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Sánchez-Sabaté J, Gutiérrez H, Marco-Contreras LA, Younes-Egana O, Gonzalo-Skok O, Piedrafita E. Influence of Vertical-Oriented vs. Horizontal-Oriented Combined Strength Training in Young Basketball Players. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:1280-1287. [PMID: 38595275 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Sánchez-Sabaté, J, Gutiérrez, H, Marco-Contreras, LA, Younes-Egana, O, Gonzalo-Skok, O, and Piedrafita, E. Influence of vertical-oriented vs. horizontal-oriented combined strength training in young basketball players. J Strength Cond Res 38(7): 1280-1287, 2024-This study aimed to compare the effects of 8-week combined vertical-oriented vs. horizontal-oriented training interventions in basketball athletes. Eighteen highly trained U-16 basketball players participated in this study and were randomly assigned to either a combined vertical-oriented training group (CVG, n = 9) or a combined horizontal-oriented training group (CHG, n = 9). Bilateral and unilateral vertical jump height, unilateral horizontal jump distance, 5-m, 10-m, and 20-m sprint times, change-of-direction sprint times, and a limb symmetry index were among the measured performance variables. Combined strength training was performed twice a week for 8 weeks. CVG was compounded by the squat exercise (3 sets of 6-8 R at 30-45% 1 repetition maximum [1RM]), jump squats (2 sets of 6 R, at 5-12.5% body mass [BM]), and vertical jumps (3-4 sets × 6 R). CHG included the hip thrust exercise (3 sets of 6-8 R at 30-45% 1RM), sled towing sprints (2-3 R, at 5-12.5% BM), and sprints (3-4 R of 20-m). Within-group differences showed significant ( p < 0.05 and statistical power >80%) improvements in unilateral vertical jumping with the right leg after both training interventions. By contrast, only CHG improved 5-m, 10-m, and 20-m sprint times ( p < 0.05 and statistical power >80%). Significant effects were observed for CHG compared with CVG in 5-m, 10-m, and 20-m sprint times ( p < 0.05 and statistical power >80%). This study reinforces the importance of oriented-combined training based on force-vector specificity target, mainly in horizontal-oriented actions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Oliver Gonzalo-Skok
- Department of Communication and Education, Universidad Loyola Andalucía, Sevilla, Spain
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Tuttle MC, Power CJ, Dalbo VJ, Scanlan AT. Intensity Zones and Intensity Thresholds Used to Quantify External Load in Competitive Basketball: A Systematic Review. Sports Med 2024:10.1007/s40279-024-02058-5. [PMID: 38888854 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-024-02058-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite widespread use of intensity zones to quantify external load variables in basketball research, the consistency in identifying zones and accompanying intensity thresholds using predominant monitoring approaches in training and games remains unclear. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this work was to examine the external load intensity zones and thresholds adopted across basketball studies using video-based time-motion analysis (TMA), microsensors, and local positioning systems (LPS). METHODS PubMed, MEDLINE, and SPORTDiscus databases were searched from inception until 31 January 2023 for studies using intensity zones to quantify external load during basketball training sessions or games. Studies were excluded if they examined players participating in recreational or wheelchair basketball, were reviews or meta-analyses, or utilized monitoring approaches other than video-based TMA, microsensors, or LPS. RESULTS Following screening, 86 studies were included. Video-based TMA studies consistently classified jogging, running, sprinting, and jumping as intensity zones, but demonstrated considerable variation in classifying low-intensity (standing and walking) and basketball-specific activities. Microsensor studies mostly utilized a single, and rather consistent, threshold to identify only high-intensity activities (> 3.5 m·s-2 for accelerations, decelerations, and changes-in-direction or > 40 cm for jumps), not separately quantifying lower intensity zones. Similarly, LPS studies predominantly quantified only high-intensity activities in a relatively consistent manner for speed (> 18.0 m·s-1) and acceleration/deceleration zones (> 2.0 m·s-2); however, the thresholds adopted for various intensity zones differed greatly to those used in TMA and microsensor research. CONCLUSIONS Notable inconsistencies were mostly evident for low-intensity activities, basketball-specific activities, and between the different monitoring approaches. Accordingly, we recommend further research to inform the development of consensus guidelines outlining suitable approaches when setting external load intensity zones and accompanying thresholds in research and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Tuttle
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD, Australia.
| | - Cody J Power
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD, Australia
| | - Vincent J Dalbo
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD, Australia
| | - Aaron T Scanlan
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD, Australia
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Douligeris A, Methenitis S, Stavropoulos-Kalinoglou A, Panayiotou G, Vogazianos P, Lazou A, Feidantsis K, Giaginis C, Papanikolaou K, Arnaoutis G, Manios Y, Jamurtas AZ, Papadopoulou SK. Effects of Four Weeks of In-Season Pre-Workout Supplementation on Performance, Body Composition, Muscle Damage, and Health-Related Markers in Basketball Players: A Randomized Controlled Study. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2024; 9:85. [PMID: 38804451 PMCID: PMC11130865 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk9020085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
This randomized, double-blinded, experimental study investigated the effects of a four-week daily pre-workout supplementation (200 mg caffeine, 3.3 g creatine monohydrate, 3.2 g β-alanine, 6 g citrulline malate, and 5 g BCAA) vs. placebo (isocaloric maltodextrin) on anaerobic (jumping, sprinting, agility, and the running-based anaerobic sprint test: RAST) and aerobic (Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1) performance, as well as on body composition and selective muscle damage/health-related blood markers in well-trained basketball players during the in-season period. Eighteen basketball players (age: 24.4 ± 6.3 years, height: 185.7 ± 8.0 cm, weight: 85.7 ± 12.8 kg, body fat: 16.5 ± 4.2%) were randomly assigned into two groups: pre-workout supplement (PWS, n = 10) or placebo (PL, n = 8). PWS consumption increased aerobic performance (PWS: 8 ± 6%; PL: -2 ± 6%; p = 0.004) compared to PL. A significant decrease was observed in peak (F = 7.0; p = 0.017), average (F = 10.7; p = 0.005), and minimum power (F = 5.1; p = 0.039) following 4 weeks of supplementation in both groups. No other significant changes were observed between groups (p > 0.05). In conclusion, the consumption of the current PWS over a four-week period appears to positively influence the aerobic performance of well-trained basketball players during the in-season period. However, it does not appear to mitigate the observed decline in anaerobic power, nor does it affect performance in jumping, sprinting, and agility, or alter body composition or selective muscle damage/health-related blood markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Douligeris
- Department of Nutrition Sciences and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, International Hellenic University, GR-57400 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.D.); (S.M.); (K.F.)
| | - Spyridon Methenitis
- Department of Nutrition Sciences and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, International Hellenic University, GR-57400 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.D.); (S.M.); (K.F.)
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education & Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, GR-15772 Athens, Greece
- Theseus, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Center, GR-17671 Athens, Greece
| | - Antonios Stavropoulos-Kalinoglou
- Carnegie School of Sports, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds LS1 3HE, UK;
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Science, University of Thessaly, GR-42100 Trikala, Greece; (K.P.); (A.Z.J.)
| | - George Panayiotou
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, 1516 Nicosia, Cyprus;
| | - Paris Vogazianos
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Humanities, Social and Education Sciences, European University Cyprus, 2404 Nicosia, Cyprus;
| | - Antonia Lazou
- Department of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, GR-11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Konstantinos Feidantsis
- Department of Nutrition Sciences and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, International Hellenic University, GR-57400 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.D.); (S.M.); (K.F.)
- Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Patras, GR-26504 Mesolonghi, Greece
| | - Constantinos Giaginis
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Environment, University of the Aegean, GR-81400 Myrina, Greece;
| | - Konstantinos Papanikolaou
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Science, University of Thessaly, GR-42100 Trikala, Greece; (K.P.); (A.Z.J.)
| | - Giannis Arnaoutis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences and Education, Harokopio University, GR-17671 Athens, Greece; (G.A.); (Y.M.)
| | - Yannis Manios
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences and Education, Harokopio University, GR-17671 Athens, Greece; (G.A.); (Y.M.)
- Institute of Agri-Food and Life Sciences, Hellenic Mediterranean University Research Centre, GR-71410 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Athanasios Z. Jamurtas
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Science, University of Thessaly, GR-42100 Trikala, Greece; (K.P.); (A.Z.J.)
| | - Sousana K. Papadopoulou
- Department of Nutrition Sciences and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, International Hellenic University, GR-57400 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.D.); (S.M.); (K.F.)
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Feng W, Wang F, Han Y, Li G. The effect of 12-week core strength training on dynamic balance, agility, and dribbling skill in adolescent basketball players. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27544. [PMID: 38533080 PMCID: PMC10963231 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of the study was to examine the impact of core strength training on the dynamic balance, agility, and dribbling ability of adolescent basketball players. Methods A randomized controlled between-subjects design was employed. Forty-four male adolescent basketball players (aged 14.41 ± 3.22 years) were randomly divided into two groups: the core strength training (CST) group and the conventional training (CT) group. The CST program included 1-h sessions, three times/week for 12 weeks. In contrast, the CT group provided a thorough physical training program that targeted general conditioning rather than focusing solely on core strength. Three measurements were used to evaluate performance in players: the Star Excursion Balance Test, the Illinois Agility Test, and the Dribbling Test conducted at T0 (week 0), T1 (week 6), and T2 (week 12), respectively. Results Compared to the CT group, the CST group showed a greater improvement (p < 0.05) in dynamic balance, particularly in the anterior, posteromedial, and posterolateral directions, with significant interaction effects (p < 0.05) observed in these measures. Additionally, Bonferroni post-hoc revealed that the CST group demonstrated notably better agility (p < 0.05) at T2; whereas, improvements in dribbling skills were significant (p < 0.05) within the CST group from T1 to T2, but not when compared to the CT group (p > 0.05). Conclusion The 12-week CST program significantly improved dynamic balance, agility, and dribbling skills in adolescent basketball players, demonstrating its potential as a valuable training component. Future research should explore CST's impact on other sport-specific elements and its applicability to female players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Feng
- Physical Education Department, Guangzhou Huashang College, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Faculty of Education, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yan Han
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Gui Li
- Physical Education Department, Guangzhou Huashang College, Guangzhou, China
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Tosarelli F, Buckthorpe M, Di Paolo S, Grassi A, Rodas G, Zaffagnini S, Nanni G, Della Villa F. Video Analysis of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries in Male Professional Basketball Players: Injury Mechanisms, Situational Patterns, and Biomechanics. Orthop J Sports Med 2024; 12:23259671241234880. [PMID: 38524890 PMCID: PMC10960353 DOI: 10.1177/23259671241234880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Improving our understanding of the situations and biomechanics that result in an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury in basketball players may support the design of more effective programs to mitigate the risk of injury. Purpose To (1) describe the mechanisms, situational patterns, and gross biomechanics (kinematics) of ACL injuries in professional basketball matches using video analysis and (2) document the distribution of ACL injuries according to player position, phase of the match, and location on the court. Study Design Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods A total of 38 ACL injuries in professional male European basketball leagues from the 2013-2014 to 2019-2020 seasons were identified. There were 36 (95%) injury videos analyzed for injury mechanisms and situational patterns, while biomechanical analysis was possible in 32 cases. Overall, 3 independent reviewers evaluated each video. Data according to player position (n = 38), phase of the match (n = 38), and location on the court (n = 36) were evaluated. Results More injuries occurred while attacking (n = 25 [69%]) than defending (n = 11 [31%]). There was 1 (3%) direct contact injury, 21 (58%) indirect contact injuries, and 14 (39%) noncontact injuries. Most injuries (83%) occurred during 3 main situations: offensive cut (n = 17 [47%]), landing from a jump (n = 8 [22%]), and defensive cut (n = 5 [14%]). Injuries generally involved knee flexion (with minimal hip/trunk flexion and reduced plantarflexion) in the sagittal plane and knee valgus loading in most cases (75%). A similar number of injuries occurred during the first (53%) and second (47%) halves of the match, with a higher prevalence in the second (37%) and fourth (34%) quarters. Half of the injuries occurred during the first 10 minutes of effective playing time. More injuries occurred in guards (58%), and 73% of all injuries occurred in the scoring zone. Conclusion Indirect contact was the main injury mechanism found in male professional basketball players. The offensive cut was the most common situational pattern. Biomechanical analysis confirmed a multiplanar mechanism, with knee loading in the sagittal plane accompanied by dynamic valgus. More injuries occurred in the first 10 minutes of a player's effective playing time, within the scoring zone, and among guards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Tosarelli
- Education and Research Department, Isokinetic Medical Group, Bologna, Italy
| | - Matthew Buckthorpe
- Education and Research Department, Isokinetic Medical Group, Bologna, Italy
- Faculty of Sport, Technology and Health Sciences, St Mary's University, Twickenham, London, UK
| | - Stefano Di Paolo
- Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologica II, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alberto Grassi
- Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologica II, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gil Rodas
- Medical Services, Football Club Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Barça Innovation Hub, Football Club Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stefano Zaffagnini
- Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologica II, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gianni Nanni
- Education and Research Department, Isokinetic Medical Group, Bologna, Italy
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Viramontes E, Dawes JJ, Coburn JW, Lockie RG. Strength Training Frequency and Athletic Performance in High School Girls Basketball Players. J Hum Kinet 2024; 91:19-31. [PMID: 38689579 PMCID: PMC11057622 DOI: 10.5114/jhk/184042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of a six-week strength training intervention on the physical fitness of female high school athletes, with a focus on training frequency. Twenty-three female high school basketball athletes were recruited and split into two groups: one group participated in strength training once per week (S1), while the other participated in two training sessions per week (S2). The groups were not random as training sessions were voluntary, and some participants were only able to train once per week. Participants were tested before and after the intervention, and the data included: age, body height, body mass, body fat percentage, grip strength, leg/back dynamometer (LBD) strength, a seated medicine ball throw (MBT), a vertical jump (VJ), 505 tests from each foot, 0-5, 0-10, and 0-20 sprint times, and multistage fitness test shuttles. Data were analyzed by a two (time) x two (group) repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA; p < 0.05). When significant F ratios were detected in any ANOVA calculations, post hoc pairwise comparisons were conducted using the Bonferroni adjustment procedure. There were significant main effects for time that indicated the following: increased body height, body mass, grip strength, LBD strength, MBT distance, and VJ height, faster 505 times, and slower 0-5 and 0-10 m sprint times (p ≤ 0.021). There were no significant time by group ANOVAs or between-group main effects. These performance changes occurred irrespective of training frequency. High school girls who participate in at least one strength training session per week can improve their strength (grip, LBD), power (MBT, VJ), and change-of-direction speed (505).
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Viramontes
- Center for Sport Performance, Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, CA, USA
| | - J. Jay Dawes
- School of Kinesiology, Applied Health and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
- Tactical Fitness and Nutrition Lab, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Jared W. Coburn
- Center for Sport Performance, Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, CA, USA
| | - Robert G. Lockie
- Center for Sport Performance, Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, CA, USA
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Zelenović M, Kontro T, Čaušević D, Bjelica B, Aksović N, Milanović Z. Warm-up is an efficient strategy to prevent diurnal variation of short-term maximal performance in young basketball players. Chronobiol Int 2024; 41:439-446. [PMID: 38353223 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2024.2313646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to investigate: 1) whether there were morning-to-evening differences in short-term maximal performance and 2) the impact of prolonged and specific warm-up on short-term maximal performance diurnal variations in young basketball players. Fifteen basketball players of both sexes (Male = 8; Female = 7; age: 14.4 ± 0.46 yr; weight: 64.7 ± 7.1 kg; height: 175.2 ± 6.6 cm; BMI: 21.1 ± 1.9 kg/m2) completed the following short-term maximal performance tests: CMJ with and without arm swing, Lane Agility Drill, Zig-Zag agility test with and without the ball, Sprint 20 m with and without the ball with the passage at 5 and 10 m. All tests were performed after the 15-min standard warm-up procedure (with static stretching) and/or 25-min specific warm-up (with prolonged running and dynamic stretching) in the morning and evening. Vertical jumping tests and all change-of-direction speed tests (with and without a ball) with superior responses were achieved in the evening after standard warm-up among all participants (p < 0.05). In contrast, superior short-term maximal performance was observed in the morning after prolonged and specific warm-up protocol (p < 0.05). It was concluded that specific and prolonged warm-up protocols are suitable strategy to prevent diurnal variation in short-term maximal performance in young basketball players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Zelenović
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of East Sarajevo, East Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Titta Kontro
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Denis Čaušević
- Faculty of Sports and Physical Education, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Bojan Bjelica
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of East Sarajevo, East Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Nikola Aksović
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Priština-Kosovska Mitrovica, Leposavić, Serbia
| | - Zoran Milanović
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Nis, Nis, Serbia
- Science and Research Centre, Institute for Kinesiology Research, Koper, Slovenia
- Faculty of Sports Studies, Incubator of Kinanthropological Research, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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Cassinat JJ, Aceto M, Schwartzman J, Ghattas Y, Gapinski Z, Service BC. Multivariate Analysis of Risk Factors for Injury and Surgical Interventions in Ankle and Knee Injuries in NBA Athletes. Open Access J Sports Med 2024; 15:1-8. [PMID: 38348303 PMCID: PMC10859044 DOI: 10.2147/oajsm.s442750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Lower extremity ankle and knee injuries occur at a high rate in the National Basketball Association (NBA) often requiring surgical intervention. This study aimed to identify surgical rates and risk factors for surgical intervention using multivariate analysis in ankle and knee injuries in NBA player. Methods Player demographics, performance metrics, advanced statistics, and injury characteristics were recorded using publicly available data. To standardize injury events over multiple years, injury events per 1000 athlete exposure events (AE, one player participating in one game) were calculated. Descriptive analysis and multivariate logistic regression were completed to find associations with surgical intervention in ankle and knee injuries. Results A total of 1153 ankle and knee injuries were included in the analysis with 73 (6.33%) lower extremity injuries treated with surgery. Knee injuries had a higher incidence of surgical intervention (0.23 AE) than ankle injuries (0.04 AE). The most frequent surgical knee injury was meniscus tear treated with meniscus repair (0.05 AE) and the most frequent ankle surgery was surgical debridement (0.01 AE) Multivariate logistic regression indicated lower extremity injuries that required surgery were associated with more minutes per game played (odds ratio [OR] 1.13; p = 0.02), a greater usage rate (OR 1.02 p < 0.001), the center position (OR 1.64; 95% [CI] 1.2-2.24; p = 0.002) and lower player efficiency rating (OR 0.96; 95% p < 0.001). Conclusion Knee surgery was significantly more frequent than ankle surgery despite similar injury rates per 1000 exposures. The center position had the greatest risk for lower extremity injury followed by minutes played while a higher player efficiency rating was protective against surgical intervention. Developing strategies to address these factors will help in the management and prevention of lower extremity injuries requiring surgical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Cassinat
- Department of Medicine, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Matthew Aceto
- Department of Medicine, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Jonathan Schwartzman
- Department of Medicine, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Yasmine Ghattas
- Department of Medicine, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Zachary Gapinski
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Orlando Health Jewett Orthopedic Institute, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Benjamin C Service
- Department of Medicine, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, FL, USA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Orlando Health Jewett Orthopedic Institute, Orlando, FL, USA
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Čović N, Čaušević D, Alexe CI, Rani B, Dulceanu CR, Abazović E, Lupu GS, Alexe DI. Relations between specific athleticism and morphology in young basketball players. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1276953. [PMID: 37877119 PMCID: PMC10593457 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1276953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Basketball is a fast-paced intermittent team sport, wherein the players must exhibit different morphologies and fitness levels depending on their position. The aim of this study was to assess the differences in the athleticism of basketball players by playing positions and in its relations with body composition and anthropometric measures. It was hypothesized that calculated athleticism has stronger and better predictive relations with morphology compared to motoric tests alone. Methods 47 basketball players were divided into three groups according to playing position [guards (n = 14), forwards (n = 22), centers (n = 11)]. Body composition and anthropometrical measurements were done for all players. Athleticism was presented in terms of overall (OFS), jumping (JFS) and sprinting (SFS) fitness scores. Results Fitness scores were found to be more strongly related to body composition and anthropometry measurements than motoric tests alone. All three fitness scores were moderate to strongly correlated with skinfold thickness and fat percentage, while body height, fat-free mass, and lean body mass were positively correlated. Significant differences in athleticism fitness scores were found between guards and other groups. Forwards displayed superior athleticism in power and sprint abilities when compared to guards and centers. Multivariate logistic regression revealed that fat percentage, lean muscle mass, skinfold thickness, and arm span exhibited strong predictive capabilities in relation to athleticism scores. Conclusions Coaches and practitioners should be aware that athleticism includes a multitude of components, and they should use athleticism assessments before designing training regimens that are tailored to each position's unique needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nedim Čović
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Denis Čaušević
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Cristina Ioana Alexe
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Performance, Faculty of Movement, Sports and Health Sciences, “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Bacau, Romania
| | - Babina Rani
- Department of Physical Rehabilitation & Medicine (Physiotherapy), Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Corina Ramona Dulceanu
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Performance, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Aurel Vlaicu University of Arad, Arad, România
| | - Ensar Abazović
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Gabriel Stanica Lupu
- Department of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Movement, Sports and Health Sciences, “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Bacau, Romania
| | - Dan Iulian Alexe
- Department of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Movement, Sports and Health Sciences, “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Bacau, Romania
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Rosvoglou A, Fatouros IG, Poulios A, Tsatalas T, Papanikolaou K, Karampina E, Liakou CA, Tsimeas P, Karanika P, Tsoukas D, Katrabasas I, Chatzinikolaou A, Deli CK, Giakas G, Jamurtas AZ, Draganidis D. Recovery kinetics following eccentric exercise is volume-dependent. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:1326-1335. [PMID: 37864292 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2272101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
The present study compared the effect of 75 vs 150 vs 300 intensity-matched eccentric contractions on muscle damage and performance recovery kinetics. Ten healthy males participated in a randomized, cross-over study consisted of 4 experimental trials (ECC75, ECC150, ECC300 and Control - no exercise) with a 4-week washout period in-between. Performance and muscle damage, inflammatory and oxidative stress markers were evaluated at baseline, post-exercise, 24, 48 and 192 hours following each exercise protocol. Concentric and eccentric peak torque decreased similarly in ECC150 and ECC300 during the first 48 h of recovery (p < 0.05) but remained unaffected in ECC75. Countermovement jump indices decreased post-exercise and at 24 h in ECC150 and ECC300, with ECC300 inducing a more pronounced reduction (p < 0.05). Creatine kinase increased until 48 h of recovery in all trials and remained elevated up to 192 h only in ECC300 (p < 0.05). Delayed onset of muscle soreness increased, and knee-joint range of motion decreased in a volume-dependent manner during the first 48 h (p < 0.05). Likewise, a volume-dependent decline of glutathione and a rise of protein carbonyls was observed during the first 48 h of recovery (p < 0.05). Collectively, our results indicate that muscle damage and performance recovery following eccentric exercise is volume dependent, at least in lower limbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Rosvoglou
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
| | - Ioannis G Fatouros
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
| | - Athanasios Poulios
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
| | - Themistoklis Tsatalas
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
| | | | - Evaggeli Karampina
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini, Greece
| | - Christina A Liakou
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Tsimeas
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
| | - Panagiota Karanika
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Tsoukas
- 5th Orthopaedic Clinic for Advanced Arthroscopic Sports and Regenerative Surgery, Mitera Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Athanasios Chatzinikolaou
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini, Greece
| | - Chariklia K Deli
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
| | - Giannis Giakas
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
| | - Athanasios Z Jamurtas
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Draganidis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
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11
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Flórez Gil E, Rodríguez-Fernández A, Vaquera A, Suárez-Iglesias D, Scanlan AT. The discriminative, criterion, and longitudinal validity of small-sided games to assess physical fitness in female basketball players. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:1498-1506. [PMID: 37947079 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2279819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The validity of small-sided games (SSG) for assessing physical fitness was evaluated in 21 female basketball players from senior (n = 8), under-18 years (n = 6), and under-16 years (n = 7) age categories. Players underwent fitness testing (countermovement jump [CMJ], agility T-test, repeated-sprint ability (RSA) test, and Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test [YYIRT1]) and 3vs3-SSG before and after a 6-week preseason. Player demands were monitored during SSG using local positioning system and heart rate technology. Regarding discriminative validity, senior players produced better CMJ, agility T-test, and YYIRT1 performance (p < 0.05, effect size [ES] = 1.72-2.25), and more distance and PlayerLoad (p < 0.05, ES = 1.53-2.47) during SSG than under-18 players following the preseason. For criterion validity, total distance and distance completing high-intensity decelerations during SSG were significantly (p < 0.05) correlated with CMJ (r = 0.44-0.66), YYIRT1 (r = 0.43-0.63), agility T-test (total distance only, r=-0.51), and RSA test performance (r=-0.49 to -0.52) among all players combined following the preseason. Regarding longitudinal validity, significantly better agility T-test and YYIRT1 performance (p ≤ 0.001, ES = 0.88-0.93) alongside lower heart rate during SSG (p = 0.001, ES = 0.88) were evident for all players combined following the preseason. These results partially support the validity of 3vs3-SSG to assess physical fitness in female basketball players.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alejandro Rodríguez-Fernández
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, VALFIS Research Group, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Alejandro Vaquera
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, VALFIS Research Group, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), Universidad de León, León, Spain
- School of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Worcester, Worcester, UK
| | - David Suárez-Iglesias
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, VALFIS Research Group, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Aaron T Scanlan
- School of Health, Medical, and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia
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Philipp NM, Cabarkapa D, Eserhaut DA, Yu D, Fry AC. Repeat sprint fatigue and altered neuromuscular performance in recreationally trained basketball players. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0288736. [PMID: 37459308 PMCID: PMC10351699 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary aim of the present study was to investigate how the fatigue induced through a repeat sprint protocol acutely affected different measures of neuromuscular performance. Recreationally trained basketball players (n = 25) volunteered to participate in the study, and performed three countermovement jumps (CMJ), as well as three drop jumps (DJ) prior to a fatiguing repeat sprint protocol. These procedures were repeated two minutes, and 15 minutes, following the protocol. Various force-time metrics were extracted from the jump tasks, and linear mixed models with subject ID as the random factor, and time as the fixed factor were used to investigate changes across the three time points. To account for the performance during the repeat sprint protocol, a second, two factor model was performed with time and repeat sprint ability (RSA) as the fixed factors. Study results indicated that the sample as a whole merely experienced fatigue-induced decreases in jump height from pre-repeat sprint ability protocol (pre-RSA) within the CMJ compared to two minutes post-repeat sprint ability protocol (post-RSA1) and 15 minutes post-repeat sprint ability protocol (post-RSA2), while jump height within the DJ was only significantly different from pre-RSA at post-RSA1. Further, despite the implementation of the fatiguing RSA protocol, over the course of the three time-points, participants seemed to perform the two jump tasks more efficiently, seen through significantly lower contraction times, greater eccentric (ECC) peak power, and greater ECC mean deceleration force within the CMJ following the RSA task. The two-factor model revealed that several significant time*RSA interactions were found for metrics such as ECC peak velocity and peak power in the CMJ, as well as reactive strength index in the DJ. This suggests that the level of RSA influenced changes across CMJ and DJ characteristics and should be accounted for when interpreting fatigue-induced changes in neuromuscular performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas M. Philipp
- Jayhawk Athletic Performance Laboratory, Wu Tsai Human Performance Alliance – University of Kansas, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Dimitrije Cabarkapa
- Jayhawk Athletic Performance Laboratory, Wu Tsai Human Performance Alliance – University of Kansas, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Drake A. Eserhaut
- Jayhawk Athletic Performance Laboratory, Wu Tsai Human Performance Alliance – University of Kansas, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Daniel Yu
- Orlando Magic, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Andrew C. Fry
- Jayhawk Athletic Performance Laboratory, Wu Tsai Human Performance Alliance – University of Kansas, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
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Zeng J, Pojskic H, Xu J, Xu Y, Xu F. Acute physiological, perceived exertion and enjoyment responses during a 4-week basketball training: a small-sided game vs. high-intensity interval training. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1181646. [PMID: 37434880 PMCID: PMC10332315 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Although previous research found that small-sided game (SSG) training was more enjoyable than high-intensity interval training (HIT) in various sports, no data were provided during longer training period in basketball. Furthermore, the comparison of internal loads between the two training approaches needs to be further examined. Thus, this study aimed to examine the acute physiological, perceived exertion and enjoyment responses during 4-week progressive basketball SSG or HIT programs. Methods Nineteen female collegiate basketball players were randomly assigned to two groups that performed either HIT (n = 10) or SSG (n = 9) 3 times per week for 4 continuous weeks. Average and percentage of maximal heart rate (HRmean and %HRmax), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and physical activity enjoyment (PACES) were determined during each training session. Results There was a main group effect in PACES (p < 0.001; ηp2 = 0.44, moderate), and SSG had higher PACES than HIT in each week (p < 0.05). There were no significant interactions or main group effects in HRmean, %HRmax or RPE, but a main time effect was found in HRmean (p = 0.004; ηp2 = 0.16, minimum), %HRmax (p < 0.001; ηp2 = 0.25, minimum), and RPE (p < 0.001; ηp2 = 0.31, moderate), respectively. In the SSG group, although no significant differences were found in HR responses, %HRmax was below 90% in week 1 and week 2. Accompanied with changes in %HRmax, RPE in week 1 and week 2 was lower than that in week 3 and week 4 (p < 0.05). Conclusion Our findings suggest that SSG and HIT elicit similar acute HR response and RPE level, but SSG is perceived as more enjoyable and therefore it is more likely to increase exercise motivation and adherence comparing to HIT. Moreover, it seems that half-court, 2 vs. 2 SS Gtraining format with modified rules and lasting ≥ 7.5 min should be prescribed as an enjoyable training alternative to provide optimal cardiovascular stimuli (> 90% of HRmax) for female basketball players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinshu Zeng
- School of Physical Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haris Pojskic
- Department of Sports Science, Faculty of Social Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Jing Xu
- School of Physical Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuanhong Xu
- School of Physical Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fei Xu
- School of Physical Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
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14
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Saunders B, da Costa LR, de Souza RAS, Barreto G, Marticorena FM. Caffeine and sport. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2023; 106:95-127. [PMID: 37722778 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2023.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Caffeine is a trimethylxanthine found in coffee and several other foods and beverages. Its stimulatory effects make it an interesting strategy to boost performance for athletic populations. Scientific evidence supports its efficacy to improve high-intensity endurance exercise, explosive and high-intensity efforts, resistance exercise, team sports and combat sports, though individual variation in the ergogenic response to caffeine exists. Supplementation can be taken in many forms including dissolved in water, via capsules, coffee, energy drinks and caffeinated gum; ingestion via capsules, dissolved in water or in caffeinated gum appear to be most effective. Variability in the exercise response following caffeine supplementation may be explained by genetic factors or habitual caffeine consumption. Caffeine is an excellent supplement for athletes looking to improve their exercise performance, though some consideration of side-effects and impact on sleep are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Saunders
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Larissa Registro da Costa
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Augusto Silva de Souza
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Barreto
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Felipe Miguel Marticorena
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Physical Performance and Morphological Characteristics of Young Basketball Players before and after COVID-19. CHILDREN 2023; 10:children10030493. [PMID: 36980050 PMCID: PMC10047089 DOI: 10.3390/children10030493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine possible changes in physical performance and morphological characteristics in young basketball players before and after quarantine caused by COVID-19. The research was conducted on a total sample of 46 young basketball players. Participants were measured before the quarantine and pandemic in January 2020 and then after the quarantine period, one year later in March 2021. The results indicate the existence of significant differences in total muscle mass (p < 0.01) in favor of higher values measured before quarantine. Moreover, total fat percentage was higher (p < 0.03) after quarantine. As for physical performance, significant differences were also observed in the counter movement jump test (p < 0.05) and the 20 m shuttle run test (p < 0.05), with significantly poorer results for the group of participants measured after quarantine. The authors conclude that the consequences of the quarantine and pandemic of the SARS-CoV-2 virus were definitely negative, as higher values of body fat and lower values of the percentage of total muscle mass were observed. In addition, a lower level of the explosive power of lower limbs was observed, accompanied by lower aerobic endurance in young basketball players.
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16
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Physical and Performance Characteristics of 3×3 Professional Male Basketball Players. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:sports11010017. [PMID: 36668721 PMCID: PMC9863738 DOI: 10.3390/sports11010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite exponential growth in popularity over the last decade and recently becoming an Olympic sport, the amount of scientific literature focused on depicting a profile of successful 3×3 basketball players is sparse. Thus, the purpose of this study was to present the physical and performance characteristics of professional 3×3 male basketball players and how they differ between elite and non-elite athletes. The anthropometrics, vertical jump, agility, and sprint performance parameters collected from ten players during regular training sessions were (x¯ ± SD): height (193.7 ± 4.5 cm), weight (89.2 ± 4.1 cm), wingspan (196.5 ± 5.2 cm), squat jump (43.5 ± 4.6 cm), countermovement jump with (53.3 ± 4.4 cm) and without an arm swing (46.3 ± 4.0 cm), reactive strength index (2.4 ± 0.3 m/s), t-test (10.3 ± 0.3 s), 505 drill (2.4 ± 0.2 s), 10 m sprint (1.5 ± 0.1 s), 30 m sprint (4.0 ± 0.3 s), shuttle run (27.7 ± 1.7 s), and bench press (98.2 ± 10.0 kg) and back squat (139.5 ± 17.6 kg) one repetition maximum. Additionally, the average and maximal heart rate (HR) responses during simulated games were 160.6 ± 8.0 and 188.5 ± 6.3 bpm, with players spending 6.3 ± 4.2, 11.4 ± 5.2, 13.9 ± 3.5, 26.4 ± 10.4, and 42.1 ± 10.0% of the total time in HR Zones 1-5, respectively. Interestingly, no statistically significant differences in the aforementioned physical and performance parameters were noted between elite and non-elite players. Overall, the findings of the present study provide coaches, sports scientists, and strength and conditioning practitioners with information that can aid in the athlete selection process, detection of areas for further improvement, and development of training regimens that resemble 3×3 basketball on-court competitive demands.
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Vencúrik T, Milanović Z, Lazić A, Li F, Matulaitis K, Rupčić T. Performance factors that negatively influence shooting efficiency in women's basketball. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1042718. [PMID: 36505065 PMCID: PMC9732519 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1042718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to examine the influence of selected factors (possession duration, game quarter, defensive pressure, shooting distance from the basket, and heart rate level) on shooting efficiency on Under-19 (U19) and senior level of women's basketball competition (second division). The analysis procedures included five U19 and six senior-level games, containing 224 and 252 shooting attempts, respectively. Binary logistic regression identified the opponent's defensive pressure and shooting distance from the basket as significant predictors of shooting efficiency in both categories. When defensive pressure was high, the chance for the missed shot was 3.5 (95% CI; 1.43-8.52) and 3.19 (95% CI; 1.4-7.26) times more likely than it was under the minimum defensive pressure for U19 and senior category, respectively. Shooting efficiency significantly decreased when the horizontal distance from the basket increased. In U19, a chance for a missed shot was 4.63 (95% CI; 2-10.712) and 5.15 (95% CI; 1.91-13.86) times higher for medium and long-distance (respectively), compared to short-range shooting. In the senior category, the chance for the missed shot was 3.9 (95% CI; 1.83-8.31) and 3.27 (95% CI; 1.43-7.52) times higher for medium and long-distance (respectively) when compared to a short distance. The possession duration, game quarter, and heart rate level were identified as insignificant predictors. Therefore, the aforementioned findings suggest that basketball players and coaches may benefit from designing training sessions where the defender puts pressure on the shooting player as in a real game situation and balanced the frequency of shooting from different distances from the basket.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Vencúrik
- Faculty of Sports Studies, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic,*Correspondence: Tomáš Vencúrik,
| | - Zoran Milanović
- Faculty of Sports Studies, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic,Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia,Science and Research Centre of Koper, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Anja Lazić
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
| | - Feng Li
- China Basketball College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Kęstutis Matulaitis
- Department of Coaching Science, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Tomislav Rupčić
- Laboratory for Sports Games, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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Luti S, Militello R, Fiaschi T, Magherini F, Gamberi T, Parri M, Marzocchini R, Pratesi S, Soldaini R, Modesti A, Modesti PA. Preliminary results indicate that regular training induces high protection against oxidative stress in basketball players compared to soccer. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18526. [PMID: 36323868 PMCID: PMC9630319 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23351-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In elite athlete several metabolic changes occur during regular training. These modifications are associated with changes in blood metabolic profile and can lead to adaptive mechanisms aimed at establish a new dynamic equilibrium, which guarantees better performance. The goal of this study was to characterize the plasma metabolic profile and redox homeostasis, in athletes practicing two different team sports such as soccer and basketball in order to identify potential metabolic pathways underlying the differences in training programs. A cohort of 30 male, 20 professional players (10 soccer and 10 basketballs) and 10 sedentary males as control were enrolled in the study. Plasma redox balance, metabolites and adiponectin were determined. The results show low levels of oxidative species (25.5%), with both high antioxidant capacity (17.6%) and adiponectin level (64.4%) in plasma from basketball players, in comparison to soccer players. Metabolic analysis indicates in basketball players a significant high plasma level of amino acids Valine and Ornithine both involved in redox homeostasis and anti-inflammatory metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Luti
- grid.8404.80000 0004 1757 2304Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Rosamaria Militello
- grid.8404.80000 0004 1757 2304Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Tania Fiaschi
- grid.8404.80000 0004 1757 2304Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Francesca Magherini
- grid.8404.80000 0004 1757 2304Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Tania Gamberi
- grid.8404.80000 0004 1757 2304Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Matteo Parri
- grid.8404.80000 0004 1757 2304Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Riccardo Marzocchini
- grid.8404.80000 0004 1757 2304Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Simone Pratesi
- grid.8404.80000 0004 1757 2304Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Riccardo Soldaini
- grid.8404.80000 0004 1757 2304Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandra Modesti
- grid.8404.80000 0004 1757 2304Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Pietro A. Modesti
- grid.8404.80000 0004 1757 2304Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
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Reina M, Mancha-Triguero D, Ibáñez S. MONITORIZACIÓN DE UN MICROCICLO COMPETITIVO EN BALONCESTO FEMENINO PROFESIONAL MEDIANTE DISPOSITIVOS INERCIALES. REVISTA INTERNACIONAL DE MEDICINA Y CIENCIAS DE LA ACTIVIDAD FÍSICA Y DEL DEPORTE 2022. [DOI: 10.15366/rimcafd2022.87.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
La implementación de estrategias efectivas de control de carga en el entrenamiento es primordial para mejorar el rendimiento. El objetivo fue caracterizar las demandas soportadas durante un microciclo competitivo de un equipo profesional de baloncesto femenino y su interacción con la competición. Diez jugadoras se equiparon con un dispositivo inercial y una banda de frecuencia cardíaca. Se analizó la carga soportada por las jugadoras durante el entrenamiento y la competición mediante variables de Carga Externa: (i) Distancia recorrida, (ii) Distancia recorrida a alta intensidad, (iii) Playerload, (iv) Saltos, (v) Aceleraciones y Deceleraciones, y (vi) Velocidad máxima y media; y variables de Carga Interna: (i) Frecuencia cardíaca media y máxima, (ii) Zonas de % Frecuencia Cardíaca Máxima. Se analizaron diferencias entre el entrenamiento y la competición mediante un análisis ANOVA, observando que la competición fue la condición más exigente en todas las variables estudiadas a excepción de los saltos por minuto.
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Bonder IJ, Shim AL. In-Season Training Model for National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics Female Basketball Players Using “Microdosed” Programming. Strength Cond J 2022. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Barden DC, Thain DPK. Injury surveillance in English youth basketball: A 5-season cohort study to inform injury prevention strategies. Phys Ther Sport 2022; 58:34-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2022.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22
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Palmer JA, Bini R, Wundersitz D, Kingsley M. Training and match demands differ between the regular season and finals in semi-professional basketball. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:970455. [PMID: 36091868 PMCID: PMC9452649 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.970455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Basketball competitions often include a scheduled regular season followed by knock-out finals. Understanding training and match demands through the season can help optimize performance and reduce injury risk. This study investigated whether training and/or match demands differed between the regular season and finals, and whether these differences were dependent on player role. Average session intensity and volume and durations of relative exercise intensities (inactive, light, moderate-vigorous, maximal, supramaximal) were quantified during training sessions and matches using accelerometry in two semi-professional basketball teams (n = 23; 10 women, 13 men). Training and match demands were compared between the regular season (training: 445 observations; matches: 387 observations) and finals (training: 113 observations, matches: 75 observations) with consideration of player role (starters, in-rotation bench, out-rotation bench). During finals matches, starters received 4.4 min more playing time (p = 0.03), performed 14% more absolute maximal activity (p < 0.01) and had 8% less relative inactive time (p = 0.02) when compared to the regular season. Out-rotation bench players received 2.1 min less playing time (p < 0.01), performed 33% less absolute maximal activity (p = 0.01) and 57% less absolute supramaximal activity (p < 0.01) in finals when compared to the regular season. During finals training sessions, average training intensity was 5% higher (p = 0.02), absolute moderate-vigorous activity was 3% higher (p = 0.04), relative maximal activity was 12% higher (p < 0.01), and relative inactive time was 5% lower (p = 0.03) when compared to the regular season. These findings suggest starters need to be physically prepared for greater match demands during finals, while out-rotation bench players should supplement their training during finals with extra supramaximal activity to maintain their conditioning levels for matches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodie A. Palmer
- Holsworth Research Initiative, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
| | - Rodrigo Bini
- Holsworth Research Initiative, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
| | - Daniel Wundersitz
- Holsworth Research Initiative, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael Kingsley
- Holsworth Research Initiative, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- *Correspondence: Michael Kingsley
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23
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Sacot A, López-Ros V, Prats-Puig A, Escosa J, Barretina J, Calleja-González J. Multidisciplinary Neuromuscular and Endurance Interventions on Youth Basketball Players: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:9642. [PMID: 35954997 PMCID: PMC9368565 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19159642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The main aims of this systematic review with meta-analysis and meta-regression were to describe the effect of multidisciplinary neuromuscular and endurance interventions, including plyometric training, mixed strength and conditioning, HIIT basketball programs and repeated sprint training on youth basketball players considering age, competitive level, gender and the type of the intervention performed to explore a predictive model through a meta-regression analysis. A structured search was conducted following PRISMA guidelines and PICOS model in Medline (PubMed), Web of Science (WOS) and Cochrane databases. Groups of experiments were created according to neuromuscular power (vertical; NPV and horizontal; NPH) and endurance (E). Meta-analysis and sub-groups analysis were performed using a random effect model and pooled standardized mean differences (SMD). A random effects meta-regression was performed regressing SMD for the different sub-groups against percentage change for NPV and NPH. There was a significant positive overall effect of the multidisciplinary interventions on NPV, NPH and E. Sub-groups analysis indicate differences in the effects of the interventions on NPV and NPH considering age, gender, competitive level and the type of the intervention used. Considering the current data available, the meta-regression analysis suggests a good predictability of U-16 and plyometric training on jump performance. Besides, male and elite level youth basketball players had a good predictability on multidirectional speed and agility performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnau Sacot
- University School of Health and Sport (EUSES), University of Girona, 17004 Girona, Spain
- Basquet Girona, 17007 Girona, Spain
| | - Víctor López-Ros
- Research Institute of Education, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Girona, 17004 Girona, Spain
| | - Anna Prats-Puig
- University School of Health and Sport (EUSES), University of Girona, 17004 Girona, Spain
- Research Group of Clinical Anatomy, Embryology and Neuroscience (NEOMA), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Girona, 17004 Girona, Spain
| | - Jesús Escosa
- University School of Health and Sport (EUSES), University of Girona, 17004 Girona, Spain
- Basquet Girona, 17007 Girona, Spain
| | - Jordi Barretina
- Basquet Girona, 17007 Girona, Spain
- Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), 17190 Salt, Spain
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Julio Calleja-González
- Faculty of Education and Sport, University of Basque Country, 01007 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, 10110 Zagreb, Croatia
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24
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Figueira B, Mateus N, Esteves P, Dadelienė R, Paulauskas R. Physiological Responses and Technical-Tactical Performance of Youth Basketball Players: A Brief Comparison between 3x3 and 5x5 Basketball. J Sports Sci Med 2022; 21:332-340. [PMID: 35719227 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2022.332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to examine youth players' physiological responses and technical-tactical performance when playing simulated 3x3 and 5x5 basketball games. Fifteen well-trained male basketball players (16.6 ± 0.2 years old) participated in scrimmage basketball games under two different conditions: 3x3 (half-court) and 5x5 (full-court). The players' heart rate, muscle oxygen saturation and total hemoglobin data were collected and computed to describe physiological responses, while video analysis was used to characterize their technical-tactical performance. A Bayesian one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to quantify the predictive influence of both game conditions on the physiological and the technical-tactical variables. The results indicated that different game conditions influenced the players' physiological responses slightly, as only hemoglobin sample entropy increased between the 3x3 and 5x5 game scenarios. Conversely, statistical differences in most of the technical-tactical variables were moderate and decisive in favour of the game condition model. Overall, this study emphasizes that playing 3x3 and 5x5 basketball games lead to relatively negligible differences in the players' physiological response but pronounced variations in their technical-tactical performance. Therefore, important implications may be drawn to the applied field as the specificity of technical-tactical adaptations when playing 3x3 or 5x5 formats should be considered by basketball coaches to better design the training sessions for players that fall within our sample age category.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Figueira
- Educational Research Institute, Education Academy, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania.,Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, CreativeLab Research Community, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal
| | - Nuno Mateus
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, CreativeLab Research Community, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal.,Department of Sports Science, Exercise and Health, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Pedro Esteves
- Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, Portugal.,Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, Portugal
| | - Rūta Dadelienė
- Institute of Health Science, Department of Rehabilitation, Physical and Sports Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Rūtenis Paulauskas
- Educational Research Institute, Education Academy, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania
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25
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Portes R, Navarro Barragán RM, Calleja-González J, Gómez-Ruano MÁ, Jiménez Sáiz SL. Physical Persistency across Game Quarters and during Consecutive Games in Elite Junior Basketball Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19095658. [PMID: 35565053 PMCID: PMC9099518 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19095658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Given the intermittent nature of basketball and the different demands that occur during playing time that are specific to every level of competition, the ratio of accelerations/decelerations and the intensity level across quarters were evaluated in female elite junior basketball players (n = 48; age: 16.8 ± 0.7 years; height: 1.76 ± 0.07 cm; body mass: 67.2 ± 6.2 kg). The following variables were analyzed to determine physical persistency across game quarters:(a) total distance covered (m), (b) high-intensity running (HIR) (14–21 km·h−1) distance covered (m), (c) sprint (21–30 km·h−1) distance covered (m), (d) total accelerations (n), (e) total decelerations (n), (f) relative accelerations (n·min−1), (g) relative decelerations (n·min−1), (h) ratio of acceleration/deceleration (A/D), (i) total jumps (j) relative jumps (n·min−1) (k) player load (AU). using the WIMU PRO® system. Higher but shorter acceleration intensity occurred during the last quarters due to the tight results of the matches. The results suggest that high-intensity efforts such as sprints and HIR seem to increase the A/D ratio (guard and forward positions). Therefore, specific conditioning, as well as eccentric strength training, could be included by practitioners in training programs to improve the performance of these positions during competition, especially as a prior preparation to a game-congested event. Centers seem to have a more variable performance through quarters than do other positions, perhaps highlighting the need for specific conditioning strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Portes
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea De Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain;
- Correspondence: (R.P.); (R.M.N.B.)
| | | | - Julio Calleja-González
- Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01007 Vitoria, Spain;
| | - Miguel Ángel Gómez-Ruano
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Technical University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
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26
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Hůlka K, Strniště M, Hrubý M. The influence of fatigue on internal and external load using game-based drills in junior and adult male basketball players. ACTA GYMNICA 2022. [DOI: 10.5507/ag.2022.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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27
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Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome in Young Female Athletes: A Case-Control Study. Adv Orthop 2022; 2022:1907975. [PMID: 35465126 PMCID: PMC9033388 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1907975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) is the most common cause of anterior knee pain in children and adolescents, and it is characterized by highly limiting, recurrent, frontal pain. Objectives The purpose of the study is to assess the incidence and onset of PFPS in the young female athletes and to compare it to healthy individuals. Methods Between 2017 and 2019, 51 subjects were reviewed and divided in three groups: rhythmic gymnastics athletes (RG; 21 individuals, mean age: 13.8 ± 3.6 years), basketball athletes (BG; 17 individuals, mean age: 14.2 ± 3.1 years), and control group (CG; 13 individuals, mean age: 14.5 ± 4.3 years). All patients underwent physical examination including patellar glide, tilt, grind and apprehension tests, tiptoe and jack tests, Coleman block, and navicular drop tests. The clinical and functional outcomes of the subjects were assessed using the Kujala patellofemoral score (KPS). Results In RG patients were recorded 66.7% of normal footprint (NF), 9.5% of cavus feet (FCF), and 23.8% of flatfeet (FFF); 14.8% patellar positive tests, KS = 98.6 ± 13.7. BG patients had 70.6% of NF, 11.8% FCF, and 17.6% of FFF; 23.5% patellar positive tests, KS = 98.3 ± 12.4. CG patients had 61.5% of NF, 7.7% of FCF and 30.8% of FFF; 15.4% patellar positive tests, KPS = 98,9 ± 15.3. No statistically significance was found between the three cohorts of patients. Conclusions PFPS is a common pathology; muscular imbalance and overuse could exacerbate pain and discomfort in young female athletes. Our findings show high type and level of sport activity are not related to increase frequency of clinical symptoms related to PFPS.
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28
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Effects of Small-Sided Games Training versus High-Intensity Interval Training Approaches in Young Basketball Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19052931. [PMID: 35270619 PMCID: PMC8910324 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19052931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of the 6-week small-sided games training (SSGs) vs. high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on the psychophysiological and performance responses, and technical skills of young basketball players. Thirty-two male players (age: 14.5 ± 0.5 years of age) were randomly divided into SSGs group (n = 16) and HIIT group (n = 16) training methods thrice per week for 6 weeks. The players in the SSGs group performed two 5-8 min of 2 vs. 2 with 2 min rest periods, while the players in HIIT performed 12-18 min of runs at intensities (90 to 95%) related to the velocity obtained in the 30-15 intermittent fitness test (IFT). Pre-testing and post-testing sessions involved assessments of Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test level 1, 30-15 intermittent fitness test, 5 and 30 m sprint times, vertical jump height, repeated sprint ability, defensive and offensive agility, and technical skills. The SSGs group demonstrated significantly higher agility-based technical responses in terms of the control dribbling and shooting skills (d = 1.71 vs. 0.20, d = 1.41 vs. 0.35, respectively) compared with the HIIT group. Conversely, the HIIT induced greater improvements in 30 m sprint times (d = 3.15 vs. 0.68). These findings provided that SSGs in youth basketball players may allow similar positive physical adaptations to HIIT, with an extra advantage of improving technical skills while improving enjoyability.
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29
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Yáñez-García JM, Rodríguez-Rosell D, Mora-Custodio R, González-Badillo JJ. Changes in Muscle Strength, Jump, and Sprint Performance in Young Elite Basketball Players: The Impact of Combined High-Speed Resistance Training and Plyometrics. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:478-485. [PMID: 31895288 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Yáñez-García, JM, Rodríguez-Rosell, D, Mora-Custodio, R, and González-Badillo, JJ. Changes in muscle strength, jump, and sprint performance in young elite basketball players: the impact of combined high-speed resistance training and plyometrics. J Strength Cond Res 36(2): 478-485, 2022-This study aimed to compare the effect of a combined resistance training (RT) and plyometrics on strength, sprint, and jump performance in basketball players of different ages. Thirty three elite basketball players from the same academy were categorized into 3 groups by chronological age: under-13 (U13, n = 11); under-15 (U15, n = 11); and under-17 (U17, n = 11). Players participated in a 6-week strength training program that included 2 sessions each week and consisted of full squats with low loads (45-60% 1 repetition maximum) and low volume (2-3 sets and 4-8 repetitions), jumps, and sprint exercises. All repetitions were performed at maximal intended velocity. In addition to strength training sessions, subjects performed 4 on court basketball training sessions plus 2 official matches per week. After training program, all 3 experimental groups resulted in significant improvements (p < 0.05-0.001) in maximal strength (Δ: 9.2-27.3%; effect size [ES]: 0.38-0.82), countermovement jump height (Δ: 6.6-11.6%; ES: 0.37-0.95), and sprint time in 10 and 20 m (Δ: -3.9 to -0.3%; ES: 0.09-0.69) for all experimental groups. Comparison between groups showed that training program was more effective in inducing improvements in most variables assessed for U13 compared with U15 (ES: 0.11-0.42) and U17 (ES: 0.20-0.43), whereas differences between U15 and U17 were relevant in jump and strength parameters (ES: 0.20-0.35). Therefore, these findings suggest that high-speed RT combined with plyometrics produces increments in several important variables, including strength, jump, and sprint, to yield high performance during a match in young basketball players. However, training program used seems to be generally less effective as the age of the basketball players increased.
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30
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Leicht AS, Connor J, Conduit N, Vaquera A, Gómez MA. Impact of Match Type on Exercise Volume and Intensity of Semi-Professional Basketball Referees During a Competitive Season. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2021; 92:843-850. [PMID: 32840455 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2020.1788207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Identification of the exercise volume and intensity of basketball referees, across competitive match types based on competition sex and level, would assist in developing appropriate training regimes. Purpose: The aims of this study were to quantify and compare the exercise volume and intensity encountered by semiprofessional basketball referees during different match types across a competitive season. Method: Sixteen referees participated and were monitored for absolute and relative PlayerLoad (PL) using microsensors during 25 semiprofessional matches (12 men's, 13 women's, 17 regular season, eight playoff). Comparisons between match types (men's vs. women's; regular season vs. playoff) were examined via independent t-tests or Mann-Whitney U tests, and repeated measures ANOVA with the magnitude of differences calculated via effect size. Results: Referees experienced an absolute PL of ~365 arbitrary units (AU) per match that was similar for men's, women's, regular season, and playoff matches during a competitive season. Relative PL was significantly greater (5.35 ± 0.82 vs. 4.26 ± 0.59 AU.min-1, p < .001, effect size = 1.57) during women's matches with a greater proportion of each quarter and match spent within PL band 2 compared to men's matches (11.6 ± 2.2 vs. 8.8 ± 1.4%, p < .001, effect size = 1.53), likely due to a reduced number of referees officiating. Minimal differences existed between the regular season and playoff matches for absolute PL, relative PL, and proportion of quarter/match time within PL bands. Conclusion: The current study confirmed that referees experienced considerable exercise volume and intensity per match during a competitive season with these influenced primarily by referee configuration. The current results provide crucial information to develop effective training regimes for referees during a competitive season.
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31
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Pojskić H, Hanstock HG, Tang TH, Rodríguez-Zamora L. Acute Exposure to Normobaric Hypoxia Impairs Balance Performance in Sub-elite but Not Elite Basketball Players. Front Physiol 2021; 12:748153. [PMID: 34777010 PMCID: PMC8578732 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.748153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Although high and simulated altitude training has become an increasingly popular training method, no study has investigated the influence of acute hypoxic exposure on balance in team-sport athletes. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate whether acute exposure to normobaric hypoxia is detrimental to balance performance in highly-trained basketball players. Nine elite and nine sub-elite male basketball players participated in a randomized, single-blinded, cross-over study. Subjects performed repeated trials of a single-leg balance test (SLBT) in an altitude chamber in normoxia (NOR; approximately sea level) with FiO2 20.9% and PiO2 ranging from 146.7 to 150.4 mmHg and in normobaric hypoxia (HYP; ~3,800 m above sea level) with FiO2 13.0% and PiO2 ranging from 90.9 to 94.6 mmHg. The SLBT was performed three times: 15 min after entering the environmental chamber in NOR or HYP, then two times more interspersed by 3-min rest. Peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) and heart rate (HR) were recorded at four time points: after the initial 15-min rest inside the chamber and immediately after each SLBT. Across the cohort, the balance performance was 7.1% better during NOR than HYP (P < 0.01, ηp2 = 0.58). However, the performance of the elite group was not impaired by HYP, whereas the sub-elite group performed worse in the HYP condition on both legs (DL: P = 0.02, d = 1.23; NDL: P = 0.01, d = 1.43). SpO2 was lower in HYP than NOR (P < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.99) with a significant decline over time during HYP. HR was higher in HYP than NOR (P = 0.04, ηp2 = 0.25) with a significant increase over time. Acute exposure to normobaric hypoxia detrimentally affected the balance performance in sub-elite but not elite basketball players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haris Pojskić
- Department of Sports Science, Faculty of Social Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Helen G Hanstock
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Human Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden.,Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
| | - Tsz-Hin Tang
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Human Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
| | - Lara Rodríguez-Zamora
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Human Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden.,Division of Sport Science, School of Health Sciences, Orebro University, Orebro, Sweden
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32
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Palmer J, Bini R, Wundersitz D, Kingsley M. Criterion Validity of an Automated Method of Detecting Live Play Periods in Basketball. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:716014. [PMID: 34647018 PMCID: PMC8503514 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.716014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to develop an automated method to detect live play periods from accelerometry-derived relative exercise intensity in basketball, and to assess the criterion validity of this method. Relative exercise intensity (% oxygen uptake reserve) was quantified for two men's semi-professional basketball matches. Live play period durations were automatically determined using a moving average sample window and relative exercise intensity threshold, and manually determined using annotation of video footage. The sample window duration and intensity threshold were optimised to determine the input parameters for the automated method that would result in the most similarity to the manual method. These input parameters were used to compare the automated and manual active play period durations in another men's semi-professional match and a women's professional match to assess the criterion validity of the automated method. The optimal input parameters were a 9-s sample window and relative exercise intensity threshold of 31% oxygen uptake reserve. The automated method showed good relative (ρ = 0.95–0.96 and ICC = 0.96–0.98, p < 0.01) and absolute (median bias = 0 s) agreement with the manual method. These findings support the use of an automated method using accelerometry-derived relative exercise intensity and a moving average sample window to detect live play periods in basketball.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodie Palmer
- Holsworth Research Initiative, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
| | - Rodrigo Bini
- Holsworth Research Initiative, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
| | - Daniel Wundersitz
- Holsworth Research Initiative, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael Kingsley
- Holsworth Research Initiative, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia.,Department of Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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33
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Piedra A, Peña J, Caparrós T. Monitoring Training Loads in Basketball: A Narrative Review and Practical Guide for Coaches and Practitioners. Strength Cond J 2021. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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34
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Fort-Vanmeerhaeghe A, Arboix-Alió J, Montalvo AM. Return-to-sport following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in team sport athletes. Part I: From initial injury to return-to-competition. APUNTS SPORTS MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apunsm.2021.100362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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35
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Scanlan AT, Wen N, Pyne DB, Stojanović E, Milanović Z, Conte D, Vaquera A, Dalbo VJ. Power-Related Determinants of Modified Agility T-test Performance in Male Adolescent Basketball Players. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:2248-2254. [PMID: 30893280 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Scanlan, AT, Wen, N, Pyne, DB, Stojanović, E, Milanović, Z, Conte, D, Vaquera, A, and Dalbo, VJ. Power-related determinants of Modified Agility T-test performance in male adolescent basketball players. J Strength Cond Res 35(8): 2248-2254, 2021-Although the Modified Agility T-test (MAT) has been advocated for assessing change-of-direction performance in basketball, the power-related attributes emphasized during the test are unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the power-related determinants of the MAT in basketball players. A cross-sectional, descriptive research design was used whereby national- and state-level male adolescent basketball players (n = 24; 17.3 ± 0.5 years) completed a battery of power-related performance tests. The tests administered included the MAT, isometric midthigh pull, 10-m sprint, countermovement jump, 1-step vertical jump, standing long jump, and repeated lateral bound. Associations between performance during the MAT and other tests were quantified, and performance in each test was compared between faster (>50th percentile) and slower (<50th percentile) players in the MAT. The MAT exhibited large correlations (p < 0.05) with standing long jump distance (r = -0.67, R2 = 45%), countermovement jump relative peak force (r = -0.63, R2 = 39%), isometric midthigh pull relative peak force (r = -0.55, R2 = 30%), and 10-m sprint time (r = 0.53, R2 = 28%). The faster group performed better (p < 0.05) during the standing long jump (mean difference; ±90% confidence limits: 0.16; ±0.12 m) and produced greater (p < 0.05) relative peak force during the isometric midthigh pull (2.5; ±2.3 N·kg-1) and countermovement jump (2.1; ±1.8 N·kg-1) than the slower group. The MAT complements other power-related tests used in basketball and stresses basketball-specific, power-related attributes in various movement planes. These data can inform training and testing approaches to optimize change-of-direction performance in basketball.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron T Scanlan
- Human Exercise and Training Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Australia
| | - Neal Wen
- Human Exercise and Training Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Australia
| | - David B Pyne
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | | | - Zoran Milanović
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia.,Science and Research Center Koper, Institute for Kinesiology Research, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Daniele Conte
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Alejandro Vaquera
- Faculty of Sciences of Physical Activity and Sport, University of León, Leon, Spain; and.,Institute of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Worcester, Henwick Grove, Worcester, United Kingdom
| | - Vincent J Dalbo
- Human Exercise and Training Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Australia
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Average Game Physical Demands and the Most Demanding Scenarios of Basketball Competition in Various Age Groups. J Hum Kinet 2021; 79:165-174. [PMID: 34400996 PMCID: PMC8336539 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2021-0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare average physical demands and the most demanding 60-s scenarios of basketball match-play between five different age groups. Sixty-four male basketball players from five different age groups were monitored across eight regular-season home games. Physical demands were examined using a local positioning system and included total distance covered, distance >18 km·h-1, the number of accelerations (≥2 m·s-2) and decelerations (≤-2 m·s-2). All four game performance variables increased significantly (58.4 - 639.2%) when calculated with rolling average techniques in comparison to average physical demand values. Furthermore, the current investigation found that while Under-12 presented the highest result in relative total distance covered (p < .001; effect size = 0.58-2.01), they also showed the lowest values in the most demanding scenarios of match play and small-to-moderate effect sizes compared with their older counterparts. Both average physical demands and the most demanding scenarios presented an increasing tendency with age when distance >18 km·h-1 in basketball players was assessed. More specifically, the Under-12 age group achieved the lowest values and showed significant differences with the other four teams in both game analysis techniques (p < .001; effect size = 0.53 - 1.32). In conclusion, average game demands are shown to remarkably underestimate the most demanding scenarios of basketball match-play, and there are multiple significant differences between particular age groups.
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Sánchez-Díaz S, Yanci J, Raya-González J, Scanlan AT, Castillo D. A Comparison in Physical Fitness Attributes, Physical Activity Behaviors, Nutritional Habits, and Nutritional Knowledge Between Elite Male and Female Youth Basketball Players. Front Psychol 2021; 12:685203. [PMID: 34135836 PMCID: PMC8201790 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.685203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Limited evidence exists comprehensively assessing physical fitness attributes, physical activity behaviors, nutritional habits, and nutritional knowledge according to sex in basketball players during early adolescence. Insight of this nature could be used to optimize the training process and lifestyles in young basketball players. Objective: To compare physical fitness attributes, physical activity levels, nutritional habits, and nutritional knowledge between elite male and female basketball players under 14 years of age (U-14). Methods: Twenty-three U-14 basketball players (male, n = 13 and female, n = 10) from the same elite basketball academy (Spanish Asociación de Clubes de Baloncesto [ACB] League) participated in this study. Physical fitness attributes were assessed using a basketball-specific test battery (countermovement jump, drop jump, linear sprint, Lane Agility Drill, 505 change-of-direction, and repeated-change-of-direction tests), while physical activity levels (Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents, PAQ-A), nutritional habits (Turconi questionnaire), and nutritional knowledge (Turconi questionnaire) were assessed using questionnaires. Results: Male players exhibited better physical fitness in all tests (p <0.001 to 0.036, effect size = -0.44 to -0.76, intermediate to strong) compared to female players. Male players also performed more physical activity in their leisure time (p = 0.036) than females. No significant differences in nutritional habits and nutritional knowledge were evident between sexes (p > 0.05). Of note, a high proportion of players declared never or only sometimes eating fruit (males: 23%; females: 40%) and vegetables (males: 46%; females: 70%). In addition, relatively poor nutritional knowledge was evident in all players with the group correctly answering <50% of nutritional questions overall (4.57 ± 1.88 out of 11 points, 42%) and according to sex (males: 4.07 ± 2.10, 37%; females: 5.20 ± 1.40, 47%). Conclusion: These findings emphasize the necessity to perform individualized prescription of training stimuli across sexes to optimize the physical preparedness and development of youth basketball players. Additionally, strategies such as nutrition-focused education interventions may be necessary in this population given the low consumption of fruits and vegetables, as well as the poor nutritional knowledge observed in players.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Javier Yanci
- Society, Sports and Physical Exercise Research Group (GIKAFIT), Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | | | - Aaron T. Scanlan
- Human Exercise and Training Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD, Australia
| | - Daniel Castillo
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Isabel I, Burgos, Spain
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Specific Absolute Velocity Thresholds during Male Basketball Games Using Local Positional System; Differences between Age Categories. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11104390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was (I) to establish absolute specific velocity thresholds during basketball games using local positional system (LPS) and (II) to compare the speed profiles between various levels of competitions. The variables recorded were total distance (TD); meters per minute (m·min); real time (min); maximum speed (Km h−1), distance (m), percentage distance, and percentage duration invested in four speed zones (standing–walking; jogging; running; and high-speed running). Mean and standard deviation (±SD) were calculated, and a separate one-way analysis of variance was undertaken to identify differences between competitions. TD (3188.84 ± 808.37 m) is covered by standing–walking (43.51%), jogging (36.58%), running (14.68%), and sprinting (5.23%) activities. Overall, 75.22% of the time is invested standing–walking, jogging (18.43%), running (4.77%), and sprinting (1.89%). M·min (large effect size), % duration zone 2 (moderate effect size); distance zone 4 (large effect size), and % distance zone 4 (very large effect size) are significantly higher during junior than senior. However, % distance zone 1 (large effect size) and % duration zone 1 (large effect size) were largely higher during senior competition. The findings of this study reveal that most of the distance and play time is spent during walking and standing activities. In addition, the proportion of time spent at elevated intensities is higher during junior than in senior competition.
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Virgile A, Bishop C. A Narrative Review of Limb Dominance: Task Specificity and the Importance of Fitness Testing. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:846-858. [PMID: 33470600 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Virgile, A and Bishop, C. A narrative review of limb dominance: Task specificity and the importance of fitness testing. J Strength Cond Res 35(3): 846-858, 2021-Preferential limb function must be sustained through repetitious asymmetrical activities for continuous athletic development and, ultimately, optimal athletic performance. As such, the prevalence of limb dominance and between-limb differences is common in athletes. Severe between-limb differences have been associated with reductions in athletic performance and increased injury risk in athletes. However, in the current literature, the terms limb preference and limb dominance have been used interchangeably. Together, these terms include a limb that is subjectively preferred and one that is objectively dominant in 1 or more performance measures from a variety of athletic tasks. In this review, we (a) discuss reported correspondence between task-specific limb preference and limb dominance outcomes in athletes, (b) provide greater context and distinction between the terms limb preference and limb dominance, and (c) offer pragmatic strategies for practitioners to assess context-specific limb dominance. A limb that is subjectively preferred is not necessarily objectively dominant in 1 or more athletic qualities or sport-specific tasks. Further to this, a limb that is objectively superior in 1 task may not exhibit such superiority in a separate task. Thus, limb preference and limb dominance are both task-specific. As such, we propose that practitioners intentionally select tasks for limb dominance assessment which resemble the most relevant demands of sport. Because limb dominance profiles are inconsistent, we suggest that practitioners increase assessment frequency by integrating limb dominance testing into standard training activities. This will allow practitioners to better understand when changes reflect sport-specific adaptation vs. potential performance or injury ramifications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chris Bishop
- London Sport Institute at Allianz Park, Middlesex University, Greenlands Lane, London, United Kingdom
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Castillo D, Raya-González J, Scanlan AT, Sánchez-Díaz S, Lozano D, Yanci J. The influence of physical fitness attributes on external demands during simulated basketball matches in youth players according to age category. Physiol Behav 2021; 233:113354. [PMID: 33561474 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to: 1) compare physical fitness attributes and the external demands encountered during simulated matches in youth basketball players between age categories (under 14 years [U14], under 16 years [U16], and under 18 years [U18]), and 2) examine the relationships between physical fitness attributes and external demands during simulated matches in each age category. Thirty young basketball players categorized according to age (U14, n = 10; U16, n = 10; and U18, n = 10) completed a fitness test battery consisting of linear sprint, change-of-direction speed, repeated-change-of-direction speed, and jump assessments, and simulated matches monitored using local positioning system technology one week later. One-way analyses of variance (ANOVA) with Bonferroni post hoc tests, as well as Cohen's effect sizes were used to compare physical fitness attributes and external match demands between age categories. Pearson's correlations and linear regression analyses were performed to quantify the relationships and shared variance between physical fitness attributes and external match demands in each age category. U14 players possessed lower (p <0.05, large-very large effects) physical fitness across all tests and performed less (p <0.05, large-very large effects) high-speed running (18.1-24.0 km•h - 1) during simulated matches than U16 and U18 players. Physical fitness attributes were significantly associated with external variables during simulated matches in each category, particularly in U14 players. These findings suggest coaches should implement training strategies targeting specific fitness attributes according to age in youth basketball players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Castillo
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University Isabel I, Burgos, Spain
| | | | - Aaron T Scanlan
- Human Exercise and Training Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Australia
| | | | - Demetrio Lozano
- Valora Research Group, Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad San Jorge, Villanueva de Gállego, Spain
| | - Javier Yanci
- Society, Sports and Physical Exercise Research Group (GIKAFIT), Physical Education and Sport Department, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Science, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Spain
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Khudair M, van Biesen D, Pérez-Tejero J, Hettinga FJ. The importance of pacing in basketball players with intellectual impairment: Input for evidence-based classification. J Sports Sci 2021; 39:116-124. [PMID: 33530850 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1881303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Pacing places a high demand on intellectual functioning and has been found useful for classification of athletes with intellectual impairments (II). This may also be true in open-loop sports like basketball. The current study aimed to investigate the pacing behaviour of basketball players with and without II. Using time-motion analysis, the activity of elite basketball players with II (n = 37) and amateur players without II (n = 34) was coded into four movement categories over eight periods of each game: standing, walking, running and jumping. Following two-way ANOVA, an effect of group showed differences between groups in duration and frequency of the movement categories within each period of the games. Additionally, an effect of time suggested that players in both groups paced their performances. However, no interaction was found, indicating that pacing may not be different between groups. In conclusion, the results suggest that due to the dynamic nature of basketball, the included players paced more intuitively by responding to environmental cues and using less deliberate planning. The players with II demonstrated slower games, which may be due to an impaired ability to make quick moment-to-moment deliberate decisions. These skills should be further studied in the context of evidence-based classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Khudair
- Department of Sport, Exercise & Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - D van Biesen
- Research Group for Adapted Physical Activity and Psychomotor Rehabilitation, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - J Pérez-Tejero
- Faculty of Physical Activity & Sport Sciences, Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - F J Hettinga
- Department of Sport, Exercise & Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
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Repeated Sprint Ability in Elite Basketball Players: The Effects of 10 × 30 m Vs. 20 × 15 m Exercise Protocols on Physiological Variables and Sprint Performance. J Hum Kinet 2021; 77:181-189. [PMID: 34168703 PMCID: PMC8008292 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2020-0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Team sports players are required to perform repeated bouts of short-term high-intensity actions during the games. The present study aimed to examine the effects of a novel repeated sprint ability protocol (20×15 m) and compare it with the impact of a more traditional repeated sprint ability protocol (10×30 m). Twelve male elite Lithuanian basketball players (age 21.0 ± 2.0 y, body height 1.90 ± 0,07 m, body mass 86.2 ± 5.8 kg and training experience 12.0 ± 1.9 y) competing in the Lithuanian National Basketball Championship participated in this study. Participants completed three bouts of each repeated sprint protocol interspersed with 5 minutes of recovery. Results showed that the 20×15 m protocol caused a significant decrease in total sprint time (most likely; mean changes (%) with ± 90% of confidence limits, -9.4%; ± 0.7%) and a large decrease in blood lactate (most likely, -39.2%; ±12.8%) compared to the 10×30 m protocol. Despite small differences, the fatigue index presented a similar trend (possibly decrease, -23.7%; ± 38.8%). The exercise heart rate showed a very similar trend with trivial differences between the two protocols. The 20×15 m protocol presented a lower heart rate during recovery with small magnitude. Overall, the present study showed that the 20×15 m protocol seemed to be more representative of the specific basketball demands. Coaches should be aware that RSA training during the in-season may be an adequate stimulus to improve high-intensity runs and muscle power in high-level players.
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Variation in Lower Limb Power and Three Point Shot Performance Following Repeated Sprints: One Vs. Five Changes of Direction in Male Basketball Players. J Hum Kinet 2021; 77:169-179. [PMID: 34168702 PMCID: PMC8008293 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2021-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Repeated sprint ability (RSA) with five changes of direction was well admitted to replicate real basketball game situations, but the additional changes of direction may affect some fundamental skills and performances in basketball. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of RSA with one vs. five changes of direction (IRSA5COD) on squat jump (SJ), five jump test (FJT) and three point shot (3PS) performances in male basketball players. Sixteen participants (23.4 ± 2.3 years; 1.86 ± 0.10 m; 77.8 ± 7.7 kg) randomly performed eight testing sessions consisting of either RSA (10 repetitions of (15 m + 15 m)) or IRSA5COD (10 repetitions of (5 m + 5 m + 5 m + 5 m + 5 m + 5 m)) performed alone or immediately followed by the SJ, FJT or 3PS. The heart rate (HR) and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were continuously recorded, while blood lactate concentration was measured post-tests. Differences between RSA and IRSA5COD were evaluated by a Student t-test for paired samples, while analyses of variance (ANOVAs) with repeated measures assessed differences in SJ, FJT and 3PS performance between baseline, post-RSA and post-IRSA5COD. A significantly poorer FJT performance post-RSA was shown compared to baseline (7.47 ± 0.47 vs.7.54 ± 0.47 m, p = 0.01) and post-IRSA 5COD (7.47 ± 0.47 vs. 7.56 ± 0.49%, p = 0.048). Significantly lower 3PS accuracy was also observed post-IRSA 5COD compared to baseline (41.3 ± 3.1 vs.53.1 ± 2.8%, p = 0.003) and post-RSA (41.3 ± 3.1 vs. 48.1 ± 3.7%, p = 0.033). These results suggest that jump performance required for crucial actions such as lay-ups is negatively affected by longer sprints (15-m) with few changes of direction, while 3PS accuracy is impaired by shorter sprints with many changes of direction. These situations should be replicated when training these particular abilities to optimize training adaptations.
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Vencúrik T, Nykodým J, Bokůvka D, Rupčić T, Knjaz D, Dukarić V, Struhár I. Determinants of Dribbling and Passing Skills in Competitive Games of Women's Basketball. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18031165. [PMID: 33525670 PMCID: PMC7908611 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18031165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This work aimed to identify the influence of selected endogenous (internal load) and exogenous (possession duration, game quarter, and defensive pressure) factors in natural game conditions on the efficiency of dribbling and passing skills. Dribbling and passing skills were assessed during four games of U19 female basketball players and five games of senior (2nd division) female basketball players. In total, 551 dribbling and 914 passing executions were evaluated. Binary logistic regression identified defensive pressure of the opponent as a predictor of dribbling and passing skills effectivity. When the defensive pressure of the opponent was medium, the chances for the ineffective pass were 1.997 times more likely (95% CI; 1.179-3.383), as it is at the minimum defensive pressure. When the defensive pressure of the opponent was high, the chances for ineffective dribbling were 7.45 times more likely (95% CI; 3.672-15.113) and for ineffective pass were 8.419 times more likely (95% CI; 4.6-15.409), as it is at minimum defensive pressure. The game quarter and the internal load were not identified as the predictors influencing the dribbling and passing effectivity. Possession duration was also an insignificant predictor of dribbling and passing skills effectivity. However, the passing skill effectivity decreases when the shot clock is winding down. These findings confirm the importance of transferring game situations into the training process. Coaches should take into account these factors when they want to stimulate determinants of player performance in a balanced and systematic way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Vencúrik
- Department of Sports, Faculty of Sports Studies, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.N.); (D.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Jiří Nykodým
- Department of Sports, Faculty of Sports Studies, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.N.); (D.B.)
| | - Dominik Bokůvka
- Department of Sports, Faculty of Sports Studies, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.N.); (D.B.)
| | - Tomislav Rupčić
- Laboratory for Sports Games, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (T.R.); (D.K.); (V.D.)
| | - Damir Knjaz
- Laboratory for Sports Games, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (T.R.); (D.K.); (V.D.)
| | - Vedran Dukarić
- Laboratory for Sports Games, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (T.R.); (D.K.); (V.D.)
| | - Ivan Struhár
- Department of Health Promotion, Faculty of Sports Studies, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic;
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Aerobic Capacity According to Playing Role and Position in Elite Female Basketball Players Using Laboratory and Field Tests. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021; 16:435-438. [PMID: 33406486 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2019-1001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the aerobic capacity of elite female basketball players between playing roles and positions determined using maximal laboratory and field tests. METHODS Elite female basketball players from the National Croatian League were grouped according to playing role (starter: n = 8; bench: n = 12) and position (backcourt: n = 11; frontcourt: n = 9). All 20 players completed 2 maximal exercise tests in a crossover fashion 7 days apart. First, the players underwent a laboratory-based continuous running treadmill test with metabolic measurement to determine their peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak). The players then completed a maximal field-based 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test (30-15 IFT) to estimate VO2peak. The VO2peak was compared using multiple linear regression analysis with bootstrap standard errors and playing role and position as predictors. RESULTS During both tests, starters attained a significantly higher VO2peak than bench players (continuous running treadmill: 47.4 [5.2] vs 44.7 [3.5] mL·kg-1·min-1, P = .05, moderate; 30-15 IFT: 44.9 [2.1] vs 41.9 [1.7] mL·kg-1·min-1, P < .001, large), and backcourt players attained a significantly higher VO2peak than frontcourt players (continuous running treadmill: 48.1 [3.8] vs 43.0 [3.3] mL·kg-1·min-1, P < .001, large; 30-15 IFT: 44.2 [2.2] vs 41.8 [2.0] mL·kg-1·min-1, P < .001, moderate). CONCLUSIONS Starters (vs bench players) and guards (vs forwards and centers) possess a higher VO2peak irrespective of using laboratory or field tests. These data highlight the role- and position-specific importance of aerobic fitness to inform testing, training, and recovery practices in elite female basketball.
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de Assis Lauria A, Ribeiro Junior DB, Bredt SDGT, Werneck FZ. Physical-motor indicators and specific skills of young basketball players after periodization training. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE CINEANTROPOMETRIA E DESEMPENHO HUMANO 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1980-0037.2021v23e82862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
abstract Basketball is a team sport with short, high intensity movement patterns and rapid and frequent changes of direction. Strength, agility and speed, in addition to specific technical skills, are essential for basketball athletes to achieve good performance. This study aims to verify the effect of a traditional periodization on physical-motor indicators and on specific technical skills in young basketball players. Nineteen young basketball players (15.4 ± 1.3 years), with at least 12 months of training experience, underwent a 5-month periodization. We assessed two physical-motor indicators (countermovement jump (CMJ) and anaerobic capacity (Line Drill)) and two specific technical skills (Dribbling and Shooting) at the PRE and POST training moments. Paired Student's t test was used to test the effect of training on physical-motor variables and technical skills. We calculated the 95% confidence interval of the average relative gain (Δ%) for each variable and analyzed the effect size through Cohen's d (p≤ 0.05). Significant differences were found between the PRE and POST moments in the CMJ (34.02 vs. 38.64 cm; p <0.001), in the Line-Drill (33.20 vs. 31.73 s; p <0.001), Dribbling (6.95 vs. 6.66 s; p <0.001), and Shooting (15.84 vs. 17.95 pts; p <0.001). Young school-level basketball players submitted to a 5-month training period were able to improve their physical-motor indicators and specific skills.
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Russell JL, McLean BD, Impellizzeri FM, Strack DS, Coutts AJ. Measuring Physical Demands in Basketball: An Explorative Systematic Review of Practices. Sports Med 2021; 51:81-112. [PMID: 33151481 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01375-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Measuring the physical work and resultant acute psychobiological responses of basketball can help to better understand and inform physical preparation models and improve overall athlete health and performance. Recent advancements in training load monitoring solutions have coincided with increases in the literature describing the physical demands of basketball, but there are currently no reviews that summarize all the available basketball research. Additionally, a thorough appraisal of the load monitoring methodologies and measures used in basketball is lacking in the current literature. This type of critical analysis would allow for consistent comparison between studies to better understand physical demands across the sport. OBJECTIVES The objective of this systematic review was to assess and critically evaluate the methods and technologies used for monitoring physical demands in competitive basketball athletes. We used the term 'training load' to encompass the physical demands of both training and game activities, with the latter assumed to provide a training stimulus as well. This review aimed to critique methodological inconsistencies, establish operational definitions specific to the sport, and make recommendations for basketball training load monitoring practice and reporting within the literature. METHODS A systematic review of the literature was performed using EBSCO, PubMed, SCOPUS, and Web of Science to identify studies through March 2020. Electronic databases were searched using terms related to basketball and training load. Records were included if they used a competitive basketball population and incorporated a measure of training load. This systematic review was registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO Registration # CRD42019123603), and approved under the National Basketball Association (NBA) Health Related Research Policy. RESULTS Electronic and manual searches identified 122 papers that met the inclusion criteria. These studies reported the physical demands of basketball during training (n = 56), competition (n = 36), and both training and competition (n = 30). Physical demands were quantified with a measure of internal training load (n = 52), external training load (n = 29), or both internal and external measures (n = 41). These studies examined males (n = 76), females (n = 34), both male and female (n = 9), and a combination of youth (i.e. under 18 years, n = 37), adults (i.e. 18 years or older, n = 77), and both adults and youth (n = 4). Inconsistencies related to the reporting of competition level, methodology for recording duration, participant inclusion criteria, and validity of measurement systems were identified as key factors relating to the reporting of physical demands in basketball and summarized for each study. CONCLUSIONS This review comprehensively evaluated the current body of literature related to training load monitoring in basketball. Within this literature, there is a clear lack of alignment in applied practices and methodological framework, and with only small data sets and short study periods available at this time, it is not possible to draw definitive conclusions about the true physical demands of basketball. A detailed understanding of modern technologies in basketball is also lacking, and we provide specific guidelines for defining and applying duration measurement methodologies, vetting the validity and reliability of measurement tools, and classifying competition level in basketball to address some of the identified knowledge gaps. Creating alignment in best-practice basketball research methodology, terminology and reporting may lead to a more robust understanding of the physical demands associated with the sport, thereby allowing for exploration of other research areas (e.g. injury, performance), and improved understanding and decision making in applying these methods directly with basketball athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Russell
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- Oklahoma City Thunder Professional Basketball Club, Human and Player Performance, 9600 N. Oklahoma Ave, Oklahoma City, OK, 73114, USA.
| | - Blake D McLean
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Oklahoma City Thunder Professional Basketball Club, Human and Player Performance, 9600 N. Oklahoma Ave, Oklahoma City, OK, 73114, USA
| | - Franco M Impellizzeri
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Donnie S Strack
- Oklahoma City Thunder Professional Basketball Club, Human and Player Performance, 9600 N. Oklahoma Ave, Oklahoma City, OK, 73114, USA
| | - Aaron J Coutts
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Roell M, Helwig J, Gollhofer A, Roecker K. Duration-Specific Peak Acceleration Demands During Professional Female Basketball Matches. Front Sports Act Living 2020; 2:33. [PMID: 33345025 PMCID: PMC7739610 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2020.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Describing the most intense periods of match-play is important in player monitoring and the development of specific training programs. The aim of this study was to extract maximum accelerations during basketball match-play and describe those as a function over time durations. Methods: Twelve professional female basketballers were monitored during 13 official matches to calculate acceleration profiles. Moving medians of time durations ranging from 0.3 to 1,800 s were computed to extract peak acceleration and deceleration magnitudes for the resultant (|accres|), horizontal (|acchor|), and vertical (|accvert|) planes. The relationship between peak magnitudes and time durations was modeled by an exponential function. Distinct curve characteristics can be described by the function parameters scale and decrease rate, which refer to an athlete's ability to perform maximum acceleration intensities over short-time (scale) and middle-time intervals (decrease rate). Generalized linear mixed-models were calculated to determine plane-specific differences in acceleration and deceleration capacities. Results: Function parameters differed significantly between |accres|, |acchor| and |accvert| [effect size (ES) = 0.33–1.15]. Comparisons within each movement plane revealed significant differences between positive and negative |accres| for the parameters scale (ES = 0.34) and decrease rate (ES = 0.39). All function parameters differed significantly between |accvert|+ and |decvert| (ES = 0.39–0.71). Rank analyses between players revealed significant inter-individual differences for all function parameters in all groups. Conclusions: Modeling peak acceleration magnitudes as a function over log-transformed time durations provides an opportunity to systematically quantify the most intense periods of match-play over short, middle and long time intervals (0.3–1,800 s). Detailed knowledge about these periods may positively contribute to training prescriptions, which intend to prepare players for highest intensities experienced during match-play in order to improve performance and prevent injuries. Derived function parameters allow inter-individual comparisons and provide insights into players' physical capabilities. This study further examines plane-specific intensity demands of professional female basketball, emphasizing the need for coaches to prepare players for maximum decelerations in the vertical plane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Roell
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science (IfSS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Janina Helwig
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science (IfSS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Albert Gollhofer
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science (IfSS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Kai Roecker
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science (IfSS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Institute of Applied Health Promotion and Exercise Medicine (IfAG), Furtwangen University, Furtwangen, Germany
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Dimitros ET, Koutlianos NA, Anifanti M, Kouidi EI, Deligiannis AP. Comparative study of cardiorespiratory adaptations in elite basketball players of different age groups. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 61:1193-1201. [PMID: 33269884 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.11660-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systematic training of basketball causes morphological cardiac and cardiorespiratory adaptations. Previous studies have mainly focused either on only cardiac or respiratory changes. However, the extent of these cardiac adaptations and their relationship with aerobic capacity remain unclear in basketball athletes of different ages. METHODS Eighty male basketball players participated in the experimental group and 80 healthy and sedentary male individuals served as controls. All participants underwent to athletic history, anthropometric measurements, 12-lead resting electrocardiogram (ECG), echocardiography, resting spirometry and cardiopulmonary exercise stress test. RESULTS Left ventricular mass (LVM), left ventricular mass index (LVMI), left ventricular end-diastolic internal dimension (LVIDd), end-diastolic volume (EDV), stroke volume (SV) and interventricular septal thickness at diastole (IVSd) were significantly higher in all groups of athletes compared to controls (P<0.05). End-diastolic volume index (EDVI) was significantly higher only in adult players compared to controls (P<0.05). Posterior wall thickness at diastole (PWd) was significantly greater in groups of children and adult players compared to controls (P<0.05). Maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O<inf>2max</inf>) in relative values was higher in all groups of athletes compared to controls (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The increased LVM is attributed to concentric hypertrophy. This is further supported by the finding that there was no relationship between V̇O<inf>2max</inf> and echo parameters. The results of the present study indicate that the cardiorespiratory adaptations caused by basketball training are mainly formed at the early age stages without further increase throughout the years of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleftherios T Dimitros
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Laboratory of Sports Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thermi, Greece -
| | - Nikolaos A Koutlianos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Laboratory of Sports Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thermi, Greece
| | - Maria Anifanti
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Laboratory of Sports Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thermi, Greece
| | - Evangelia I Kouidi
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Laboratory of Sports Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thermi, Greece
| | - Asterios P Deligiannis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Laboratory of Sports Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thermi, Greece
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Vazquez-Guerrero J, Reche X, Cos F, Casamichana D, Sampaio J. Changes in External Load When Modifying Rules of 5-on-5 Scrimmage Situations in Elite Basketball. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:3217-3224. [PMID: 33105373 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Vazquez-Guerrero, J, Reche, X, Cos, F, Casamichana, D, and Sampaio, J. Changes in external load when modifying rules of 5-on- 5 scrimmage situations in elite basketball. J Strength Cond Res 34(11): 3217-3224, 2020-Constraining tasks are very frequent during the team sports training process; however, most of the effects of these coaching decisions are unknown, which leads to less controlled performing environments, with less chances to promote improvements. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of modifying rules of 5-a-side scrimmage on the physical performance of professional basketball players. Data were collected from 12 elite male players (age, 29.6 ± 4.5 years; height, 1.99 ± 9.6 cm; body mass, 92.1 ± 11.9 kg) from the Spanish first Division of Basketball during thirty-three 5-on-5 scrimmage situations over a 18-week period. Physical demands were assessed using WIMU PRO Local Positioning System (Realtrack Systems, Almeria, Spain) and included total and speed-ranged distance covered, player load, peak speed, number of high-intensity actions, number of total and high-intensity accelerations and decelerations, and peak acceleration. A repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to test the differences in all variables, considering playing in half-court (HALF), half-court and transition (HTRAN), and full-court (FULL) conditions for the 5-on-5 scrimmage drill. Results showed that during the HALF condition, there was less distance covered (effect size [ES] = 3.55), lower peak speeds (ES = 3.00), less player load (ES = 2.79), lesser number of high-intensity actions (ES = 1.45), and lesser number of high-intensity accelerations (ES = 1.44) and decelerations (ES = 1.31) than in FULL. In HTRAN, players covered more distance (ES = 2.42), presented higher player load (ES = 1.88), higher intensity actions (ES = 1.02), and peak speed (ES = 4.22) than in HALF. In conclusion, physical demands can be modulated changing the rules and court size using 5-on-5 scrimmage situations, and this factor should be taken into account when designing training drills and when fine-tuning periodization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xavi Reche
- Sport Performance Department, FC Barcelona Sports, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Cos
- Sport Performance Department, FC Barcelona Sports, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Jaime Sampaio
- CreativeLab Research Community, Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, Portugal
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