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Hepatitis C virus cell culture models: an encomium on basic research paving the road to therapy development. Med Microbiol Immunol 2018; 208:3-24. [PMID: 30298360 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-018-0566-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections affect 71 million people worldwide, often resulting in severe liver damage. Since 2014 highly efficient therapies based on directly acting antivirals (DAAs) are available, offering cure rates of almost 100%, if the infection is diagnosed in time. It took more than a decade to discover HCV in 1989 and another decade to establish a cell culture model. This review provides a personal view on the importance of HCV cell culture models, particularly the replicon system, in the process of therapy development, from drug screening to understanding of mode of action and resistance, with a special emphasis on the contributions of Ralf Bartenschlager's group. It summarizes the tremendous efforts of scientists in academia and industry required to achieve efficient DAAs, focusing on the main targets, protease, polymerase and NS5A. It furthermore underpins the importance of strong basic research laying the ground for translational medicine.
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2
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Drug discovery effectiveness from the standpoint of therapeutic mechanisms and indications. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2017; 17:19-33. [PMID: 29075002 DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2017.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The productivity of the pharmaceutical industry has been widely discussed in recent years, particularly with regard to concerns that substantial expenditures on research and development have failed to translate into approved drugs. Various analyses of this productivity challenge have focused on aspects such as attrition rates at particular clinical phases or the physicochemical properties of drug candidates, but relatively little attention has been paid to how the industry has performed from the standpoint of the choice of therapeutic mechanisms and their intended indications. This article examines what the pharmaceutical industry has achieved in this respect by analysing comprehensive industry-wide data on the mechanism-indication pairs that have been investigated during the past 20 years. Our findings indicate several points and trends that we hope will be useful in understanding and improving the productivity of the industry, including areas in which the industry has had substantial success or failure and the relative extent of novelty in completed and ongoing projects.
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3
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Discovery of a series of novel compounds with moderate anti-hepatitis C virus NS3 protease activity in vitro. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:5539-45. [PMID: 26238980 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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4
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Gong J, Eley T, He B, Arora V, Philip T, Jiang H, Easter J, Humphreys WG, Iyer RA, Li W. Characterization of ADME properties of [(14)C]asunaprevir (BMS-650032) in humans. Xenobiotica 2015; 46:52-64. [PMID: 26153443 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2015.1048487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
1. Asunaprevir (ASV, BMS-650032), a highly selective and potent NS3 protease inhibitor, is currently under development for the treatment of chronic hepatic C virus infection. This study describes in vivo biotransformation in humans and the identification of metabolic enzymes of ASV. 2. Following a single oral dose of [(14)C]ASV to humans, the majority of radioactivity (>73% of the dose) was excreted in feces with <1% of the dose recovered in urine. Drug-related radioactivity readily appeared in circulation and the plasma radioactivity was mainly attributed to ASV. A few minor metabolites were observed in human plasma and are not expected to contribute to the pharmacological activity because of low levels. The area under the curve (AUC) values of each circulating metabolite in humans were well below their levels in animals used in the long-term toxicological studies. In bile and feces, intact ASV was a prominent radioactive peak suggesting that both metabolism and direct excretion played important roles in ASV clearance. 3. The primary metabolic pathways of ASV were hydroxylation, sulfonamide hydrolysis and the loss of isoquinoline. In vitro studies with human cDNA expressed CYP enzymes and with human liver microsomes (HLM) in the presence of selective chemical inhibitors demonstrated that ASV was primarily catalyzed by CYP3A4 and CYP3A5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiachang Gong
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization and
| | - Timothy Eley
- b Department of Exploratory Clinical and Translational Research , Bristol-Myers Squibb , Princeton , NJ , USA
| | - Bing He
- b Department of Exploratory Clinical and Translational Research , Bristol-Myers Squibb , Princeton , NJ , USA
| | - Vinod Arora
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization and
| | - Thomas Philip
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization and
| | - Hao Jiang
- d Analytical and Bioanalytical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb , Princeton , NJ , USA
| | - John Easter
- c Department of Chemical Synthesis , Bristol-Myers Squibb , Wallingford , CT , USA , and
| | | | | | - Wenying Li
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization and
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Bailey MD, Bordeleau J, Garneau M, Leblanc M, Lemke CT, O’Meara J, White PW, Llinàs-Brunet M. Peptide backbone replacement of hepatitis C virus NS3 serine protease C-terminal cleavage product analogs: Discovery of potent succinamide inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:4447-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Bailey MD, Halmos T, Lemke CT. Discovery of novel P2 substituted 4-biaryl proline inhibitors of hepatitis C virus NS3 serine protease. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:4436-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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7
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Characterization of vaniprevir, a hepatitis C virus NS3/4A protease inhibitor, in patients with HCV genotype 1 infection: safety, antiviral activity, resistance, and pharmacokinetics. Antiviral Res 2013; 99:214-20. [PMID: 23747481 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Vaniprevir is a competitive inhibitor of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS3/4A protease that has potent anti-HCV activity in preclinical models. This placebo-controlled dose-ranging study assessed the safety, tolerability, and antiviral efficacy of vaniprevir monotherapy in patients with genotype 1 chronic HCV infection. Treatment-naive and treatment-experienced non-cirrhotic adult patients with baseline HCV RNA >10(6)IU/ml were randomized to receive placebo or vaniprevir at doses of 125 mg qd, 600 mg qd, 25mg bid, 75 mg bid, 250 mg bid, 500 mg bid, and 700 mg bid for 8 days. Forty patients (82.5% male, 75% genotype 1a) received at least one dose of placebo or vaniprevir. After 1 week of vaniprevir, the decrease in HCV RNA from baseline ranged from 1.8 to 4.6 log₁₀IU/ml across all treatment groups, and there was a greater than dose-proportional increase in vaniprevir exposure at doses above 75 mg bid. The most commonly reported drug-related adverse events (AEs) were diarrhea (n=5) and nausea (n=5). No pattern of laboratory or ECG abnormalities was observed, all AEs resolved during the study, and there were no discontinuations due to AEs. No serious AEs were reported. Resistance-associated amino acid variants were identified at positions R155 and D168 in patients infected with genotype 1a virus. Vaniprevir monotherapy demonstrated potent antiviral activity in patients with chronic genotype 1 HCV infection, and was generally well tolerated with no serious AEs or discontinuations due to AEs. Further development of vaniprevir, including studies in combination with other anti-HCV agents, is ongoing.
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8
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Delang L, Neyts J, Vliegen I, Abrignani S, Neddermann P, De Francesco R. Hepatitis C Virus-Specific Directly Acting Antiviral Drugs. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2013; 369:289-320. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-27340-7_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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9
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Lemke CT, Goudreau N, Zhao S, Hucke O, Thibeault D, Llinàs-Brunet M, White PW. Combined X-ray, NMR, and kinetic analyses reveal uncommon binding characteristics of the hepatitis C virus NS3-NS4A protease inhibitor BI 201335. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:11434-43. [PMID: 21270126 PMCID: PMC3064199 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.211417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Revised: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus infection, a major cause of liver disease worldwide, is curable, but currently approved therapies have suboptimal efficacy. Supplementing these therapies with direct-acting antiviral agents has the potential to considerably improve treatment prospects for hepatitis C virus-infected patients. The critical role played by the viral NS3 protease makes it an attractive target, and despite its shallow, solvent-exposed active site, several potent NS3 protease inhibitors are currently in the clinic. BI 201335, which is progressing through Phase IIb trials, contains a unique C-terminal carboxylic acid that binds noncovalently to the active site and a bromo-quinoline substitution on its proline residue that provides significant potency. In this work we have used stopped flow kinetics, x-ray crystallography, and NMR to characterize these distinctive features. Key findings include: slow association and dissociation rates within a single-step binding mechanism; the critical involvement of water molecules in acid binding; and protein side chain rearrangements, a bromine-oxygen halogen bond, and profound pK(a) changes within the catalytic triad associated with binding of the bromo-quinoline moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T Lemke
- Boehringer Ingelheim (Canada) Ltd., Research and Development, Laval, Quebec, Canada.
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10
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Ding CZ, Zhang YK, Li X, Liu Y, Zhang S, Zhou Y, Plattner JJ, Baker SJ, Liu L, Duan M, Jarvest RL, Ji J, Kazmierski WM, Tallant MD, Wright LL, Smith GK, Crosby RM, Wang AA, Ni ZJ, Zou W, Wright J. Synthesis and biological evaluations of P4-benzoxaborole-substituted macrocyclic inhibitors of HCV NS3 protease. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:7317-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.10.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2010] [Revised: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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11
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Rustgi VK. Safety of small molecules in combination with interferon-based therapy for hepatitis C virus. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2010; 9:883-92. [DOI: 10.1517/14740338.2010.495942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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12
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Hiscott J, Lin R. Inhibition of the interferon antiviral response by hepatitis C virus. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2010; 2:49-58. [PMID: 20477087 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2.1.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) causes acute and chronic hepatitis by targeting the liver hepatocyte for infection and destruction. The standard treatment for chronic HCV infection is pegylated interferon plus ribavirin. Unfortunately, the sustained response rate and associated toxicity with this treatment are far from ideal; more effective and less toxic treatment regimens are needed. With more than 170 million people infected worldwide, there is an unmet medical need for new effective treatments. Recent advances in the understanding of the signaling pathways leading to the host antiviral response to HCV, the mechanisms used by HCV to evade the immune response, the development of cell culture models of HCV infection and the development of small molecule inhibitors of HCV have generated optimism that novel therapeutic approaches to control HCV will soon be available.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Hiscott
- McGill University, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research - Jewish General Hospital, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, H3T 1E2, Canada.
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13
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Li X, Zhang YK, Liu Y, Ding CZ, Li Q, Zhou Y, Plattner JJ, Baker SJ, Qian X, Fan D, Liao L, Ni ZJ, White GV, Mordaunt JE, Lazarides LX, Slater MJ, Jarvest RL, Thommes P, Ellis M, Edge CM, Hubbard JA, Somers D, Rowland P, Nassau P, McDowell B, Skarzynski TJ, Kazmierski WM, Grimes RM, Wright LL, Smith GK, Zou W, Wright J, Pennicott LE. Synthesis and evaluation of novel α-amino cyclic boronates as inhibitors of HCV NS3 protease. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:3550-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.04.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2010] [Revised: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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14
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Gardelli C, Attenni B, Donghi M, Meppen M, Pacini B, Harper S, Di Marco A, Fiore F, Giuliano C, Pucci V, Laufer R, Gennari N, Marcucci I, Leone JF, Olsen DB, MacCoss M, Rowley M, Narjes F. Phosphoramidate Prodrugs of 2′-C-Methylcytidine for Therapy of Hepatitis C Virus Infection. J Med Chem 2009; 52:5394-407. [DOI: 10.1021/jm900447q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Gardelli
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare, P. Angeletti S.p.A. (IRBM-MRL Rome), Via Pontina Km 30,600, 00040 Pomezia, Italy
| | - Barbara Attenni
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare, P. Angeletti S.p.A. (IRBM-MRL Rome), Via Pontina Km 30,600, 00040 Pomezia, Italy
| | - Monica Donghi
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare, P. Angeletti S.p.A. (IRBM-MRL Rome), Via Pontina Km 30,600, 00040 Pomezia, Italy
| | - Malte Meppen
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare, P. Angeletti S.p.A. (IRBM-MRL Rome), Via Pontina Km 30,600, 00040 Pomezia, Italy
| | - Barbara Pacini
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare, P. Angeletti S.p.A. (IRBM-MRL Rome), Via Pontina Km 30,600, 00040 Pomezia, Italy
| | - Steven Harper
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare, P. Angeletti S.p.A. (IRBM-MRL Rome), Via Pontina Km 30,600, 00040 Pomezia, Italy
| | - Annalise Di Marco
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare, P. Angeletti S.p.A. (IRBM-MRL Rome), Via Pontina Km 30,600, 00040 Pomezia, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Fiore
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare, P. Angeletti S.p.A. (IRBM-MRL Rome), Via Pontina Km 30,600, 00040 Pomezia, Italy
| | - Claudio Giuliano
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare, P. Angeletti S.p.A. (IRBM-MRL Rome), Via Pontina Km 30,600, 00040 Pomezia, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Pucci
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare, P. Angeletti S.p.A. (IRBM-MRL Rome), Via Pontina Km 30,600, 00040 Pomezia, Italy
| | - Ralph Laufer
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare, P. Angeletti S.p.A. (IRBM-MRL Rome), Via Pontina Km 30,600, 00040 Pomezia, Italy
| | - Nadia Gennari
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare, P. Angeletti S.p.A. (IRBM-MRL Rome), Via Pontina Km 30,600, 00040 Pomezia, Italy
| | - Isabella Marcucci
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare, P. Angeletti S.p.A. (IRBM-MRL Rome), Via Pontina Km 30,600, 00040 Pomezia, Italy
| | - Joseph F. Leone
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065
| | - David B. Olsen
- Department of Antiviral Research, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486
| | - Malcolm MacCoss
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065
| | - Michael Rowley
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare, P. Angeletti S.p.A. (IRBM-MRL Rome), Via Pontina Km 30,600, 00040 Pomezia, Italy
| | - Frank Narjes
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare, P. Angeletti S.p.A. (IRBM-MRL Rome), Via Pontina Km 30,600, 00040 Pomezia, Italy
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15
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Ziegler S, Kronenberger B, Albrecht BAM, Kaul A, Gamer AL, Klein CD, Hartmann RW. Development and Evaluation of a FACS-Based Medium-Throughput Assay for HCV Entry Inhibitors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 14:620-6. [DOI: 10.1177/1087057109337161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between the hepatitis C virus (HCV) envelope glycoprotein E2 and the human tetraspanin protein CD81 is one of the key events involved in HCV cell entry. Therefore, compounds that interfere with this interaction may be useful tools for basic research and potential drugs for the treatment of HCV infection. The authors describe a medium-throughput assay for ligands of the E2 binding site on the CD81 receptor. In the assay, human hepatoma cells are incubated with the test compounds and stained with a fluorescently labeled anti-CD81 antibody (JS81). Flow cytometry is used to detect the level of bound antibody, reflecting the inhibitory potencies of the compounds. Eighty percent of compounds active in the assay show efficacy in an infection assay using luciferase reporter genome in cell culture. Thus, the assay can be used as a fast screening system for inhibitors of interaction of viral E2 to host cell CD81-LELs. ( Journal of Biomolecular Screening 2009;620-626)
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrid Ziegler
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | | | | | - Artur Kaul
- Department of Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna-Lena Gamer
- Department of Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian D. Klein
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany,
| | - Rolf W. Hartmann
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany,
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Pompei M, Francesco MED, Koch U, Liverton NJ, Summa V. Phosphorous acid analogs of novel P2-P4 macrocycles as inhibitors of HCV-NS3 protease. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:2574-8. [PMID: 19328685 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2009] [Revised: 03/03/2009] [Accepted: 03/05/2009] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
HCV-NS3 protease is essential for viral replication and NS3 protease inhibitors have shown proof of concept in clinical trials. Novel P2-P4 macrocycle inhibitors of NS3/4A comprising a P1 C-terminal carboxylic acid have recently been disclosed. A series of analogs, in which the carboxylic residue is replaced by phosphorous acid functionalities were synthesized and found to be inhibitors of the NS3 protease. Among them the methylphosphinate analogue showed nanomolar level of enzyme inhibition and sub-micromolar potency in the replication assay.
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17
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Velázquez F, Venkatraman S, Blackman M, Pinto P, Bogen S, Sannigrahi M, Chen K, Pichardo J, Hart A, Tong X, Girijavallabhan V, Njoroge FG. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of oxygen-containing macrocyclic peptidomimetics as inhibitors of HCV NS3 protease. J Med Chem 2009; 52:700-8. [PMID: 19154150 DOI: 10.1021/jm801201u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
HCV infection is considered a silent epidemic because most people infected do not develop acute symptoms. Instead, the disease progresses to a chronic state leading to cirrhosis and hepatocarcinoma. Novel therapies are needed to combat this major health threat. The HCV NS3 serine protease has been the target of continuous investigation because of its pivotal role in viral replication. Herein, we present the P1-P3 macrocyclization approach followed for identification of HCV NS3 inhibitors as potential backup candidates to our first generation drug candidate, Sch 503034 (1). Different P1-P3 linkers were investigated to identify novel macrocyclic scaffolds. SAR exploration of P3-caps in the macrocyclic cores allowed the identification of l-serine derived macrocycle 32 (Ki* = 3 nM, EC90 = 30 nM) and allo-threonine derived macrocycle 36 (Ki* = 3 nM, EC90 = 30 nM) as potent HCV NS3 protease inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Velázquez
- Schering-Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033-1300, USA.
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Vendeville S, Nilsson M, Kock HD, Lin TI, Antonov D, Classon B, Ayesa S, Ivanov V, Johansson PO, Kahnberg P, Eneroth A, Wikstrom K, Vrang L, Edlund M, Lindström S, Vreken WVD, McGowan D, Tahri A, Hu L, Lenz O, Delouvroy F, Dooren MV, Kindermans N, Surleraux D, Wigerinck P, Rosenquist Å, Samuelsson B, Simmen K, Raboisson P. Discovery of novel, potent and bioavailable proline-urea based macrocyclic HCV NS3/4A protease inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:6189-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2008] [Revised: 09/29/2008] [Accepted: 10/01/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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19
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Raboisson P, Lin TI, Kock HD, Vendeville S, Vreken WVD, McGowan D, Tahri A, Hu L, Lenz O, Delouvroy F, Surleraux D, Wigerinck P, Nilsson M, Rosenquist Å, Samuelsson B, Simmen K. Discovery of novel potent and selective dipeptide hepatitis C virus NS3/4A serine protease inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:5095-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.07.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2008] [Revised: 07/28/2008] [Accepted: 07/30/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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20
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Gillet LC, Namoto K, Ruchti A, Hoving S, Boesch D, Inverardi B, Mueller D, Coulot M, Schindler P, Schweigler P, Bernardi A, Gil-Parrado S. In-cell Selectivity Profiling of Serine Protease Inhibitors by Activity-based Proteomics. Mol Cell Proteomics 2008; 7:1241-53. [DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m700505-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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21
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A time-resolved, internally quenched fluorescence assay to characterize inhibition of hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 3–4A protease at low enzyme concentrations. Anal Biochem 2008; 373:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2007.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2007] [Revised: 10/26/2007] [Accepted: 10/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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22
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Franco S, Clotet B, Martínez MA. A wide range of NS3/4A protease catalytic efficiencies in HCV-infected individuals. Virus Res 2008; 131:260-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2007.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2007] [Revised: 09/29/2007] [Accepted: 10/08/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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23
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Bellacchio E, Paggi MG. Protease-mediated arsenic prodrug strategy in cancer and infectious diseases: a hypothesis for targeted activation. J Cell Physiol 2008; 214:681-6. [PMID: 17894417 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A strategy for the selective in vivo activation of prodrugs by proteases is presented. The approach is based on the design of polythiol peptides able to neutralize the toxicity of As(III) through chelation, and contemporarily to be recognized as substrates of a disease-linked specific protease. Enzyme digestion implies conversion of such polythiol peptides into monothiol fragments with irreversible loss of the ability to chelate the metalloid, thus triggering the release in its free and pharmacologically effective form. The proteases whose activity appears dramatically up-regulated in various pathologies, ranging from cancer to infectious diseases, can be conveniently employed as prodrug activators in the disease microenvironment. The design of the representative peptide shown here has been assisted by molecular modeling in order to fulfill the dual characteristic to be an efficient As(III) chelator and simultaneously a substrate of the matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) whose activity results dramatically increased at the surface of cells affected by several pathologies.
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Bäck M, Johansson PO, Wångsell F, Thorstensson F, Kvarnström I, Ayesa S, Wähling H, Pelcman M, Jansson K, Lindström S, Wallberg H, Classon B, Rydergård C, Vrang L, Hamelink E, Hallberg A, Rosenquist S, Samuelsson B. Novel potent macrocyclic inhibitors of the hepatitis C virus NS3 protease: Use of cyclopentane and cyclopentene P2-motifs. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:7184-202. [PMID: 17845856 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2007] [Revised: 07/02/2007] [Accepted: 07/06/2007] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Several highly potent novel HCV NS3 protease inhibitors have been developed from two inhibitor series containing either a P2 trisubstituted macrocyclic cyclopentane- or a P2 cyclopentene dicarboxylic acid moiety as surrogates for the widely used N-acyl-(4R)-hydroxyproline in the P2 position. These inhibitors were optimized for anti HCV activities through examination of different ring sizes in the macrocyclic systems and further by exploring the effect of P4 substituent removal on potency. The target molecules were synthesized from readily available starting materials, furnishing the inhibitor compounds in good overall yields. It was found that the 14-membered ring system was the most potent in these two series and that the corresponding 13-, 15-, and 16-membered macrocyclic rings delivered less potent inhibitors. Moreover, the corresponding P1 acylsulfonamides had superior potencies over the corresponding P1 carboxylic acids. It is noteworthy that it has been possible to develop highly potent HCV protease inhibitors that altogether lack the P4 substituent. Thus the most potent inhibitor described in this work, inhibitor 20, displays a K(i) value of 0.41 nM and an EC(50) value of 9 nM in the subgenomic HCV replicon cell model on genotype 1b. To the best of our knowledge this is the first example described in the literature of a HCV protease inhibitor displaying high potency in the replicon assay and lacking the P4 substituent, a finding which should facilitate the development of orally active small molecule inhibitors against the HCV protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Bäck
- Department of Chemistry, Linköping University, S-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
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25
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De Francesco R, Carfí A. Advances in the development of new therapeutic agents targeting the NS3-4A serine protease or the NS5B RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of the hepatitis C virus. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2007; 59:1242-62. [PMID: 17869377 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2007.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2007] [Accepted: 04/13/2007] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The HCV NS3 protease and NS5B polymerase play essential roles in the replication of the hepatitis C virus (HCV). Following the successful paradigm established for HIV protease and reverse transcriptase inhibitors, these enzymes have been elected as targets for the development of small molecule HCV inhibitors. By combining the power of high-throughput screening with rational, knowledge-based drug discovery, a number of competitive inhibitors of the NS3 protease as well as nucleoside and non-nucleoside inhibitors of the NS5B polymerase have been identified and some have now entered clinical trials. In this article we review recent progress in the discovery and development of small molecule inhibitors of these two essential viral enzymes as they are advancing in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele De Francesco
- Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare, P. Angeletti, Via Pontina Km 30,600, 00040 Pomezia (Rome), Italy.
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26
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Konstantinidis AK, Richardson PL, Kurtz KA, Tripathi R, Chen CM, Huang P, Randolph J, Towne D, Donnelly J, Warrior U, Middleton T, Kati WM. Longer wavelength fluorescence resonance energy transfer depsipeptide substrates for hepatitis C virus NS3 protease. Anal Biochem 2007; 368:156-67. [PMID: 17644059 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2007.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2007] [Revised: 06/13/2007] [Accepted: 06/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Maturation of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) polyprotein occurs by a series of proteolytic processes catalyzed by host cell proteases and the virally encoded proteases NS2 and NS3. Although several peptidomimetic inhibitors of NS3 protease have been published, only a few small molecule inhibitors have been reported. In an effort to improve screening efficiency by minimizing the spectral interference of various test compounds, a substrate that contains the longer wavelength fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) pair, TAMRA/QSY-7, was devised. For the optimized substrate T-Abu-Q, with sequence Ac-Asp-Glu-Lys(TAMRA)-Glu-Glu-Abu-Psi(COO)Ala-Ser-Lys(QSY-7)-amide, the kinetic parameters with HCV NS3 protease are K(m)=30 microM, k(cat)=0.6s(-1), and k(cat)/K(m)=20,100s(-1)M(-1). We show that this substrate is suitable for inhibitor analysis and mechanistic studies so long as the substrate concentration is low enough (0.5 microM) to avoid complications from high inner filter effects. The substrate is especially useful with ultra-high-density screening formats, such as microarrayed compound screening technology, because there is less spectral interference from the compounds being tested than with more traditional (EDANS/DABCYL) FRET protease substrates. The merits of the new substrate, as well as potential applications of this FRET pair to other protease substrates, are discussed.
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27
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Thorstensson F, Wångsell F, Kvarnström I, Vrang L, Hamelink E, Jansson K, Hallberg A, Rosenquist S, Samuelsson B. Synthesis of novel potent hepatitis C virus NS3 protease inhibitors: Discovery of 4-hydroxy-cyclopent-2-ene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid as a N-acyl-l-hydroxyproline bioisostere. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:827-38. [PMID: 17107807 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2006] [Revised: 10/17/2006] [Accepted: 10/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Potent tetrapeptidic inhibitors of the HCV NS3 protease have been developed incorporating 4-hydroxy-cyclopent-2-ene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid as a new N-acyl-l-hydroxyproline mimic. The hydroxycyclopentene template was synthesized in eight steps from commercially available (syn)-tetrahydrophthalic anhydride. Three different amino acids were explored in the P1-position and in the P2-position the hydroxyl group of the cyclopentene template was substituted with 7-methoxy-2-phenyl-quinolin-4-ol. The P3/P4-positions were then optimized from a set of six amino acid derivatives. All inhibitors were evaluated in an in vitro assay using the full-length NS3 protease. Several potent inhibitors were identified, the most promising exhibiting a K(i) value of 1.1nM.
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28
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Martin MM, Jean F. Single-cell resolution imaging of membrane-anchored hepatitis C virus NS3/4A protease activity. Biol Chem 2006; 387:1075-80. [PMID: 16895477 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2006.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The study of host and viral membrane-associated proteases has been hampered due to a lack of in vivo assays. We report here the development of a cell-based fluorescence assay for detecting hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS3/4A juxtamembrane protease activity. Intracellular membrane-anchored protein substrates were engineered comprising: (1) an endoplasmic reticulum targeting domain, the HCV NS5A N-terminal amphipathic alpha-helix; (2) a NS3/4A-specific cleavage site; and (3) a red fluorescent reporter group, DsRed. The results of our immunofluorescence and Western blotting studies demonstrate that our membrane-bound fluorescent probe was cleaved specifically and efficiently by NS3/4A expressed in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan M Martin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Centre, University of British Columbia, 3559-2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, V6T 1Z3, Canada
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29
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Beaulieu PL, Gillard J, Bykowski D, Brochu C, Dansereau N, Duceppe JS, Haché B, Jakalian A, Lagacé L, LaPlante S, McKercher G, Moreau E, Perreault S, Stammers T, Thauvette L, Warrington J, Kukolj G. Improved replicon cellular activity of non-nucleoside allosteric inhibitors of HCV NS5B polymerase: From benzimidazole to indole scaffolds. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:4987-93. [PMID: 16908138 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.07.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2006] [Revised: 07/14/2006] [Accepted: 07/17/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Benzimidazole-based allosteric inhibitors of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS5B polymerase were diversified to a variety of topologically related scaffolds. Replacement of the polar benzimidazole core by lipophilic indoles led to inhibitors with improved potency in the cell-based subgenomic HCV replicon system. Transposing the indole scaffold into a previously described series of benzimidazole-tryptophan amides generated the most potent inhibitors of HCV RNA replication in cell culture reported to date in this series (EC(50) approximately 50 nM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre L Beaulieu
- Boehringer Ingelheim, Canada, Ltd., Research and Development, 2100 Cunard Street, Laval, Québec, Canada H7S 2G5.
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30
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Arasappan A, Njoroge FG, Chen KX, Venkatraman S, Parekh TN, Gu H, Pichardo J, Butkiewicz N, Prongay A, Madison V, Girijavallabhan V. P2–P4 Macrocyclic inhibitors of hepatitis C virus NS3-4A serine protease. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:3960-5. [PMID: 16730985 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2006] [Revised: 05/05/2006] [Accepted: 05/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis and HCV NS3 serine protease inhibitory activity of 4-hydroxyproline derived macrocyclic inhibitors and SAR around this macrocyclic core is described in this communication. X-ray structure of inhibitor 38 bound to the protease is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Arasappan
- Schering Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA.
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31
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Hiscott J, Lacoste J, Lin R. Recruitment of an interferon molecular signaling complex to the mitochondrial membrane: disruption by hepatitis C virus NS3-4A protease. Biochem Pharmacol 2006; 72:1477-84. [PMID: 16876765 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2006.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2006] [Revised: 06/16/2006] [Accepted: 06/21/2006] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in the understanding of the signaling pathways leading to the host antiviral response to hepatitis C virus (HCV), the mechanisms used by HCV to evade the immune response, and the development of small molecule inhibitors of HCV have generated optimism that novel therapeutic approaches to control HCV disease may soon be available. HCV infection is detected by the cytoplasmic, RNA helicase RIG-I that plays an essential role in signaling to the host antiviral response. Recently the adapter molecule that links RIG-I sensing of incoming viral RNA to downstream signaling and gene activation events was characterized by four different groups: MAVS/IPS-1-1/VISA/Cardif contains an amino-terminal CARD domain and carboxyl-terminal mitochondrial transmembrane sequence that localizes to the mitochondrial membrane. Furthermore, the hepatitis C virus NS3-4A protease complex specifically targets MAVS/IPS-1/VISA/Cardif for cleavage as part of its immune evasion strategy. Using a combination of biochemical analysis, subcellular fractionation and confocal microscopy, we demonstrate that: (1) NS3-4A cleavage of MAVS/IPS-1/VISA/Cardif causes relocation from the mitochondrial membrane to the cytosolic fraction, resulting in disruption of signaling to the antiviral immune response; (2) disruption requires a function NS3-4A protease; (3) a point mutant of MAVS/IPS-1/VISA/Cardif (Cys508Ala) is not cleaved from the mitochondria by active protease; and (4) the virus-induced IKK epsilon kinase, but not TBK1, co-localizes strongly with MAVS at the mitochondrial membrane and the localization of both molecules is disrupted by NS3-4A expression. These observations provide an outline of the mechanism by which HCV evades the IFN antiviral response.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Hiscott
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research-Jewish General Hospital, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada H3T 1E2.
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32
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Huang Z, Murray MG, Secrist JA. Recent development of therapeutics for chronic HCV infection. Antiviral Res 2006; 71:351-62. [PMID: 16828888 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2006.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2006] [Revised: 06/02/2006] [Accepted: 06/07/2006] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The global prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and serious health consequences associated with chronic state of the disease have become a significant health problem worldwide. Currently, there is no vaccine to prevent the disease and no specific antiviral drug directed against HCV infection. The current standard of care, interferon-based therapies, both alone or in combination with ribavirin, has demonstrated limited success and is associated with undesirable side effects. Thus, the treatment of the chronic HCV infection represents an unmet medical need. With advances in the understanding of HCV replication and the crystal structures of the virally encoded enzymes, the HCV NS3/4A serine protease and the NS5B RNA-dependent RNA polymerase have emerged as ideal targets toward the control of the disease and the development of new anti-HCV agents. In this review, we will summarize the current treatment options, and outline the approaches toward discovery of small molecule antivirals against the virally encoded enzymes. The current clinical studies of promising lead compounds are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuhui Huang
- Southern Research Institute, 431 Aviation Way, Frederick, MD 21701, USA.
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33
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Koch U, Attenni B, Malancona S, Colarusso S, Conte I, Di Filippo M, Harper S, Pacini B, Giomini C, Thomas S, Incitti I, Tomei L, De Francesco R, Altamura S, Matassa VG, Narjes F. 2-(2-Thienyl)-5,6-dihydroxy-4-carboxypyrimidines as inhibitors of the hepatitis C virus NS5B polymerase: discovery, SAR, modeling, and mutagenesis. J Med Chem 2006; 49:1693-705. [PMID: 16509585 DOI: 10.1021/jm051064t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Infections caused by hepatitis C virus (HCV) are a significant world health problem for which novel therapies are in urgent demand. The polymerase of HCV is responsible for the replication of viral RNA. We recently disclosed dihydroxypyrimidine carboxylates 2 as novel, reversible inhibitors of the HCV NS5B polymerase. This series was further developed into 5,6-dihydroxy-2-(2-thienyl)pyrimidine-4-carboxylic acids such as 34 (EC50 9.3 microM), which now show activity in the cell-based HCV replication assay. The structure-activity relationship of these inhibitors is discussed in the context of their physicochemical properties and of the polymerase crystal structure. We also report the results of mutagenesis experiments which support the proposed binding model, which involves pyrophosphate-like chelation of the active site Mg ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Koch
- Istituto Di Ricerche Di Biologia Molecolare, P. Angeletti S.p.A. (Merck Research Laboratories, Rome), Via Pontina Km 30,600, 00040 Pomezia, Italy.
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34
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Stauber RE, Stadlbauer V. Novel approaches for therapy of chronic hepatitis C. J Clin Virol 2006; 36:87-94. [PMID: 16546442 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2006.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2006] [Accepted: 02/14/2006] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Currently available anti-HCV therapy is effective in only half of the patients and limited by side effects that often necessitate discontinuation. Therefore, new treatment strategies are being developed including (i) the optimization of current regimens, (ii) the use of additional agents working via novel mechanisms, and (iii) anti-fibrotic strategies. Many new antiviral compounds are now being studied in preclinical and clinical trials. This review will focus on drugs that have already entered the stage of phase 2 or phase 3 studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf E Stauber
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
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35
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Seidah NG. Unexpected similarity between the cytosolic West Nile virus NS3 and the secretory furin-like serine proteinases. Biochem J 2006; 393:e1-3. [PMID: 16371006 PMCID: PMC1360712 DOI: 10.1042/bj20051787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Many viral proteins undergo proteolytic processing events that are required for virus infection and virion assembly. In this issue of Biochemical Journal, Strongin and co-workers report that the NS3 protease from West Nile virus unexpectedly cleaves certain substrates at pairs of basic residues, a specificity that resembles that of the furin-like PCs (proprotein convertases). This led to the demonstration that furin/PC inhibitors containing poly(D-arginine) are also potent inhibitors of NS3, and that anthrax toxin protective antigen and myelin basic protein are potential NS3 substrates. Structural modelling based on Dengue virus NS3 provided a possible rationale for the observed cleavage specificity of West Nile virus NS3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil G Seidah
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, 110 Pine Ave West, Montreal, QC, H2W 1R7, Canada.
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