were selected as outcomes. Data was pooled to calculate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Heterogeneity, subgroup analysis, sensitivity analysis and publication bias were also performed in this meta-analysis. RESULTS Eighteen studies comprising 3831 patients were included and analyzed in this meta-analysis. In comparison with general treatment, improved functional outcomes (mRS 0-1: OR = 1.68, 95% CI = 1.43-1.97, inconsistency index [I = 57%, P < .00001; mRS 0-2: OR = 1.78, 95% CI = 1.55-2.03, I = 69%, P < .00001), reduced risk of all-cause mortality (OR = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.70-0.98, I = 27%, P = .03) but higher risk of aICH (OR = 1.43, 95% CI = 1.05-1.95, I = 0%, P = .02) at 90 days were found in AIS patients treated with EVT. Age < 70, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale ≥20 and maximum delay for invention>5 hours could improve clinical outcomes following EVT. In sensitivity analysis, it showed that 2 studies had a great influence on the pooled ORs. No potential publication bias was found in this meta-analysis. CONCLUSION Taken together, EVT, which led to improved functional outcomes and decreased risk of death, is superior to general treatment for AIS patients with age < 70, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale ≥20 and maximum delay for invention>5 hours. Moreover, it suggests that "with mechanical thrombectomy" is potential favorable factor for improving aICH in comparison with general treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Weiji Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University
| | | | - Lan He
- Second Clinical Medical College
| | - Hong Li
- School of Stomatology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuyan Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University
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19
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Wei P, Wang P, Li B, Gu H, Liu J, Wang Z. Divergence and Convergence of Cerebral Ischemia Pathways Profile Deciphers Differential Pure Additive and Synergistic Mechanisms. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:80. [PMID: 32161541 PMCID: PMC7053362 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim The variable mechanisms on additive and synergistic effects of jasminoidin (JA)-Baicalin (BA) combination and JA-ursodeoxycholic acid (UA) combination in treating cerebral ischemia are not completely understood. In this study, we explored the differential pure mechanisms of additive and synergistic effects based on pathway analysis that excluded ineffective interference. Methods The MCAO mice were divided into eight groups: sham, vehicle, BA, JA, UA, Concha Margaritifera (CM), BA-JA combination (BJ), and JA-UA combination (JU). The additive and synergistic effects of combination groups were identified by cerebral infarct volume calculation. The differentially expressed genes based on a microarray chip containing 16,463 oligoclones were uploaded to GeneGo MetaCore software for pathway analyses and function catalogue. The comparison of specific pathways and functions crosstalk between different groups were analyzed to reveal the underlying additive and synergistic pharmacological variations. Results Additive BJ and synergistic JU were more effective than monotherapies of BA, JA, and UA, while CM was ineffective. Compared with monotherapies, 43 pathways and six functions were found uniquely in BJ group, with 33 pathways and three functions in JU group. We found six overlapping pathways and six overlapping functions between BJ and JU groups, which mainly involved central nervous system development. Thirty-seven specific pathways and 10 functions were activated by additive BJ, which were mainly related to cell adhesion and G-protein signaling; and 27 specific pathways and three functions of synergistic JU were associated with regulation of metabolism, DNA damage, and translation. The overlapping and distinct pathways and functions may contribute to different additive and synergistic effects. Conclusion The divergence pathways of pure additive effect of BJ were mainly related to cell adhesion and G-protein signaling, while the pure synergistic mechanism of JU depended on metabolism, translation and DNA damage. Such a systematic analysis of pathways may provide an important paradigm to reveal the pharmacological mechanisms underlying drug combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penglu Wei
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pengqian Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Li
- Institute of Information on Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Gu
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhong Wang
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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20
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Rawlinson C, Jenkins S, Thei L, Dallas ML, Chen R. Post-Ischaemic Immunological Response in the Brain: Targeting Microglia in Ischaemic Stroke Therapy. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10030159. [PMID: 32168831 PMCID: PMC7139954 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10030159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the major endogenous immune cells of the central nervous system, mediate critical degenerative and regenerative responses in ischaemic stroke. Microglia become "activated", proliferating, and undergoing changes in morphology, gene and protein expression over days and weeks post-ischaemia, with deleterious and beneficial effects. Pro-inflammatory microglia (commonly referred to as M1) exacerbate secondary neuronal injury through the release of reactive oxygen species, cytokines and proteases. In contrast, microglia may facilitate neuronal recovery via tissue and vascular remodelling, through the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors (a profile often termed M2). This M1/M2 nomenclature does not fully account for the microglial heterogeneity in the ischaemic brain, with some simultaneous expression of both M1 and M2 markers at the single-cell level. Understanding and regulating microglial activation status, reducing detrimental and promoting repair behaviours, present the potential for therapeutic intervention, and open a longer window of opportunity than offered by acute neuroprotective strategies. Pharmacological modulation of microglial activation status to promote anti-inflammatory gene expression can increase neurogenesis and improve functional recovery post-stroke, based on promising preclinical data. Cell-based therapies, using preconditioned microglia, are of interest as a method of therapeutic modulation of the post-ischaemic inflammatory response. Currently, there are no clinically-approved pharmacological options targeting post-ischaemic inflammation. A major developmental challenge for clinical translation will be the selective suppression of the deleterious effects of microglial activity after stroke whilst retaining (or enhancing) the neurovascular repair and remodelling responses of microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Rawlinson
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK;
| | - Stuart Jenkins
- School of Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK;
| | - Laura Thei
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6UB, UK; (L.T.); (M.L.D.)
| | - Mark L. Dallas
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6UB, UK; (L.T.); (M.L.D.)
| | - Ruoli Chen
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-1782-733849; Fax: 44-1782-733326
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Longshengzhi Capsules Improve Ischemic Stroke Outcomes and Reperfusion Injury via the Promotion of Anti-Inflammatory and Neuroprotective Effects in MCAO/R Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:9654175. [PMID: 32215051 PMCID: PMC7085377 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9654175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is the leading cause of death in the elderly. Traditional Chinese medicine provides an exciting strategy for treating stroke. Previous reports indicated that Longshengzhi capsules (LSZ), a modified Chinese formula, reduced formed thrombi and oxidative stress and were promising in the clinical treatment of ischemic stroke. However, the specific therapeutic effect and mechanism of LSZ are still ambiguous. This study aimed to define the effects of LSZ on proinflammatory mediators and neuroprotective effects on middle cerebral artery occlusion and refusion (MCAO/R) rats. Rats were treated with different doses of LSZ (0.54, 1.62, and 4.32 g/(kg·d)) in a week after model building. LSZ could improve the survival rate, ischemic stroke outcome, and infarct volume. In addition, significant decrease was observed in reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and inflammatory factor levels in LSZ-treated groups, concomitant with increase in activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), neurosynaptic remodeling, and decrease in brain edema. It is proposed that LSZ has anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects resulting in downregulating matrix metalloproteinase 2/9 (MMP-2/9) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) and upregulating microtubule-associated protein-2 (Map-2) and growth-associated protein-43 (GAP-43) via p38 MAPK and HIF-1α signaling pathways in MCAO/R rats. This study provides potential evidences that p38 MAPK and HIF-1α/VEGF signaling pathways play significant roles in the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects of LSZ.
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Serum Level and Activity of Butylcholinesterase: A Biomarker for Post-Stroke Dementia. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8111778. [PMID: 31653081 PMCID: PMC6912582 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8111778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholinergic neurotransmission regulates the immune response and inhibits cytokine release after stroke. The changes in the level/activity of blood cholinesterase (ChE) in patients with post-stroke dementia (PSD) are less known. This study aimed to examine post-stroke plasma acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butylcholinesterase (BChE) and determine whether they are biomarkers for PSD. Thirty patients with PSD, 87 post-stroke patients without dementia (PSNoD), and 117 age- and gender-matched healthy controls were recruited. Missense genetic variants AChE rs1799806 and BChE rs1803274 were genotyped. The plasma AChE level did not differ between the PSD and PSNoD groups. However, BChE levels were significantly lower in the PSD than in the PSNoD group (3300.66 ± 515.35 vs 3855.74 ± 677.60 ng/mL, respectively; p = 0.0033). The activities of total ChE, BChE, and AChE were all lower in the PSD group (19,563.33 ± 4366.03, 7650.17 ± 1912.29, 11,913.17 ± 2992.42 mU/mL, respectively) than in the PSNoD group (23,579.08 ± 5251.55, 9077.72 ± 1727.28, and 14,501.36 ± 4197.17 mU/mL, respectively). When further adjusting for age and sex, significance remained in BChE level and activity and in total ChE activity. BChE rs1803274 was associated with reduced BChE activity, while AChE rs1799806 did not influence AChE activity. The level and activity of BChE, but not of AChE, were decreased in PSD patients and may therefore aid in PSD diagnosis.
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N-Palmitoylethanolamide-Oxazoline Protects against Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Injury in Diabetic Rats by Regulating the SIRT1 Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194845. [PMID: 31569558 PMCID: PMC6801841 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes causes various macrovascular and microvascular alterations, often culminating in major clinical complications (first of all, stroke) that lack an effective therapeutic intervention. N-palmitoylethanolamide-oxazoline (PEA-OXA) possesses anti-inflammatory and potent neuroprotective effects. Although recent studies have explained the neuroprotective properties of PEA-OXA, nothing is known about its effects in treating cerebral ischemia. Methods: Focal cerebral ischemia was induced by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) in the right hemisphere. Middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion was provided by introducing a 4–0 nylon monofilament (Ethilon; Johnson & Johnson, Somerville, NJ, USA) precoated with silicone via the external carotid artery into the internal carotid artery to occlude the MCA. Results: A neurological severity score and infarct volumes were carried out to assess the neuroprotective effects of PEA-OXA. Moreover, we observed PEA-OXA-mediated improvements in tissue histology shown by a reduction in lesion size and an improvement in apoptosis level (assessed by caspases, Bax, and Bcl-2 modulation and a TUNEL assay), which further supported the efficacy of PEA-OXA therapy. We also found that PEA-OXA treatment was able to reduce mast cell degranulation and reduce the MCAo-induced expression of NF-κB pathways, cytokines, and neurotrophic factors. Conclusions: based on these findings, we propose that PEA-OXA could be useful in decreasing the risk of impairment or improving function in ischemia/reperfusion brain injury-related disorders.
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Yu P, Venkat P, Chopp M, Zacharek A, Shen Y, Liang L, Landschoot-Ward J, Liu Z, Jiang R, Chen J. Deficiency of tPA Exacerbates White Matter Damage, Neuroinflammation, Glymphatic Dysfunction and Cognitive Dysfunction in Aging Mice. Aging Dis 2019; 10:770-783. [PMID: 31440383 PMCID: PMC6675536 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2018.0816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is a serine protease primarily involved in mediating thrombus breakdown and regulating catabolism of amyloid-beta (Aβ). The aim of this study is to investigate age-dependent decline of endogenous tPA and the effects of tPA decline on glymphatic function and cognitive outcome in mice. Male, young (3m), adult (6m) and middle-aged (12m) C57/BL6 (wild type) and tPA knockout (tPA-/-) mice were subject to a battery of cognitive tests and white matter (WM) integrity, neuroinflammation, and glymphatic function were evaluated. Adult WT mice exhibit significantly decreased brain tPA level compared to young WT mice and middle-aged WT mice have significantly lower brain tPA levels than young and adult WT mice. Middle-aged WT mice exhibit significant neuroinflammation, reduced WM integrity and increased thrombin deposition compared to young and adult mice, and increased blood brain barrier (BBB) permeability and reduced cognitive ability compared to young WT mice. In comparison to adult WT mice, adult tPA-/- mice exhibit significant BBB leakage, decreased dendritic spine density, increased thrombin deposition, neuroinflammation, and impaired functioning of the glymphatic system. Compared to age-matched WT mice, adult and middle-aged tPA-/- mice exhibit significantly increased D-Dimer expression and decreased perivascular Aquaporin-4 expression. Compared to age-matched WT mice, young, adult and middle-aged tPA-/- mice exhibit significant cognitive impairment, axonal damage, and increased deposition of amyloid precursor protein (APP), Aβ, and fibrin. Endogenous tPA may play an important role in contributing to aging induced cognitive decline, axonal/WM damage, BBB disruption and glymphatic dysfunction in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yu
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, and Tianjin Neurological institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neurotrauma Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, China.,2Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA.,3Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Michael Chopp
- 2Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA.,4Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
| | | | - Yi Shen
- 2Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Linlin Liang
- 2Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA.,5Reproductive Medical Center, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Julie Landschoot-Ward
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, and Tianjin Neurological institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neurotrauma Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhongwu Liu
- 2Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Rongcai Jiang
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, and Tianjin Neurological institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neurotrauma Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, China
| | - Jieli Chen
- 2Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
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Bertrand L, Méroth F, Tournebize M, Leda AR, Sun E, Toborek M. Targeting the HIV-infected brain to improve ischemic stroke outcome. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2009. [PMID: 31043599 PMCID: PMC6494822 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10046-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-associated cerebrovascular events remain highly prevalent even in the current era of antiretroviral therapy (ART). We hypothesize that low-level HIV replication and associated inflammation endure despite antiretroviral treatment and affect ischemic stroke severity and outcomes. Using the EcoHIV infection model and the middle cerebral artery occlusion as the ischemic stroke model in mice, we present in vivo analysis of the relationship between HIV and stroke outcome. EcoHIV infection increases infarct size and negatively impacts tissue and functional recovery. Ischemic stroke also results in an increase in EcoHIV presence in the affected regions, suggesting post-stroke reactivation that magnifies pro-inflammatory status. Importantly, ART with a high CNS penetration effectiveness (CPE) is more beneficial than low CPE treatment in limiting tissue injury and accelerating post-stroke recovery. These results provide potential insight for treatment of HIV-infected patients that are at risk of developing cerebrovascular disease, such as ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Bertrand
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
| | - Fannie Méroth
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Marie Tournebize
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Ana Rachel Leda
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Enze Sun
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Michal Toborek
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
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26
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Brassington K, Selemidis S, Bozinovski S, Vlahos R. New frontiers in the treatment of comorbid cardiovascular disease in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clin Sci (Lond) 2019; 133:885-904. [PMID: 30979844 PMCID: PMC6465303 DOI: 10.1042/cs20180316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a disease characterised by persistent airflow limitation that is not fully reversible and is currently the fourth leading cause of death globally. It is now well established that cardiovascular-related comorbidities contribute to morbidity and mortality in COPD, with approximately 50% of deaths in COPD patients attributed to a cardiovascular event (e.g. myocardial infarction). Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and COPD share various risk factors including hypertension, sedentarism, smoking and poor diet but the underlying mechanisms have not been fully established. However, there is emerging and compelling experimental and clinical evidence to show that increased oxidative stress causes pulmonary inflammation and that the spill over of pro-inflammatory mediators from the lungs into the systemic circulation drives a persistent systemic inflammatory response that alters blood vessel structure, through vascular remodelling and arterial stiffness resulting in atherosclerosis. In addition, regulation of endothelial-derived vasoactive substances (e.g. nitric oxide (NO)), which control blood vessel tone are altered by oxidative damage of vascular endothelial cells, thus promoting vascular dysfunction, a key driver of CVD. In this review, the detrimental role of oxidative stress in COPD and comorbid CVD are discussed and we propose that targeting oxidant-dependent mechanisms represents a novel strategy in the treatment of COPD-associated CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Brassington
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Stavros Selemidis
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Steven Bozinovski
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Ross Vlahos
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
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27
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Wang Z, He D, Zeng YY, Zhu L, Yang C, Lu YJ, Huang JQ, Cheng XY, Huang XH, Tan XJ. The spleen may be an important target of stem cell therapy for stroke. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:20. [PMID: 30700305 PMCID: PMC6352449 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1400-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the most common cerebrovascular disease, the second leading cause of death behind heart disease and is a major cause of long-term disability worldwide. Currently, systemic immunomodulatory therapy based on intravenous cells is attracting attention. The immune response to acute stroke is a major factor in cerebral ischaemia (CI) pathobiology and outcomes. Over the past decade, the significant contribution of the spleen to ischaemic stroke has gained considerable attention in stroke research. The changes in the spleen after stroke are mainly reflected in morphology, immune cells and cytokines, and these changes are closely related to the stroke outcomes. Autonomic nervous system (ANS) activation, release of central nervous system (CNS) antigens and chemokine/chemokine receptor interactions have been documented to be essential for efficient brain-spleen cross-talk after stroke. In various experimental models, human umbilical cord blood cells (hUCBs), haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs), human amnion epithelial cells (hAECs), neural stem cells (NSCs) and multipotent adult progenitor cells (MAPCs) have been shown to reduce the neurological damage caused by stroke. The different effects of these cell types on the interleukin (IL)-10, interferon (IFN), and cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathways in the spleen after stroke may promote the development of new cell therapy targets and strategies. The spleen will become a potential target of various stem cell therapies for stroke represented by MAPC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wang
- Xiangtan Central Hospital, Clinical Practice Base of Central South University, Xiangtan, 411100, China.,Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Research, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410000, China
| | - Da He
- Xiangtan Central Hospital, Clinical Practice Base of Central South University, Xiangtan, 411100, China
| | - Ya-Yue Zeng
- Xiangtan Central Hospital, Clinical Practice Base of Central South University, Xiangtan, 411100, China
| | - Li Zhu
- Xiangtan Central Hospital, Clinical Practice Base of Central South University, Xiangtan, 411100, China
| | - Chao Yang
- Xiangtan Central Hospital, Clinical Practice Base of Central South University, Xiangtan, 411100, China
| | - Yong-Juan Lu
- Xiangtan Central Hospital, Clinical Practice Base of Central South University, Xiangtan, 411100, China
| | - Jie-Qiong Huang
- Xiangtan Central Hospital, Clinical Practice Base of Central South University, Xiangtan, 411100, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Cheng
- Xiangtan Central Hospital, Clinical Practice Base of Central South University, Xiangtan, 411100, China
| | - Xiang-Hong Huang
- Xiangtan Central Hospital, Clinical Practice Base of Central South University, Xiangtan, 411100, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Tan
- Xiangtan Central Hospital, Clinical Practice Base of Central South University, Xiangtan, 411100, China.
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Co-signaling Molecules in Neurological Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1189:233-265. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9717-3_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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29
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Pan Z, Cui M, Dai G, Yuan T, Li Y, Ji T, Pan Y. Protective Effect of Anthocyanin on Neurovascular Unit in Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Rats. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:947. [PMID: 30618576 PMCID: PMC6297832 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Treating cerebral ischemia continues to be a clinical challenge. Studies have shown that the neurovascular unit (NVU), as the central structural basis, plays a key role in cerebral ischemia. Here, we report that anthocyanin, a safe and natural antioxidant, could inhibit apoptosis and inflammation to protect NVU in rats impaired by middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R). Administration of anthocyanin significantly reduced infarct volume and neurological scores in MCAO/R rats. Anthocyanin could also markedly ameliorate cerebral edema and reduce the concentration of Evans blue (EB) by inhibiting MMP-9. Moreover, anthocyanin alleviated apoptotic injury resulting from MCAO/R through the regulation of Bcl-2 family proteins. The levels of inflammation-related molecules including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), which were over-expressed with MCAO/R, were decreased by anthocyanin. In addition, Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway might be involved in the anti-inflammatory effect of anthocyanin. In conclusion, anthocyanin could protect the NVU through multiple pathways, and play a protective role in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Pan
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengdi Cui
- Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Guoliang Dai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Tianjie Yuan
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuhua Li
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Tuo Ji
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Pan
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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30
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Li Y, Zhu ZY, Huang TT, Zhou YX, Wang X, Yang LQ, Chen ZA, Yu WF, Li PY. The peripheral immune response after stroke-A double edge sword for blood-brain barrier integrity. CNS Neurosci Ther 2018; 24:1115-1128. [PMID: 30387323 PMCID: PMC6490160 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood‐brain barrier (BBB) is a highly regulated interface that separates the peripheral circulation and the brain. It plays a vital role in regulating the trafficking of solutes, fluid, and cells at the blood‐brain interface and maintaining the homeostasis of brain microenvironment for normal neuronal activity. Growing evidence has led to the realization that ischemic stroke elicits profound immune responses in the circulation and the activation of multiple subsets of immune cells, which in turn affect both the early disruption and the later repair of the BBB after stroke. Distinct phenotypes or subsets of peripheral immune cells along with diverse intracellular mechanisms contribute to the dynamic changes of BBB integrity after stroke. This review focuses on the interaction between the peripheral immune cells and the BBB after ischemic stroke. Understanding their reciprocal interaction may generate new directions for stroke research and may also drive the innovation of easy accessible immune modulatory treatment strategies targeting BBB in the pursuit of better stroke recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zi-Yu Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting-Ting Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Xi Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Qun Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zeng-Ai Chen
- Department of Radiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Feng Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pei-Ying Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
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31
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Zhu S, Gao X, Huang K, Gu Y, Hu Y, Wu Y, Ji Z, Wang Q, Pan S. Glibenclamide Enhances the Therapeutic Benefits of Early Hypothermia after Severe Stroke in Rats. Aging Dis 2018; 9:685-695. [PMID: 30090656 PMCID: PMC6065285 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2017.0927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Glibenclamide (GBC) is an antidiabetic drug that is in a class of medications known as sulfonylureas, which play critical roles in attenuating brain edema and reducing mortality in ischemic stroke patients. Therapeutic hypothermia (TH) is another robust neuroprotectant that prevents brain swelling and improves the neurological outcomes of stroke patients. However, whether the combination of GBC and TH can be used as a reliable neuroprotectant in ischemic stroke remains largely unknown. We used the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rat model as well as oxygen and glucose deprivation-reoxygenation (OGD/R) endothelial cells as ischemic stroke models to investigate the efficacy and mechanisms of treating ischemic stroke with the combination of GBC and TH. The serum glucose, mortality rate, neurobehavioral functions, tight junctions, endothelial cells and inflammatory cytokines were evaluated in the stroke models after treatment with GBC, TH or the combination of them. After 5-hour occlusion and subsequent reperfusion, rats exhibited a large volume of hemispheric swelling and a high mortality rate. Stroke rats treated with the combined therapy did not exhibit hypoglycemia. The combination of GBC and TH exhibited synergistic neuroprotective effects in stroke rats that were associated with greater reductions in edema volume, better improvement in neurobehavioral functions, prevention of tight junction loss, and reduction of expression of the inflammatory cytokines COX-2 and iNOS. In OGD/R endothelia cells, the combination reduced endothelial cell death. This study demonstrated that both GBC and TH are neuroprotective after the severe stroke; however, combined therapy with GBC and TH enhanced the efficiency and efficacy of the effects of TH and GBC in the treatment of ischemia. This combined therapy may facilitate the clinical translation of TH management for severe stroke. The combination of GBC and TH seems to be a feasible and promising clinical strategy to alleviate cerebral injury following severe stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuzhen Zhu
- 1Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,2Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoya Gao
- 1Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,2Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Kaibin Huang
- 1Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yong Gu
- 1Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yafang Hu
- 1Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongming Wu
- 1Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhong Ji
- 1Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qing Wang
- 2Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Suyue Pan
- 1Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Zhang C, Brandon NR, Koper K, Tang P, Xu Y, Dou H. Invasion of Peripheral Immune Cells into Brain Parenchyma after Cardiac Arrest and Resuscitation. Aging Dis 2018; 9:412-425. [PMID: 29896429 PMCID: PMC5988596 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2017.0926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although a direct link has long been suspected between systemic immune responses and neuronal injuries after stroke, it is unclear which immune cells play an important role. A question remains as to whether the blood brain barrier (BBB) is transiently disrupted after circulatory arrest to allow peripheral immune cells to enter brain parenchyma. Here, we developed a clinically relevant cardiac arrest and resuscitation model in mice to investigate the BBB integrity using noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging. Changes in immune signals in the brain and periphery were assayed by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. Quantitative variance maps from T1-weighted difference images before and after blood-pool contrast clearance revealed BBB disruptions immediately after resuscitation and one day after reperfusion. Time profiles of hippocampal CA1 neuronal injuries correlated with the morphological changes of microglia activation. Cytotoxic T cells, CD11b+CD11c+ dendritic cells, and CD11b+CD45+hi monocytes and macrophages were significantly increased in the brain three days after cardiac arrest and resuscitation, suggesting direct infiltration of these cells following the BBB disruption. Importantly, these immune cell changes were coupled with a parallel increase in the same subset of immune cell populations in the bone marrow and blood. We conclude that neurovascular breakdown during the initial reperfusion phase contributes to the systemic immune cell invasion and subsequent neuropathogenesis affecting the long-term outcome after cardiac arrest and resuscitation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Pei Tang
- 1Departments of Anesthesiology.,2Pharmacology and Chemical Biology.,3Computational and Systems Biology
| | - Yan Xu
- 1Departments of Anesthesiology.,2Pharmacology and Chemical Biology.,4Physics and Astronomy, and.,5Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Huanyu Dou
- 6Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, and.,7Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
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Wang H, Deng QW, Peng AN, Xing FL, Zuo L, Li S, Gu ZT, Yan FL. β-arrestin2 functions as a key regulator in the sympathetic-triggered immunodepression after stroke. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:102. [PMID: 29636059 PMCID: PMC5894164 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1142-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Stroke-induced immunodeficiency syndrome (SIDS) is regarded as a protective mechanism for secondary inflammatory injury as well as a contributor to infection complications. Although stroke-induced hyperactivation of the sympathetic system is proved to facilitate SIDS, the involved endogenous factors and pathways are largely elusive. In this study, we aim to investigate the function of beta-arrestin-2 (ARRB2) in the sympathetic-mediated SIDS. Methods Splenic ARRB2 expression and the sympathetic system activity were detected after establishing transient models of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). In addition, a correlation between ARRB2 expression and the sympathetic system activity was analyzed using a linear correlation analysis. Any SIDS reflected in monocyte dysfunction was investigated by measuring inflammatory cytokine secretion and neurological deficit scores and infarct volume were tested to assess neurological outcome. Further, ARRB2 expression in the monocytes was knocked down in vitro by siRNAs. Following the stimulation of noradrenaline and lipopolysaccharide, cytokine secretion and the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway were evaluated to gain insight into the mechanisms related to the contribution of ARRB2 to adrenergic-induced monocyte dysfunction. Results Splenic ARRB2 expression was significantly increased after stroke and also showed a significant positive correlation with the sympathetic system activity. Stroke-induced monocyte dysfunction resulted in an increase of the interleukin-10 (IL-10) level as well as a decrease of the interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) levels. Also, blockade of adrenergic-activity significantly reversed these cytokine levels, and blockade of adrenergic-activity improved stroke-induced neurological results. However, the improved neurological results had no significant correlation with ARRB2 expression. Furthermore, the in vitro results showed that the deficiency of ARRB2 dramatically repealed adrenergic-induced monocyte dysfunction and the inhibition of NF-κB signaling phosphorylation activity. Conclusions ARRB2 is implicated in the sympathetic-triggered SIDS, in particular, monocyte dysfunction after stroke. Accordingly, ARRB2 may be a promising therapeutic target for the immunological management of stroke in a clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Dingjiaqiao 87, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi-Wen Deng
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Dingjiaqiao 87, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Ai-Ni Peng
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Dingjiaqiao 87, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang-Lan Xing
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Dingjiaqiao 87, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zuo
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Dingjiaqiao 87, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuo Li
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Dingjiaqiao 87, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng-Tian Gu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Dingjiaqiao 87, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Fu-Ling Yan
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Dingjiaqiao 87, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China.
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Han Z, Zhao H, Tao Z, Wang R, Fan Z, Luo Y, Luo Y, Ji X. TOPK Promotes Microglia/Macrophage Polarization towards M2 Phenotype via Inhibition of HDAC1 and HDAC2 Activity after Transient Cerebral Ischemia. Aging Dis 2018; 9:235-248. [PMID: 29896413 PMCID: PMC5963345 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2017.0328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
T-LAK-cell-originated protein kinase (TOPK) is a newly identified member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase family. Our previous study has showed that TOPK has neuroprotective effects against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Here, we investigated the involvement of TOPK in microglia/ macrophage M1/M2 polarization and the underlying epigenetic mechanism. The expression profiles, co-localization and in vivo interaction of TOPK, M1/M2 surface markers, and HDAC1/HDAC2 were detected after middle cerebral artery occlusion models (MCAO). We demonstrated that TOPK, the M2 surface markers CD206 and Arg1, p-HDAC1, and p-HDAC2 showed a similar pattern of in vivo expression over time after MCAO. TOPK co-localized with CD206, p-HDAC1, and p-HDAC2 positive cells, and was shown to bind to HDAC1 and HDAC2. In vitro study showed that TOPK overexpression in BV2 cells up-regulated CD206 and Arg1, and promoted the phosphorylation of HDAC1 and HDAC2. In addition, TOPK overexpression also prevented LPS plus IFN-γ-induced M1 transformation through reducing release of inflammatory factor of M1 phenotype TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β, and increasing TGF-β release and the mRNA levels of TGF-β and SOCS3, cytokine of M2 phenotype and its regulator. Moreover, the increased TNF-α induced by TOPK siRNA could be reversed by HDAC1/HDAC2 inhibitor, FK228. TOPK overexpression increased M2 marker expression in vivo concomitant with the amelioration of cerebral injury, neurological functions deficits, whereas TOPK silencing had the opposite effects, which were completely reversed by the FK228 and partially by the SAHA. These findings suggest that TOPK positively regulates microglia/macrophage M2 polarization by inhibiting HDAC1/HDAC2 activity, which may contribute to its neuroprotective effects against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziping Han
- 1Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Haiping Zhao
- 1Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Zhen Tao
- 1Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Rongliang Wang
- 1Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Zhibin Fan
- 1Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Yumin Luo
- 1Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Yinghao Luo
- 1Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China.,3Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Xunming Ji
- 1Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China.,2Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100053, China.,3Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center, Beijing 100053, China
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Relative Abundance of Proteins in Blood Plasma Samples from Patients with Chronic Cerebral Ischemia. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 64:440-448. [PMID: 29508191 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1040-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A comparative protein profile analysis of 17 blood plasma samples from patients with ischemia and 20 samples from healthy volunteers was carried out using ultra-high resolution mass spectrometry. The analysis of measurements was performed using the proteomics search engine OMSSA. Normalized spectrum abundance factor (NSAF) in the biological samples was assessed using SearchGUI. The findings of mass spectrometry analysis of the protein composition of blood plasma samples demonstrate that the depleted samples are quite similar in protein composition and relative abundance of proteins. By comparing them with the control samples, we have found a small group of 44 proteins characteristic of the blood plasma samples from patients with chronic cerebral ischemia. These proteins contribute to the processes of homeostasis maintenance, including innate immune response unfolding, the response of a body to stress, and contribution to the blood clotting cascade.
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36
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Zha A, Vahidy F, Randhawa J, Parsha K, Bui T, Aronowski J, Savitz SI. Association Between Splenic Contraction and the Systemic Inflammatory Response After Acute Ischemic Stroke Varies with Age and Race. Transl Stroke Res 2017; 9:484-492. [PMID: 29282627 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-017-0596-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Animal models have demonstrated the deleterious contribution of splenic immunocytes on secondary brain injury after stroke. While previous work has demonstrated splenic contraction (SC) in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) and intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), no clinical studies have examined the relationship between the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) with SC in stroke patients. This is a retrospective analysis of a previous prospective observational study where daily spleen sizes were evaluated in 178 acute stroke patients. Spleen contraction was based on previously established normograms of healthy volunteers from the same study. SC from the first 24 h of stroke onset was evaluated against criteria for SIRS for the first 5 days of admission after AIS. Ninety-one patients had verified AIS without concurrent infection at admission. SIRS was not associated with SC at admission. African-American patients with early SIRS had higher odds of having SC. Older patients with persistent SIRS at 72 h had lower odds of SC. At 48 h, there was significantly higher lymphocytosis and lower neutrophils present in patients with SC. Patients with SIRS at 72 h were more likely to have worse discharge mRS. This study provides evidence for an association among SC and SIRS in African-American patients suggesting that spleen changes could be a biomarker for detecting SIRS in this population. Our data also indicate a counter association between SC and a lack of SIRS in patients older than 75. Further studies are needed to ascertain how age affects this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Zha
- Department of Neurology and The Institute for Stroke and Cerebrovascular Disease, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Farhaan Vahidy
- Department of Neurology and The Institute for Stroke and Cerebrovascular Disease, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jaskaren Randhawa
- Department of Neurology and The Institute for Stroke and Cerebrovascular Disease, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Kaushik Parsha
- Department of Neurology and The Institute for Stroke and Cerebrovascular Disease, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Thanh Bui
- Department of Neurology and The Institute for Stroke and Cerebrovascular Disease, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jaroslaw Aronowski
- Department of Neurology and The Institute for Stroke and Cerebrovascular Disease, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Sean I Savitz
- Department of Neurology and The Institute for Stroke and Cerebrovascular Disease, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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37
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Liang W, Huang X, Chen W. The Effects of Baicalin and Baicalein on Cerebral Ischemia: A Review. Aging Dis 2017; 8:850-867. [PMID: 29344420 PMCID: PMC5758355 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2017.0829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke, producing a high mortality and morbidity rate, is a common clinical disease. Enhancing the prevention and control of ischemic stroke is particularly important. Baicalin and its aglycon baicalein are flavonoids extracted from Scutellaria baicalensis, an important traditional Chinese herb. In recent years, a growing body of evidences has shown that baicalin and baicalein could be effective in the treatment of cerebral ischemia. Pharmacokinetic studies have shown that baicalin could penetrate the blood-brain barrier and distribute in cerebral nuclei. Through a variety of in vitro and in vivo models of ischemic neuronal injury, numerous studies have demonstrated that baicalin and baicalein have salutary effect for neuroprotection. Especially, the studies on the pharmacological mechanism showed that baicalin and baicalein have several pharmacological activities, which include antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory and anti-excitotoxicity effects, protection of the mitochondria, promoting neuronal protective factors expression and adult neurogenesis effects and many more. This review focuses on the neuroprotective effects of baicalin and baicalein in ischemia or stroke-induced neuronal cell death. We aimed at collecting all important information regarding the neuroprotective effect and its pharmacological mechanism of baicalin and baicalein in various in vivo and in vitro experimental models of ischemic neuronal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Xiaobo Huang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Wenqiang Chen
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, ChinaThese authors equally contributed to this work
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38
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Nydahl P, Bartoszek G, Binder A, Paschen L, Margraf NG, Witt K, Ewers A. Prevalence for delirium in stroke patients: A prospective controlled study. Brain Behav 2017; 7:e00748. [PMID: 28828209 PMCID: PMC5561309 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE This study investigates the prevalence of delirium in acute stroke patients on a primary stroke unit (SU) analyzing associated risk factors and clinical outcomes. METHOD Prospective, 4-month observational study from 2015 to 2016 on patients aged ≥18 years with stroke at a German university hospital's SU. The presence of delirium as first outcome was rated at three times daily using the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM). Secondary outcome measures were duration of delirium, rehabilitation in SU, length of stay in SU and hospital, complications, and mortality. Significant risk factors were used to conduct a confounder-matched case-control analysis. RESULTS 309 patients were included. The overall prevalence of delirium was 10.7% (33 patients) mostly on the first and second hospital day. Duration of delirium on SU was in median 1.0 day (Interquartile range: 0.3-2 days). In 39.4% of patients delirium was present in a short time interval (≤8 hr) and in 24% of patients delirium was diagnosed during nightshifts exclusively. Significant risk factors for delirium were dementia, age ≥72 years, severe neurological disability on admission, and increased C-reactive protein on admission. The case-control analysis showed that delirious patients had more complications and a trend toward a worse rehabilitation. CONCLUSIONS These results underline the importance of delirium screening in stroke patients specifically during the night. Since even short delirious episodes are associated with more complications and increased disability, future studies are needed to find delirium prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Nydahl
- Nursing research Campus Kiel University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein Kiel Germany
| | - Gabriele Bartoszek
- Faculty of Health School of Nursing Science Witten/Herdecke University Witten Germany
| | - Andreas Binder
- Department of Neurology University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein Christian-Albrechts University Kiel Kiel Germany
| | - Laura Paschen
- Department of Neurology University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein Christian-Albrechts University Kiel Kiel Germany
| | - Nils G Margraf
- Department of Neurology University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein Christian-Albrechts University Kiel Kiel Germany
| | - Karsten Witt
- Department of Neurology University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein Christian-Albrechts University Kiel Kiel Germany.,School of Medicine and Health Sciences - European Medical School University Hospital of Neurology Medical Campus University of Oldenburg Germany
| | - Andre Ewers
- Institute of Nursing Science and Practice Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg Austria
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39
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Xi YG, Tian X, Chen WQ, Zhang S, Zhang S, Ren WD, Pang QJ, Yang GT, Yang ZM. Antibiotic prophylaxis for infections in patients with acute stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Oncotarget 2017; 8:81075-81087. [PMID: 29113368 PMCID: PMC5655263 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Infections are frequent after stroke and lead to increased mortality and neurological disability. Antibiotic prophylaxis has potential of decreasing the risk of infections and mortality and improving poor functional outcome. Several studies evaluated antibiotic prophylaxis for infections in acute stroke patients have generated conflicting results. The systematic review of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) aimed at comprehensively assessing the evidence of antibiotic prophylaxis for the treatment of acute stroke patients. Materials and Methods PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane library and the reference lists of eligible articles were searched to identify all potential studies. We included the studies that investigated the efficacy and safety of antibiotic prophylaxis for the treatment of acute stroke patients. The primary outcome included mortality and infection rate. The secondary outcomes included poor functional outcome and adverse events. Results Seven trials randomizing 4,261 patients were included. Pooled analyses showed that antibiotic prophylaxis did not improve the mortality (risk ratio (RR) = 1.03, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.84 to 1.26, p = 0.78, I2 = 25%) and poor functional outcome (RR = 0.93, 95% CI 0.80 to 1.08, p = 0.32, I2 = 80%), but reduced the incidence of infection (RR = 0.67, 95% CI 0.53 to 0.84, p = 0.0007, I2 = 49%). No major side effects were reported. Sensitivity analyses confirmed the results of infection rate and poor functional outcome. Conclusions Antibiotic prophylaxis can be used to treat the infectious events of acute stroke patients although it has no potential of decreased mortality and improved functional outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Guo Xi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cang Zhou Central Hospital, Hebei 061001, China
| | - Xu Tian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chongqing Cancer Institute and Hospital and Cancer Center, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Wei-Qing Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chongqing Cancer Institute and Hospital and Cancer Center, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Sai Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Logistic University Affiliated Hospital, Logistic University of Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin 300162, China
| | - Shan Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cang Zhou Central Hospital, Hebei 061001, China
| | - Wei-Dan Ren
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cang Zhou Central Hospital, Hebei 061001, China
| | - Qi-Jun Pang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cang Zhou Central Hospital, Hebei 061001, China
| | - Guo-Tao Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cang Zhou Central Hospital, Hebei 061001, China
| | - Zhi-Ming Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cang Zhou Central Hospital, Hebei 061001, China
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40
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Shukla V, Shakya AK, Perez-Pinzon MA, Dave KR. Cerebral ischemic damage in diabetes: an inflammatory perspective. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:21. [PMID: 28115020 PMCID: PMC5260103 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0774-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. A strong inflammatory response characterized by activation and release of cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules, and proteolytic enzymes contributes to brain damage following stroke. Stroke outcomes are worse among diabetics, resulting in increased mortality and disabilities. Diabetes involves chronic inflammation manifested by reactive oxygen species generation, expression of proinflammatory cytokines, and activation/expression of other inflammatory mediators. It appears that increased proinflammatory processes due to diabetes are further accelerated after cerebral ischemia, leading to increased ischemic damage. Hypoglycemia is an intrinsic side effect owing to glucose-lowering therapy in diabetics, and is known to induce proinflammatory changes as well as exacerbate cerebral damage in experimental stroke. Here, we present a review of available literature on the contribution of neuroinflammation to increased cerebral ischemic damage in diabetics. We also describe the role of hypoglycemia in neuroinflammation and cerebral ischemic damage in diabetics. Understanding the role of neuroinflammatory mechanisms in worsening stroke outcome in diabetics may help limit ischemic brain injury and improve clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibha Shukla
- Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.,Department of Neurology (D4-5), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1420 NW 9th Ave, NRB/203E, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Akhalesh Kumar Shakya
- Present address: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, 71130, USA
| | - Miguel A Perez-Pinzon
- Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.,Department of Neurology (D4-5), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1420 NW 9th Ave, NRB/203E, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.,Neuroscience Program, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Kunjan R Dave
- Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA. .,Department of Neurology (D4-5), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1420 NW 9th Ave, NRB/203E, Miami, FL, 33136, USA. .,Neuroscience Program, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
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41
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Kovacs ZI, Kim S, Jikaria N, Qureshi F, Milo B, Lewis BK, Bresler M, Burks SR, Frank JA. Disrupting the blood-brain barrier by focused ultrasound induces sterile inflammation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E75-E84. [PMID: 27994152 PMCID: PMC5224365 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1614777114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
MRI-guided pulsed focused ultrasound (pFUS) combined with systemic infusion of ultrasound contrast agent microbubbles (MB) causes localized blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption that is currently being advocated for increasing drug or gene delivery in neurological diseases. The mechanical acoustic cavitation effects of opening the BBB by low-intensity pFUS+MB, as evidenced by contrast-enhanced MRI, resulted in an immediate damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) response including elevations in heat-shock protein 70, IL-1, IL-18, and TNFα indicative of a sterile inflammatory response (SIR) in the parenchyma. Concurrent with DAMP presentation, significant elevations in proinflammatory, antiinflammatory, and trophic factors along with neurotrophic and neurogenesis factors were detected; these elevations lasted 24 h. Transcriptomic analysis of sonicated brain supported the proteomic findings and indicated that the SIR was facilitated through the induction of the NFκB pathway. Histological evaluation demonstrated increased albumin in the parenchyma that cleared by 24 h along with TUNEL+ neurons, activated astrocytes, microglia, and increased cell adhesion molecules in the vasculature. Infusion of fluorescent beads 3 d before pFUS+MB revealed the infiltration of CD68+ macrophages at 6 d postsonication, as is consistent with an innate immune response. pFUS+MB is being considered as part of a noninvasive adjuvant treatment for malignancy or neurodegenerative diseases. These results demonstrate that pFUS+MB induces an SIR compatible with ischemia or mild traumatic brain injury. Further investigation will be required before this approach can be widely implemented in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsofia I Kovacs
- Frank Laboratory, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892;
| | - Saejeong Kim
- Frank Laboratory, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Neekita Jikaria
- Frank Laboratory, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Farhan Qureshi
- Frank Laboratory, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Blerta Milo
- Frank Laboratory, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Bobbi K Lewis
- Frank Laboratory, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Michele Bresler
- Frank Laboratory, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Scott R Burks
- Frank Laboratory, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Joseph A Frank
- Frank Laboratory, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892;
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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42
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Martinez B, Peplow PV. Immunomodulators and microRNAs as neurorestorative therapy for ischemic stroke. Neural Regen Res 2017; 12:865-874. [PMID: 28761412 PMCID: PMC5514854 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.208540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Most of all strokes are ischemic due to occlusion of a vessel, and comprise two main types, thrombotic and embolic. Inflammation and immune response play an important role in the outcome of ischemic stroke. Pharmaceutical and cell-based therapies with immunomodulatory properties could be of benefit in treating ischemic stroke. Possible changes in microRNAs brought about by immunomodulatory treatments may be important. The pharmaceutical studies described in this review have identified several differentially regulated miRNAs associated with disregulation of mRNA targets or the upregulation of several neuroprotective genes, thereby highlighting the potential neuroprotective roles of specific miRNAs such as miR-762, -1892, -200a, -145. MiR-124, -711, -145 are the strongly associated miRNAs predicted to mediate anti-inflammatory pathways and microglia/macrophage M2-like activation phenotype. The cell-based therapy studies reviewed have mainly utilized mesenchymal stem cells or human umbilical cord blood cells and shown to improve functional and neurological outcomes in stroke animals. MiR-145 and miR-133b were implicated in nerve cell remodeling and functional recovery after stroke. Human umbilical cord blood cells decreased proinflammatory factors and promoted M2 macrophage polarization in stroke diabetic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget Martinez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Philip V Peplow
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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43
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Vidale S, Consoli A, Arnaboldi M, Consoli D. Postischemic Inflammation in Acute Stroke. J Clin Neurol 2017; 13:1-9. [PMID: 28079313 PMCID: PMC5242162 DOI: 10.3988/jcn.2017.13.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia is caused by arterial occlusion due to a thrombus or an embolus. Such occlusion induces multiple and concomitant pathophysiological processes that involve bioenergetic failure, acidosis, loss of cell homeostasis, excitotoxicity, and disruption of the blood-brain barrier. All of these mechanisms contribute to neuronal death, mainly via apoptosis or necrosis. The immune system is involved in this process in the early phases after brain injury, which contributes to potential enlargement of the infarct size and involves the penumbra area. Whereas inflammation and the immune system both exert deleterious effects, they also contribute to brain protection by stimulating a preconditioning status and to the concomitant repair of the injured parenchyma. This review describes the main phases of the inflammatory process occurring after arterial cerebral occlusion, with an emphasis on the role of single mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Vidale
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Unit, Sant'Anna Hospital, Como, Italy.
| | - Arturo Consoli
- Department of Interventional Neurovascular Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Marco Arnaboldi
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Unit, Sant'Anna Hospital, Como, Italy
| | - Domenico Consoli
- Department of Neurology, G. Jazzolino Hospital, Vibo Valentia, Italy
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Song J, Kim OY. Galanin's implications for post-stroke improvement. Anat Cell Biol 2016; 49:223-230. [PMID: 28127496 PMCID: PMC5266107 DOI: 10.5115/acb.2016.49.4.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke leads to a variety of pathophysiological conditions such as ischemic infarct, cerebral inflammation, neuronal damage, cognitive decline, and depression. Many endeavors have been tried to find the therapeutic solutions to attenuate severe neuropathogenesis after stroke. Several studies have reported that a decrease in the neuropeptide regulator ‘galanin’ is associated with neuronal loss, learning and memory dysfunctions, and depression following a stroke. The present review summarized recent evidences on the function and the therapeutic potential of galanin in post-ischemic stroke to provide a further understanding of galanin's role. Hence, we suggest that galanin needs to be considered as a therapeutic factor in the alleviation of post-stroke pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhyun Song
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists at Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea.; Human Life Research Center, Dong-A University, Busan, Korea
| | - Oh Yoen Kim
- Human Life Research Center, Dong-A University, Busan, Korea.; Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dong-A University, Brain Busan 21, Busan, Korea
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45
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Abstract
Infections, in particular pneumonia, are common complications in patients with acute stroke and are associated with a less favorable neurologic and functional outcome. Patients with severe stroke and dysphagia are at highest risk of infection. Experimental and clinical data suggest stroke-induced immunodeficiency as a major factor contributing to the high incidence of infection after stroke. Preclinical studies support the potential benefit of preventive antibiotic therapy in acute stroke for lowering the incidence of infection and improving clinical outcome. Several smaller clinical trials on preventive antibiotic therapy in patients with stroke conducted during the last 10 years yielded inconclusive results. Recently, 2 large, open-label, controlled trials failed to demonstrate an improved clinical outcome after preventive antibiotic therapy in patients with acute stroke treated in specialized stroke units. In the "Preventive Antibiotics in Stroke Study", antibiotic therapy lowered the rate of infection but did not influence outcome. In the STROKE-INF study, performed in patients with dysphagia after stroke, antibiotic therapy did not lower the incidence of pneumonia and had no prognostic significance. At present, preventive antibiotic therapy cannot be recommended as a therapeutic option for acute stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Schwarz
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
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46
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Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Traditional Chinese Medicines against Ischemic Injury in In Vivo Models of Cerebral Ischemia. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 2016:5739434. [PMID: 27703487 PMCID: PMC5040804 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5739434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of acute ischemic stroke. In the ischemic cascade, resident microglia are rapidly activated in the brain parenchyma and subsequently trigger inflammatory mediator release, which facilitates leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions in inflammation. Activated leukocytes invade the endothelial cell junctions and destroy the blood-brain barrier integrity, leading to brain edema. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) stimulation in microglia/macrophages through the activation of intercellular signaling pathways secretes various proinflammatory cytokines and enzymes and then aggravates cerebral ischemic injury. The secreted cytokines activate the proinflammatory transcription factors, which subsequently regulate cytokine expression, leading to the amplification of the inflammatory response and exacerbation of the secondary brain injury. Traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs), including TCM-derived active compounds, Chinese herbs, and TCM formulations, exert neuroprotective effects against inflammatory responses by downregulating the following: ischemia-induced microglial activation, microglia/macrophage-mediated cytokine production, proinflammatory enzyme production, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, matrix metalloproteinases, TLR expression, and deleterious transcription factor activation. TCMs also aid in upregulating anti-inflammatory cytokine expression and neuroprotective transcription factor activation in the ischemic lesion in the inflammatory cascade during the acute phase of cerebral ischemia. Thus, TCMs exert potent anti-inflammatory properties in ischemic stroke and warrant further investigation.
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47
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Galectin-3 causes enteric neuronal loss in mice after left sided permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion, a model of stroke. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32893. [PMID: 27612206 PMCID: PMC5017186 DOI: 10.1038/srep32893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to brain injury stroke patients often suffer gastrointestinal complications. Neuroimmune interactions involving galectin-3, released from microglia in the brain, mediates the post-stroke pro-inflammatory response. We investigated possible consequences of stroke on the enteric nervous system and the involvement of galectin-3. We show that permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) induces loss of enteric neurons in ileum and colon in galectin-3(+/+), but not in galectin-3(-/-), mice. In vitro we show that serum from galectin-3(+/+), but not from galectin-3(-/-), mice subjected to pMCAO, caused loss of C57BL/6J myenteric neurons, while myenteric neurons derived from TLR4(-/-) mice were unaffected. Further purified galectin-3 (10(-6) M) caused loss of cultured C57BL/6J myenteric neurons. Inhibitors of transforming growth factor β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) or AMP activated kinase (AMPK) counteracted both the purified galectin-3 and the galectin-3(+/+) pMCAO serum-induced loss in vitro. Combined we show that stroke (pMCAO) triggers central and peripheral galectin-3 release causing enteric neuronal loss through a TLR4 mediated mechanism involving TAK1 and AMPK. Galectin-3 is suggested a target for treatment of post-stroke complications.
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48
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Nguyen VA, Carey LM, Giummarra L, Faou P, Cooke I, Howells DW, Tse T, Macaulay SL, Ma H, Davis SM, Donnan GA, Crewther SG. A Pathway Proteomic Profile of Ischemic Stroke Survivors Reveals Innate Immune Dysfunction in Association with Mild Symptoms of Depression - A Pilot Study. Front Neurol 2016; 7:85. [PMID: 27379006 PMCID: PMC4907034 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2016.00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression after stroke is a common occurrence, raising questions as to whether depression could be a long-term biological and immunological sequela of stroke. Early explanations for post-stroke depression (PSD) focused on the neuropsychological/psychosocial effects of stroke on mobility and quality of life. However, recent investigations have revealed imbalances of inflammatory cytokine levels in association with PSD, though to date, there is only one published proteomic pathway analysis testing this hypothesis. Thus, we examined the serum proteome of stroke patients (n = 44, mean age = 63.62 years) and correlated these with the Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) scores at 3 months post-stroke. Overall, the patients presented with mild depression symptoms on the MADRS, M = 6.40 (SD = 7.42). A discovery approach utilizing label-free relative quantification was employed utilizing an LC-ESI–MS/MS coupled to a LTQ-Orbitrap Elite (Thermo-Scientific). Identified peptides were analyzed using the gene set enrichment approach on several different genomic databases that all indicated significant downregulation of the complement and coagulation systems with increasing MADRS scores. Complement and coagulation systems are traditionally thought to play a key role in the innate immune system and are established precursors to the adaptive immune system through pro-inflammatory cytokine signaling. Both systems are known to be globally affected after ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke. Thus, our results suggest that lowered complement expression in the periphery in conjunction with depressive symptoms post-stroke may be a biomarker for incomplete recovery of brain metabolic needs, homeostasis, and inflammation following ischemic stroke damage. Further proteomic investigations are now required to construct the temporal profile, leading from acute lesion damage to manifestation of depressive symptoms. Overall, the findings provide support for the involvement of inflammatory and immune mechanisms in PSD symptoms and further demonstrate the value and feasibility of the proteomic approach in stroke research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinh A Nguyen
- Occupational Therapy, College of Science Health and Engineering, School of Allied Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Neurorehabilitation and Recovery, Stroke, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Leeanne M Carey
- Occupational Therapy, College of Science Health and Engineering, School of Allied Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Neurorehabilitation and Recovery, Stroke, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Loretta Giummarra
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
| | - Pierre Faou
- School of Molecular Sciences, La Trobe University , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
| | - Ira Cooke
- School of Molecular Sciences, La Trobe University , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
| | - David W Howells
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania , Hobart, TAS , Australia
| | - Tamara Tse
- Occupational Therapy, College of Science Health and Engineering, School of Allied Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Neurorehabilitation and Recovery, Stroke, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - S Lance Macaulay
- Commonwealth Science and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
| | - Henry Ma
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephen M Davis
- The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine, Melbourne Brain Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Geoffrey A Donnan
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Sheila G Crewther
- Neurorehabilitation and Recovery, Stroke, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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49
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Vahidy FS, Parsha KN, Rahbar MH, Lee M, Bui TT, Nguyen C, Barreto AD, Bambhroliya AB, Sahota P, Yang B, Aronowski J, Savitz SI. Acute splenic responses in patients with ischemic stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2016; 36:1012-21. [PMID: 26661179 PMCID: PMC4908620 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x15607880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Animal models provide evidence of spleen mediated post-stroke activation of the peripheral immune system. Translation of these findings to stroke patients requires estimation of pre-stroke spleen volume along with quantification of its day-to-day variation. We enrolled a cohort of 158 healthy volunteers and measured their spleen volume over the course of five consecutive days. We also enrolled a concurrent cohort of 158 stroke patients, measured initial spleen volume within 24 h of stroke symptom onset followed by daily assessments. Blood samples for cytokine analysis were collected from a subset of patients. Using data from healthy volunteers, we fit longitudinal quantile regression models to construct gender and body surface area based normograms of spleen volume. We quantified day-to-day variation and defined splenic contraction. Based on our criteria, approximately 40% of stroke patients experienced substantial post-stroke reduction in splenic volume. African Americans, older patients, and patients with past history of stroke have significantly higher odds of post-stroke splenic contraction. All measured cytokine levels were elevated in patients with splenic contraction, with significant differences for interferon gamma, interleukin 6, 10, 12, and 13. Our work provides reference standards for further work, validation of pre-clinical findings, and characterization of patients with post-stroke splenic contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhaan S Vahidy
- Department of Neurology, Vascular Neurology Program, The University of Texas Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kaushik N Parsha
- Department of Neurology, Vascular Neurology Program, The University of Texas Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mohammad H Rahbar
- Division of Clinical and Translational Sciences, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA Division of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - MinJae Lee
- Division of Clinical and Translational Sciences, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Thanh-Tung Bui
- Department of Neurology, Vascular Neurology Program, The University of Texas Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Claude Nguyen
- Department of Neurology, Vascular Neurology Program, The University of Texas Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Andrew D Barreto
- Department of Neurology, Vascular Neurology Program, The University of Texas Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Arvind B Bambhroliya
- Department of Neurology, Vascular Neurology Program, The University of Texas Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Preeti Sahota
- Department of Neurology, Vascular Neurology Program, The University of Texas Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bing Yang
- Department of Neurology, Vascular Neurology Program, The University of Texas Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jaroslaw Aronowski
- Department of Neurology, Vascular Neurology Program, The University of Texas Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sean I Savitz
- Department of Neurology, Vascular Neurology Program, The University of Texas Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
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50
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Abstract
Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. Stroke recovery is orchestrated by a set of highly interactive processes that involve the neurovascular unit and neural stem cells. Emerging data suggest that exosomes play an important role in intercellular communication by transferring exosomal protein and RNA cargo between source and target cells in the brain. Here, we review these advances and their impact on promoting coupled brain remodeling processes after stroke. The use of exosomes for therapeutic applications in stroke is also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Gang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Michael Chopp
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, USA
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